Combination of intra template prediction and intra block copy with other coding tools

Abstract

Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed herein for the field of video compression. In an example, a video decoder or video encoder may obtain a first prediction signal for a current block using a block vector based intra prediction mode (e.g., an intra template prediction (intra TMP) mode or an intra block copy (IBC) mode). A second prediction mode may be used to obtain a second prediction signal for the current block. A prediction block may be generated by weighting a first prediction signal using a first prediction mode and a second prediction signal using a second intra prediction mode. The current block may be decoded or encoded based on the prediction block.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of European patent application 22307040.0 filed on December 23, 2022, European patent application 23306112.6 filed on June 30, 2023, and European patent application 23306559.8 filed on September 20, 2023, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Background Art

[0002] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed herein for the field of video compression.

[0004] In an example, a video decoder or a video encoder may use a block vector-based intra prediction mode (e.g., intra template prediction (intraTMP) mode or intra block copy (IBC) mode) to obtain a first prediction signal for a current block. A second prediction signal may be obtained for the current block using a second prediction mode. A prediction block may be generated by weighting the first prediction signal using the block-based intra prediction mode and the second prediction signal using the second prediction mode. The current block may be decoded or encoded based on the prediction block.

[0005] In an example, the second prediction mode may be a normal intra prediction mode. In an example, the second prediction mode may be an inter prediction mode.

[0006] In an example, the video decoder or encoder may determine that the current block is encoded in a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode. The second set of prediction modes may be derived using DIMD based on a histogram of gradients of template samples associated with the current block. In an example, the video decoder or encoder may determine that the current block is encoded using a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) mode. The second set of prediction modes may be derived using TIMD based on testing a most probable mode on a template associated with the current block. The prediction block may be generated by weighting a first prediction signal and a second set of prediction signals using a block-based intra prediction mode.

[0007] These examples may be executed by a device having a processor. The device may be an encoder or a decoder. These examples may be executed by a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and including program code instructions. These examples may be executed by a computer program including program code instructions.

[0008] The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may relate to decoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may relate to encoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may relate to signals (e.g., from encoders and / or received by decoders). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, may cause the one or more processors to implement the methods described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0010] Figure 1B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within a communication system is illustrated in FIG.

[0011] Figure 1C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Figure 1A A system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) for use within a communication system is illustrated in FIG.

[0012] Figure 1D is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Figure 1A A system diagram of a further example RAN and a further example CN for use within the communication system illustrated in FIG.

[0013] Figure 2 An example video encoder is illustrated.

[0014] Figure 3 An example video decoder is illustrated.

[0015] Figure 4 Illustrated are examples of systems in which various aspects and examples may be implemented.

[0016] Figures 5A-5B An example of division for angular modes is illustrated.

[0017] Figures 6A-6D An example of a geometric partition mode (GPM) with inter and intra prediction is illustrated.

[0018] Figure 7 An example of an intra template matching prediction (intraTMP) search area is illustrated.

[0019] Figure 8 An example of CIIP with intra-intra prediction is illustrated.

[0020] Figure 9 An example of CIIP with inter-intra prediction is illustrated.

[0021] Figure 10 An example of using the DIMD mode in combination with a block vector-based intra prediction mode (eg, intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode) is illustrated.

[0022] Figure 11 An example of TIMD combined with a block vector-based intra prediction mode (eg, intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode) is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description given by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0024] Figure 1A 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content (such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc.) to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-sOFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0025] like Figure 1AAs shown in FIG, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical equipment and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial equipment and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of an industrial and / or automated process chain), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0026] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a home Node B, a home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0027] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service in a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0028] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0029] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple-access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0030] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-APro).

[0031] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0032] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, e.g., using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0033] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0034] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a home Node-B, a home eNode-B, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. Figure 1A As shown in FIG, base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0035] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although Figure 1A Not shown, but it will be appreciated, the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0036] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0037] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0038] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B , the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the above elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0039] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. As suggested above, the processor 118 may include multiple processors. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0040] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive signals from the base station via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0041] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is Figure 1B Although depicted as a single element in FIG. 1 , the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0042] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, for example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0043] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit), and may receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0044] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0045] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0046] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geo-location sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0047] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via signal processing performed by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0048] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0049] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0050] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown in FIG, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[0051] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown in FIG may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by entities other than the CN operator.

[0052] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, activating and deactivating bearers, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may also provide a control plane function for facilitating switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0053] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0054] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0055] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0056] Even though the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such a terminal may employ (eg, temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0057] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0058] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and destined for a STA may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STA. Traffic from a STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between the source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (eg, all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0059] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or a similar operation mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel can be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA) including the AP can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA can back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0060] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0061] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels (which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can be passed through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the media access control (MAC).

[0062] The operating mode below 1 GHz is supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to the channel operating bandwidth and carrier used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz bandwidth, 10 MHz bandwidth and 20 MHz bandwidth in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz bandwidth, 2 MHz bandwidth, 4 MHz bandwidth, 8 MHz bandwidth and 16 MHz bandwidth using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support meter type control / machine type communication (MTC), such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries whose battery life is above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0063] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for a STA that supports (e.g., only supports) a 1 MHz mode (e.g., an MTC-type device), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even if most of the frequency band is still idle and may be available.

