Cross-radio configuration for positioning and sensing

Abstract

Techniques are provided for configuring a multi-radio user equipment (UE) for positioning or radio frequency (RF) sensing operations. An example method for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on cross radio downlink resources includes receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a primary radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and obtaining one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18 / 168,712, filed on February 14, 2023, entitled “CROSS-RADIO CONFIGURATION FOR POSITIONING AND SENSING,” which is assigned to the assignee of this application and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Background Art

[0003] Wireless communication systems have evolved over several generations, including first-generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data wireless service with internet capabilities, fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax), fifth-generation (5G) services, and the like. Currently, there are many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communications Service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Access (GSM) TDMA variants, and the like.

[0004] The fifth generation (5G) mobile standard calls for higher data transfer speeds, a greater number of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide data rates of tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with a data rate of 1 gigabit per second provided to dozens of workers on an office floor. To support large sensor deployments, hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported. Therefore, the spectrum efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly improved compared to the current 4G standard. In addition, the capabilities of mobile devices can be increased to achieve improved signaling efficiency and reduced latency compared to current standards. Summary of the Invention

[0005] An example method for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on cross-radio downlink resources according to the present disclosure includes: receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and obtaining one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal.

[0006] Specific implementations of this method may include one or more of the following features. The one or more radio resources may be a resource set including a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, such that each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. The one or more radio resources may be a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, such that the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. The radio resource configuration information may include an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to obtain the one or more measurements. The radio resource configuration information may be requested from a network resource. Requesting the radio resource configuration information may include requesting a resource set including a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, such that each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. Requesting the radio resource configuration information may include requesting a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, such that the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. An indication may be provided to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the main radio to obtain the one or more measurements.

[0007] An example method for sending a reference signal based on cross-radio uplink resources according to the present disclosure includes: receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be sent by a low-power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low-power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and sending the radio frequency signal.

[0008] Specific implementations of this method may include one or more of the following features. The one or more radio resources may be a resource set including a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, such that each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal. The one or more radio resources may be a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, such that the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal. The radio resource configuration information may include an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to transmit the radio frequency signal. The radio resource configuration information may be requested from a network resource. Requesting the radio resource configuration information may include requesting a resource set including a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, such that each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal. Requesting the radio resource configuration information may include requesting a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, such that the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal. An indication may be provided to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the main radio to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0009] The items and / or technologies described herein may provide one or more of the following capabilities, as well as other capabilities not mentioned. A mobile device may be equipped with multiple wireless transceivers, such as a main radio and a low-power wake-up radio (LP-WUR). The LP-WUR may be a companion receiver or transceiver configured to monitor for wake-up signals sent by a network station while the main radio is in a sleep state. The LP-WUR may utilize relatively low power and may have limited bandwidth capabilities. The network may provide the mobile device with radio resource configurations to utilize the main radio or the LP-WUR for positioning and RF sensing operations. These radio resource configurations may include resource sets with flexible and / or mixed radio-specific resources. The mobile device may be configured to determine which radio to utilize for positioning or sensing operations. Because the LP-WUR requires less power to process these limited bandwidth signals, mobile device power may be saved. Because the LP-WUR can continue to monitor and measure signals while the main radio is in sleep mode, latency may be reduced. Other capabilities may be provided, and not every specific implementation of the present disclosure must provide any, let alone all, of the capabilities discussed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of an example wireless communication system.

[0011] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A block diagram of components of an example user equipment is shown.

[0012] Figure 3 is a block diagram of the components of an example send / receive point.

[0013] Figure 4 is a block diagram of the components of a server, various examples of which are shown in Figure 1 Shown in.

[0014] Figure 5 is a block diagram of an example transceiver that includes a low-power wake-up radio component.

[0015] Figure 6 is a bandwidth diagram of an example of a flexible cross-radio reference signal for uplink or downlink measurements.

[0016] Figure 7 is a diagram of an example uplink or downlink resource set with mixed radio-specific resources.

[0017] Figure 8 is an example message flow diagram for configuring cross-radio radio resources.

[0018] Figure 9 is a process flow diagram of an example method for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on interleaved radio downlink resources.

[0019] Figure 10 is a process flow diagram of an example method for sending a reference signal based on crossed radio uplink resources. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] This document discusses techniques for configuring a multi-radio user equipment (UE) for positioning or radio frequency (RF) sensing operations. A multi-radio UE may include a primary radio (e.g., a full-function radio) and a low-power wake-up radio (LP-WUR) configured to monitor for wake-up signals at very low power when the primary radio is in sleep mode. For example, the UE may be configured to utilize the LP-WUR when in connected mode (e.g., deep sleep) to reduce power consumption. The UE may also utilize the LP-WUR during idle mode. Previous positioning and RF sensing signals were configured based on the assumption that the UE includes only a single radio (i.e., the primary radio). In the techniques provided herein, the UE may be configured to receive a reference signal (RS) using a primary radio (MR) or LP-WUR. The RS received by the UE via the LP-WUR may be a low-power reference signal (LP-RS) configured for the lower processing capability of the LP-WUR. In one example, an RS resource set may define one or more flexible radio resource configurations to enable the MR or LP-WUR to send or receive a reference signal. In one example, an RS resource set may define a set of mixed radio-specific resources such that an MR or LP-WUR (or both) may be configured to transmit or receive reference signals based on the resources in the resource set. A UE may be configured to request on-demand configuration of a resource set with mixed radio-specific resources for positioning or RF sensing sessions. A UE may be configured to request on-demand configuration of a resource set with flexible radio resources for positioning or RF sensing sessions. Other signaling techniques and reference signal resource sets may also be used.

[0021] Obtaining the location of a mobile device accessing a wireless network can be used for many applications, including, for example, emergency calling, personal navigation, consumer asset tracking, locating friends or family members, etc. Existing positioning methods include those based on measuring radio signals transmitted from various devices or entities, including satellite vehicles (SVs) and terrestrial radio sources such as base stations and access points in wireless networks. It is expected that standardization for 5G wireless networks will include support for various positioning methods that can utilize reference signals transmitted by base stations for positioning determination in a manner similar to how LTE wireless networks currently utilize positioning reference signals (PRS) and / or cell-specific reference signals (CRS).

[0022] The descriptions herein may refer to a sequence of actions to be performed by, for example, an element of a computing device. Each action described herein can be performed by a dedicated circuit (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of the two. The sequence of actions described herein may be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various examples described herein may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure, including the claimed subject matter.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "base station" are not dedicated to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. Generally speaking, such a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a consumer asset tracking device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" can be interchangeably referred to as an "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber device," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal" or UT, "mobile terminal," "mobile station," "mobile device," or variations thereof. Generally speaking, a UE can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network, the UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through a wired access network, a WiFi network (eg, based on IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, etc.), and the like.

[0024] Depending on the network in which the base station is deployed, the base station may operate according to one of several RATs when communicating with a UE. Examples of base stations include an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), or a generalized NodeB (gNodeB, gNB). Furthermore, in some systems, a base station may provide only edge node signaling functions, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control functions and / or network management functions.

[0025] The UE may be implemented by any of several types of devices, including but not limited to a printed circuit (PC) card, a compact flash device, an external or internal modem, a wireless or wired phone, a smartphone, a tablet device, a consumer asset tracking device, an asset tag, etc. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the RAN is referred to as an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the RAN can transmit signals to the UE is referred to as a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term "traffic channel (TCH)" may refer to either an uplink / reverse traffic channel or a downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0026] As used herein, the term "cell" or "sector" may correspond to one of a plurality of cells of a base station or to the base station itself, depending on the context. The term "cell" may refer to a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier to distinguish between adjacent cells operating via the same or different carriers (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)). In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types that may provide access to different types of devices (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). In some examples, the term "cell" may refer to a portion of the geographic coverage area (e.g., a sector) on which the logical entity operates.

[0027] refer to Figure 1, an example of a communication system 100 includes a UE 105, a UE 106, a radio access network (RAN) (here, a fifth generation (5G) next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) 135), a 5G core network (5GC) 140, and a server 150. UE 105 and / or UE 106 may be, for example, an IoT device, a location tracker device, a cellular phone, a vehicle (e.g., a car, truck, bus, boat, etc.), or other device. A 5G network may also be referred to as a new radio (NR) network; NG-RAN 135 may be referred to as a 5G RAN or NR RAN; and 5GC 140 may be referred to as an NG core network (NGC). Standardization of NG-RAN and 5GC is underway within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Accordingly, NG-RAN 135 and 5GC 140 may comply with current or future standards from 3GPP for 5G support. NG-RAN 135 may be another type of RAN, such as a 3G RAN, a 4G long term evolution (LTE) RAN, or the like. UE 106 may be similarly configured and coupled to UE 105 to transmit and / or receive signals to and / or from similar other entities in system 100, but for simplicity of the drawing, the UE 106 is shown in FIG. Figure 1 1. Similarly, for simplicity, the discussion focuses on the UE 105. The communication system 100 may utilize information from a constellation 185 of satellite vehicles (SVs) 190, 191, 192, 193 of a satellite positioning system (SPS), such as a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo, or BeiDou, or some other local or regional SPS, such as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), or the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). Additional components of the communication system 100 are described below. The communication system 100 may include additional or alternative components.

[0028] like Figure 1As shown, NG-RAN 135 includes NR nodeBs (gNBs) 110a and 110b and a next-generation eNodeB (ng-eNB) 114, and 5GC 140 includes an access and mobility management function (AMF) 115, a session management function (SMF) 117, a location management function (LMF) 120, and a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 125. gNBs 110a, 110b, and ng-eNB 114 are communicatively coupled to one another and are each configured for bidirectional wireless communication with a UE 105. They are also communicatively coupled to AMF 115 and are configured for bidirectional communication with the AMF. gNBs 110a, 110b, and ng-eNB 114 may be referred to as base stations (BSs). AMF 115, SMF 117, LMF 120, and GMLC 125 are communicatively coupled to one another, and the GMLC is communicatively coupled to an external client 130. The SMF 117 may serve as the initial contact point for a service control function (SCF) (not shown) to create, control, and delete media sessions. A base station (such as gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114) may be a macro cell (e.g., a high-power cellular base station) or a small cell (e.g., a low-power cellular base station) or an access point (e.g., a short-range base station configured to operate with a short-range technology such as WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), One or more base stations (e.g., one or more of gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114) may be configured to communicate with UE 105 via multiple carriers. Each of gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114 may provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic area (e.g., a cell). Each cell may be divided into multiple sectors based on base station antennas.

[0029] Figure 1A generalized illustration of various components is provided, wherein any or all components may be utilized as appropriate, and each component may be repeated or omitted as needed. Specifically, although a single UE 105 is illustrated, many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc.) may be utilized in the communication system 100. Similarly, the communication system 100 may include a greater (or smaller) number of SVs (i.e., more or less than the four SVs 190-193 shown), gNBs 110a, gNBs 110b, ng-eNBs 114, AMFs 115, external clients 130, and / or other components. The illustrated connections connecting the various components in the communication system 100 include data and signaling connections, which may include additional (intermediate) components, direct or indirect physical and / or wireless connections, and / or additional networks. Furthermore, the various components may be rearranged, combined, separated, replaced, and / or omitted depending on the desired functionality.

