Device for improving breeding and collecting efficiency of pupa parasitic wasps and using method

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for improving the breeding and collecting efficiency of pupa parasitic wasps and a using method, and relates to the technical field of insect breeding. Comprising a parasitic wasp rearing cage and a host containing cage. The host containing cage is arranged on the bottom wall in the parasitic wasp rearing cage, a feeding bin is installed on the top wall in the parasitic wasp rearing cage, a porous drowning prevention interlayer is arranged at the bottom of the feeding bin, holes are formed in the side wall of the parasitic wasp rearing cage, and nylon cylinder gauze is installed at the holes. The parasitic wasp breeding safety, convenience and collection efficiency can be effectively improved, and wasp body loss in the breeding process is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of insect breeding, and in particular to a device and a method for improving the breeding and collection efficiency of pupal parasitic wasps. Background Art

[0002] In modern agricultural green pest control systems, parasitic wasps, with their unique biological characteristics, have become a core force in pest control, demonstrating irreplaceable value. Parasitic wasps possess a high degree of host specificity, enabling them to precisely target pests. For example, trichogrammatids parasitize the eggs of lepidopteran pests such as corn borers and cotton bollworms, killing them before they hatch. Meanwhile, the entomophilous wasp specifically parasitizes greenhouse whiteflies, significantly reducing their population density. According to statistics, releasing trichogrammatids in corn-growing areas has reduced corn borer populations by 70%-80%, significantly reducing crop yield losses caused by pests.

[0003] Compared to chemical pesticides, parasitic wasp control is a biological control method that produces no pesticide residue and does not pollute soil, water, or air. Long-term use of chemical pesticides can easily lead to pest resistance, but parasitic wasps can mitigate this problem by suppressing pest populations through their natural parasitic nature. In organic vegetable cultivation, the use of parasitic wasps for pest control not only ensures agricultural product safety, but also adheres to green environmental principles and meets consumer demand for healthy food. While there are initial costs associated with introducing parasitic wasps, their sustained pest control efforts can significantly reduce pesticide purchases and application labor costs in the long term. For example, in citrus cultivation, using parasitic wasps to control spider mites can save approximately 300 to 500 yuan per mu (approximately 100 hectare) in pesticide and labor costs annually. Furthermore, reducing pesticide use improves agricultural product quality, enhances market competitiveness, and further increases farmers' income.

[0004] As an important component of the ecosystem, the widespread use of parasitic wasps helps maintain the stability of farmland ecosystems. Chemical pesticides, while killing pests, also harm beneficial organisms such as bees and ladybugs, disrupting the ecological chain. Parasitic wasps, on the other hand, only target specific pests, protecting other organisms in the ecosystem, promoting biodiversity and ensuring the ecosystem's ability to self-regulate. Artificial breeding of parasitic wasps is a key step in achieving their large-scale application, and the design of the breeding equipment directly affects the survival rate, reproductive efficiency, and production benefits of the parasitic wasps. However, the parasitic wasp breeding devices currently on the market still face many technical bottlenecks.

[0005] In the feed replacement link, traditional feeding devices mostly adopt open or semi-open structures. When the breeder opens the device to change the feed, due to the lack of effective anti-escape measures, the parasitic wasps are easily stimulated by external stimuli (such as airflow, light changes) and fly away from the device. For example, in an insect breeding box disclosed in patent CN202411870465.2, its feed addition port is not provided with an isolation structure when it is opened, resulting in about 30% of the parasitic wasps escaping during the feed replacement process, which not only causes the loss of insect sources, but also may cause the risk of invasion of alien species.

[0006] The process of adding feed also faces technical difficulties. Due to the unreasonable design of some feeding devices, it is difficult for feeders to operate accurately when adding feed, which can easily squeeze and collide with parasitic bees, causing physical damage. At the same time, environmental changes introduced during the feed addition process (such as temperature and humidity fluctuations) will also have a negative impact on the physiological state of parasitic bees. According to relevant research, the parasitic bee loss rate caused by existing devices in the feed addition link is as high as 20% to 25%, which seriously affects the feeding efficiency and economic benefits of parasitic bees.

