Method for preparing organic fertilizer by utilizing waste bags of field-cultivated mushrooms

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of agricultural waste resource utilization, and discloses a method for preparing an organic fertilizer by utilizing field-cultivated mushroom waste bales, which comprises the following steps: S1, according to the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the collected field-cultivated mushroom waste bales to auxiliary materials, calculating the reasonable ratio of raw materials to the auxiliary materials by taking the compost carbon-nitrogen ratio range of (25-35): 1 as an adjusting target, uniformly mixing the raw materials and the auxiliary materials; s2, uniformly mixing the raw materials and the auxiliary materials, adding a decomposition agent of which the inoculum size is 0.1-0.2% of the mass of the compost material, and uniformly mixing the decomposition agent with the compost material; s3, directly stacking the uniformly mixed materials on the flat ground, and stacking the materials into a strip stack type fermentation pile under rain sheltering and ventilation conditions; the pile body is compacted, and conditions are provided for oxygen supply of the subsequent pile body; meanwhile, a plastic film is used for covering. According to the method, through multi-strain synergistic fermentation and optimized ingredient control, efficient decomposition, stable nutrient release and low-cost resource utilization of the mushroom waste bags are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of resource utilization of agricultural waste, and in particular to a method for preparing organic fertilizer by utilizing waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms. Background Art

[0002] As mushroom cultivation continues to expand, the annual output of waste bags from ground-grown mushrooms is rapidly increasing. Although this waste is rich in organic matter, its accumulation and decay are causing increasingly serious environmental pollution. Centralized disposal of waste bags has become an unavoidable challenge, especially in major mushroom-producing areas. A solution that both reduces environmental burdens and enables resource reuse is urgently needed.

[0003] In existing technologies, some regions attempt to achieve initial composting through natural air drying and simple turning to reduce the volume of waste bags and minimize odor. Alternatively, some regions use commercial composting agents combined with materials like straw and rice husks to achieve a certain degree of nutrient release.

[0004] However, existing technologies still have some shortcomings. First, traditional natural composting methods are slow and take too long to decompose, resulting in heat on the surface while the interior remains stagnant. The final product often contains residue and uneven fertilizer efficiency. Second, the selected bacterial strains are often based on livestock and poultry manure fermentation bacteria, which are difficult to adapt to the high fiber and wood structure of mushroom waste bags, resulting in low fermentation efficiency. Furthermore, while large-scale centralized processing has the advantages of scale, it is also costly and highly site-dependent. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In response to the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention provides a method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms, which solves the problems in the existing technology of long ripening period, incomplete ripening, incompatible strains, low high-efficiency conversion rate, high processing cost, and unsuitability for small-scale growers.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solutions: a method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms, comprising the following steps:

[0007] S1. Based on the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the collected ground-grown mushroom waste bags and auxiliary materials, and taking the carbon-nitrogen ratio of compost as the range of 25-35:1 as the adjustment target, calculate the reasonable ratio of raw materials and auxiliary materials, and then mix the raw materials and auxiliary materials evenly;

[0008] S2. After the raw materials and auxiliary materials are evenly mixed, add the composting agent at an inoculum amount of 0.1%-0.2% of the mass of the compost material and mix it evenly with the pile;

[0009] S3. Pile the evenly mixed materials directly on flat ground and pile them into a strip-type fermentation pile under rain-proof and ventilated conditions; compact the pile to provide conditions for subsequent oxygen supply to the pile; cover it with plastic film, and manually turn the pile for aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, an organic fertilizer product is obtained.

[0010] Preferably, in step S1, the auxiliary materials specifically include:

[0011] Crop residues, livestock manure, waste residues and waste liquids from agricultural product processing, and rural household garbage and sewage;

[0012] The average moisture content of the raw materials and auxiliary materials mixed evenly is preferably 50%-65%, and the pH is preferably 5.5-9.0.

[0013] Preferably, in step S1, the waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms specifically include:

[0014] The particle size of the ground-planted mushroom waste bags after being crushed is 2cm-5cm.

[0015] Preferably, in step S2, the composting agent specifically includes:

[0016] The composting agent is prepared by dissolving 1.5×10 8 cfu / g of a microbial flora comprising Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in water with a mass ratio of 100 times.