[0064] In the United States, 802.11ah can use the available frequency band from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total available bandwidth for 802.11ah ranges from 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0065] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0066] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation techniques. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) techniques. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0067] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting for different lengths of absolute time).

[0068] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing another RAN (e.g., such as the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect to the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting to another RAN, such as the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0069] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown in , gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0070] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown in FIG may include at least one AMF 182 a, 182 b, at least one UPF 184 a, 184 b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183 a, 183 b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185 a, 185 b. Although each of the aforementioned elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by entities other than the CN operator.

[0071] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b to customize CN support for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0072] The SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to the AMFs 182a and 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to the UPFs 184a and 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control the UPFs 184a and 184b and configure traffic routing through the UPFs 184a and 184b. The SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. The PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and so on.

[0073] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface. These gNBs may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184a, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0074] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. Additionally, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local data network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0075] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D

[0066] As described herein, one or more or all of the functionality described herein with respect to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more emulated devices (not shown) : the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MMEs 162, SGWs 164, PGWs 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein. The emulated devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functionality described herein. For example, the emulated devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functionality.

[0076] The simulation device can be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can use over-the-air wireless communication to perform testing.

[0077] The one or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as a part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or in a non-deployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to realize the test of one or more components. The one or more simulation devices can be test equipment. The direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication carried out via RF circuits (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0078] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, schemes, etc. Many of these aspects are specifically described, and at least in order to illustrate individual characteristics, are often described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is for the purpose of clarity in the description, and does not limit the application or scope of those aspects. Indeed, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, this aspect can also be combined and interchanged with the aspects described in an earlier submission.

[0079] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5-11 described herein may provide some examples, but other examples are contemplated. The discussion of Figures 5-11 does not limit the breadth of implementations. At least one of the aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the described methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the described methods.

[0080] In this application, the terms “reconstructed” and “decoded” may be used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” may be used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” may be used interchangeably.

[0081] Various methods are described herein, and each of the methods includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the described method. Unless the specific order of steps or actions is required for the proper operation of the method, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, terms such as "first", "second", etc. can be used in various examples to modify elements, parts, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding". The use of such terms does not imply the sequencing of the modified operations unless specifically required. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not have to be performed before the second decoding, but can, for example, occur before, during, or during the time period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0082] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify Figure 2 and Figure 3 Modules of the video encoder 200 and decoder 300 shown in FIG, such as decoding modules. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied, for example, to any type, format, or version of video coding (whether or not described in a standard or recommendation, whether pre-existing or developed in the future), as well as extensions to any such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application can be used individually or in combination.

[0083] Various values are used in the examples described herein, such as bits, bit depth, etc. These and other specific values are for purposes of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0084] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the encoder 200 is described below for the sake of clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0085] Before being encoded, a video sequence may undergo pre-encoding processing (201), such as applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0086] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, intra or inter mode. When the unit is encoded in intra mode, it performs intra prediction (260). In inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use for encoding the unit and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. A prediction residual is calculated, for example by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0087] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy encoded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., encode the residual directly without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0088] The encoder decodes the encoded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (255) to reconstruct the image block. A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored in a reference picture buffer (280).

[0089] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, the bitstream is decoded by the decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same operations as described above. Figure 2 The encoding passes described in

[0044] are complementary decoding passes. Encoder 200 also typically performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data.

[0090] In particular, the input to the decoder includes: a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoding information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Thus, the decoder can divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (355) to reconstruct the image block. The predicted block can be obtained (370) from an intra-frame prediction (360) or a motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). A loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0091] The decoded picture may further undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or inverse remapping that performs the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding processing (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying the loop filter (365) and / or after the post-decoding processing (385) if post-decoding processing is used) may be sent to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0092] Figure 4 4 is a diagram showing an example of a system in which the various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 can be embodied as a device including the various components described below, and is configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 can be embodied individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or by dedicated input and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.

[0093] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described herein. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuits as known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. Storage device 440 may include, as non-limiting examples, internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0094] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module(s) that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of the encoding and decoding modules. In addition, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software as known to those skilled in the art.

[0095] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of the various items during execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0096] In some examples, memory internal to the processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device can be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory can be memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory such as RAM is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0097] Input to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal transmitted over the air, for example, by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a collection of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Figure 4 Other examples not shown include composite video.

[0098] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section can be associated with elements suitable for the following operations: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal or band-limiting a signal to a frequency band); (ii) down-converting the selected signal; (iii) band-limiting again to a narrower frequency band to select a signal frequency band that (for example) can be referred to as a channel in some examples; (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal; (v) performing error correction; and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired stream of data packets. Various examples of the RF section include one or more elements to perform these functions, such as a frequency selector, a signal selector, a band limiter, a channel selector, a filter, a down-converter, a demodulator, an error corrector, and a demultiplexer. The RF section can include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (for example, an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal that transmits on wired (for example, cable) medium, and by filtering, down-conversion and filtering to the desired frequency band again and perform frequency selection.Various examples rearrange the order of (and other) element described above, remove some in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can be included in and inserts element between existing element, such as for example inserts amplifier and analog to digital converter.In various examples, the RF part comprises antenna.

