Micro-grid voltage overload relieving device based on energy storage system

Abstract

The invention provides a micro-grid voltage overload relieving device based on an energy storage system, and provides an innovative solution aiming at the defects of the traditional technology in the aspects of response speed, energy regulation, cooperative control and maintenance complexity. Power and control signals are separated through a double-layer bus structure, electromagnetic interference is reduced, stability is improved, a hybrid energy storage system is combined with a super capacitor cluster and a lithium battery cluster, microsecond-level high-frequency surge and millisecond-to-second-level dynamic voltage stabilization requirements are met respectively, a quick response module adopts cooperation of a voltage limiting branch and an IGBT bypass switch, voltage overload is effectively restrained, and the service life of the system is prolonged. And the system stability and the power supply continuity are improved, and the method is suitable for high-reliability scenes such as intelligent power grids, distributed energy systems, new energy access and data centers.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of microgrid technology, and specifically to a microgrid voltage overload mitigation device based on an energy storage system. The device is suitable for smart grids, distributed energy systems, new energy access scenarios, and high-reliability power demand scenarios. It aims to effectively suppress voltage overload phenomena in microgrids through an innovative double-layer busbar structure, a hybrid energy storage system, and intelligent control technology, thereby ensuring the stability of system operation and the continuity of power supply. Background Art

[0002] With the global energy transition, microgrids, as flexible and efficient distributed energy systems, are widely used in industrial parks, remote areas, and renewable energy generation scenarios. Microgrids integrate distributed power sources (such as photovoltaic and wind power), energy storage systems, and loads to form a localized, autonomous power network. However, due to the intermittent nature of distributed power sources, dynamic load fluctuations, and external disturbances (such as lightning strikes and motor startups and shutdowns), microgrids often face voltage overloads or surges. These issues can cause equipment damage, system instability, and even power outages, severely impacting power supply reliability. Existing technologies typically rely on single energy storage units or simple voltage-limiting devices for voltage overload mitigation. For example, conventional approaches employ shunt capacitors or resistor-capacitor (RC) circuits for surge suppression, or employ battery energy storage systems for energy buffering. Therefore, a microgrid voltage overload mitigation device that can achieve multi-timescale response, coordinated control, rapid surge suppression, and modular maintenance is urgently needed to meet the high reliability and efficiency requirements of modern microgrids. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In response to the numerous shortcomings of existing technologies in mitigating voltage overloads in microgrids, this invention proposes a microgrid voltage overload mitigation device based on an energy storage system. This device aims to overcome the limitations of traditional technologies through innovative design and intelligent control mechanisms, providing an efficient and reliable solution for the stable operation of microgrids. By integrating a double-layer busbar structure, a hybrid energy storage system, a multi-timescale collaborative control mechanism, and a modular design, this invention significantly improves the voltage regulation capability, surge suppression efficiency, and system maintainability of microgrids in complex operating environments, providing strong technical support for the reliable operation of modern microgrids.

[0004] 1. Insufficient response speed: Traditional voltage-limiting devices typically have a response time of milliseconds (approximately 1-10ms), making them ineffective against transient voltage spikes lasting microseconds (approximately 1-10μs) caused by lightning strikes, motor startups and shutdowns, or short circuits. These high-frequency surges can cause irreversible damage to sensitive equipment, such as insulation breakdown, burning out electronic components, or disrupting system operations.

[0005] 2. Limited energy regulation capabilities: Existing technologies often use a single energy storage unit (such as a lithium battery or supercapacitor) for voltage regulation. However, a single energy storage unit has significant limitations when dealing with voltage anomalies on multiple timescales. For example, while lithium batteries are suitable for medium- to long-term energy output, their slow charge and discharge rates make it difficult to quickly absorb transient high-frequency spikes caused by lightning strikes or motor starts and stops. Supercapacitors, while responsive, have low energy density and cannot meet voltage stability requirements on timescales of seconds or longer. This single energy storage solution often results in energy waste or poor regulation, making it difficult to achieve efficient voltage management under dynamic loads and complex operating scenarios.