[0017] Preferably, in step S3, the stacked fermentation pile specifically includes:

[0018] The bulk density of the piled fermentation material is controlled at 0.4-0.8g / cm;

[0019] The first manual turning of the pile should be done after the temperature of the pile rises to 60℃ and remains for 48 hours. The lower layer materials should be turned into the upper middle part of the pile as much as possible.

[0020] Preferably, in step S3, the ventilation conditions specifically include:

[0021] The air is continuously ventilated with an air volume of 10-20m / h;

[0022] The width of the air strip fermentation pile is 3.5m-5.5m, the length is 4.0m-6.0m, and the height is 1.5m2.0m.

[0023] Preferably, in step S3, the manual compost turning specifically includes:

[0024] The width of the manually turned strip-type fermentation pile is 1.5m-2.0m, the length is 2.0m-3.0m, and the height is 1.0m-1.5m.

[0025] Preferably, in step S3, the manual compost turning specifically includes:

[0026] During the manual composting process, the oxygen content in the pile is maintained between 5% and 15%;

[0027] If the material is found to be too dry during the manual composting process, water should be sprayed in time when turning the compost to keep the moisture content between 50% and 60%.

[0028] The present invention provides a method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0029] 1. This invention uses a multi-strain collaborative fermentation method to rapidly decompose lignin and cellulose in waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms, enhancing the activity of organic matter. Compared to traditional natural composting methods, which suffer from long decomposition cycles and incomplete decomposition, this method achieves a qualitative breakthrough in cycle control and maturity, completely resolving the unstable fertilizer efficiency caused by "false decomposition."

[0030] 2. This invention utilizes a rationally controlled carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and moisture content to precisely adjust the material environment, ensuring optimal microbial activity. Unlike existing processes that blindly mix ingredients and lead to high fermentation failure rates, this method improves composting success rates and significantly reduces operational risks.

[0031] 3. This invention does not rely on high-end equipment. It uses a simple operation mode of manual turning and plastic film covering, which is controllable on-site and highly flexible. Compared with the current high-investment and high-energy consumption mechanized fermentation systems, this low-threshold process concept provides an alternative solution that small farmers can master, completely rewriting the limitation that "resource recovery can only rely on large factories."

[0032] 4. Experimental verification shows that the finished fertilizer has stable nutrient content, is odorless, meets standards for heavy metals and pathogens, and has a germination index that exceeds standards, making it suitable for a wide range of crop cultivation. Compared to commercially available crude organic fertilizers, which suffer from residual pollution and uneven fertilizer efficiency, this precise waste conversion model is greener and more reliable. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the method flow of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram comparing the fermentation effects of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the effect of moisture content of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 4 Schematic diagram of pH and Eh of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 5Schematic diagram of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of moisture content and temperature changes of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of pH and Eh changes of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the drawings in the present specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0042] Example 1:

[0043] Please see the attached Figure 1 -Attached Figure 8 The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms, comprising the following steps:

[0044] S1. Based on the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the collected ground-grown mushroom waste bags and auxiliary materials, and taking the carbon-nitrogen ratio of compost as the range of 25-35:1 as the adjustment target, calculate the reasonable ratio of raw materials and auxiliary materials, and then mix the raw materials and auxiliary materials evenly;

[0045] S2. After the raw materials and auxiliary materials are evenly mixed, add the composting agent at an inoculum amount of 0.1%-0.2% of the mass of the compost material and mix it evenly with the pile;

[0046] S3. Pile the mixed materials directly on flat ground and pile them into a 1.5m wide, 2.0m long, and 1.5m high strip fermentation pile under rain-proof and ventilated conditions. Compact the pile, but do not tamp it too much to keep it loose enough to provide oxygen for the subsequent pile.

[0047] To prevent rain and accelerate temperature rise, plastic film is used to cover the pile. At the same time, the pile is manually turned for aerobic fermentation. After fermentation is completed, organic fertilizer products are obtained.

[0048] The auxiliary materials in step S1 can be crop residues (straw, vegetable waste, etc.), livestock manure, waste residues and waste liquids from the agricultural product processing industry, and garbage and sewage from rural life; nitrogen fertilizer, etc.