[0099] The USB and / or HDMI terminals can include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing, such as Reed-Solomon error correction, can be implemented, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410 when necessary. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing can be implemented in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410 when necessary. The streams demodulated, error corrected, and demultiplexed are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processors 410 and encoder / decoders 430 that operate in conjunction with memory and storage elements to process data streams for presentation on output devices when necessary.

[0100] The various elements of the system 400 may be provided within an integrated housing within which they may be interconnected and data transferred therebetween using a suitable connection arrangement 425, such as an internal bus as is known in the art, including an inter-IC (I2C) bus, wiring, and printed circuit boards.

[0101] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data on communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0102] In various examples, data is streamed or otherwise provided to the system 400 using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network (e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received over a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 adapted for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples provide streaming data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers data over an HDMI connection of the input box 445. Still other examples provide streaming data to the system 400 using an RF connection of the input box 445. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as a cellular network or Bluetooth. network.

[0103] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 475, speakers 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Various examples of display 475 include one or more of the following: for example, a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. Display 475 can be used for a television, a tablet, a laptop, a cellular phone (mobile phone), or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (for example, as in a smartphone) or separated (for example, an external monitor for a laptop). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of a stand-alone digital video disk (or digital versatile disk) (DVD, for both terms), a disk player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functions based on the output of system 400. For example, a disk player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0104] In various examples, control signals are communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495 using signaling such as AV Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices can be connected to the system 400 using a communication channel 460 via a communication interface 450. The display 475 and speaker 485 can be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0105] Display 475 and speaker 485 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components, such as if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signals may be provided via dedicated output connections including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0106] Examples may be implemented by computer software implemented by processor 410, or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 420 may be of any type appropriate to the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology (such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory). As a non-limiting example, processor 410 may be of any type appropriate to the technical environment and may include one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0107] Various implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more of processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such a process can also or alternatively include a process performed by a decoder of the various implementations described in this application, such as obtaining a first prediction signal for a current block using a block-vector-based intra-frame prediction mode, obtaining a second prediction signal for the current block using a second prediction mode, generating a prediction block based on at least the first prediction signal obtained using the block-vector-based intra-frame prediction and the second intra-frame prediction signal obtained using the prediction mode, and decoding the current block based on the prediction block.

[0108] As a further example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or generally to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0109] Various implementations relate to encoding. In a manner similar to the above discussion regarding "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such a process includes one or more of processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential coding, transforms, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such a process can also or alternatively include a process performed by an encoder of the various implementations described in this application, such as obtaining a first prediction signal for a current block using a block vector-based intra prediction mode, obtaining a second prediction signal for the current block using a second prediction mode, generating a prediction block based on at least the first prediction signal obtained using the block vector-based intra prediction and the second intra prediction signal obtained using the prediction mode, and encoding the current block based on the prediction block.

[0110] As a further example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or generally to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0111] When a figure is presented as a flow chart, it should be understood that it also provides a block diagram of the corresponding apparatus. Similarly, when a figure is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a flow chart of the corresponding method / process.

[0112] The implementation and aspects described herein can be implemented in, for example, a method or process, a device, a software program, a data stream or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., only discussed as a method), the implementation of the features discussed can be implemented in other forms (e.g., a device or program). Apparatus can be implemented with, for example, suitable hardware, software, and firmware. Methods can be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes communication equipment, such as, for example, a computer, a cellular phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other equipment that facilitates the communication of information between end users.

[0113] Reference to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the appearance of the phrase "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any variations thereof throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0114] Additionally, this application may refer to "determining" various pieces of information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of: estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0115] Further, this application may refer to "accessing" various pieces of information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of: receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0116] Additionally, this application may refer to "receiving" various pieces of information. As with "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information can include, for example, one or more of: accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Further, "receiving" typically involves, in one way or another, an operation during which information is stored, processed, transmitted, moved, copied, erased, calculated, determined, predicted, or estimated.

[0117] It should be appreciated that the use of any of “ / ,” “and / or,” and “at least one of ” below (e.g., in the case of “A / B,” “A and / or B,” and “at least one of A and B”) is intended to encompass selection of only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C,” such phrases are intended to encompass selection of only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or all three options (A, B, and C). This can be extended to as many items as listed, as will be clear to one skilled in the art.

[0118] Furthermore, as used herein, the term "signaling" refers to, among other things, indicating something to a corresponding decoder. Encoder signaling can include, for example, using a precision factor, for encoding functions on the input of a block. In this manner, in examples, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Thus, for example, the encoder can transmit (explicitly signal) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. Conversely, if the decoder already has the specific parameters along with other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicit signaling), simply allowing the decoder to know and select the specific parameters. By avoiding the transmission of any actual functions, bit savings are achieved in various examples. It should be appreciated that signaling can be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntactic elements, tags, etc. are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the foregoing refers to the verb form of the term "signaling," the term "signaling" may (and may) be used herein as a noun.