[0030] Although Figure 1 A 5G-based network is illustrated, but similar network implementations and configurations may be used for other communication technologies, such as 3G, Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc. Implementations described herein (which may be used for 5G technologies and / or for one or more other communication technologies and / or protocols) may be used to transmit (or broadcast) directional synchronization signals, receive and measure the directional signals at a UE (e.g., UE 105), and / or provide location assistance to the UE 105 (via the GMLC 125 or other location server), and / or calculate the position of the UE 105 at a device with positioning capabilities (such as the UE 105, gNB 110a, gNB 110b, or LMF 120) based on measurements received at the UE 105 for such directionally transmitted signals. The Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 125, Location Management Function (LMF) 120, Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 115, SMF 117, ng-eNB (eNodeB) 114 and gNB (gNodeB) 110a, 110b are examples and may be replaced by or include various other location server functionalities and / or base station functionalities in various embodiments.

[0031] System 100 is capable of wireless communication because the various components of system 100 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (at least sometimes using wireless connections), for example, via gNBs 110a, 110b, ng-eNBs 114, and / or 5GCs 140 (and / or one or more other devices (not shown), such as one or more other base transceiver stations). For indirect communication, the communication may be modified during transmission from one entity to another, for example, to change header information, alter the format of a data packet, etc. UE 105 may include multiple UEs and may be a mobile wireless communication device, but may communicate both wirelessly and via wired connections. UE 105 may be any of a variety of devices, such as a smartphone, tablet, or vehicle-based device, but these are merely examples, as UE 105 need not be in any of these configurations, and other configurations of UEs may be used. Other UEs may include wearable devices (e.g., smart watches, smart jewelry, smart glasses, or head-mounted devices). Other UEs, whether currently existing or developed in the future, may also be used. In addition, other wireless devices (whether mobile or not) may be implemented within the system 100 and may communicate with each other and / or with the UE 105, gNBs 110a, 110b, ng-eNBs 114, 5GCs 140, and / or external clients 130. For example, such other devices may include Internet of Things (IoT) devices, medical devices, home entertainment and / or automation devices, etc. The 5GC 140 may communicate with the external client 130 (e.g., a computer system), for example, to allow the external client 130 (e.g., via the GMLC 125) to request and / or receive location information about the UE 105.

[0032] The UE 105 or other device may be configured to communicate in various networks and / or for various purposes and / or using various technologies (e.g., 5G, Wi-Fi communication, multi-frequency Wi-Fi communication, satellite positioning, one or more types of communication (e.g., GSM (Global System for Mobile), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution), V2X (Vehicle to Vehicle, e.g., V2P (vehicle to pedestrian), V2I (vehicle to infrastructure), V2V (vehicle to vehicle), etc.), IEEE 802.11p, etc.). V2X communication can be cellular (Cellular-V2X (C-V2X)) and / or WiFi (e.g., DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Connection)). System 100 can support operation on multiple carriers (waveform signals of different frequencies). A multi-carrier transmitter can simultaneously transmit modulated signals on multiple carriers. Each modulated signal can be a code division multiple access (CDMA) signal, a time division multiple access (TDMA) signal, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signal, a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) signal, etc. Each modulated signal can be transmitted on a different carrier and can carry pilots, overhead information, data, etc. UE 105, 106 can communicate with each other through UE-to-UE sidelink (SL) communication by transmitting on one or more sidelink (SL) channels, such as a physical sidelink synchronization channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), or a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). Direct device-to-device communication (not through a network) can generally be referred to as sidelink communication, without limiting the communication to a specific protocol.

[0033] UE 105 may include and / or may be referred to as a device, a mobile device, a wireless device, a mobile terminal, a terminal, a mobile station (MS), a secure user plane location (SUPL) enabled terminal (SET), or some other name. In addition, UE 105 may correspond to a cellular phone, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a tablet device, a PDA, a consumer asset tracking device, a navigation device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a health monitor, a security system, a smart city sensor, a smart meter, a wearable tracker, or some other portable or movable device. Typically, although not required, UE 105 may use one or more radio access technologies (RATs) to support wireless communications, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), LTE, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), IEEE 802.11 WiFi (also known as Wi-Fi), (BT), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 5G New Radio (NR) (e.g., using NG-RAN 135 and 5GC 140), etc. UE 105 may use a wireless local area network (WLAN) to support wireless communications, which may be connected to other networks (e.g., the Internet) using, for example, a digital subscriber line (DSL) or packet cable. Using one or more of these RATs may allow UE 105 (e.g., via elements of 5GC 140 ( Figure 1 125), or possibly via the GMLC 125) communicates with the external client 130 and / or allows the external client 130 to receive location information about the UE 105 (eg, via the GMLC 125).

[0034] UE 105 may comprise a single entity or may comprise multiple entities, such as in a personal area network where a user may employ audio, video, and / or data I / O (input / output) devices, and / or body sensors and separate wired or wireless modems. The estimate of the location of UE 105 may be referred to as location, location estimate, location fix, fix, position, position estimate, or position fix, and may be geographic, providing location coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude) of UE 105, which may or may not include an altitude component (e.g., height above sea level; height above or depth below ground level, floor level, or basement level). Alternatively, the location of UE 105 may be expressed as a civic location (e.g., a postal address or a designation of a point or smaller area in a building, such as a particular room or floor). The location of UE 105 may be represented as an area or volume (geographically or civically defined) within which UE 105 is expected to be located with a certain probability or confidence level (e.g., 67%, 95%, etc.). The location of the UE 105 may be expressed as a relative location, including, for example, a distance and a direction relative to a known location. The relative location may be expressed as relative coordinates (e.g., X, Y (and Z) coordinates) defined relative to some origin at a known location, which may be defined, for example, geographically, municipally, or with reference to a point, area, or volume indicated, for example, on a map, floor plan, or building plan. In the descriptions contained herein, use of the term "location" may include any of these variations unless otherwise indicated. When calculating the location of the UE, local x, y, and (possibly) z coordinates are typically solved for, and then (if necessary) the local coordinates are converted to absolute coordinates (e.g., in terms of latitude, longitude, and altitude above or below mean sea level).

[0035] The UE 105 may be configured to communicate with other entities using one or more of a variety of technologies. The UE 105 may be configured to connect indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links. The D2D P2P links may be supported using any suitable D2D radio access technology (RAT), such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Etc. One or more UEs in a group of UEs utilizing D2D communication may be located within the geographic coverage area of ​​a transmit / receive point (TRP), such as one or more of gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114. Other UEs in the group may be outside such geographic coverage area or otherwise unable to receive transmissions from the base station. A group of UEs communicating via D2D communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, in which each UE may transmit to other UEs in the group. The TRP may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communication. In other cases, D2D communication may be performed between UEs without involving a TRP. One or more UEs in a group of UEs utilizing D2D communication may be located within the geographic coverage area of ​​a TRP. Other UEs in the group may be outside such geographic coverage area or otherwise unable to receive transmissions from the base station. A group of UEs communicating via D2D communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, in which each UE may transmit to other UEs in the group. The TRP may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communication. In other cases, D2D communication may be performed between UEs without involving a TRP.

[0036] Figure 1 The base stations (BSs) in the NG-RAN 135 shown include NR Node Bs (referred to as gNBs 110a and 110b). Each pair of gNBs 110a and 110b in the NG-RAN 135 may be connected to each other via one or more other gNBs. Access to the 5G network is provided to the UE 105 via wireless communications between the UE 105 and one or more of the gNBs 110a and 110b. These gNBs may provide wireless communications access to the 5GC 140 on behalf of the UE 105 using 5G. Figure 1 , it is assumed that the serving gNB for UE 105 is gNB 110a, but another gNB (e.g., gNB 110b) may serve as the serving gNB if UE 105 moves to another location, or may serve as a secondary gNB to provide additional throughput and bandwidth to UE 105.

[0037] Figure 1The illustrated base station (BS) in the NG-RAN 135 may include an ng-eNB 114, also known as a next-generation evolved Node B. The ng-eNB 114 may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b in the NG-RAN 135, possibly via one or more other gNBs and / or one or more other ng-eNBs. The ng-eNB 114 may provide LTE radio access and / or evolved LTE (eLTE) radio access to the UE 105. One or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114 may be configured to function as a positioning-only beacon, which may transmit signals to assist in determining the location of the UE 105 but may not receive signals from the UE 105 or other UEs.

[0038] The gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or the ng-eNB 114 may each include one or more TRPs. For example, each sector within a cell of a BS may include a TRP, but multiple TRPs may share one or more components (e.g., a shared processor but with separate antennas). The system 100 may include only macro TRPs, or the system 100 may have different types of TRPs, such as macro TRPs, pico TRPs, and / or femto TRPs. A macro TRP may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and may allow unrestricted access by terminals with service subscriptions. A pico TRP may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a pico cell) and may allow unrestricted access by terminals with service subscriptions. A femto or home TRP may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a femto cell) and may allow restricted access by terminals associated with the femto cell (e.g., terminals of users in a home).

[0039] Each of gNBs 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114 may include a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, gNB 110b includes RU 111, DU 112, and CU 113. RU 111, DU 112, and CU 113 divide the functionality of gNB 110b. Although gNB 110b is shown as having a single RU, a single DU, and a single CU, a gNB may include one or more RUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more CUs. The interface between CU 113 and DU 112 is referred to as the F1 interface. RU 111 is configured to perform digital front-end (DFE) functions (e.g., analog-to-digital conversion, filtering, power amplification, transmit / receive) and digital beamforming) and includes a portion of the physical (PHY) layer. RU 111 may use massive multiple-input / multiple-output (MIMO) to perform DFE and may be integrated with one or more antennas of gNB 110b. DU 112 hosts the radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical layers of gNB 110b. A DU can support one or more cells, with each cell supported by a single DU. The operation of DU 112 is controlled by CU 113. CU 113 is configured to perform functions for delivering user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, etc., although some functions are assigned only to DU 112. CU 113 hosts the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of gNB 110b. UE 105 can communicate with CU 113 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with DU 112 via the RLC, MAC, and PHY layers, and with RU 111 via the PHY layer.

[0040] As pointed out, although Figure 1 Nodes configured to communicate according to a 5G communication protocol are depicted, but nodes configured to communicate according to other communication protocols, such as, for example, an LTE protocol or an IEEE 802.11x protocol, may also be used. For example, in an Evolved Packet System (EPS) that provides LTE radio access to a UE 105, the RAN may include an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), which may include base stations including evolved Node Bs (eNBs). The core network for the EPS may include an Evolved Packet Core (EPC). The EPS may include the E-UTRAN plus the EPC, where the E-UTRAN corresponds to Figure 1 The NG-RAN 135 in the figure and the EPC correspond to the 5GC 140 in the figure.