[0049] The complete aerobic composting process consists of three stages: an early heating phase, a mid-heating phase, and a late cooling phase. The high-temperature phase typically ranges from 50°C to 65°C, reaching temperatures exceeding 70°C. This gradual increase and maintenance of the compost temperature is the key to aerobic composting's detoxification process. Maintaining the high temperature for 5-10 days kills pathogens, insect eggs, and weed seeds. This heating and maintaining high temperatures also contributes to the fermentation process. The technical parameters for the early heating phase, the mid-heating phase, and the late low-temperature fermentation phase should meet the requirements listed in Table 1.

[0050] Table 1

[0051]

[0052] From Table 1, we can get:

[0053] After the pile temperature reaches 60°C for the first time and remains at that temperature for 48 hours, begin manual or mechanical turning. Turning must be thorough and even, moving the lower layers of material into the upper middle portion of the pile as much as possible to facilitate full and even composting. The frequency of turning during the fermentation process will be determined by the temperature rise and the degree of composting heat of the material. Turning or stirring should be performed every subsequent time the temperature rises above 60°C, generally every 2-4 days, to provide ventilation, dissipate heat, and ensure even fermentation. Composting is generally achieved within 15-30 days in the summer. If the material becomes too dry during fermentation, spray it with water during turning to ensure smooth fermentation.

[0054] Example 2:

[0055] Please see the attached Figure 1 -Attached Figure 8 The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms, comprising the following steps:

[0056] S1. Based on the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the collected ground-grown mushroom waste bags and auxiliary materials, and taking the carbon-nitrogen ratio of compost as the range of 25-35:1 as the adjustment target, calculate the reasonable ratio of raw materials and auxiliary materials, and then mix the raw materials and auxiliary materials evenly;

[0057] S2. After the raw materials and auxiliary materials are evenly mixed, add the composting agent at an inoculum amount of 0.1%-0.2% of the mass of the compost material and mix it evenly with the pile;

[0058] S3. Pile the mixed materials directly onto flat ground, sheltered from rain and well-ventilated, into a 3.5m wide, 5.0m long, and 2.0m high fermentation pile. Compact the pile, but avoid over-tamping it. Maintain a certain degree of looseness to provide oxygen for subsequent use. Cover with plastic film to prevent rain and accelerate temperature rise. Allow air to flow for aerobic fermentation. After fermentation is complete, an organic fertilizer product is obtained.

[0059] The auxiliary materials in step S1 can be crop residues (straw, vegetable waste, etc.), livestock manure, waste residues and waste liquids from the agricultural product processing industry, and garbage and sewage from rural life; nitrogen fertilizer, etc.

[0060] In this embodiment, the technical parameters for the early heating stage, the mid-term high-temperature stage, and the late-term low-temperature fermentation stage should meet the requirements listed in Table 1. For static composting aeration fermentation, a complete set of equipment that meets the requirements for static aeration fermentation should be selected. This equipment should include, but is not limited to, aeration pipes, aeration equipment, a film, and sensors to facilitate the regulation of aeration volume and frequency. Multiple aeration heads are evenly distributed at the bottom of the compost pile, connected to the aeration pipes via an aeration pump, to distribute oxygen evenly and efficiently to all parts of the compost pile. A microporous film is installed on the aeration heads to prevent small particles from clogging the aeration holes during aeration and affecting the aeration effect. Continuous ventilation is used in the early fermentation stage with an air volume of 10-20 m / h (based on per cubic meter of material) to ensure that the microorganisms can fully utilize oxygen during the fermentation process. When the compost pile temperature rises to 60°C and remains there for 3 days, the fermentation cycle enters the late fermentation stage. In the late fermentation stage, intermittent ventilation is used with an air volume of 10-20 m / h (based on per cubic meter of material), with ventilation for 1 hour every 2 hours, to maintain sufficient oxygen and the appropriate compost pile temperature. Generally, the oxygen content in the compost pile is maintained between 5% and 15% during the composting process.

[0061] Performance testing:

[0062] Detection method:

[0063] Appearance: The appearance is uniform and powdery, without obvious mechanical impurities and no bad smell. Physical and chemical indicators of compost maturity: must meet the requirements of Table 2:

[0064] Table 2

[0065]

[0066] Limit indicators for compost maturity: should meet the requirements of Table 3.