[0007] Furthermore, existing equipment lacks effective identification and collection assistance for parasitic wasps. Parasitic wasps are tiny and morphologically similar, and most artificial breeding boxes are transparent. This makes it difficult to quickly and accurately determine their location and number with the naked eye, resulting in low collection efficiency and a high risk of misjudgment. While some automated collection equipment has identification capabilities, these devices are expensive and complex to operate, making them difficult to implement in production. These issues hinder the standardization and scale-up of parasitic wasp husbandry.

[0008] In summary, the existing parasitic wasp breeding devices have obvious defects in key links such as feed replacement, addition and parasitic wasp collection. It is urgent to develop a new breeding device and usage method that can effectively solve the above problems to improve the safety, efficiency and accuracy of parasitic wasp breeding. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The purpose of the present invention is to design a device and a method for use that improves the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupae parasitic wasps. In view of the problems existing in existing parasitic wasp rearing devices, such as parasitic wasps easily drowning in honey water, easily escaping when placing and removing hosts and feed, and difficulty in collection due to the transparency of the rearing cage, the collection problem is solved by adopting a multi-color lining plate at the bottom, and an independent feeding bin is matched with a porous hydrophobic anti-drowning barrier to prevent parasitic wasps from drowning and escaping; when in use, honey water is added, materials are placed and collected according to the corresponding operating procedures. The device and method effectively improve the safety, convenience and collection efficiency of parasitic wasp rearing, and reduce the loss of insect bodies during the rearing process.

[0010] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides a device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupae parasitic wasps, comprising: a parasitic wasp rearing cage and a host holding cage; the host holding cage is arranged on the bottom wall inside the parasitic wasp rearing cage, a feeding bin is installed on the inner top wall of the parasitic wasp rearing cage, a porous anti-drowning layer is provided at the bottom of the feeding bin, and holes are opened on the side walls of the parasitic wasp rearing cage, and nylon cylindrical gauze is installed in the holes.

[0011] Furthermore, a nylon net is connected to the top of the host holding cage through a card slot, and the host can be introduced and led out when the card buckle is opened; and supporting feet are provided at the bottom of the host holding cage.

[0012] Furthermore, the top and front surfaces of the parasitic wasp breeding cage are both made of 3 mm thick acrylic plates, and the left and right sides are both made of 100-200 mesh nylon nets.

[0013] Furthermore, the bottom surface of the parasitic wasp breeding cage is a 3 mm thick double-layer parallel acrylic plate with a gap of 1 mm between the two plates.

[0014] Furthermore, multi-colored lining boards are detachably inserted between the double-layer parallel acrylic panels.

[0015] Furthermore, the front acrylic plate of the parasitic wasp breeding cage has a circular hole with a diameter of 15 cm and is manually closed using a nylon cylindrical gauze.

[0016] Furthermore, the top surface of the parasitic wasp breeding cage has a circular hole with a diameter of 5 cm, in which a 1 cm long and 5 cm diameter acrylic cylinder is connected, and the bottom surface of the cylinder is sealed with a 100-200 mesh nylon net.

[0017] A method for using a device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps comprises the following steps:

[0018] Rearing of adult parasitic wasps: Place the cocoons of parasitic wasps that are about to emerge into the parasitic wasp rearing cage. After they emerge, feed them with a cotton ball soaked in 10% honey water through the top feeding hole. Change the cotton ball soaked in honey water once a day.