[0041] gNBs 110a, 110b, and ng-eNB 114 may communicate with AMF 115; for positioning functionality, the AMF communicates with LMF 120. AMF 115 may support mobility of UE 105, including cell change and handover, and may participate in supporting signaling connections with UE 105 and possibly data and voice bearers for UE 105. LMF 120 may communicate directly with UE 105, or directly with gNB 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114, for example, via wireless communications. The LMF 120 may support positioning of the UE 105 when the UE 105 accesses the NG-RAN 135 and may support various positioning procedures / methods, such as Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS), Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) (e.g., downlink (DL) OTDOA or uplink (UL) OTDOA), Round Trip Time (RTT), multi-cell RTT, Real-Time Kinematics (RTK), Precise Point Positioning (PPP), Differential GNSS (DGNSS), Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID), Angle of Arrival (AoA), Angle of Departure (AoD), and / or other positioning methods. The LMF 120 may process location service requests for the UE 105, for example, received from the AMF 115 or the GMLC 125. The LMF 120 may be connected to the AMF 115 and / or the GMLC 125. The LMF 120 may be referred to by other names, such as a Location Manager (LM), a Location Function (LF), a Commercial LMF (CLMF), or a Value-Added LMF (VLMF). A node / system implementing LMF 120 may additionally or alternatively implement other types of location support modules, such as an enhanced serving mobile location center (E-SMLC) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP). At least a portion of the positioning functionality (including the derivation of the location of UE 105) may be performed at UE 105 (e.g., using signal measurements obtained by UE 105 for signals sent by wireless nodes (such as gNB 110a, 110b and / or ng-eNB 114), and / or assistance data provided to UE 105 by LMF 120, for example). AMF 115 may serve as a control node for handling signaling between UE 105 and 5GC 140, and may provide QoS (Quality of Service) flow and session management. AMF 115 may support the mobility of UE 105 (including cell change and handover) and may participate in supporting signaling connections with UE 105.

[0042] The server 150 (e.g., a cloud server) is configured to obtain a location estimate for the UE 105 and provide it to the external client 130. The server 150 may, for example, be configured to run a microservice / service that obtains a location estimate for the UE 105. The server 150 may, for example, obtain (e.g., by transmitting a location request) a location estimate from the UE 105, one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b (e.g., via the RU 111, DU 112, and CU 113), and / or the ng-eNB 114, and / or the LMF 120. As another example, the UE 105, one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b (e.g., via the RU 111, DU 112, and CU 113), and / or the LMF 120 may push the location estimate for the UE 105 to the server 150.

[0043] The GMLC 125 may support location requests for the UE 105 received from the external client 130 via the server 150 and may forward the location requests to the AMF 115 for forwarding by the AMF 115 to the LMF 120, or may forward the location requests directly to the LMF 120. A location response (e.g., containing a location estimate for the UE 105) from the LMF 120 may be returned to the GMLC 125 directly or via the AMF 115, and the GMLC 125 may then return the location response (e.g., containing the location estimate) to the external client 130 via the server 150. The GMLC 125 is shown as being connected to both the AMF 115 and the LMF 120, but in some implementations may not be connected to either the AMF 115 or the LMF 120.

[0044] like Figure 1 For further example, LMF 120 may communicate with gNB 110a, gNB 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114 using a new radio positioning protocol A (which may be referred to as NPPa or NRPPa), which may be defined in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.455. NRPPa may be the same as, similar to, or an extension of LTE Positioning Protocol A (LPPa) defined in 3GPP TS 36.455, wherein NRPPa messages are communicated between gNB 110a (or gNB 110b) and LMF 120, and / or between ng-eNB 114 and LMF 120 via AMF 115. Figure 1For further example, the LMF 120 and the UE 105 may communicate using the LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP), which may be defined in 3GPP TS 36.355. Additionally or alternatively, the LMF 120 and the UE 105 may communicate using a new radio positioning protocol (which may be referred to as NPP or NRPP), which may be the same as, similar to, or an extension of the LPP. Here, LPP and / or NPP messages may be communicated between the UE 105 and the LMF 120 via the AMF 115 and the UE 105's serving gNB 110a, gNB 110b, or serving ng-eNB 114. For example, the LPP and / or NPP messages may be communicated between the LMF 120 and the AMF 115 using the 5G Location Services Application Protocol (LCS AP), and between the AMF 115 and the UE 105 using the 5G Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol. The LPP and / or NPP protocols may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using UE-assisted and / or UE-based positioning methods, such as A-GNSS, RTK, OTDOA, and / or E-CID. The NRPPa protocol may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using network-based positioning methods, such as E-CID (e.g., when used with measurements obtained by the gNB 110a, 110b, or ng-eNB 114) and / or may be used by the LMF 120 to obtain location-related information from the gNB 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114, such as parameters defining directional SS or PRS transmissions from the gNB 110a, 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114. The LMF 120 may be co-located or integrated with the gNB or TRP, or may be located remotely from the gNB and / or TRP and configured to communicate directly or indirectly with the gNB and / or TRP.

[0045] Using UE-assisted positioning methods, UE 105 may obtain location measurements and transmit these measurements to a location server (e.g., LMF 120) for use in calculating a location estimate for UE 105. For example, the location measurements may include one or more of received signal strength indication (RSSI), round-trip signal propagation time (RTT), reference signal time difference (RSTD), reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of gNB 110a, gNB 110b, ng-eNB 114, and / or WLAN APs. The location measurements may additionally or alternatively include measurements of GNSS pseudoranges, code phases, and / or carrier phases of SVs 190-193.

[0046] Using the UE-based positioning method, UE 105 can obtain position measurements (e.g., which can be the same as or similar to the position measurements of the UE-assisted positioning method) and can calculate the position of UE 105 (e.g., with the help of assistance data received from a location server (such as LMF120) or broadcast by gNB 110a, gNB 110b, ng-eNB 114 or other base station or AP).

[0047] With network-based positioning methods, one or more base stations (e.g., gNBs 110a, 110b and / or ng-eNB 114) or APs may obtain location measurements (e.g., measurements of RSSI, RTT, RSRP, RSRQ, or time of arrival (ToA) of signals sent by UE 105) and / or may receive measurements obtained by UE 105. The one or more base stations or APs may transmit the measurements to a location server (e.g., LMF 120) for use in computing a position estimate for UE 105.

[0048] The information provided by gNB 110a, 110b and / or ng-eNB 114 to LMF 120 using NRPPa may include timing and configuration information for directional SS or PRS transmission, as well as location coordinates. LMF 120 may provide some or all of this information to UE 105 as assistance data in LPP and / or NPP messages via NG-RAN 135 and 5GC 140.

[0049] The LPP or NPP message transmitted from LMF 120 to UE 105 may instruct UE 105 to do any of a variety of things, depending on the desired functionality. For example, the LPP or NPP message may include instructions for UE 105 to obtain measurements for GNSS (or A-GNSS), WLAN, E-CID, and / or OTDOA (or some other positioning method). In the case of E-CID, the LPP or NPP message may instruct UE 105 to obtain one or more measurement parameters (e.g., beam ID, beam width, average angle, RSRP, RSRQ measurements) of directional signals transmitted within a particular cell supported by one or more of gNB 110a, gNB 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114 (or supported by some other type of base station, such as an eNB or WiFi AP). The UE 105 may transmit these measurement parameters back to the LMF 120 in an LPP or NPP message (e.g., within a 5G NAS message) via the serving gNB 110a (or serving ng-eNB 114) and the AMF 115.

[0050] As noted, while the communication system 100 is described with respect to 5G technology, the communication system 100 may be implemented to support other communication technologies (such as GSM, WCDMA, LTE, etc.) for supporting and interacting with mobile devices (such as UE 105) (e.g., to implement voice, data, positioning, and other functionality). In some such embodiments, the 5GC 140 may be configured to control different air interfaces. For example, the 5GC 140 may use the Non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF) in the 5GC 140 to control the 5G network. Figure 1 115). In these other embodiments, positioning of UE 105 using directional PRS may be supported in a manner similar to that described herein for 5G networks, with the difference that the functions and processes described herein for gNB 110a, gNB 110b, ng-eNB 114, AMF 115, and LMF 120 may in some cases be applied alternatively to other network elements, such as eNBs, WiFi APs, MMEs, and E-SMLCs.

[0051] As noted, in some embodiments, positioning functionality may be implemented, at least in part, using directional SS or PRS beams transmitted by base stations (such as gNBs 110a, 110b and / or ng-eNB 114) that are located at the UE (e.g., Figure 1 In some instances, the UE may calculate its positioning using directional SS beams or directional PRS beams from multiple base stations (such as gNBs 110a, 110b, ng-eNB 114, etc.).

[0052] Also refer to Figure 2UE 200 may be an example of one of UEs 105 and 106 and may include a computing platform including a processor 210, a memory 211 including software (SW) 212, one or more sensors 213, a transceiver interface 214 for a transceiver 215 (which includes a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250), a user interface 216, a satellite positioning system (SPS) receiver 217, a camera 218, and a positioning device (PD) 219. The processor 210, the memory 211, the sensor 213, the transceiver interface 214, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, and the positioning device 219 may be communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 220 (which may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication). One or more of the illustrated devices (e.g., the camera 218, the positioning device 219, and / or one or more of the sensors 213) may be omitted from the UE 200. Processor 210 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and the like. Processor 210 may include multiple processors, including a general / application processor 230, a digital signal processor (DSP) 231, a modem processor 232, a video processor 233, and / or a sensor processor 234. One or more of processors 230 through 234 may include multiple devices (e.g., multiple processors). For example, sensor processor 234 may include a processor for RF (radio frequency) sensing (where one or more transmitted (cellular) wireless signals and reflections are used to identify, map, and / or track objects) and / or ultrasound. Modem processor 232 may support dual SIM cards / dual connectivity (or even more SIM cards). For example, one SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber Identity Module) may be used by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), and another SIM card may be used by the end user of UE 200 to obtain connectivity. Memory 211 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, disk storage, and / or read-only memory (ROM). Memory 211 may store software 212, which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that, when executed, may be configured to cause processor 210 to perform the various functions described herein. Alternatively, software 212 may not be directly executable by processor 210, but may be configured to cause processor 210 to perform these functions, for example, when compiled and executed. Descriptions herein may refer to processor 210 performing a function, but this includes other implementations, such as implementations in which processor 210 executes software and / or firmware. Descriptions herein may refer to processor 210 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of processors 230 to 234 performing the function.The description herein may refer to UE 200 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of UE 200 performing that function. Processor 210 may include memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or in lieu of memory 211. The functionality of processor 210 is discussed more fully below.

[0053] Figure 2 The configuration of UE 200 shown is an example and does not limit the present disclosure (including the claims), and other configurations may be used. For example, an example configuration of the UE may include one or more of processors 230 to 234 in the processor 210, memory 211, and a wireless transceiver 240. Other example configurations may include one or more of processors 230 to 234 in the processor 210, memory 211, a wireless transceiver, and one or more of the following: sensor 213, user interface 216, SPS receiver 217, camera 218, PD 219, and / or a wired transceiver.

[0054] The UE 200 may include a modem processor 232 that may be capable of performing baseband processing of signals received and downconverted by the transceiver 215 and / or the SPS receiver 217. The modem processor 232 may perform baseband processing of signals to be upconverted for transmission by the transceiver 215. Additionally or alternatively, the baseband processing may be performed by the general / application processor 230 and / or the DSP 231. However, other configurations may be used to perform the baseband processing.

[0055] UE 200 may include sensors 213, which may include, for example, one or more sensors of various types, such as one or more inertial sensors, one or more magnetometers, one or more environmental sensors, one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and / or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensors. An IMU 221 (Inertial Measurement Unit) may include, for example, one or more accelerometers (e.g., collectively responsive to acceleration of UE 200 in three dimensions) and / or one or more gyroscopes (e.g., three-dimensional gyroscopes). Sensors 213 may include one or more magnetometers (e.g., three-dimensional magnetometers) to determine orientation (e.g., relative to magnetic north and / or true north), which may be used for any of a variety of purposes (e.g., to support one or more compass applications). Environmental sensors may include, for example, one or more temperature sensors, one or more barometric pressure sensors, one or more ambient light sensors, one or more camera imagers, and / or one or more microphones. Sensors 213 may generate analog and / or digital signals, indications of which may be stored in memory 211 and processed by DSP 231 and / or general / application processor 230 to support one or more applications (such as, for example, applications involving positioning operations and / or navigation operations).