[0119] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, implementations may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry information that may be, for example, stored or transmitted. The information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the described examples. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. The signal may be transmitted over a variety of different wired or wireless links, as is well known. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0120] Many examples are described herein. The features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination, across various claim categories and types. Further, the examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, individually or in any combination, across various claim categories and types. For example, the features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal comprising information generated as described herein. The information may allow a decoder, encoder, bitstream, and / or a decoder according to any of the described embodiments to decode the bitstream. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or transmitting and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, process, device, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data, or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a cell phone, a tablet, or other electronic device that performs decoding. The TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) the resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of the video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device may receive a signal comprising an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0121] These examples may be executed by a device having at least one processor. The device may be an encoder or a decoder. These examples may be executed by a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and including program code instructions. These examples may be executed by a computer program including program code instructions.

[0122] Examples of intra-frame template prediction (intraTMP) and intra-frame block copy (IBC) are provided herein. IntraTMP can be enabled for at least one of the following: camera acquisition or screen content. IntraTMP can provide a trade-off between gain and encoding time. In an example, intraTMP can be combined with other coding modes (e.g., it can be like other intra-frame modes, such as the enhanced combined inter-intra prediction (CIIP) mode that can combine inter and intra-frame prediction). IntraTMP and / or IBC can be combined with other intra-frame prediction coding modes. In an example, at least one of the following can apply: CIIP can use intraTMP and / or IBC (e.g., can be combined with it), geometric partitioning mode (GPM) can use intraTMP and / or IBC (e.g., can be combined with it), decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) can use intraTMP and / or IBC (e.g., can be combined with it), or template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) can use intraTMP and / or IBC (e.g., can be combined with it).

[0123] An example of template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) is provided herein. For an intra prediction mode in a most probable mode (MPM) list (e.g., each intra prediction mode), the difference between the prediction and the reconstructed samples of the template, such as the sum of absolute transform differences (SATD), can be calculated. The intra prediction mode with the smallest SATD (e.g., the first two intra prediction modes) can be selected as the TIMD mode. The TIMD modes (e.g., the two TIMD modes) can be fused with weights, and this weighted intra prediction can be used to encode the current CU. Position-dependent intra prediction combining (PDPC) can be included in the derivation of the TIMD mode.

[0124] The costs of the two selected modes can be compared to a threshold, and in the test, a cost factor of 2 is applied as follows: costMode2 < 2 * costMode1. If this condition is true, fusion can be applied, otherwise only mode 1 can be used. The weights of the modes can be calculated based on their SATD costs as follows: weight1=costMode2 / (costMode1+costMode2) weight2=1-weight1.

[0125] This article provides an example of decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD). If DIMD is applied, intra modes (e.g., two intra modes) can be derived from reconstructed neighbor samples, and those predictors (e.g., two predictors) can be combined with a planar mode predictor using weights derived from gradients (Gx, Gy) calculated using reconstructed neighbor samples. The division operation in the weight derivation can be performed using a lookup table (LUT) (e.g., the same LUT-based integerization scheme used by the CCLM mode). In the example, the division operation in the orientation calculation: Orientation = G y / G x It can be calculated by the following LUT-based solution: x=Floor(Log2(Gx)) normDiff=((Gx<<4)>>x)&15 x+=(3+(normDiff!=0)?1:0) Orientation = (Gy ＊ (DivSigTable[normDiff]|8)+(1<<(x-1)))>>x in: DivSigTable

[16] ={0,7,6,55,4,4,3,3,2,2,1,1,1,1,0}.

[0126] The derived intra modes may be included into the main list of intra MPMs, so the DIMD process may be performed before the MPM list is constructed. The main derived intra modes of a DIMD block may be stored with the block and used for MPM list construction of neighboring blocks.

[0127] This article provides an example of combining CIIP with TIMD and template matching. In CIIP, prediction samples can be generated by weighting the inter-frame prediction signal predicted using CIIP-TM merge candidates and the intra-frame prediction signal predicted using TIMD-derived intra-frame prediction modes. The combination can be applied (for example, only) to coding blocks with an area less than or equal to 1024.

[0128] TIMD derivation can be used to derive intra prediction modes in CIIP. The intra prediction mode with the smallest SATD value in the TIMD mode list can be selected and mapped to one of the 67 conventional intra prediction modes.

[0129] Figures 5A-5BAn example of a partition for angular mode is illustrated. The weights for both tests (wintra, winter) may be modified (eg, if the derived intra prediction mode is an angular mode). Figure 5A A vertically partitioned block (eg, current block) is shown, which may be applied for near-horizontal mode (2<=angular mode index<34). Figure 5B A horizontally partitioned block (eg, current block) is shown, which may be applied for near-vertical mode (34<=angular mode index<=66).