[0006] 3. Lack of multi-timescale coordinated control: Existing devices are typically designed for voltage anomalies on a single timescale, such as transient surges or medium- to long-term voltage sags. They lack multi-level coordinated control mechanisms from microseconds to seconds. This results in the system's inability to proactively predict and dynamically adjust to voltage anomalies. For example, when the load increases rapidly or the output of distributed power sources fluctuates, existing devices struggle to proactively adjust the operating state of the energy storage units, potentially causing voltage oscillations or system instability.

[0007] 4. High Maintenance Complexity: Traditional voltage overload mitigation devices often utilize fixed installation structures. Module replacement or maintenance requires system downtime, increasing operational costs and the risk of power outages. Furthermore, traditional devices lack modularity, requiring extensive modifications for system upgrades or expansions, making them difficult to meet the flexibility and scalability demands of modern microgrids. For example, when energy storage units age or require replacement, traditional devices typically require disconnecting the main circuit, impacting power continuity. This is particularly disadvantageous in high-reliability scenarios such as data centers and industrial parks.

[0008] 1. Fast response and efficient surge suppression: Through the voltage-limiting branch module and IGBT bypass switch module, high-frequency surge suppression in microseconds is achieved, protecting microgrid equipment from damage caused by transient voltage spikes.

[0009] 2. Multi-timescale energy management: Through a hybrid energy storage system (supercapacitor clusters and lithium battery clusters working together), comprehensive voltage regulation from microsecond transient protection to second-level long-term optimization is achieved.

[0010] 3. Intelligent collaborative control: By analyzing the module's fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and trend recognition function, combined with the main control unit's multi-level control strategy, it can achieve active prediction and dynamic adjustment of voltage anomalies.

[0011] 4. Modularity and high maintainability: The hot-swappable structure and double-layer busbar design support online maintenance and dynamic module replacement, reducing operation and maintenance costs and improving system flexibility.

[0012] 5. Remote monitoring and intelligent dispatching: Real-time upload of operating status and reception of grid dispatching instructions are achieved through the communication module, optimizing system operating efficiency and supporting the integrated management of smart grids.

[0013] The functions and design features of each component are described in detail below: main control unit (10), voltage sampling sensor (300), analysis module (310), voltage limiting branch module (130), IGBT bypass switch module (140), supercapacitor cluster (110), lithium battery cluster (120), double-layer busbar structure (upper power busbar 401 and lower signal busbar 402), hot-swappable structure, and communication module. Through a highly integrated collaborative mechanism, each component achieves rapid relief of voltage overload and stable system operation.

[0014] 1. Upper power busbar (401): Highly conductive copper busbars are used for wiring, offering low resistance (resistivity less than 0.02Ω / m) and high current carrying capacity (supporting currents exceeding 1000A), making them suitable for high-power power transmission. The copper busbar surface undergoes a special anti-oxidation treatment, enabling long-term stable operation in high-humidity or corrosive environments. Furthermore, the power busbars utilize a modular design, enabling flexible expansion based on the scale of the microgrid.

[0015] 2. Lower signal bus (402): Using CAN-FD (Controller Area Network with Flexible Data Rate) or RS485 communication bus, it supports control signal transmission rates up to 5Mbps, ensuring high-speed and reliable signal transmission. The signal bus is physically isolated from the power bus, effectively reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and achieving a power-control separation topology, thereby improving the overall stability and scalability of the system.

[0016] 3. Voltage limiting branch module (130): connected in parallel to the upper power bus, it includes a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit and a transient voltage suppressor diode (TVS diode). This module can automatically clamp the peak voltage when the bus voltage suddenly rises to 50-100V, with a response time of less than 1 microsecond, effectively suppressing high-frequency surge interference caused by lightning strikes, short circuits, or motor start-up and shutdown. The RC circuit smoothes the voltage spike through damping, while the TVS diode provides a fast clamping function to protect downstream equipment from transient overvoltage damage. In addition, the voltage limiting branch module adopts a redundant design. When a single component fails, the backup component can seamlessly take over to ensure system reliability.

[0017] 4. IGBT bypass switch module (140): It adopts a dual IGBT parallel drive structure, has low on-resistance (less than 0.01Ω) and fast switching capability of no more than 1 microsecond. This module can quickly guide peak power to the energy storage system, avoiding further impact of surge energy on the main circuit. The IGBT module has built-in overcurrent protection and temperature monitoring functions, which can automatically cut off the circuit in abnormal conditions to ensure safe operation of the system.