[0056] Sensors 213 may be used for relative position measurement, relative position determination, motion determination, and the like. Information detected by sensors 213 may be used for motion detection, relative displacement, dead reckoning, sensor-based position determination, and / or sensor-assisted position determination. Sensors 213 may be used to determine whether UE 200 is stationary (stationary) or mobile and / or whether to report certain useful information related to the mobility of UE 200 to LMF 120. For example, based on information obtained / measured by sensors 213, UE 200 may notify / report to LMF 120 that UE 200 has detected movement or that UE 200 has moved, and report relative displacement / distance (e.g., via dead reckoning implemented by sensors 213, sensor-based position determination, or sensor-assisted position determination). In another example, for relative positioning information, sensors / IMUs may be used to determine the angle and / or orientation of another device relative to UE 200.

[0057] The IMU 221 may be configured to provide measurements of the direction and / or speed of motion of the UE 200, which may be used for relative position determination. For example, one or more accelerometers and / or one or more gyroscopes of the IMU 221 may detect the linear acceleration and rotational speed of the UE 200, respectively. The linear acceleration measurements and rotational speed measurements of the UE 200 may be integrated over time to determine the instantaneous direction and displacement of the UE 200. The instantaneous direction and displacement may be integrated to track the position of the UE 200. For example, a reference position of the UE 200 at a certain moment may be determined, for example, using the SPS receiver 217 (and / or by some other component), and measurements obtained from the accelerometers and gyroscopes after that moment may be used for dead reckoning to determine the current position of the UE 200 based on the movement (direction and distance) of the UE 200 relative to the reference position.

[0058] The magnetometer can determine the strength of the magnetic field in different directions, which can be used to determine the orientation of the UE 200. For example, the orientation can be used to provide a digital compass for the UE 200. The magnetometer may include a two-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide an indication of the strength of the magnetic field in two orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer may include a three-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide an indication of the strength of the magnetic field in three orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer may provide a component for sensing a magnetic field and providing an indication of the magnetic field, for example, to the processor 210.

[0059] The transceiver 215 may include a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250 configured to communicate with other devices via wireless and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 240 may include a wireless transmitter 242 and a wireless receiver 244 coupled to an antenna 246 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and / or one or more sidelink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and / or one or more sidelink channels) wireless signals 248 and converting signals from wireless signals 248 to wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals and vice versa. The wireless transmitter 242 includes appropriate components (e.g., a power amplifier and a digital-to-analog converter). The wireless receiver 244 includes appropriate components (e.g., one or more amplifiers, one or more frequency filters, and an analog-to-digital converter). The wireless transmitter 242 may include multiple transmitters, which may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 244 may include multiple receivers, which may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 240 may be configured to operate in accordance with various radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Zigbee, etc.) to communicate signals (e.g., with a TRP and / or one or more other devices). The new radio may use millimeter wave frequencies and / or frequencies below 6 GHz. The wired transceiver 250 may include a wired transmitter 252 and a wired receiver 254 configured for wired communication, for example, a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to transmit communications to the NG-RAN 135 and receive communications from the NG-RAN. The wired transmitter 252 may include a plurality of transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 254 may include a plurality of receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 250 may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication. The transceiver 215 may be communicatively coupled to the transceiver interface 214, for example, via an optical connection and / or an electrical connection. The transceiver interface 214 may be at least partially integrated with the transceiver 215. The wireless transmitter 242 , the wireless receiver 244 , and / or the antenna 246 may include multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, and / or multiple antennas, respectively, for transmitting and / or receiving appropriate signals, respectively.

[0060] The user interface 216 may include one or more of a number of devices, such as, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a display device, a vibration device, a keyboard, a touch screen, and the like. The user interface 216 may include more than one of any of these devices. The user interface 216 may be configured to enable a user to interact with one or more applications hosted by the UE 200. For example, the user interface 216 may store indications of analog and / or digital signals in the memory 211 in response to actions from the user for processing by the DSP 231 and / or the general / application processor 230. Similarly, applications hosted on the UE 200 may store indications of analog and / or digital signals in the memory 211 to present output signals to the user. The user interface 216 may include an audio input / output (I / O) device, including, for example, a speaker, a microphone, digital-to-analog circuitry, analog-to-digital circuitry, an amplifier, and / or gain control circuitry (including more than one of any of these devices). Other configurations of audio I / O devices may be used. Additionally or alternatively, the user interface 216 may include one or more touch sensors that respond to touch and / or pressure on, for example, a keyboard and / or a touch screen of the user interface 216 .

[0061] The SPS receiver 217 (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) receiver) may be capable of receiving and acquiring SPS signals 260 via an SPS antenna 262. The SPS antenna 262 is configured to convert the SPS signals 260 from wireless signals to wired signals (e.g., electrical signals or optical signals) and may be integrated with the antenna 246. The SPS receiver 217 may be configured to process the acquired SPS signals 260 in whole or in part to estimate the position of the UE 200. For example, the SPS receiver 217 may be configured to determine the position of the UE 200 by performing trilateration using the SPS signals 260. The general / application processor 230, the memory 211, the DSP 231, and / or one or more dedicated processors (not shown) may be utilized in conjunction with the SPS receiver 217 to process the acquired SPS signals in whole or in part and / or calculate the estimated position of the UE 200. The memory 211 may store indications (e.g., measurements) of the SPS signals 260 and / or other signals (e.g., signals obtained from the wireless transceiver 240) for use in performing positioning operations. The general / application processor 230, the DSP 231, and / or one or more special-purpose processors, and / or the memory 211 may provide or support a location engine for processing the measurements to estimate the location of the UE 200.

[0062] The UE 200 may include a camera 218 for capturing still or moving images. The camera 218 may include, for example, an imaging sensor (e.g., a charge-coupled device or a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) imager), a lens, analog-to-digital circuitry, a frame buffer, etc. Additional processing, conditioning, encoding, and / or compression of signals representing captured images may be performed by the general / application processor 230 and / or the DSP 231. Additionally or alternatively, a video processor 233 may perform conditioning, encoding, compression, and / or manipulation of signals representing captured images. The video processor 233 may decode / decompress stored image data for presentation on a display device (not shown) (e.g., of the user interface 216).

[0063] Positioning device (PD) 219 may be configured to determine the location of UE 200, the motion of UE 200, and / or the relative location of UE 200, and / or time. For example, PD 219 may communicate with SPS receiver 217 and / or include a portion or all of an SPS receiver. PD 219 may work in conjunction with processor 210 and memory 211, as appropriate, to perform at least a portion of one or more positioning methods, although the description herein may refer to PD 219 being configured to perform or the PD performing in accordance with a positioning method. PD 219 may additionally or alternatively be configured to determine the location of UE 200 using trilateration using ground-based signals (e.g., at least some wireless signals 248), assisted acquisition, and the use of SPS signals 260, or both. PD 219 may be configured to determine the location of UE 200 based on the cell of a serving base station (e.g., cell center) and / or another technique (such as E-CID). The PD 219 may be configured to determine the location of the UE 200 using one or more images from the camera 218 and image recognition combined with known locations of landmarks (e.g., natural landmarks (such as mountains) and / or artificial landmarks (such as buildings, bridges, streets), etc.). The PD 219 may be configured to determine the location of the UE 200 using one or more other techniques (e.g., relying on the UE's self-reported location (e.g., as part of the UE's location beacon)), and may use a combination of techniques (e.g., SPS and terrestrial positioning signals) to determine the location of the UE 200. The PD 219 may include one or more sensors 213 (e.g., gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers, etc.) that can sense the orientation and / or motion of the UE 200 and provide an indication of the orientation and / or motion, which the processor 210 (e.g., general / application processor 230 and / or DSP 231) may be configured to use to determine the motion of the UE 200 (e.g., velocity vector and / or acceleration vector). The PD 219 may be configured to provide an indication of uncertainty and / or error in the determined position and / or motion. The functionality of the PD 219 may be provided in various ways and / or configurations, such as by the general / application processor 230, the transceiver 215, the SPS receiver 217, and / or another component of the UE 200, and may be provided by hardware, software, firmware, or various combinations thereof.

[0064] Also refer to Figure 3, an example of a TRP 300 for gNB 110a, 110b and / or ng-eNB 114 includes a computing platform including a processor 310, a memory 311 including software (SW) 312, and a transceiver 315. The processor 310, the memory 311, and the transceiver 315 may be communicatively coupled to one another via a bus 320 (which may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication). One or more of the illustrated devices (e.g., a wireless transceiver) may be omitted from the TRP 300. The processor 310 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 310 may include a plurality of processors (e.g., including a general / application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and / or a sensor processor, such as a processor). Figure 2 ). Memory 311 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, disk storage, and / or read-only memory (ROM). Memory 311 may store software 312, which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that, when executed, are configured to cause processor 310 to perform the various functions described herein. Alternatively, software 312 may not be directly executable by processor 310, but may be configured to cause processor 310 to perform these functions, for example, when compiled and executed.

[0065] The description herein may refer to processor 310 performing a function, but this includes other implementations, such as implementations in which processor 310 executes software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to processor 310 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors included in processor 310 performing the function. The description herein may refer to TRP 300 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., processor 310 and memory 311) of TRP 300 (and thus one of gNB 110a, gNB 110b, and / or ng-eNB 114) performing the function. Processor 310 may include memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or in lieu of memory 311. The functionality of processor 310 is discussed more fully below.

[0066] The transceiver 315 may include a wireless transceiver 340 and / or a wired transceiver 350 configured to communicate with other devices via wireless and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 340 may include a wireless transmitter 342 and a wireless receiver 344 coupled to one or more antennas 346 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and / or one or more downlink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and / or one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 348 and converting signals from the wireless signals 348 to wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals and vice versa. Thus, the wireless transmitter 342 may include multiple transmitters, which may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 344 may include multiple receivers, which may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 340 may be configured to operate in accordance with a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobile), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Zigbee, etc.) to communicate signals (e.g., with UE 200, one or more other UEs, and / or one or more other devices). The wired transceiver 350 may include a wired transmitter 352 and a wired receiver 354 configured for wired communication, for example, a network interface that can be used to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to transmit and receive communications to, for example, the LMF 120 and / or one or more other network entities. The wired transmitter 352 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 354 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 350 may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication.