[0130] The (wintra, winter) for different sub-blocks is shown below in Table 1, which lists the modified weights for the angular modes. Sub-block index (wIntra,wInter) 0 (6,2) 1 (5,3) 2 (3,5) 3 (2,6) Table 1

[0131] In the CIIP-template matching example, a CIIP-template matching merge candidate list can be constructed for the CIIP-template matching mode. Merge candidates can be refined by template matching. CIIP-template merge candidates can (for example, also) be reordered to regular merge candidates by adaptive reordering (ARMC) as merge candidates. The maximum number of CIIP-template matching merge candidates can be equal to 2.

[0132] Figures 6A-6C An example of a GPM with inter and intra prediction is illustrated. In the example of a GPM with inter and intra prediction, a final prediction sample may be generated by weighting inter prediction samples and intra prediction samples for regions separated for the GPM (e.g., regions generated for each GPM). The inter prediction samples may be derived from the inter GPM, while the intra prediction samples may be derived from an intra prediction mode (IPM) candidate list and an index signaled from the encoder. The IPM candidate list size may be predefined as 3. The available IPM candidates may be at least one of: a parallel angle mode (parallel mode) to counter GPM block boundaries, a vertical angle mode (vertical mode) to counter GPM block boundaries, or Figures 6A-6C The plane mode shown in . Figure 6D The GPM with intra and intra prediction shown in can be constrained to reduce the signaling overhead for IPM and avoid increasing the size of the intra prediction circuitry on the hardware decoder. Direct motion vector and IPM storage on a GPM hybrid can be introduced to improve (e.g., further improve) coding performance.

[0133] In DIMD and neighboring mode-based IPM derivation, the parallel mode can be registered first. If the same IPM candidate does not exist in the list, two IMP candidates can be derived from DIMD (e.g., the largest of the two IMP candidates) and / or neighboring blocks can be registered. For neighboring mode derivation, there can be five positions (e.g., at most) for available neighboring blocks. The positions can be constrained by the angles of the GPM block boundaries as shown in Table 2 below, which may have been used for GPM with template matching (GPM-TM). As shown in Table 2, the positions of available neighboring blocks for IPM candidates can be derived based on the angles of the GPM block boundaries. A and L indicate the top and left sides of the prediction block. GPM Corner 0 2 3 4 5 8 11 12 13 14 Division 1 A A A A L+A L+A L+A L+A A A The Division 2 L+A L+A L+A L L L L L+A L+A L+A Partition Corner 16 18 19 20 21 24 27 28 29 30 Division 1 A A A A L+A L+A L+A L+A A A The Division 2 L+A L+A L+A L L L L L+A L+A L+A Table 2

[0134] GPM intra can be combined with GPM with merged motion vectors (GPM-MMVD). TIMD can be used on IPM candidates within GPM frames, which can improve (e.g., further improve) encoding performance. Parallel mode can be registered first, and then TIMD, DIMD, and IPM candidates of neighboring blocks can be registered.

[0135] Figure 7 This figure illustrates an example of an intra-frame template matching search area used in intraTMP. IntraTMP is an intra-frame prediction mode that copies the best prediction block from a reconstructed portion of the current picture (e.g., the current frame) whose L-shaped template matches the current template. For a predefined search range, the encoder searches the reconstructed portion of the current picture for the template most similar to the current template and uses the corresponding block as the prediction block. The encoder can (e.g., then) signal the use of this mode. The same prediction operation can be performed at the decoder.

[0136] The L-shaped causal neighbors of the current block can be combined with Figure 7 Generate a prediction signal by matching another block in a predefined search area: R1: Current CTU R2: Upper left CTU R3: Go to CTU R4: Left CTU.

[0137] The sum of absolute differences (SAD) can be used as a cost function. Within a region (e.g., within each region), the decoder can search for a template with the minimum SAD relative to the current SAD and use its corresponding block as the prediction block. The size of the region (SearchRange_w, SearchRange_h) can be set proportional to the block size (BlkW, BlkH) to have a fixed number of SAD comparisons per pixel. That is: SearchRange_w=a*BlkW SearchRange_h=a*BlkH Wherein "a" can be a constant that controls the gain / complexity trade-off, for example, "a" can be equal to 5.

[0138] The intraTMP tool may be enabled for CUs with a size less than or equal to 64 in width and height. This maximum CU size for intraTMP may be configurable. The intraTMP mode may be signaled at the CU level through a dedicated flag.

[0139] The block vector-based intra prediction mode can be combined with other prediction modes (e.g., CIIP, DIMD, TIMD, GPM) to produce more efficient and improved predictions. In an example, a video decoding or encoding device can use the block vector-based intra prediction mode to obtain a first prediction signal for a current block. A second prediction mode can be used to obtain a second prediction signal for the current block. A prediction block can be generated by weighting the first prediction signal using the block vector-based intra prediction mode and the second prediction signal using the second prediction mode. In an example, the weighting of the first and second prediction signals can include multiplying the first and second prediction signals by a weighting factor. For an NxM block, samples within the block (e.g., each sample) can be multiplied by the weighting factor. The current block can be decoded or encoded based on the prediction block. In an example, the block vector-based intra prediction mode can be an intra template prediction (intraTMP) mode and an intra block copy (IBC) mode.