[0019] The parasitic process of pupal parasitoids is as follows: a host of appropriate age is placed in a host holding cage, which is then placed in a parasitic wasp rearing cage for 48 hours;

[0020] Rearing of the host after parasitism: After the parasitism is over, take the host cage out of the parasitic wasp rearing cage;

[0021] Collection of parasitic pupae: On the third day after parasitism, collect the pupae from the host cage and place them in a container for further cultivation;

[0022] Collection and transfer of parasitic wasps: Insert a multi-colored lining board with a large color difference from the parasitic wasps into the gap between the double-layer bottom plates, and use a suction gun to collect the parasitic wasps.

[0023] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0024] The present invention addresses the problems of existing parasitic bee breeding devices, such as parasitic bees being easily drowned in honey water, easily escaping when placing and removing hosts and feed, and difficulty in collecting due to the transparency of the breeding cage. The present invention solves the collection problem by adopting a multi-colored lining plate at the bottom, and uses an independent feeding bin with a porous hydrophobic anti-drowning barrier to prevent parasitic bees from drowning and escaping. When in use, honey water is added, materials are placed and collected according to the corresponding operating procedures. The device and method effectively improve the safety, convenience and collection efficiency of parasitic bee breeding, and reduce the loss of insect bodies during the breeding process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 A schematic structural diagram of a device for propagating pupal parasitic wasps provided by the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structure of a parasitic wasp breeding cage.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the host holding cage;

[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the parasitic wasp breeding cage door;

[0029] Figure 5 It is a structural diagram of a multi-color lining board;

[0030] Among them: 1-host holding cage; 2-card slot; 3-support leg, 4-parasitic wasp breeding cage, 5-nylon cylinder, 6-feeding bin, 7-multi-color lining board. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] The following is a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making any creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification and claims of the present application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequential order. It should be understood that the data used in this way can be interchanged where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the present application described here. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any of their variations are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, system, product or device that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0033] In this application, terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," "back," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "center," "vertical," "horizontal," "transverse," and "longitudinal" indicate positions or locations based on the positions or locations shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are primarily intended to better describe this application and its embodiments and are not intended to limit the devices, elements, or components indicated to having a specific orientation, or to being constructed or operated in a specific orientation.

[0034] Furthermore, some of the above terms may be used to express other meanings besides indicating a position or location. For example, the term "on" may also be used to indicate a dependency or connection in certain circumstances. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of these terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0035] Furthermore, the terms "installed," "disposed," "provided with," "connected," "connected," and "socketed" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, removable connections, or integral structures; mechanical connections or electrical connections; direct connections, indirect connections through an intermediary, or internal communication between two devices, elements, or components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of these terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0036] See also Figure 1-5This embodiment discloses a device for improving the rearing and collection efficiency of pupal parasitic wasps, comprising: a parasitic wasp rearing cage 4 and a host holding cage 1; the host holding cage 1 is mounted on the bottom wall of the parasitic wasp rearing cage 4; a feeding compartment 6 is mounted on the top wall of the parasitic wasp rearing cage 4; a porous anti-drowning barrier is provided at the bottom of the feeding compartment 6; holes are formed in the side walls of the parasitic wasp rearing cage 4, and nylon cylinders 5 are mounted on the holes to tighten them. The nylon cylinders 5 of the parasitic wasp rearing cage 4 can be opened to allow the host holding cage 1 to be placed in or removed from the parasitic wasp rearing cage 4. The parasitic wasp rearing cage 4 is a cube with a side length of 45 cm. The host holding cage 1 is a cylindrical shape with a bottom and a bottom, 12 cm in diameter and 1 cm in height.

[0037] To further optimize the technical solution, the cage door of the parasitic wasp breeding cage 4 is a square with a side length of 45 cm and a curved handle on the top.

[0038] To further optimize the technical solution, a nylon net is connected to the top of the host holding cage 1 through a card slot 2, and the host can be introduced and led out when the card slot is opened; a support leg 3 with a length of 1.5 cm is provided at the bottom of the host holding cage 1.