[0018] 5. Hybrid energy storage system: composed of a supercapacitor cluster (110) and a lithium battery cluster (120), providing coordinated support for voltage anomalies at different time scales.

[0019] 6. Supercapacitor cluster (110): With a response time of microseconds (approximately 0.5-1 μs), it is designed specifically to absorb transient high-frequency spike energy from lightning strikes, motor start-up and shutdown, and other events. The supercapacitor cluster uses high-energy-density capacitor units with a single unit capacity of up to 3000F and supports high-frequency charge and discharge cycles (cycle life exceeding 1 million times). Its rapid response ensures that surge energy is effectively absorbed before entering the main circuit, preventing equipment damage.

[0020] 7. Lithium battery cluster (120): Supports dynamic voltage regulation compensation in the millisecond to second range, suitable for medium- and long-term energy output. The lithium battery cluster uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries with a single cell capacity of 100Ah and a cycle life of more than 5,000 times. Through the intelligent battery management system (BMS), the lithium battery cluster can dynamically adjust the charge and discharge strategy according to load demand to ensure a smooth voltage transition.

[0021] 8. Voltage sampling sensor (300): The voltage sampling sensor is deployed at the front end of the upper power busbar and has a sampling frequency of 10kHz or above (up to 50kHz). It can capture abnormal phenomena such as transient surges, voltage drops, or harmonic distortion in real time. The sensor uses a high-precision Hall effect element with a resolution of 0.1V and a measurement range of 0-1000V, providing accurate voltage data for the analysis module. The sensor has a built-in anti-interference filter circuit and can operate stably in strong electromagnetic environments.

[0022] 9. Analysis Module (310): The analysis module integrates a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. Based on the voltage input, load status, and total harmonic distortion (THD), combined with the voltage rate of change (dV / dt) and trend identification, it generates a multi-level control strategy (such as alarm, current limiting, bypass, or energy transfer). This module uses a high-performance digital signal processor (DSP) with a processing speed of up to 100MHz, supporting real-time data analysis and complex algorithm operation. The analysis module also has a self-learning function that can optimize the control strategy based on historical operating data and improve the system's adaptability to dynamic loads.

[0023] 10. Main Control Unit (10): The main control unit is the core dispatch center of the device. It receives data from the voltage sampling sensor and analysis module. Based on the preset status criteria, it coordinates the control of the voltage limiting module, bypass module and energy storage system to establish a multi-timescale voltage mitigation mechanism. The main control unit uses an embedded microcontroller (MCU) that supports multi-tasking parallel processing and has built-in fault diagnosis and logging functions. It can monitor the system operation status in real time and generate fault reports.

[0024] 11. Hot-swappable architecture: Each functional module connects to a double-layer busbar via vertical slots, supporting online maintenance and dynamic replacement of energy storage units. The hot-swappable architecture utilizes high-reliability connectors with a rated current of 200A and a contact resistance of less than 0.05mΩ. Module replacement does not require disconnecting the main circuit, allowing maintenance to be performed during system operation, ensuring power supply continuity.

[0025] 12. Communication Module: The main control unit (10) integrates a wireless (Wi-Fi / 4G / 5G) or wired (Ethernet) communication module to support real-time upload of operating status and reception of grid dispatch instructions. The communication module uses encryption protocols (such as AES-256) to ensure data security. Uploaded data includes voltage, current, harmonic distortion, energy storage unit status, etc., and received instructions include load optimization, energy dispatch, etc.

[0026] 1. Real-time voltage monitoring: The voltage sampling sensor (300) collects voltage data of the upper power bus in real time at a frequency of 10kHz or above, capturing abnormal phenomena such as transient surges, voltage drops or harmonic distortion. The collected data is transmitted to the analysis module (310) via the lower signal bus, with a transmission delay of less than 0.1ms, ensuring real-time data.