[0067] Figure 3 The configuration of the TRP 300 shown is an example and not a limitation of the present disclosure (including the claims), and other configurations may be used. For example, the description herein discusses that the TRP 300 may be configured to perform several functions or that the TRP performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the LMF 120 and / or the UE 200 (i.e., the LMF 120 and / or the UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[0068] Also refer to Figure 4 , the server 400 (LMF 120 may be an example thereof) may include: a computing platform including a processor 410, a memory 411 including software (SW) 412, and a transceiver 415. The processor 410, the memory 411, and the transceiver 415 may be communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 420 (the bus may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication). One or more of the devices shown (e.g., a wireless transceiver) may be omitted from the server 400. The processor 410 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 410 may include a plurality of processors (e.g., including a general / application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and / or a sensor processor, such as Figure 2 ). Memory 411 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, disk storage, and / or read-only memory (ROM), etc. Memory 411 may store software 412, which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to cause processor 410 to perform the various functions described herein when executed. Alternatively, software 412 may not be directly executable by processor 410, but may be configured to cause processor 410 to perform these functions, for example, when compiled and executed. The description herein may refer to processor 410 performing functions, but this includes other specific implementations, such as specific implementations in which processor 410 executes software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to processor 410 performing functions as a shorthand for one or more of the processors included in processor 410 performing the functions. The description herein may refer to server 400 performing functions as a shorthand for one or more appropriate components of server 400 performing the functions. Processor 410 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or in place of memory 411. The functionality of processor 410 is discussed more fully below.

[0069] The transceiver 415 may include a wireless transceiver 440 and / or a wired transceiver 450 configured to communicate with other devices via wireless and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may include a wireless transmitter 442 and a wireless receiver 444 coupled to one or more antennas 446 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more downlink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 448 and converting signals from wireless signals 448 to wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals and vice versa. Thus, the wireless transmitter 442 may include multiple transmitters, which may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 444 may include multiple receivers, which may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 440 may be configured to operate in accordance with various radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Zigbee, etc.) to communicate signals (e.g., with UE 200, one or more other UEs, and / or one or more other devices). The wired transceiver 450 may include a wired transmitter 452 and a wired receiver 454 configured for wired communication, for example, a network interface that can be used to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to transmit and receive communications to, for example, the TRP 300 and / or one or more other network entities. The wired transmitter 452 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 454 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 450 may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication.

[0070] The description herein may refer to processor 410 performing a function, but this includes other implementations, such as implementations in which processor 410 executes software (stored in memory 411) and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to server 400 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of server 400 (e.g., processor 410 and memory 411) performing that function.

[0071] Figure 4The configuration of server 400 shown is an example and does not limit the present disclosure (including the claims), and other configurations may be used. For example, wireless transceiver 440 may be omitted. Additionally or alternatively, the description herein discusses that server 400 is configured to perform several functions or that the server performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by TRP 300 and / or UE 200 (i.e., TRP 300 and / or UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[0072] For terrestrial positioning of UEs in cellular networks, techniques such as Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT) and Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) typically operate in a "UE-assisted" mode, where measurements of reference signals (e.g., PRS, CRS, etc.) transmitted by base stations are acquired by the UE and then provided to a location server. The location server then calculates the UE's position based on the measurements and the known positions of the base stations. Because these techniques use a location server (rather than the UE itself) to calculate the UE's position, these positioning techniques are not frequently used in applications such as car or cell phone navigation, which instead typically rely on satellite-based positioning.

[0073] UEs can use a satellite positioning system (SPS) (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)) to perform high-accuracy positioning using Precise Point Positioning (PPP) or Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) techniques. These techniques use assistance data, such as measurements from ground-based stations. LTE Release 15 allows data to be encrypted so that only UEs subscribed to the service can read the information. This assistance data changes over time. As a result, a UE subscribed to the service may not be able to easily "break the encryption" for other UEs by passing the data to other UEs that have not paid for the subscription. This transfer needs to be repeated every time the assistance data changes.

[0074] In UE-assisted positioning, the UE transmits measurements (e.g., TDOA, Angle of Arrival (AoA), etc.) to a positioning server (e.g., LMF / eSMLC). The positioning server has a base station almanac (BSA) that contains multiple "entries" or "records," one per cell, where each record contains the geographic cell location but may also include other data. An identifier for a "record" among the multiple "records" in the BSA can be referenced. The BSA and the measurements from the UE can be used to calculate the UE's position.

[0075] In conventional UE-based positioning, the UE calculates its own position, avoiding the need to transmit measurements to the network (e.g., a location server), which in turn improves latency and scalability. The UE uses the associated BSA to record information from the network (e.g., the location of the gNB (and more broadly, base stations)). The BSA information can be encrypted. However, because BSA information changes much less frequently than, for example, the PPP or RTK assistance data described above, it can be easier to make BSA information available to UEs that are not subscribed and do not pay for decryption keys (compared to PPP or RTK information). The gNB's transmission of reference signals makes BSA information potentially accessible to crowdsourcing or driving attacks, essentially enabling BSA information to be generated based on in-the-field and / or overhead observations.

[0076] Positioning techniques can be characterized and / or evaluated based on one or more criteria, such as positioning accuracy and / or latency. Latency is the time elapsed between the event that triggers the determination of positioning-related data and the availability of that data at a positioning system interface (e.g., the interface of LMF 120). Upon positioning system initialization, the latency for the availability of positioning-related data is called the time to first fix (TTFF) and is greater than the latency after the TTFF. The inverse of the time elapsed between the availability of two consecutive positioning-related data is called the update rate, i.e., the rate at which positioning-related data is generated after the first fix. Latency may depend on (e.g., the UE's) processing capabilities. For example, assuming a 272 PRB (Physical Resource Block) allocation, a UE may report its processing capability as the duration of a DL PRS symbol that the UE can process per T amount of time (e.g., Tms) (in time units (e.g., milliseconds)). Other examples of capabilities that may affect latency are the number of TRPs from which the UE can process PRSs, the number of PRSs that the UE can process, and the UE's bandwidth.

[0077] One or more of a number of different positioning techniques (also known as positioning methods) can be used to determine the location of an entity (such as one of UEs 105 and 106). For example, known positioning determination techniques include RTT, multi-RTT, OTDOA (also known as TDOA and including UL-TDOA and DL-TDOA), enhanced cell identification (E-CID), DL-AoD, UL-AoA, and the like. RTT uses the time it takes for a signal to travel from one entity to another and back to determine the distance between the two entities. This distance, combined with the known position of a first one of the entities and the angle (e.g., azimuth) between the two entities, can be used to determine the position of a second one of the entities. In multi-RTT (also known as multi-cell RTT), multiple distances from one entity (e.g., a UE) to other entities (e.g., TRPs) and the known positions of the other entities can be used to determine the location of the one entity. In TDOA techniques, the difference in travel time between one entity and the other entities can be used to determine the relative distance to the other entity, and this relative distance, combined with the known positions of the other entities, can be used to determine the location of the one entity. Angle of arrival and / or angle of departure can be used to help determine the location of the entity. For example, the angle of arrival or departure of a signal in combination with the distance between devices (distance determined using the signal (e.g., travel time of the signal, received power of the signal, etc.)) and the known position of one of the devices can be used to determine the position of the other device. The angle of arrival or departure can be an azimuth relative to a reference direction (such as true north). The angle of arrival or departure can be a zenith angle relative to directly upward from a physical body (i.e., relative to radially outward from the center of the earth). E-CID uses the identity of the serving cell, the timing advance (i.e., the difference between the reception time and the transmission time at the UE), the estimated timing and power of the detected neighbor cell signals, and possible angles of arrival (e.g., the angle of arrival of the signal from the base station at the UE, or vice versa) to determine the position of the UE. In TDOA, the difference in the arrival times of signals from different sources at a receiving device, together with the known positions of those sources and the known offsets in the transmission times from those sources, are used to determine the position of the receiving device.

[0078] In network-centric RTT estimation, a serving base station instructs a UE to scan / receive RTT measurement signals (e.g., PRS) on serving cells of two or more neighboring base stations (and typically a serving base station, since at least three base stations are required). The one or more base stations transmit RTT measurement signals on low reuse resources (e.g., resources used by the base station to transmit system information) allocated by the network (e.g., a location server, such as LMF 120). The UE records the arrival time (also known as reception time, received time, received time, or time of arrival (ToA)) of each RTT measurement signal relative to the current downlink timing of the UE (e.g., as derived by the UE from the DL signal received from its serving base station), and (e.g., when instructed by its serving base station) transmits a common or individual RTT response message (e.g., an SRS (sounding reference signal) for positioning, i.e., UL-PRS) to the one or more base stations, and may use the time difference T between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal and the transmission time of the RTT response message as the time difference. Rx→Tx (i.e., UE T Rx-Tx or UE Rx-Tx ) is included in the payload of each RTT response message. The RTT response message will include a reference signal from which the base station can infer the ToA of the RTT response. The difference T between the transmission time of the RTT measurement signal from the base station and the ToA of the RTT response at the base station is calculated. Tx→Rx Time difference T with UE report Rx→Tx Compare and subtract UE Rx-Tx , the base station can infer the propagation time between the base station and the UE, based on which the base station can determine the distance between the UE and the base station by assuming the speed of light during the propagation time.

[0079] UE-centric RTT estimation is similar to the network-based approach, except that the UE sends an uplink RTT measurement signal (e.g., when commanded by the serving base station), which is received by multiple base stations in the vicinity of the UE. Each of the involved base stations responds with a downlink RTT response message, which may include in the RTT response message payload the time difference between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal at the base station and the time the RTT response message was sent from the base station.

[0080] For both network-centric and UE-centric processes, the side performing the RTT calculation (the network or the UE) typically (but not always) sends a first message or signal (e.g., an RTT measurement signal), and the other side responds with one or more RTT response messages or signals, which may include the difference between the ToA of the first message or signal and the sending time of the RTT response message or signal.

[0081] Multi-RTT technology can be used to determine positioning. For example, a first entity (e.g., a UE) can transmit one or more signals (e.g., unicast, multicast, or broadcast from a base station), and multiple second entities (e.g., other TSPs, such as base stations and / or UEs) can receive the signals from the first entity and respond to the received signals. The first entity receives responses from the multiple second entities. The first entity (or another entity, such as an LMF) can use the responses from the second entities to determine the distance to the second entity, and can use the multiple distances and the known positions of the second entities to determine the position of the first entity through trilateration.

[0082] In some instances, additional information in the form of an angle of arrival (AoA) or angle of departure (AoD) may be obtained, which defines a straight line direction (e.g., which may be in the horizontal plane or in three dimensions) or a range of possible directions (e.g., of the UE as seen from the base station's location). The intersection of the two directions may provide another estimate of the UE's position.

[0083] For positioning techniques (e.g., TDOA and RTT) that use PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) signals, the PRS signals transmitted by multiple TRPs are measured, and the arrival times of these signals, the known transmission times, and the known locations of the TRPs are used to determine the distance from the UE to the TRPs. For example, RSTD (Reference Signal Time Difference) can be determined for PRS signals received from multiple TRPs, and used in TDOA techniques to determine the location (position) of the UE. Positioning reference signals may be referred to as PRS or PRS signals. PRS signals are typically transmitted using the same power, and PRS signals with the same signal characteristics (e.g., the same frequency shift) may interfere with each other, so that PRS signals from farther TRPs may be drowned out by PRS signals from closer TRPs, so that signals from farther TRPs may not be detected. PRS muting can be used to help reduce interference by muting some PRS signals (reducing the power of the PRS signal, for example, to zero and thereby not transmitting the PRS signal). In this way, the UE can more easily detect (at the UE) a weaker PRS signal without a stronger PRS signal interfering with the weaker PRS signal. The term RS and its variants (e.g., PRS, SRS, CSI-RS (Channel State Information - Reference Signal)) may refer to one reference signal or more than one reference signal.