[0039] To further optimize the technical solution, the top and front surfaces of the parasitic wasp breeding cage 4 are both made of 3 mm thick acrylic plates, and the left and right sides are both made of 100-200 mesh nylon meshes.

[0040] To further optimize the technical solution, the bottom surface of the parasitic wasp breeding cage 4 is a 3 mm thick double-layer parallel acrylic plate with a gap of 1 mm between the two plates.

[0041] Further optimize the technical solution, the double-layer parallel acrylic plates are detachably interspersed with multi-color lining plates 7. The multi-color lining plates 7 are black, white, and blue, each one, and are rectangular in length 47 cm and width 45 cm.

[0042] To further optimize the technical solution, the front acrylic plate of the parasitic wasp breeding cage 4 has a circular hole with a diameter of 15 cm, and is manually closed using a nylon cylinder 5 gauze.

[0043] To further optimize the technical solution, the top surface of the parasitic wasp breeding cage 4 has a circular hole with a diameter of 5 cm, in which a 1 cm long and 5 cm diameter acrylic cylinder is connected, and the bottom surface of the cylinder is closed with a 100-200 mesh nylon net.

[0044] The present invention addresses the problems of easy drowning, escape, and difficulty in collecting parasitic wasps in existing equipment. It uses a transparent acrylic cage with ventilation mesh on the side walls and a top sealing cover with a silicone sealing strip to ensure air permeability and escape prevention. A hole is dug in the top to install an independent isolation feeding bin, which enables contactless feeding through a specific feeding port to prevent parasitic wasps from drowning; the bottom plate uses a replaceable color collection background lining, which uses color contrast to improve collection efficiency. When in use, the independent feeding bin avoids the risk of contact feeding, and the isolated host feeding tray facilitates the separation of hosts and parasitic wasps, reducing disturbance and escape, and can be quickly collected with replaceable multi-color linings. The device effectively reduces insect body loss, ensures safe and convenient breeding, and provides a practical solution for large-scale breeding of parasitic wasps.

[0045] The present invention also provides a method for using a device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps, comprising the following steps:

[0046] (1) Rearing of adult parasitic wasps: Place the cocoons of parasitic wasps that are about to emerge into the parasitic wasp rearing cage. After the parasitic wasps emerge, feed them with a cotton ball soaked in 10% honey water through the top feeding hole. Change the cotton ball with honey water once a day.

[0047] (2) Parasitism process of pupal parasitoids: Place the host of appropriate age into the host holding cage, and then place the host holding cage into the parasitoid rearing cage for 48 hours;

[0048] (3) Host rearing after parasitism: After the parasitism is over, the host cage is removed from the parasitic wasp rearing cage;

[0049] (4) Collection of parasitic pupae: On the third day after parasitism, the pupae were collected from the host cage and placed in a container for further cultivation;

[0050] (5) Collection and transfer of parasitic wasps: insert a multi-colored lining board with a large color difference from the parasitic wasps into the gap between the double-layer bottom plates, and use a suction gun to collect the parasitic wasps.

[0051] The above steps (1) to (5) complete the parasitism and parasitic wasp selection and transfer process, achieving the purpose of rapid propagation of parasitic wasps and facilitating subsequent experiments. The specific effects are as follows:

[0052] a) An independent feeding compartment is provided within the cage, and a porous anti-drowning barrier is provided at the bottom of the feeding compartment. The barrier is made of a hydrophobic mesh material with a pore size smaller than the body size of the parasitic wasp. Compared with the traditional method of directly contacting the parasitic wasps with cotton balls soaked in honey water, the operation is more efficient and the risk of damage to the parasitic wasps is significantly reduced;

[0053] b) A removable multi-color lining with different color bases is provided at the bottom of the cage to distinguish parasitic wasps of different developmental stages or species, enhance the contrast between the parasitic wasps and the background of the breeding cage, and facilitate manual collection.