[0140] This document provides an example of using a block vector-based intra prediction mode (e.g., intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode) as one of the modes of CIIP. CIIP can be a combination of inter and intra prediction. The predictions (e.g., each prediction) can be weighted by a predefined weighting factor. CIIP may not be applied to I slices because no inter prediction information is available. Thus, the inter prediction mode can be replaced by the block vector-based intra prediction mode, so that both predictions can use the intra prediction mode.

[0141] Figure 8 The figure shows an example of CIIP with intra-intra prediction. In intra-intra prediction, the inter part of CIIP can be replaced by an intra prediction mode based on a block vector (e.g., intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode). The first prediction signal can be obtained by using the intra prediction mode based on a block vector. Figure 8As shown in , in intra-intra prediction, the intra portion of the CIIP can be derived using the TIMD mode. In an example, a conventional intra prediction mode can be derived from the TIMD mode. In an example, the conventional intra prediction mode can (for example, can also) be a block vector-based intra prediction. The second prediction signal can be obtained using the conventional intra prediction mode. A prediction block can be generated by weighting a first prediction signal derived using the block vector-based intra prediction and a second prediction signal derived using the conventional intra prediction mode.

[0142] Figure 9 An example of CIIP with inter-intra prediction is illustrated. In inter-intra prediction, the intra portion of CIIP can be replaced by block vector-based intra prediction (e.g., intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode). A first prediction signal can be obtained by using block vector-based intra prediction. In inter-intra, the inter portion of CIIP can use template matching merge prediction mode. In the example, a CIIP-template matching merge candidate list can be constructed for the CIIP-template matching mode. The merge candidate can be improved by template matching. A second intra prediction signal can be obtained using an inter prediction mode (e.g., template matching prediction mode). A prediction sample block can be generated by weighting the first prediction signal using block vector-based intra prediction and the second prediction signal using the inter prediction mode.

[0143] Figure 10 An example of using the DIMD mode in combination with a block vector-based intra prediction mode (e.g., intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode) is illustrated. A video decoder or encoder may determine that a current block is encoded using the DIMD mode. A first prediction signal may be obtained by using the block vector-based intra prediction mode. A second set of prediction modes may be derived using a DIMD gradient-based histogram, as described herein. The second set of prediction modes may be up to five intra prediction modes. The second set of intra prediction modes may include a conventional angular prediction mode. A second set of prediction signals may be obtained using a second set of intra prediction modes. A prediction block may be generated by weighting the first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals.

[0144] In an example, a block vector based intra prediction mode may be mixed with DIMD (e.g., a second set of prediction modes derived using DIMD) instead of planar mode (e.g., a block vector based intra prediction mode may replace planar mode). This may provide more efficient and improved prediction. In an example, an indication (e.g., a flag) may be signaled to indicate that a block vector based intra prediction mode (e.g., instead of planar mode) is used for mixing with DIMD. In an example, both planar mode and block vector based intra prediction mode may be tested on a reconstructed template (e.g., this may be similar to a TIMD process). A video decoder or encoder may determine whether to mix planar mode or a block vector based intra prediction mode, for example, based on minimizing a difference (e.g., SATD) between the reconstructed template and a prediction template for the current block. Based on determining that the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a distance (e.g., SATD), the block vector based intra prediction mode is used to obtain a first prediction signal.

[0145] This article provides an example of combining intraTMP and / or IBC with TIMD. In TIMD, the modes (e.g., all modes) within the MPM list are tested on a template around the block. IntraTMP and / or IBC can be used to obtain a first intra-frame prediction signal for the block. TIMD can be used to obtain a second intra-frame prediction signal for the block.

[0146] Figure 11 An example of TIMD combined with a block vector based intra prediction mode (e.g., intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode) is illustrated. A video decoder or encoder may determine that a current block is encoded using a TIMD mode. A first prediction signal may be obtained by using a block vector based intra prediction mode. TIMD may be used to derive a second set of prediction modes based on a most probable mode within an MPM list tested on a template associated with the current block. The second set of prediction modes may be two conventional intra prediction modes. The block vector based intra prediction mode may be mixed with the two conventional intra prediction modes in TIMD. A second set of prediction signals may be obtained using the second set of intra prediction modes. A prediction block may be generated by weighting the first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals.

[0147] In an example, the use of a block vector based intra prediction mode with TIMD may be achieved by including intraTMP and / or IBC as one of the candidates to be tested on the template. Thus, intraTMP mode and / or IBC may be tested (e.g., in addition to MPM mode). SATD may be calculated in TIMD and based on the intraTMP mode and / or IBC being selected, and the intraTMP mode and / or IBC mode may be used and mixed with TIMD. In an example, two conventional intra prediction modes in TIMD may be constantly mixed with a block vector based intra prediction mode when intraTMP and / or IBC are not tested as one of the candidates to be tested on the template.