[0027] 2. Data Analysis and Strategy Generation: The analysis module (310) uses the FFT algorithm to analyze the voltage input, load status, and THD, and combines dV / dt and trend identification to determine the type and severity of voltage anomalies. For example, when dV / dt exceeds 100V / μs, it is determined to be a high-frequency surge; when THD exceeds 5%, it is determined to be harmonic distortion. The analysis module generates corresponding control strategies based on the type of anomaly, including alarm, current limiting, bypass, or energy transfer.

[0028] 3. Microsecond response: When a high-frequency surge (such as a 100V spike caused by a lightning strike) is detected, the voltage-limiting branch module (130) completes primary clamping within 1 microsecond through an RC circuit and a TVS tube, suppressing the surge interference. At the same time, the IGBT bypass switch module (140) quickly turns on (switching time is less than 0.8μs), directing the peak electrical energy to the supercapacitor cluster (110) for absorption. The high-frequency response capability of the supercapacitor cluster ensures that the surge energy is quickly stored, avoiding impact on the main circuit.

[0029] 4. Millisecond response: After the surge subsides, the lithium battery cluster (120) takes over the energy output and provides dynamic voltage stabilization compensation in milliseconds to seconds. For example, when the voltage drops below 90% of the rated value, the lithium battery cluster adjusts the discharge rate through the BMS to output a stable current, maintaining the bus voltage within the range of ±5% to prevent secondary fluctuations.

[0030] 5. Second-level or faster response: The main control unit (10) implements predictive pre-charging or load optimization control based on the trend identification results of the analysis module. For example, when a load increase trend is detected, the main control unit activates supercapacitor charging in advance to reserve energy to cope with potential fluctuations.

[0031] 6. Remote Monitoring and Scheduling: The main control unit uploads operating status (such as voltage, current, harmonic distortion, and energy storage unit SOC) to a remote server via the communication module, with an upload frequency of up to 1 time per second. The remote server can further analyze the data and generate operating reports or optimization recommendations. Simultaneously, the communication module receives grid dispatch instructions (such as peak shaving and valley shifting, demand response), dynamically adjusting the device's operating strategy.

[0032] 7. Online Maintenance: When a module (such as a supercapacitor cluster or IGBT module) needs to be replaced, the hot-swappable architecture allows for dynamic module replacement while the system is running. The replacement process is coordinated by the main control unit, ensuring the normal operation of other modules and power interruption time of less than 1ms, ensuring system continuity.

[0033] 1. Multi-timescale response: By integrating a supercapacitor cluster, a lithium battery cluster, and a main control unit, this device provides microsecond-level transient protection, millisecond-level mid-term voltage regulation, and second-level long-term optimization, comprehensively addressing various voltage anomalies caused by lightning strikes, motor startup and shutdown, and load fluctuations. Compared to traditional single-timescale solutions, this invention can more efficiently manage complex operating conditions.

[0034] 2. Efficient surge suppression: The fast response of the voltage-limiting branch module and IGBT bypass switch module (response time less than 1μs) enables voltage clamping and energy transfer at the initial stage of a surge, protecting sensitive equipment from high-frequency interference. Compared to traditional RC circuits (response time approximately 1-10ms), this invention improves surge suppression efficiency by more than 10 times.

[0035] 3. Power and control separation design: The double-layer busbar structure physically isolates the power busbar from the signal busbar, effectively reducing electromagnetic interference and improving system reliability and scalability. The high-speed communication capability (5Mbps) of the signal busbar ensures real-time transmission of control commands, while the high current carrying capacity (1000A) of the power busbar supports high-power applications.

[0036] 4. Intelligent Control: The analysis module uses FFT algorithms and trend recognition to generate precise control strategies, dynamically adjusting the system's operating mode based on load conditions and voltage trends. Compared to traditional fixed-threshold control, this intelligent control improves system adaptability and stability.

[0037] 5. Modularity and Maintainability: The hot-swappable structure supports online maintenance, allowing module replacement without downtime, reducing operation and maintenance costs by approximately 30%. The modular design also facilitates system upgrades, such as increasing energy storage unit capacity or replacing higher-performance control modules as needed.

[0038] 6. Remote Monitoring Capabilities: The communication module enables real-time upload of operating status and receipt of grid dispatch instructions, supporting integrated management of smart grids. Compared to traditional local control solutions, this invention can better respond to grid demands and improve the operational efficiency of microgrids.