[0054] Example 1: Drosophila sphenocops parasitoids on Drosophila sphenocops

[0055] The test insect source: The parasitic wasp was Drosophila hammer-horned wasp, and the host was a one-day-old spotted-wing Drosophila pupa.

[0056] Host holding cage: a cylindrical culture dish with a diameter of 12 cm and a height of 1 cm, with a top and bottom, and the nylon mesh on the top is 30 mesh; parasitic wasp breeding cage: a cubic insect breeding cage of 45*45*45 cm, with the nylon mesh on the two sides being 100 mesh.

[0057] Operation process:

[0058] ① Rearing of adult pupal parasitic wasps: Place the 2-day-old parasitic wasps that have already emerged into the parasitic wasp breeding cage. After they emerge, provide them with a defatted cotton ball soaked in 10% honey water from the independent feeding chamber on the top of the parasitic wasp breeding cage for feeding. Replace the honey water cotton ball once a day.

[0059] ② Parasitism process of pupal parasitoid wasps: 2000 one-day-old spotted-wing Drosophila pupae were introduced into the host holding cage, and then the host holding cage was placed in the parasitic wasp breeding cage for parasitism for 48 hours.

[0060] ③ Host rearing after parasitism: After the parasitism is over, take the host cage out of the parasitic wasp rearing cage; then introduce the spotted-wing drosophila into the host rearing tray and continue rearing it. Pick out the unparasitized spotted-wing drosophila hosts on the 7th-8th day after parasitism.

[0061] ④ Collection of parasitic pupae: On the 10th day after parasitism, the cocoons were collected from the host feeding tray and placed in a container. The number of parasitic Drosophila pupae and the number of parasitic wasps that emerged were counted.

[0062] ⑤ Collection and transfer of parasitic wasps: Insert the white lining board into the gap between the double-layer bottom plates and use a sucker to collect the surviving fruit fly hammer-horned wasps.

[0063] Parasitism: the number of Drosophila pupae parasitized

[0064] Parasitism rate = number of parasites / total number of hosts

[0065] Emergence number: the number of parasitic wasps that emerge after the Drosophila pupae are parasitized

[0066] Emergence rate = number of emergents / total number of hosts

[0067] Survival number: the number of surviving Drosophila hammer-horned wasp parasitism

[0068] Survival rate = number of survivors / total number of parasitic wasps

[0069] This control treatment was repeated 5 times before data processing and analysis.

[0070] Control 1: Drosophila sphenodon parasitoids parasitizing Drosophila sphenodon

[0071] The test insect source: The parasitic wasp was Drosophila hammer-horned wasp, and the host was a one-day-old spotted-wing Drosophila pupa.

[0072] Host holding cage: a cylindrical culture dish with a diameter of 12 cm and a height of 1 cm, with no top and bottom, and no nylon mesh on the top surface; parasitic wasp breeding cage: a cubic insect breeding cage of 45*45*45 cm, with 100 mesh nylon mesh on the two sides.

[0073] Operation process:

[0074] ① Rearing of adult pupal parasitic wasps: Place the 2-day-old parasitic wasps that have already emerged into the parasitic wasp breeding cage. After they emerge, provide them with a defatted cotton ball soaked in 10% honey water for direct feeding. Replace the honey water cotton ball once a day.

[0075] ② Parasitism process of pupal parasitoid wasps: 2000 one-day-old spotted-wing Drosophila pupae were introduced into the host holding cage, and then the host holding cage was placed in the parasitic wasp breeding cage for parasitism for 48 hours.

[0076] ③ Host rearing after parasitism: After the parasitism is over, take the host cage out of the parasitic wasp rearing cage; then introduce the spotted-wing drosophila into the host rearing tray and continue rearing it. Pick out the unparasitized spotted-wing drosophila hosts on the 7th-8th day after parasitism.

[0077] ④ Collection of parasitic wasps: On the 10th day after parasitism, the cocoons were collected from the host feeding tray and placed in a container. The number of Drosophila pupae parasitized and the number of parasitic wasps that emerged were counted.