[0084] Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) include downlink PRS (DL PRS, often referred to as PRS for short) and uplink PRS (UL PRS) (the uplink PRS may be referred to as SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) for positioning). The PRS may include a PN code (pseudo-random number) or be generated using a PN code (e.g., by modulating a carrier signal with a PN code) so that the source of the PRS can be used as a pseudo-satellite. The PN code may be unique to the PRS source (at least within a specified area, so that the same PRS from different PRS sources do not overlap). The PRS may include PRS resources and / or PRS resource sets of a frequency layer. A DL PRS positioning frequency layer (or simply a frequency layer) is a collection of DL PRS resource sets from one or more TRPs, where the PRS resources have common parameters configured by higher-layer parameters DL-PRS-PositioningFrequencyLayer, DL-PRS-ResourceSet, and DL-PRS-Resource. Each frequency layer has a DL PRS subcarrier spacing (SCS) for the DL PRS resource set and DL PRS resources in that frequency layer. Each frequency layer has a DL PRS cyclic prefix (CP) for the DL PRS resource set and DL PRS resources in that frequency layer. In 5G, a resource block occupies 12 consecutive subcarriers and a specified number of symbols. A common resource block is a set of resource blocks that occupies the channel bandwidth. A bandwidth part (BWP) is a set of contiguous common resource blocks and may include all common resource blocks within the channel bandwidth or a subset of the common resource blocks. In addition, the DL PRS point A parameter defines the frequency of the reference resource block (and the lowest subcarrier of that resource block), where DL PRS resources belonging to the same DL PRS resource set have the same point A, and all DL PRS resource sets belonging to the same frequency layer have the same point A. Frequency layers also have the same DL PRS bandwidth, the same starting PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb size value (i.e., the frequency of PRS resource elements per symbol, such that for comb-N, every Nth resource element is a PRS resource element). A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and can be associated with a specific TRP (identified by a cell ID) transmitted by the antenna panel of the base station. The PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set can be associated with an omnidirectional signal and / or associated with a single beam (and / or beam ID) transmitted from a single base station (where a base station can transmit one or more beams). Each PRS resource in a PRS resource set can be transmitted on a different beam, and as such, a PRS resource (or simply a resource) can also be referred to as a beam. This does not imply that the base station and beam on which the PRS is transmitted are known to the UE.

[0085] The TRP can be configured, for example, by instructions received from a server and / or by software in the TRP, to transmit DL PRS on a schedule. According to the schedule, the TRP can intermittently (e.g., periodically at consistent intervals from the initial transmission) transmit DL PRS. The TRP can be configured to transmit one or more PRS resource sets. A resource set is a collection of PRS resources across a TRP, where the resources have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration (if any), and the same repetition factor across time slots. Each PRS resource set in a PRS resource set includes multiple PRS resources, where each PRS resource includes multiple OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) resource elements (REs), which can be in multiple resource blocks (RBs) within N (one or more) consecutive symbols within a time slot. PRS resources (or generally, reference signal (RS) resources) can be referred to as OFDM PRS resources (or OFDM RS resources). An RB is a set of REs that spans a certain number of one or more consecutive symbols in the time domain and a certain number (12 for 5G RBs) of consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. Each PRS resource is configured with an RE offset, a slot offset, a symbol offset within a slot, and the number of consecutive symbols that the PRS resource can occupy within a slot. The RE offset defines the starting RE offset in frequency for the first symbol within the DL PRS resource. The relative RE offsets of the remaining symbols within the DL PRS resource are defined based on the initial offset. The slot offset is the starting slot of the DL PRS resource relative to the corresponding resource set slot offset. The symbol offset determines the starting symbol of the DL PRS resource within the starting slot. The transmitted REs may be repeated across slots, with each transmission being referred to as a repetition, such that there may be multiple repetitions in a PRS resource. The DL PRS resources in a DL PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP, and each DL PRS resource has a DL PRS resource ID. The DL PRS resource ID in a DL PRS resource set is associated with a single beam transmitted from a single TRP (although a TRP may transmit one or more beams).

[0086] PRS resources can also be defined by quasi-colocation parameters and starting PRB parameters. Quasi-colocation (QCL) parameters can define any quasi-colocation information of DLPRS resources with other reference signals. DL PRS can be configured to be QCL type D with DL PRS or SS / PBCH (synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel) blocks from a serving cell or a non-serving cell. DL PRS can be configured to be QCL type C with SS / PBCH blocks from a serving cell or a non-serving cell. The starting PRB parameter defines the starting PRB index of the DLPRS resource with respect to reference point A. The starting PRB index has a granularity of one PRB and can have a minimum value of 0 PRBs and a maximum value of 2176 PRBs.

[0087] A PRS resource set is a collection of PRS resources with the same periodicity, the same muting pattern configuration (if any), and the same cross-slot repetition factor. Each time all repetitions of all PRS resources in a PRS resource set are configured to be transmitted is called an "instance." Thus, an "instance" of a PRS resource set is a specified number of repetitions for each PRS resource and a specified number of PRS resources within the PRS resource set, such that the instance is complete once the specified number of repetitions for each of the specified number of PRS resources has been transmitted. An instance may also be referred to as an "occasion." A DL PRS configuration including a DL PRS transmission schedule may be provided to a UE to facilitate (or even enable) the UE to measure DL PRS.

[0088] Multiple frequency layers of a PRS can be aggregated to provide an effective bandwidth that is larger than any of the bandwidths of the individual layers. Multiple frequency layers belonging to component carriers (which can be contiguous and / or separate) and meeting criteria such as quasi-co-location (QCL) and having the same antenna port can be spliced ​​to provide a larger effective PRS bandwidth (for DL ​​PRS and UL PRS), thereby improving the accuracy of arrival time measurements. Splicing involves combining PRS measurements on various bandwidth segments into a unified segment so that the spliced ​​PRS can be treated as if it were taken from a single measurement. In the case of QCL, different frequency layers behave similarly, so that splicing of PRSs results in a larger effective bandwidth. The larger effective bandwidth (which can be referred to as the bandwidth of the aggregated PRS or the frequency bandwidth of the aggregated PRS) provides better time domain resolution (e.g., TDOA resolution). The aggregated PRS comprises a collection of PRS resources, and each PRS resource in the aggregated PRS can be referred to as a PRS component, and each PRS component can be transmitted on a different component carrier, frequency band, or frequency layer, or on a different portion of the same frequency band.

[0089] RTT positioning is an active positioning technology because RTT uses positioning signals transmitted by the TRP to the UE and positioning signals transmitted by the UE (participating in RTT positioning) to the TRP. The TRP can transmit a DL-PRS signal received by the UE, and the UE can transmit an SRS (sounding reference signal) signal received by multiple TRPs. The sounding reference signal may be referred to as an SRS or an SRS signal. In 5G multi-RTT, coordinated positioning can be used, in which the UE transmits a single UL-SRS for positioning received by multiple TRPs, instead of transmitting a separate UL-SRS for positioning for each TRP. A TRP participating in multi-RTT will typically search for UEs currently residing on the TRP (served UEs, where the TRP is the serving TRP) and also search for UEs residing on adjacent TRPs (neighbor UEs). A neighbor TRP can be the TRP of a single BTS (base transceiver station) (e.g., a gNB), or it can be the TRP of one BTS and the TRP of a separate BTS. For RTT positioning (including multi-RTT positioning), the DL-PRS signal and the UL-SRS positioning signal in the PRS / SRS positioning signal pair used to determine the RTT (and thereby the distance between the UE and the TRP) may occur close in time to each other so that errors due to UE motion and / or UE clock drift and / or TRP clock drift are within acceptable limits. For example, the signals in the PRS / SRS positioning signal pair may be sent from the TRP and the UE, respectively, within approximately 10 ms of each other. Where the SRS for positioning is being transmitted by the UE and the PRS and the SRS for positioning are delivered close in time to each other, it has been found that radio frequency (RF) signal congestion (which may result in excessive noise, etc.) may result (especially if many UEs are attempting positioning concurrently) and / or computational congestion may result at the TRP where many UEs are attempting to measure concurrently.

[0090] RTT positioning can be UE-based or UE-assisted. In UE-based RTT, UE 200 determines the RTT and corresponding distance to each TRP in TRP 300, and determines the position of UE 200 based on the distance to TRP 300 and the known location of TRP 300. In UE-assisted RTT, UE 200 measures positioning signals and provides measurement information to TRP 300, and TRP 300 determines RTT and distance. TRP 300 provides the distance to a location server (e.g., server 400), and the server determines the position of UE 200 based on, for example, the distance to different TRPs 300. RTT and / or distance can be determined by the TRP 300 receiving signals from UE 200, by the TRP 300 in combination with one or more other devices (e.g., one or more other TRPs 300 and / or server 400), or by one or more devices other than the TRP 300 receiving signals from UE 200.

[0091] 5G NR supports various positioning technologies. NR-native positioning methods supported in 5G NR include DL-only positioning, UL-only positioning, and DL+UL positioning. Downlink-based positioning methods include DL-TDOA and DL-AoD. Uplink-based positioning methods include UL-TDOA and UL-AoA. Combined DL+UL-based positioning methods include RTT with one base station and RTT with multiple base stations (multi-RTT).

[0092] A position estimate (e.g., for a UE) may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, a position, a fix, a position fix, a fix, etc. A position estimate may be geodetic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude), or may be municipal and include a street address, a postal address, or some other textual description of the location. A position estimate may be further defined relative to some other known location or in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A position estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be contained with some specified or default confidence level).

[0093] refer to Figure 5 , and further reference Figure 2, shows an example transceiver 500 including a low-power wake-up radio (LP-WUR) 504. Transceiver 500 may include some or all of the components of transceiver 240 in UE 200, and transceiver 240 is an example of transceiver 500. Transceiver 500 includes a main radio (MR) 502 and an LP-WUR 504. LP-WUR 504 is a companion receiver or transceiver configured to monitor for wake-up signals transmitted by a network station (e.g., gNB 110a) and can utilize relatively low power when MR 502 is in a sleep state. LP-WUR 504 can be configured to wake MR 502 when actual data communication is required. LP-WUR 504 can be configured to consume low power and can be powered separately from MR 502. Typically, LP-WUR 504 is configured to utilize less bandwidth than MR 502 and, therefore, can utilize less power to process lower-bandwidth signals. LP-WUR 504 can also help reduce the overall power consumption of UE 200 because it can be configured to avoid unnecessarily waking up MR 502. LP-WUR 504 can also help reduce latency because it allows frequent wake-up signal (WUS) monitoring, which can reduce average latency without utilizing the power required by MR 502.

[0094] refer to Figure 6 , and further reference Figure 5, illustrates an example bandwidth diagram 600 of a flexible cross-radio reference signal 602 for uplink or downlink measurements. In one example, a network resource, such as LMF 120, gNB 110a, or other network server 400, may configure a resource set that includes flexible radio resources that can be received and / or transmitted using LP-WUR 504 or MR 502. UE 200 may be configured to determine a radio configuration for receiving or transmitting flexible radio resources based on which of the radios (e.g., MR 502 or LP-WUR 504) is active at that time. In one example, if both radios are active at that time, a default radio may be used based on configuration information provided by the network resource (e.g., the configuration information may include an indication of which radio to use). In one example, if both radios are active at that time, UE 200 may be configured to select which radio to use. UE 200 may also be configured to provide the network with an indication of which radio it is using. For example, the UE 200 may be configured to provide a reference signal report message to the network, and the report message may include an indication of whether the reference signal is transmitted or received using the MR 502 or the LP-WUR 504. The resources in the resource set may be configured to share the same parameters, including waveform, power, QCL, and bandwidth (BW). For example, the BW of the RS 602 may be configured to be higher than the LP-WUR bandwidth 606 but equal to the MR bandwidth 604. In one example, the configuration information received by the network may include an indication of which portion of the BW for the RS 602 the LP-WUR 504 is configured to measure or transmit. The indication may be based on established subbands of the BW, such as the upper subband 608a, the lower subband 608b, and the middle subband 608c. Other subbands may also be defined.