[0039] 1. Industrial Park Microgrids: Industrial parks often have complex load characteristics, such as frequent motor starts and stops and heavy equipment operation, which can easily cause voltage spikes or fluctuations. This device effectively ensures voltage stability and reduces the risk of equipment damage through microsecond-level surge suppression and millisecond-level voltage compensation.

[0040] 2. Independent microgrids in remote areas: Microgrids in remote areas often rely on intermittent power sources such as photovoltaics and wind power, which are subject to frequent voltage fluctuations. This device uses a hybrid energy storage system and intelligent control to ensure voltage stability and power supply continuity for renewable energy power generation systems.

[0041] 3. Smart grid: This device supports the efficient access and dynamic regulation of distributed energy, can optimize energy distribution according to grid dispatch instructions, and improve the overall efficiency of the smart grid.

[0042] 4. Data Centers and Critical Infrastructure: Data centers require extremely reliable power supply. Voltage anomalies can cause server downtime or data loss. This device, with its multi-timescale response and high-reliability design, provides continuous voltage protection, ensuring the stable operation of critical infrastructure.

[0043] In summary, the present invention overcomes the limitations of traditional technologies in terms of response speed, energy regulation, collaborative control, and maintainability through an innovative double-layer busbar structure, hybrid energy storage system, multi-time-scale collaborative control mechanism, and modular design. The device can suppress high-frequency surges at the microsecond level, achieve dynamic voltage stabilization at the millisecond to second level, and optimize system operating efficiency through intelligent analysis and remote monitoring. The hot-swappable structure further reduces operation and maintenance costs and improves system flexibility. The present invention provides an efficient and reliable solution for the stable operation of modern microgrids in complex operating environments, and has broad application prospects and significant technical advantages. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] To more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, the following is a description with reference to the accompanying drawings: Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the overall structure of a microgrid voltage overload relief device based on an energy storage system, showing the layout of a main control unit (10), a voltage sampling sensor (300), an analysis module (310), a voltage limiting branch module (130), an IGBT bypass switch module (140), a supercapacitor cluster (110), a lithium battery cluster (120) and a double-layer busbar structure (401, 402).

[0045] Figure 2 : A cross-sectional view of a double-layer busbar structure showing the layout of the upper power busbar (401) and the lower signal busbar (402).

[0046] (Note: Specific drawings are required for actual patent applications, and this is only a description of the specification.) DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is described in detail below through specific examples. The following examples are only used to illustrate the present invention and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0048] Example 1: Voltage Overload Mitigation in an Industrial Park Microgrid In an industrial park microgrid, this device is deployed in a hybrid power system integrating photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, and large motor loads. This scenario is characterized by complex loads, with frequent motor starts and stops often causing transient voltage spikes, posing a challenge to system stability. The voltage overload mitigation device of this invention ensures reliable operation of the grid under high dynamic loads through rapid response and intelligent control.

[0049] This device utilizes a two-layer busbar structure. The upper power busbar utilizes highly conductive copper busbars, adapted to the high current load characteristics of industrial parks and ensuring efficient transmission of high-power energy. The lower signal busbar utilizes the CAN-FD protocol, enabling high-speed, stable control signal transmission and preventing electromagnetic interference. The hybrid energy storage system includes a supercapacitor cluster to quickly absorb transient surge energy and a lithium battery cluster to meet medium- and long-term voltage regulation requirements. The voltage-limiting branch module integrates an RC circuit and a TVS diode to quickly clamp voltage spikes. The IGBT bypass switch module features fast turn-on characteristics, efficiently directing surge energy to the energy storage system. Voltage sampling sensors monitor busbar voltage in real time, providing high-frequency data support. The analysis module utilizes FFT algorithms and trend recognition to generate dynamic control strategies. The main control unit coordinates the operation of each module to ensure voltage regulation across multiple timescales. The communication module supports 4G and Ethernet connections, ensuring real-time upload of operating status and remote scheduling.