[0148] A video encoder and / or decoder may identify (one or more) neighboring blocks and a current block. (One or more) neighboring blocks may be associated with (one or more) block vectors. Unlike deriving a block vector-based intra prediction mode (e.g., intraTMP and / or IBC) for the current block, neighboring information may be used (e.g., via (one or more) block vectors of (one or more) neighboring blocks). Neighboring information (e.g., (one or more) block vectors of (one or more) neighboring blocks) may be used to generate a prediction signal (e.g., a first prediction signal and / or a second prediction signal) using an intra prediction mode (e.g., IntraTMP, IBC, DIMD, TIMD, etc.). That is, if any of the (one or more) neighboring blocks uses intraTMP, its block vector may be used as a prediction candidate for TIMD. Specifically, the (one or more) block vectors may be used to obtain a reference sample to predict the current template. The template cost may be used to obtain the TIMD optimal mode. If any of the optimal modes is intraTMP, the same (one or more) block vectors may be used to generate a prediction for the current block.

[0149] If any of the neighboring blocks uses IBC, its block vector(s) can be used in the same manner as intraTMP. That is, the block vector(s) can be used to predict the template, derive the template cost, and generate the prediction signal if selected by the TIMD process.

[0150] In the example, both intraTMP and IBC can generate multiple block vectors. That is, if bidirectional IBC is used, two block vectors can be associated with its block. Similarly, if intraTMP fusion is used, multiple block vectors can be used. In the case of TIMD, three options can be considered: use (e.g., always use) a single block vector; test (one or more) vectors (e.g., all vectors) during the TIMD process; or use (one or more) vectors with their appropriate fusion examples.

[0151] To test (one or more) block vectors (e.g., all vectors) in the TIMD process, each block vector can be treated as independent and can be used to generate a prediction signal. The TIMD process can be used to test the predictions and select the predictions accordingly. To use (one or more) vectors with their appropriate fused examples, the same prediction mechanism can be used. Bidirectional IBC or fused-based intraTMP can be tested on the template and selected according to the TIMD process.

[0152] The block vectors tested in TIMD can be improved using template costs (e.g., to further improve encoding performance). That is, a block vector (e.g., a block vector obtained from a neighboring block) can be tested on a reconstructed template of the current block to obtain a current template cost (e.g., measured in SATD). An improvement range (e.g., around a rectangle formed by (-1, 1) in the horizontal and vertical directions) can be used to obtain a better block vector with a smaller template cost than the current block vector. This can improve prediction quality because a better block vector can be used whose template distance can be smaller than a block vector obtained directly from a neighboring block. The improvement step can be performed at the end of the TIMD process if a block vector is selected (e.g., only if a block vector is selected).

[0153] The intraTMP search process can be simplified for blocks using TIMD with intraTMP. For example, the refinement in intraTMP can be bypassed and the refinement can be performed in the TIMD process where the block vector is selected.

[0154] If a block vector is selected, the TIMD-derived block vector can be used for block vector propagation. For example, if the TIMD process results in the use of a block vector, the block vector can be stored for use (e.g., further use) in an IBC merge mode, a chroma block vector, or even a TIMD mode that uses a neighboring block vector (e.g., a further TIMD mode).

[0155] In an example, a directional intra mode may be derived for transform selection. Since prediction may be a mix of conventional and block vector based, the choice of transform kernel may not be clear (e.g., it may depend on the intra mode). In an example, the prediction may be treated as a planar prediction, and a transform kernel corresponding to the planar mode may be used. In some examples, DIMD on the prediction signal (e.g., already used for MIP and intraTMP modes) may be used to derive the intra mode. For example, if TIMD with intraTMP is used, the DIMD process may be applied on the prediction signal to obtain the directional mode. The transform kernel corresponding to the DIMD derived directional intra mode may then be used.

[0156] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), registers, cache memories, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A device for video decoding, the device comprising: The processor is configured to: Obtaining a first prediction signal for a current block using an intra prediction mode based on a block vector; Obtaining a second prediction signal for the current block using a second prediction mode; generating a prediction block based on at least a first prediction signal obtained using the block vector-based intra prediction and a second intra prediction signal obtained using a prediction mode; and The current block is decoded based on the prediction block.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: The second prediction mode is a normal intra prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the block vector-based intra prediction mode and a second prediction signal using the normal intra prediction mode.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein: The second prediction mode is an inter-frame prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the intra prediction mode based on the block vector and a second prediction signal using the inter prediction mode.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, and the processor is further configured to: determining that the current block is encoded in a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode; deriving the second prediction mode set based on a histogram of gradients; using the second set of prediction modes to obtain the second set of prediction signals; and The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to: determining whether planar mode or the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a difference between a reconstructed template and a predicted template for the block; and The first prediction signal is obtained by using the block vector based intra prediction mode based on the block vector based intra prediction mode based on determining that the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a distance.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, and the processor is further configured to: determining that the current block is encoded using a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) mode; deriving the second set of prediction modes based on testing a most probable mode on a template associated with the current block; using the second prediction mode set to obtain the second prediction signal set; as well as The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

7. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the block vector based intra prediction mode is an intra template prediction (intraTMP) mode or an intra block copy (IBC) mode.