[0095] In operation, for downlink signals, the UE 200 can be configured to select subbands 608a-608c to receive using the LP-WUR 504 and obtain requested signal measurements (e.g., RSRP, ToA, RTT, etc.). In an example, network resources (e.g., LMF 120, gNB 110a) can specify which subbands 608a-608c the LP-WUR 504 will use to obtain measurements. For uplink signals, the UE 200 can be configured to select subbands 608a-608c to transmit uplink signals (e.g., UL-PRS, SRS, etc.). In one example, the receiving station (e.g., gNB 110a) can be configured to determine which subbands 608a-608c are being utilized based on energy testing. The UE 200 can be configured to provide an indication to the network indicating which subbands 608a-608c it is using for transmission. The indication may be based on known L1, L2 or L3 signaling techniques (eg, LPP, downlink control information (DCI), medium access control element (MAC-CE), etc.).

[0096] refer to Figure 7 , and further reference Figure 5 , a diagram of an example uplink or downlink resource set 700 with mixed radio-specific resources is shown. A network resource, such as LMF 120, gNB 110a, or another network server 400, may be configured to generate resource set 700 such that the resources in resource set 700 may be received by MR 502, LP-WUR 504, or both. Each resource configuration in resource set 700 may indicate the type of radio to be used (e.g., MR 502, LP-WUR 504, or either radio). The repetition factor for each resource may be conditional based on which radio is using the resources within the resource set. For example, resource set 700 may include a first MR resource 702, a first LP-WUR resource 704a, a repeated first LP-WUR resource 704b, a second LP-WUR resource 706a, a repeated second LP-WUR resource 706b, and a second MR resource 708. The resources and repetition pattern in resource set 700 are examples and not limitations, as other resource configurations may be used.

[0097] In operation, configuration of resource set 700 may be motivated by knowledge at a configuration entity (e.g., LMF 120, gNB 110a) of the sleep mode of MR 502 at UE 200. Based on the sleep mode, the configuration entity knows that the UE MR is on during the MR resource duration used for transmission or reception.

[0098] refer to Figure 8 , and further reference Figure 1, shows an example message flow diagram 800 for configuring cross-radio resources. The message flow diagram 800 includes a UE 200 (configured with a MR 502 and a LP-WUR 504), a gNB 110a, and a LMF 120. The UE 200 may be configured to optionally transmit a capability message 802 to inform the network of operating parameters (e.g., BW, subband, on-demand information, etc.) for performing cross-radio positioning or RF sensing operations. In one example, the capability message 802 may include a capability message for a UE with mixed radio specific resources (such as Figure 7 The capability message 802 may include a request for on-demand configuration of a resource set with flexible radio resources (such as Figure 6 LMF 120 may be configured to provide resource set configuration information to UE 200 via one or more resource set configuration messages 804. The resource set information may include flexible radio resources and / or hybrid radio-specific resources. Other configuration information, such as subband configuration and repetition factor, may be included in the configuration information. At stage 806, UE 200 may be configured to determine a radio configuration based at least in part on radio resource configuration information message 804. For example, UE 200 may determine which radio to utilize based on which radio is active at the time. When both radios are active, a default configuration may be utilized. UE 200 may be configured to determine the radio configuration based on the quality of service (QoS) associated with the positioning or sensing application. In one example, gNB 110a may be configured to transmit DL-PRS and / or RF sensing signals 808 received and measured based on the radio selected at stage 806. UE 200 may also be configured to transmit UL-PRS and / or RF sensing signals 810 based on the radio selected at stage 806. UE 200 may optionally transmit a measurement report message 812 based on the measurement of the reference signal. The measurement report message 812 may also include subband information indicating which subband the LP-WUR 504 utilizes to receive or transmit the PRS and / or RF sensing signal. Other messages may be included in the message flow to implement the cross-radio configuration described herein.

[0099] refer to Figure 9 , and further reference Figures 1 to 8 Method 900 for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on cross-radio downlink resources includes the stages shown. However, method 900 is an example and not a limitation. Method 900 may be modified, for example, by adding, removing, rearranging, combining, performing one or more stages concurrently, and / or splitting one or more individual stages into multiple stages. For example, requesting radio resource configuration information at stage 902 is optional.

[0100] At stage 902, the method optionally includes requesting radio resource configuration information for a positioning session or a sensing session. The UE 200 including the processor 210 and the transceiver 215 is a component for requesting radio resource configuration information. The transceiver 215 may include Figure 5 MR 502 and LP-WUR 504 described in

[0066] In one example, UE 200 may send one or more capability messages 802 as a request for radio resource configuration information. Capability message 802 may be configured to inform the network of the UE 200's capabilities (e.g., BW, subband, on-demand information, etc.) for performing cross-radio location or RF sensing operations. In one example, capability message 802 may include a request for a resource set with mixed radio-specific resources (such as Figure 7 ) or resource sets with flexible radio resources (such as Figure 6 In one example, the request for radio resource configuration information may utilize NAS messaging to request radio resource configuration from a network entity such as LMF 120.

[0101] At stage 904, the method includes receiving radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be received by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. The UE 200 including the processor 210 and the transceiver 215 is a component for receiving the radio resource configuration information. The radio resource configuration information may include flexible radio resources (such as Figure 6 ) and / or mixed radio specific resources (as described in Figure 7 The radio resource configuration information may be included in one or more LPP / NRPPa messages provided by the LMF 120 to the UE 200. For example, the LMF 120 may be configured to transmit one or more resource set configuration messages 804. Other signaling techniques such as radio resource control (RRC) signaling may be used. In one example, the radio resource configuration information may be included in one or more system information blocks (SIBs) sent by the TRP 300 (e.g., gNB 110a). In one example, the radio resource configuration information may include information to identify predefined subbands within the reference signal such as Figure 6 The LP-WUR 504 in the UE 200 may be configured to measure reference signals based on the defined subbands.

[0102] At stage 906, the method includes selecting a low-power wake-up radio component or a main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information. The UE 200, including the processor 210 and the transceiver 215, is a component for selecting LP-WUR or MR. The radio frequency signal can be a positioning signal (such as a PRS) or an RF sensing signal that can also utilize an OFDM scheme. For radio frequency signals based on flexible radio resources, the UE 200 can determine which radio component to utilize based on which radio component is active at the time. When both radio components are active, a default configuration can be utilized. For radio frequency signals based on mixed radio specific resources, the UE 200 can be configured to utilize a radio component associated with the resource. For example, MR 502 can be used for the first MR resource 702 and the second MR resource 708, and LP-WUR 504 can be used for the first LP-WUR resource and the second LP-WUR resource and the corresponding repetitions 704a-704b, 706a-706b. Other configurations may also be used to enable UE 200 to select a radio component to receive radio signals defined in the radio resources. In one example, UE 200 may be configured to select LP-WUR or MR based on the quality of service (QoS) associated with the positioning or sensing application (e.g., LP-WUR may be used for lower QoS requirements).

[0103] At stage 908, the method includes obtaining one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal. UE 200, including processor 210 and transceiver 215, is a component for obtaining the one or more measurements. The one or more measurements may be signal parameters associated with positioning and / or RF sensing operations. For example, the measurements may include one or more of RSSI, RTT, RSRP, RSRQ, ToA, and similar parameters may be obtained for the radio frequency signal. Other parameters such as multipath information may also be obtained. In one example, UE 200 may be configured to provide the obtained measurements to a network resource (e.g., LMF 120) along with an indication of which radio component is used to receive the radio frequency signal.

[0104] refer to Figure 10 , and further reference Figures 1 to 8 Method 1000 for transmitting a reference signal based on interleaved radio uplink resources includes the stages shown. However, method 1000 is an example and not limiting. Method 1000 may be modified, for example, by adding, removing, rearranging, combining, performing one or more stages concurrently, and / or splitting one or more individual stages into multiple stages. For example, requesting radio resource configuration information at stage 1002 is optional.

[0105] At stage 1002, the method optionally includes requesting radio resource configuration information for a positioning session or a sensing session. The UE 200 including the processor 210 and the transceiver 215 is a component for requesting radio resource configuration information. The transceiver 215 may include Figure 5 MR 502 and LP-WUR 504 described in

[0066] In one example, UE 200 may send one or more capability messages 802 as a request for radio resource configuration information. Capability message 802 may be configured to inform the network of the UE 200's capabilities (e.g., BW, subband, on-demand information, etc.) for performing cross-radio location or RF sensing operations. In one example, capability message 802 may include a request for a resource set with mixed radio-specific resources (such as Figure 7 ) or resource sets with flexible radio resources (such as Figure 6 In one example, the request for radio resource configuration information may utilize NAS messaging to request radio resource configuration from a network entity such as LMF 120.

[0106] At stage 1004, the method includes receiving radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be sent by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. The UE 200 including the processor 210 and the transceiver 215 is a component for receiving the radio resource configuration information. The radio resource configuration information may include flexible radio resources (such as Figure 6 ) and / or mixed radio specific resources (as described in Figure 7 The radio resource configuration information may be included in one or more LPP / NRPPa messages provided by the LMF 120 to the UE 200. For example, the LMF 120 may be configured to transmit one or more resource set configuration messages 804. Other signaling techniques such as radio resource control (RRC) signaling may be used. In one example, the radio resource configuration information may be included in one or more system information blocks (SIBs) sent by the TRP 300 (e.g., gNB 110a). In one example, the radio resource configuration information may include a predefined subband such as a subband identifier within a reference signal to be transmitted. Figure 6 The LP-WUR 504 in the UE 200 may be configured to send reference signals based on the defined subbands.

[0107] At stage 1006, the method includes selecting a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component to transmit a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information. The UE 200, including the processor 210 and the transceiver 215, is a component for selecting LP-WUR or MR for transmission. The radio frequency signal can be an uplink positioning signal, such as an UL-PRS or SRS. In one example, the radio frequency signal can be an RF sensing signal that can utilize an OFDM scheme transmitted by the UE 200. For radio frequency signals based on flexible radio resources, the UE 200 can determine which radio component to utilize based on which radio component is active at the time. When both radio components are active, a default configuration can be utilized. For radio frequency signals based on mixed radio specific resources, the UE 200 can be configured to utilize the radio component associated with the resource. For example, MR 502 may be used for the first MR resource 702 and the second MR resource 708, and LP-WUR 504 may be used for the first LP-WUR resource and the second LP-WUR resource and the corresponding repetitions 704a-704b, 706a-706b. Other configuration parameters may also be used to enable UE 200 to select a radio component to transmit a radio signal defined in a radio resource. For example, UE 200 may be configured to select LP-WUR or MR based on the quality of service (QoS) associated with a positioning or sensing application (e.g., LP-WUR may be used for lower QoS requirements).