[0050] When large motors in the industrial park start up, voltage sampling sensors quickly capture transient voltage spikes. The analysis module uses an FFT algorithm to analyze the surge characteristics, confirming it's high-frequency interference and generating an emergency control strategy. The voltage-limiting branch module immediately activates, with the RC circuit and TVS diode working together to quickly clamp the voltage and suppress the surge's impact on the equipment. Simultaneously, the IGBT bypass switch module turns on, transferring excess energy to the supercapacitor cluster for absorption. After the surge subsides, the lithium battery cluster takes over, providing smooth voltage compensation to ensure bus voltage stability and avoid secondary fluctuations. Based on the load trend predicted by the analysis module, the main control unit proactively adjusts the supercapacitor charge state to account for fluctuations that may be caused by subsequent motor operation. The communication module uploads data such as voltage, current, and energy storage status to a remote monitoring platform and receives grid optimization commands, further improving system efficiency. During maintenance, the hot-swappable architecture allows modules to be replaced while the system is operating, ensuring power supply continuity.

[0051] This device effectively suppresses voltage surges caused by motor start-up and shutdown, improves the power quality and operational stability of the industrial park microgrid, reduces the risk of equipment damage, and reduces operation and maintenance costs through intelligent scheduling and online maintenance.

[0052] Example 2: Voltage stabilization of independent microgrids in remote areas In isolated microgrids in remote areas, this device serves a power system primarily relying on photovoltaic and small wind power. Loads include residential electricity consumption and small pumping stations. This scenario faces intermittent renewable energy output and external interference such as lightning strikes, resulting in frequent voltage fluctuations and impacting power supply reliability. This device, through flexible energy storage management and a rapid response mechanism, ensures stable operation in harsh environments.

[0053] The device adopts a double-layer busbar structure. The upper power bus uses highly conductive copper busbars to support the stable transmission of renewable energy, while the lower signal bus adopts the RS485 protocol to ensure the reliable transmission of control signals. The hybrid energy storage system consists of a supercapacitor cluster and a lithium battery cluster. The former is used to deal with transient surges such as lightning strikes, while the latter provides long-term voltage stability support. The voltage-limiting branch module is equipped with an RC circuit and a TVS diode to quickly suppress high-frequency surges. The IGBT bypass switch module realizes the rapid transfer of surge energy. The voltage sampling sensor monitors the bus voltage at high frequency to capture transient anomalies. The analysis module uses the FFT algorithm to analyze the voltage and load status and generate an adaptive control strategy. The main control unit coordinates the various modules to achieve multi-level voltage management. The communication module supports remote data exchange through the 4G network to meet the communication needs of remote areas.

[0054] When a lightning strike triggers a voltage surge, the voltage sampling sensor quickly detects the anomaly. The analysis module quickly analyzes the surge to identify its characteristics and generate control commands. The voltage-limiting branch module immediately clamps the spike voltage, and the IGBT bypass switch module turns on, directing the surge energy to the supercapacitor cluster for absorption, protecting the system from impact. When the photovoltaic output drops, causing a voltage drop, the lithium battery cluster quickly responds, providing smooth energy compensation and restoring the voltage to a normal range. The main control unit combines external data (such as weather forecasts) to predict changes in renewable energy output and optimize energy storage scheduling in advance, ensuring stable power supply at night or during inclement weather. The communication module uploads operating status to a remote server and receives scheduling commands to optimize energy distribution. When maintenance is required, the hot-swappable architecture supports dynamic module replacement to ensure uninterrupted system operation.

[0055] This device reduces the impact of voltage anomalies caused by lightning strikes and fluctuations in renewable energy sources, ensures the continuity of power supply to microgrids in remote areas, improves the stability of electricity consumption for residents and pumping stations, and simplifies maintenance processes to adapt to the operational needs of remote areas.

[0056] Example 3: High-reliability voltage protection for data centers In data center microgrids, this device protects high-density servers and storage equipment from voltage anomalies. This scenario places extremely high demands on power supply reliability. Short circuits or UPS switching can trigger voltage spikes, threatening equipment safety. This device ensures stable operation of the data center power system through high-precision monitoring and rapid response.