8. A method for video decoding, the method comprising: Obtaining a first prediction signal for a current block using an intra prediction mode based on a block vector; Obtaining a second prediction signal for the current block using a second prediction mode; generating a prediction block based on at least a first prediction signal obtained using the block vector-based intra prediction and a second intra prediction signal obtained using a prediction mode; and The current block is decoded based on the prediction block.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein: The second prediction mode is a normal intra prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the block vector-based intra prediction mode and a second prediction signal using the normal intra prediction mode.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein: The second prediction mode is an inter-frame prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the intra prediction mode based on the block vector and a second prediction signal using the inter prediction mode.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, and the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, further comprising: determining that the current block is encoded in a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode; deriving the second prediction mode set based on a histogram of gradients; using the second prediction mode set to obtain the second prediction signal set; as well as The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining whether planar mode or the block vector-based intra prediction mode minimizes a difference between a reconstructed template and a predicted template for the block; as well as The first prediction signal is obtained by using the block vector based intra prediction mode based on the block vector based intra prediction mode based on determining that the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a distance.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, and the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, further comprising: determining that the current block is encoded using a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) mode; deriving the second set of prediction modes based on testing a most probable mode on a template associated with the current block; using the second prediction mode set to obtain the second prediction signal set; as well as The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

14. The method of any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the block vector based intra prediction mode is an intra template prediction (intraTMP) mode or an intra block copy (IBC) mode.

15. A device for video encoding, the device comprising: The processor is configured to: Obtaining a first prediction signal for a current block using an intra prediction mode based on a block vector; Obtaining a second prediction signal for the current block using a second prediction mode; generating a prediction block based on at least a first prediction signal obtained using the block vector-based intra prediction and a second intra prediction signal obtained using a prediction mode; and The current block is encoded based on the prediction block.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein: The second prediction mode is a normal intra prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the block vector-based intra prediction mode and a second prediction signal using the normal intra prediction mode.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein: The second prediction mode is an inter-frame prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the intra prediction mode based on the block vector and a second prediction signal using the inter prediction mode.

18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, and the processor is further configured to: determining that the current block is encoded in a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode; deriving the second prediction mode set based on a histogram of gradients; using the second set of prediction modes to obtain the second set of prediction signals; and The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to: determining whether planar mode or the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a difference between a reconstructed template and a predicted template for the block; and The first prediction signal is obtained by using the block vector based intra prediction mode based on the block vector based intra prediction mode based on determining that the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a distance.

20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, and the processor is further configured to: determining that the current block is encoded using a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) mode; deriving the second set of prediction modes based on testing a most probable mode on a template associated with the current block; using the second prediction mode set to obtain the second prediction signal set; as well as The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

21. The apparatus of any one of claims 15-20, wherein the block vector based intra prediction mode is an intra template prediction (intraTMP) mode or an intra block copy (IBC) mode.

22. A method for video encoding, the method comprising: Obtaining a first prediction signal for a current block using an intra prediction mode based on a block vector; Obtaining a second prediction signal for the current block using a second prediction mode; generating a prediction block based on at least a first prediction signal obtained using the block vector-based intra prediction and a second intra prediction signal obtained using a prediction mode; and The current block is encoded based on the prediction block.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein: The second prediction mode is a normal intra prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the block vector-based intra prediction mode and a second prediction signal using the normal intra prediction mode.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein: The second prediction mode is an inter-frame prediction mode, and The prediction block is generated by weighting a first prediction signal using the intra prediction mode based on the block vector and a second prediction signal using the inter prediction mode.

25. The method of claim 22, wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, and the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, further comprising: determining that the current block is encoded in a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode; deriving the second prediction mode set based on a histogram of gradients; using the second prediction mode set to obtain the second prediction signal set; as well as The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: determining whether planar mode or the block vector-based intra prediction mode minimizes a difference between a reconstructed template and a predicted template for the block; as well as The first prediction signal is obtained by using the block vector based intra prediction mode based on the block vector based intra prediction mode based on determining that the block vector based intra prediction mode minimizes a distance.

27. The method of claim 22, wherein the second prediction mode is a second prediction mode in a second prediction mode set, and the second prediction signal is a second prediction signal in a second prediction signal set, further comprising: determining that the current block is encoded using a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) mode; deriving the second set of prediction modes based on testing a most probable mode on a template associated with the current block; using the second prediction mode set to obtain the second prediction signal set; as well as The first prediction signal and the second set of prediction signals are weighted to generate the prediction block.

28. The method of any one of claims 22-27, wherein the block vector based intra prediction mode is an intra template prediction (intraTMP) mode or an intra block copy (IBC) mode.

29. A computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium and comprising program code instructions for implementing the steps of the method according to at least one of claims 8 to 14 and claims 22 to 28 when executed by at least one processor.

30. A computer-readable medium comprising program code instructions for implementing the steps of the method according to at least one of claims 8 to 14 and claims 22 to 28 when executed by a processor.

31. Video data comprising information representing an encoded output generated according to one of the methods of any one of claims 22 to 28.

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