[0067] Table 3

[0068]

[0069]

[0070] The specific test data are shown in Table 4:

[0071] Table 4

[0072]

[0073]

[0074] The experimental methods and data of the above implementation examples are as follows:

[0075] Experimental Methods: This aerobic composting experiment was conducted indoors to investigate the effects of different aerobic fermentation methods using mushroom sticks and the effects of composting agents on the carbon-nitrogen ratio during composting. Four different fermentation protocols were prepared using a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25:1. Group 1 consisted of a blank control (mushroom sticks); Group 2 consisted of mushroom sticks and pig manure; Group 3 consisted of mushroom sticks and enzymes; and Group 4 consisted of mushroom sticks, pig manure, and enzymes. The mixed fermentation materials were stirred thoroughly with a clean glass rod and placed in a 500mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was tightly closed with a rubber stopper. Two holes were opened on the top of the stopper. A glass tube on the left side of the hole was connected to an aeration pump; a glass tube on the right side of the hole served as exhaust, and 5% boric acid solution was used to absorb the exhaust gas. The flask was covered with thermal film and secured with a rubber band to maintain the temperature during aerobic fermentation. An aeration pump was used to provide oxygen regularly, i.e., aeration was stopped for 2 hours after 0.5 hours per day, with an exhaust volume of 60L / min, which was sufficient to provide the oxygen required for aerobic fermentation. For each group (three parallel groups with different experimental conditions), the temperature was measured at the same position in the conical flasks of different groups every day and recorded as the compost temperature of the day. The volume was measured at 0, 3, 7, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days, and samples from different groups were taken in 100mL beakers and weighed using an electronic balance. The samples in the beakers were dried at 105°C and then measured for moisture content (MC), pH, redox potential (Eh), and carbon-nitrogen ratio.

[0076] While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, and that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Based on the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the collected ground-grown mushroom waste bags and auxiliary materials, and taking the carbon-nitrogen ratio of compost as the range of 25-35:1 as the adjustment target, calculate the reasonable ratio of raw materials and auxiliary materials, and then mix the raw materials and auxiliary materials evenly; S2. After the raw materials and auxiliary materials are evenly mixed, add the composting agent at an inoculum amount of 0.1%-0.2% of the mass of the compost material and mix it evenly with the pile; S3. Pile the evenly mixed materials directly on flat ground and pile them into a strip-type fermentation pile under rain-proof and ventilated conditions; compact the pile to provide conditions for subsequent oxygen supply to the pile; cover it with plastic film, and manually turn the pile for aerobic fermentation. After the fermentation is completed, an organic fertilizer product is obtained.

2. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In the step S1, the auxiliary materials specifically include: Crop residues, livestock manure, waste residues and waste liquids from agricultural product processing, and rural household garbage and sewage; The average moisture content of the raw materials and auxiliary materials mixed evenly is preferably 50%-65%, and the pH is preferably 5.5-9.

0.

3. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-planted mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In step S1, the waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms specifically include: The particle size of the ground-planted mushroom waste bags after being crushed is 2cm-5cm.

4. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In step S2, the composting agent specifically includes: The composting agent is prepared by dissolving 1.5×10 8 cfu / g of a microbial flora comprising Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in water with a mass ratio of 100 times.

5. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In step S3, the stacked fermentation pile specifically includes: The bulk density of the piled fermentation material is controlled at 0.4-0.8g / cm; The first manual turning of the pile should be done after the temperature of the pile rises to 60℃ and remains for 48 hours. The lower layer materials should be turned into the upper middle part of the pile as much as possible.

6. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In step S3, the ventilation conditions specifically include: The air is continuously ventilated with an air volume of 10-20m / h; The width of the air strip fermentation pile is 3.5m-5.5m, the length is 4.0m-6.0m, and the height is 1.5m2.0m.

7. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In step S3, the manual compost turning specifically includes: The width of the manually turned strip-type fermentation pile is 1.5m-2.0m, the length is 2.0m-3.0m, and the height is 1.0m-1.5m.

8. The method for preparing organic fertilizer using waste bags of ground-grown mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: In step S3, the manual compost turning specifically includes: During the manual composting process, the oxygen content in the pile is maintained between 5% and 15%; If the material is found to be too dry during the manual composting process, water should be sprayed in time when turning the compost to keep the moisture content between 50% and 60%.

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