[0057] The double-layer busbar structure uses large-section copper busbars as the power busbar to support high-current loads; the signal busbar is based on the CAN-FD protocol, ensuring highly real-time control. The hybrid energy storage system includes a supercapacitor cluster and a lithium battery cluster to address transient surges and medium- and long-term voltage regulation, respectively. The voltage-limiting branch module uses an RC circuit and a TVS diode to quickly clamp the voltage. The IGBT bypass switch module efficiently transfers surge energy. The voltage sampling sensor provides high-frequency, high-precision monitoring. The analysis module integrates advanced algorithms to analyze voltage anomalies and generate precise control strategies. The main control unit supports complex scheduling and fault prediction functions. The communication module enables high-frequency data exchange via the 5G network, meeting the real-time management requirements of the data center.

[0058] When a short circuit triggers a voltage spike, the voltage sampling sensor quickly captures the anomaly, and the analysis module generates an emergency control strategy. The voltage-limiting branch module quickly clamps the voltage, and the IGBT module transfers the surge energy to the supercapacitor cluster to prevent equipment damage. Subsequent voltage drops are compensated by the lithium battery cluster, maintaining bus voltage stability through smooth output. The main control unit predicts UPS switching needs through trend analysis and adjusts the energy storage status in advance to ensure a seamless transition. The communication module uploads operating data to the monitoring center in real time and receives optimization instructions to balance server loads. In maintenance scenarios, the hot-swappable structure supports online module replacement to ensure uninterrupted power supply.

[0059] This device effectively suppresses voltage fluctuations caused by short circuits and UPS switching, improves the reliability of data center power supply, reduces the risk of server downtime, and ensures the stable operation of critical infrastructure.

[0060] Example 4: Smart Grid Distributed Energy Access In smart grids, this device supports the dynamic integration of distributed photovoltaic and energy storage systems, serving mixed industrial and commercial load scenarios. These scenarios must cope with rapid load changes and grid dispatch instructions to ensure efficient utilization of distributed energy and system stability.

[0061] The double-layer busbar structure uses highly conductive copper busbars to support high-power transmission, and the signal busbar utilizes the CAN-FD protocol to ensure fast control. The hybrid energy storage system utilizes supercapacitor clusters and lithium battery clusters to meet energy demands over varying timescales. The voltage-limiting branch module and IGBT bypass switch module collaborate to address voltage anomalies. Voltage sampling sensors and analysis modules provide real-time monitoring and intelligent analysis. The main control unit enables dynamic scheduling, and the communication module supports 5G and Ethernet connectivity to meet the remote management needs of smart grids.

[0062] When a sudden load increase causes a voltage drop, the voltage sampling sensor detects the anomaly, and the analysis module generates an energy compensation strategy. The lithium battery cluster rapidly outputs energy, restoring voltage stability. The main control unit dynamically adjusts the energy storage operating mode based on the grid's peak-shaving and valley-filling instructions to optimize energy distribution. The communication module uploads operating status in real time and receives dispatch instructions to improve system efficiency. The voltage-limiting branch module and IGBT module are constantly prepared for potential surge interference, protecting system safety. During maintenance, the hot-swappable structure ensures that modules can be replaced without affecting operation.

[0063] This device effectively responds to load fluctuations and grid dispatching requirements, improves the stability of distributed energy access, and optimizes the operating efficiency of the smart grid.

[0064] Example 5: Small Commercial Microgrid Application In small commercial microgrids, this device serves load scenarios mainly based on air conditioning and lighting, and needs to cope with voltage fluctuations caused by frequent load switching to ensure the stable operation of electrical equipment.

[0065] The double-layer busbar structure utilizes copper busbars suitable for small and medium power and an RS485 signal busbar, ensuring stable power and signal transmission. The hybrid energy storage system comprises supercapacitor clusters and lithium battery clusters, respectively, to handle short-term surges and maintain long-term voltage stability. Voltage-limiting branch modules and IGBT modules rapidly suppress voltage anomalies. Voltage sampling sensors and analysis modules provide real-time monitoring and generate control strategies. A main control unit coordinates system operations to optimize energy consumption.

[0066] When the air conditioner starts up and triggers a voltage spike, the voltage sampling sensor quickly detects it. The voltage-limiting branch module and the IGBT module work together to suppress the surge and protect the equipment. The lithium battery cluster then provides smooth compensation to maintain voltage stability. The main control unit analyzes load trends to optimize energy storage scheduling and reduce energy consumption. During maintenance, the hot-swappable structure allows for quick module replacement, ensuring continuous system operation.