[0078] ⑤ Collection and transfer of parasitic wasps: directly use a fluke device to collect the surviving Drosophila hammer-horned wasps.

[0079] Parasitism: the number of Drosophila pupae parasitized

[0080] Parasitism rate = number of parasites / total number of hosts

[0081] Emergence number: the number of parasitic wasps that emerge after the Drosophila pupae are parasitized

[0082] Emergence rate = number of emergents / total number of hosts

[0083] Survival number: the number of surviving Drosophila hammer-horned wasp parasitism

[0084] Survival rate = number of survivors / total number of parasitic wasps

[0085] This control treatment was repeated 5 times before data processing and analysis.

[0086] By comparing Example 1 with Control Example 1, it can be seen that: (1) the parasitism rate of the expanded fruit fly hammer-horned wasp in Example 1 is higher; (2) the cocoon collection rate of the expanded mole-shaped bracone parasitic wasp in Example 1 is higher; (3) the survival rate of the parasitic wasp in the parasitic wasp expansion method in Example 1 is higher; (4) the working hours used in the parasitic wasp expansion method in Example 1 are about 73% of those in Control Example 1, which reduces the labor cost.

[0087]

[0088] Table 1

[0089] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the technical scope of the present invention. Therefore, any minor modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention are still within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps, characterized in that: include: A parasitic wasp breeding cage and a host holding cage; the host holding cage is arranged on the bottom wall inside the parasitic wasp breeding cage, a feeding bin is installed on the inner top wall of the parasitic wasp breeding cage, a porous anti-drowning layer is arranged at the bottom of the feeding bin, and holes are opened on the side walls of the parasitic wasp breeding cage, and nylon cylindrical gauze is installed in the holes.

2. A device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top of the host holding cage is connected with a nylon net through a card slot, and the host can be introduced and led out when the card buckle is opened; the bottom of the host holding cage is provided with supporting feet.

3. A device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top and front surfaces of the parasitic wasp breeding cage are both made of 3mm thick acrylic plates, and the left and right sides are both made of 100-200 mesh nylon nets.

4. A device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom surface of the parasitic wasp breeding cage is a 3 mm thick double-layer parallel acrylic plate with a gap of 1 mm between the two plates.

5. A device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps according to claim 4, characterized in that: The double-layer parallel acrylic panels are interspersed with removable multi-colored lining panels.

6. A device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps according to claim 3, characterized in that: The front acrylic plate of the parasitic wasp rearing cage has a circular hole with a diameter of 15 cm and is manually closed using a nylon cylindrical gauze.

7. A device and method for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top surface of the parasitic wasp breeding cage is provided with a circular hole with a diameter of 5 cm, in which an acrylic cylinder with a length of 1 cm and a diameter of 5 cm is connected. The bottom surface of the cylinder is sealed with a nylon net with a mesh size of 100 to 200.

8. A method for using a device for improving the efficiency of rearing and collecting pupal parasitic wasps, characterized in that: The steps include: Rearing of adult parasitic wasps: Place the cocoons of parasitic wasps that are about to emerge into the parasitic wasp rearing cage. After they emerge, feed them with a cotton ball soaked in 10% honey water through the top feeding hole. Change the cotton ball soaked in honey water once a day. The parasitic process of pupal parasitoids is as follows: a host of appropriate age is placed in a host holding cage, which is then placed in a parasitic wasp rearing cage for 48 hours; Rearing of the host after parasitism: After the parasitism is over, take the host cage out of the parasitic wasp rearing cage; Collection of parasitic pupae: On the third day after parasitism, collect the pupae from the host cage and place them in a container for further cultivation; Collection and transfer of parasitic wasps: Insert a multi-colored lining board with a large color difference from the parasitic wasps into the gap between the double-layer bottom plates, and use a suction gun to collect the parasitic wasps.

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