[0108] At stage 1008, the method includes transmitting a radio frequency signal. UE 200, including processor 210 and transceiver 215, is a component for transmitting the radio frequency signal. The transmitted signal may be associated with positioning and / or RF sensing operations. Other communication and data signals may also be transmitted by the MR or LP-WUR. For example, the MR or LP-WUR may be configured to transmit UL-PRS, SRS, or RF sensing signals based on radio resource information. In one example, UE 200 may be configured to provide an indication to network resources (e.g., LMF 120, gNB 110a) of which radio is used to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0109] Other examples and implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software and computers, the functions described above can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or any combination thereof. Features that implement the functions can also be physically located at different locations, including being distributed so that various parts of the functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0110] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, the term "comprising" specifies the presence of recited features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0111] Furthermore, as used herein, “or” used in a list of items (possibly followed by “at least one of” or “one or more of”) indicates a disjunctive list, so that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C,” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C,” or a list of “A or B or C” means A or B or C or AB (A and B) or AC (A and C) or BC (B and C) or ABC (i.e., A and B and C), or a combination having more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc.). Thus, a statement that an item (e.g., a processor) is configured to perform a function with respect to at least one of A or B, or a statement that an item is configured to perform function A or function B, means that the item may be configured to perform the function with respect to A, or may be configured to perform the function with respect to B, or may be configured to perform the functions with respect to both A and B. For example, the phrase "a processor configured to measure at least one of A or B" or "a processor configured to measure A or B" means that the processor may be configured to measure A (and may or may not be configured to measure B), or may be configured to measure B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or may be configured to measure A and B (and may be configured to select which one or both of A and B to measure). Similarly, a statement about a component for measuring at least one of A or B includes a component for measuring A (which may or may not be able to measure B), or a component for measuring B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or a component for measuring A and B (which may be able to select which one or both of A and B to measure). As another example, a statement that an item (e.g., a processor) is configured to perform at least one of function X or function Y means that the item may be configured to perform function X, or may be configured to perform function Y, or may be configured to perform function X and function Y. For example, the phrase "a processor configured to measure at least one of X or Y" means that the processor may be configured to measure X (and may or may not be configured to measure Y), or may be configured to measure Y (and may or may not be configured to measure X), or may be configured to measure X and measure Y (and may be configured to select which or both of X and Y to measure).

[0112] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, a statement that a function or operation is "based on" an item or condition means that the function or operation is based on the stated item or condition, and may be based on one or more items and / or conditions other than the stated item or condition.

[0113] Substantial changes may be made according to specific requirements. For example, customized hardware may also be used, and / or specific elements may be implemented in hardware, in software executed by a processor (including portable software, such as applets, etc.), or in both. In addition, connections to other computing devices such as network input / output devices may be employed. Unless otherwise indicated, components (functional or otherwise) shown in the figures and / or discussed herein as being connected or communicating with each other are communicatively coupled. That is, these components may be connected directly or indirectly to enable communication therebetween.

[0114] The systems and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may omit, substitute, or add various processes or components as appropriate. For example, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of the configurations may be combined in similar ways. Furthermore, technology is constantly evolving, and therefore many of the elements are examples and do not limit the scope of this disclosure or the claims.

[0115] A wireless communication system is a system in which communications are transmitted wirelessly between wireless communication devices, i.e., by electromagnetic and / or acoustic waves propagating through air space rather than through wires or other physical connections. A wireless communication system (also referred to as a wireless communication system or wireless communication network) may not cause all communications to be transmitted wirelessly, but may be configured so that at least some communications are transmitted wirelessly. Furthermore, the term "wireless communication device" or similar terms does not require that the functionality of the device be used exclusively or even primarily for communication, that communications using the wireless communication device be exclusively or even primarily wireless, or that the device be a mobile device. Rather, it indicates that the device includes wireless communication capabilities (unidirectional or bidirectional), for example, including at least one radio component (each radio component being part of a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver) for wireless communication.

[0116] Specific details are given in the description herein to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including specific implementations). However, configurations can be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary details to avoid confusing these configurations. The description herein provides example configurations without limiting the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claims. On the contrary, the previous description of the configuration provides a description for implementing the described technology. Various changes can be made to the function and arrangement of the elements.

[0117] As used herein, the terms "processor-readable medium," "machine-readable medium," and "computer-readable medium" refer to any medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a particular manner. Using a computing platform, various processor-readable media may be involved in providing instructions / code to a processor for execution, and / or may be used to store and / or carry such instructions / code (e.g., as signals). In many specific implementations, processor-readable media are physical and / or tangible storage media. Such media may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical disks and / or magnetic disks. Volatile media include, but are not limited to, dynamic memory.

[0118] After describing several example configurations, various modifications, alternative configurations, and equivalents can be used. For example, the above elements can be components of a larger system, wherein other rules can take precedence over the application of the present disclosure or otherwise modify the application of the present disclosure. In addition, several operations can be taken before, during, or after considering the above elements. Accordingly, the above description does not limit the scope of the claims.

[0119] Unless otherwise indicated, “approximately” and / or “about” as used herein in reference to a measurable value (such as an amount, a duration of time, etc.) encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5% or +0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein. Unless otherwise indicated, “substantially” as used herein in reference to a measurable value (such as an amount, a duration of time, a physical property (such as frequency), etc.) also encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5% or +0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein.

[0120] A statement that a value exceeds (or is greater than or higher than) a first threshold is equivalent to a statement that the value meets or exceeds a second threshold that is slightly greater than the first threshold, e.g., the second threshold is one value higher than the first threshold at the resolution of the computing system. A statement that a value is less than (or within or below) a first threshold is equivalent to a statement that the value is less than or equal to a second threshold that is slightly lower than the first threshold, e.g., the second threshold is one value lower than the first threshold at the resolution of the computing system.

[0121] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0122] Clause 1. A method for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on cross-radio downlink resources, the method comprising: receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and obtaining one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal.

[0123] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0124] Clause 3. The method of clause 1, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0125] Clause 4. The method of clause 3, wherein the radio resource configuration information includes an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to obtain the one or more measurements.

[0126] Clause 5. The method of clause 1, further comprising requesting the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

[0127] Clause 6. A method according to clause 5, wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information includes requesting a resource set including a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each hybrid radio specific resource of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0128] Clause 7. The method of clause 5, wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0129] Clause 8. The method of clause 1, further comprising providing an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the primary radio to obtain the one or more measurements.

[0130] Clause 9. A method for sending a reference signal based on crossed radio uplink resources, the method comprising: receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be sent by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and sending the radio frequency signal.

[0131] Clause 10. A method according to clause 9, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each hybrid radio-specific resource of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send the radio frequency signal.

[0132] Clause 11. The method of clause 9, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0133] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein the radio resource configuration information includes an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0134] Clause 13. The method of clause 9, further comprising requesting the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

[0135] Clause 14. The method of clause 13, wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0136] Clause 15. The method of clause 13, wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set comprising at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0137] Clause 16. The method of clause 9, further comprising providing an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the main radio to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0138] Clause 17. A device comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver and configured to: receive radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; select the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and obtain one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal.

[0139] Clause 18. An apparatus according to clause 17, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each hybrid radio-specific resource of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0140] Clause 19. The apparatus of clause 17, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0141] Clause 20. The apparatus of Clause 19, wherein the radio resource configuration information comprises an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to obtain the one or more measurements.

[0142] Clause 21. The apparatus of clause 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

[0143] Clause 22. An apparatus according to clause 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0144] Clause 23. The apparatus of clause 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request a resource set comprising at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

[0145] Clause 24. The apparatus of clause 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to provide an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the primary radio to obtain the one or more measurements.

[0146] Clause 25. A device comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver and configured to: receive radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be sent by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; select the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and send the radio frequency signal.

[0147] Clause 26. An apparatus according to clause 25, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send the radio frequency signal.

[0148] Clause 27. The apparatus of clause 25, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0149] Clause 28. The apparatus of clause 27, wherein the radio resource configuration information comprises an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0150] Clause 29. The apparatus of clause 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

[0151] Clause 30. An apparatus according to clause 29, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each hybrid radio-specific resource of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0152] Clause 31. An apparatus according to clause 29, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0153] Clause 32. The apparatus of clause 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to provide an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the main radio to transmit the radio frequency signal.

[0154] Clause 33. A device for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on cross-radio downlink resources, the device comprising: a component for receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; a component for selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and a component for obtaining one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal.

[0155] Clause 34. An apparatus for sending a reference signal based on crossed radio uplink resources, the apparatus comprising: a component for receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information including one or more radio resources configured to be sent by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; a component for selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and a component for sending the radio frequency signal.

[0156] Clause 35. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium, comprising: processor-readable instructions configured to cause one or more processors to obtain radio frequency signal measurements based on cross-radio downlink resources, the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising code for: receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and obtaining one or more measurements based on the radio frequency signal.

[0157] Clause 36. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium, comprising: processor-readable instructions, the processor-readable instructions being configured to cause one or more processors to send a reference signal based on cross-radio uplink resources, the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising code for: receiving radio resource configuration information, the radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be sent by a low-power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low-power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to send a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; and sending the radio frequency signal.

Claims

1. A method for obtaining radio frequency signal measurements based on cross-radio downlink resources, the method comprising: receiving radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; as well as One or more measurements are obtained based on the radio frequency signal.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. 3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component. 4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the radio resource configuration information includes an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to obtain the one or more measurements. 5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising requesting the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the main radio to obtain the one or more measurements.

9. A method for sending a reference signal based on crossed radio uplink resources, the method comprising: receiving radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be transmitted by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; as well as The radio frequency signal is transmitted.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal. 12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the radio resource configuration information includes an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to transmit the radio frequency signal.

13. The method of claim 9, further comprising requesting the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein requesting the radio resource configuration information comprises requesting a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

16. The method of claim 9, further comprising providing an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to transmit the radio frequency signal using the low power wake-up radio or the main radio.

17. A device comprising: Memory; at least one transceiver; at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, and configured to: receiving radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be received by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to receive a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; as well as One or more measurements are obtained based on the radio frequency signal.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio-specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the primary radio component.

19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the radio resource configuration information comprises an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to obtain the one or more measurements.

21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

22. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is utilized by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request a resource set comprising at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be utilized by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component.

24. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to provide an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to utilize the low power wake-up radio or the primary radio to obtain the one or more measurements.

25. A device comprising: Memory; at least one transceiver; at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, and configured to: receiving radio resource configuration information comprising one or more radio resources configured to be transmitted by a low power wake-up radio component or a main radio component; selecting the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit a radio frequency signal based on the radio resource configuration information; as well as The radio frequency signal is transmitted.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set comprising a plurality of hybrid radio specific resources, wherein each of the plurality of hybrid radio specific resources is used by one of the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more radio resources are a resource set including at least one flexible radio resource, wherein the at least one flexible radio resource is configured to be used by the low power wake-up radio component or the main radio component to transmit the radio frequency signal.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the radio resource configuration information includes an indication of one or more subbands for the low power wake-up radio component to use to transmit the radio frequency signal.

29. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to request the radio resource configuration information from a network resource.

30. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to provide an indication to a network resource to indicate whether to transmit the radio frequency signal using the low power wake-up radio or the main radio.

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