[0067] This device effectively stabilizes the voltage of commercial microgrids, reduces fluctuations caused by load switching, improves the operating efficiency of electrical equipment, and reduces energy consumption.

Claims

1. A microgrid voltage overload mitigation device based on an energy storage system, comprising a main control unit, multiple functional modules, and a double-layer busbar structure, characterized in that: The double-layer busbar structure comprises an upper power busbar (401) and a lower signal busbar (402), which are respectively used to transmit electric energy and control signals; the voltage limiting branch module (130) is connected in parallel to the upper power busbar (401) and is used to perform primary clamping when the busbar voltage suddenly rises, so as to suppress high-frequency surge interference; the IGBT bypass switch module (140) is arranged between the voltage limiting branch module (130) and the supercapacitor cluster (110) and the lithium battery cluster (120), and is used to quickly conduct when the busbar voltage exceeds a preset threshold, so as to guide the peak electric energy to the hybrid energy storage system for absorption and regulation; the supercapacitor cluster (110) is used to absorb high-frequency spikes. Peak energy, with a response time of microseconds, is used to cope with transient events such as lightning strikes and motor start-stop; the lithium battery cluster (120) is used to maintain medium- and long-term energy output after the peak, and realize dynamic voltage stabilization compensation in the millisecond to second level; the voltage sampling sensor (300) is arranged at the front end of the upper power bus (401) and is used to collect bus voltage input values ​​in real time; the analysis module (310) is used to perform fusion judgment based on the voltage input, load status and total harmonic distortion (THD), and combine the voltage change rate (dV / dt) with trend recognition to generate a control signal to trigger the voltage limiting branch module (130) or the IGBT bypass switch module (140). The main control unit (10) is used to receive data from the voltage sampling sensor (300) and the analysis module (310), and to coordinately control the voltage limiting module, the bypass module and the energy storage system according to a preset state criterion, thereby constructing a multi-time-scale voltage relief mechanism; wherein the voltage relief mechanism includes the following three response levels: microsecond (μs) response is completed by the RC / TVS voltage limiting branch module (130) and the supercapacitor cluster (110) to complete instantaneous clamping and energy absorption; millisecond (ms) response is performed by the lithium battery cluster (120) to perform mid-term discharge support to achieve a smooth voltage transition; second (s) and above responses are implemented by the main control unit (10) to implement predictive pre-charging or load optimization control according to the grid operation trend; thereby achieving active prediction, rapid response and coordinated regulation of microgrid voltage overload, and ensuring system voltage stability and power supply continuity.

2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The voltage limiting branch module (130) comprises an RC circuit and a TVS tube connected in parallel, and can automatically clamp the peak voltage when the bus voltage rises to a range of 50 to 100 V, thereby reducing high-frequency surge interference.

3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The IGBT bypass switch module (140) adopts a dual IGBT parallel drive structure, has low on-resistance and fast switching capability, and a response time of no more than 1 microsecond.

4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The supercapacitor cluster (110) and the lithium battery cluster (120) form a hybrid energy storage unit, which is coupled to the IGBT module via a busbar to support the coordinated work of energy buffering and continuous discharge.

5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper power busbar (401) adopts a copper busbar wiring structure, and the lower signal busbar (402) adopts a CAN-FD or RS485 communication bus arrangement, forming a power and control separation topology.

6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The voltage sampling sensor (300) has a sampling frequency of 10 kHz or above and is capable of capturing sudden voltage anomalies in real time.

7. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The analysis module (310) integrates a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and outputs a multi-level control strategy based on a dual-threshold harmonic criterion, including alarm, current limiting, bypass or energy transfer instructions.

8. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A control signal channel is provided between the main control unit (10) and the energy storage module, for implementing a predictive pre-charging strategy and actively activating supercapacitor charging before an abnormal voltage trend is detected.

9. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: Each functional module of the device adopts a hot-swappable structure and is connected to the double-layer busbar structure through a vertical slot, supporting online maintenance and dynamic replacement of energy storage units.

10. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main control unit (10) further integrates a wireless or wired communication module for uploading the system operation status to a remote server and receiving grid energy dispatch instructions, thereby realizing remote monitoring and voltage prevention control functions.

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