A biological initiator capable of initiating a free radical polymerization reaction, and a preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a biological initiator capable of initiating a free radical polymerization reaction, and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the fields of high polymer polymerization and biomaterials. The biological initiator comprises a biological particle carrier with a solid surface and an initiator fixed on the surface of the biological particle carrier, wherein the initiator is fixed on the surface of the biological particle carrier through biological metabolism. The application can avoid the problems of poor dispersibility and poor stability of conventional small molecule initiators, and the problem of poor biocompatibility of common supported initiators, and has the characteristics of high biocompatibility, safety, non-toxicity, green and environment-friendly preparation process, controllable polymer network structure, excellent material mechanical properties and the like. The obtained product can be applied to the fields of biomedicine, high-performance materials, biosynthesis and the like.

Description

A bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization, its preparation method and application Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the fields of polymer polymerization and biomaterials, specifically relating to a bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization reactions, its preparation method, and its applications. The bioinitiator of this invention can generate free radicals to initiate monomer polymerization reactions and can be applied to engineering plastics, rubber, adhesives, photoresists, elastomers, insulating materials, seals, damping materials, impact-resistant materials, anti-adhesion materials, gel materials, medical devices, drug delivery materials, biomedicine, biosynthesis, biocatalysis, tissue engineering, photopolymerization, 3D printing, environmental remediation, photovoltaic materials, flexible electronic devices, batteries, semiconductor materials, coating materials, and other technical fields. Background Technology

[0002] Initiators are key components in free radical polymerization reactions and have wide applications in industrial polymer production, medical material manufacturing, 3D printing, flexible devices, and many other fields. Initiators initiate chain growth reactions by generating active centers, and their properties directly affect the polymerization rate, product molecular weight and distribution, and the performance of the final product. Traditional free radical polymerization reactions typically use small-molecule initiators, which suffer from low reaction efficiency, uneven molecular weight distribution, difficulty in purification, and are prone to polymer instability. Furthermore, their flammable and explosive properties increase storage and handling hazards. Currently, supported initiators have been reported to address these issues. For example, patents CN106986973A, CN108948233A, CN110894268A, and CN1298886A typically use inorganic materials or polymer matrices as carriers, loading initiators onto the surface through chemical reactions or physical adsorption to initiate the polymerization reaction.

[0003] The aforementioned invention improves some problems in the polymerization process by using supported initiators, avoiding the toxicity of small molecule initiators, and improving the mechanical properties of polymer materials to some extent due to particle doping. However, these supported initiators have low biocompatibility and safety, and are not easily metabolized or degraded. When used in the preparation of biomedical materials, their free products in the human body can easily cause immune reactions and inflammation, making them unsuitable for use in biomedical and related fields. Furthermore, the preparation process of such supported initiators often involves chemical reactions, resulting in relatively high energy consumption and costs. If simple physical adsorption is used, the surface initiator is easily detached, leading to material failure. Simultaneously, inorganic or polymer supports are usually non-renewable, easily causing environmental burden and pollution. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned problems, the present invention aims to provide a bio-initiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization reactions, its preparation method, and its application. The bio-initiator of the present invention cleverly fixes the initiator on the surface of the microorganism through its own normal physiological metabolism. Thanks to the high efficiency and mildness of bio-metabolism, the process is low-energy-consumption, environmentally friendly, and has a high utilization rate of the initiator. Furthermore, it is tightly bound to the organism and does not easily fall off.

[0005] To achieve the above technical objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0006] A bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization reactions, comprising:

[0007] Biological particle carriers with solid surfaces;

[0008] An initiator fixed to the surface of the biological particle carrier;

[0009] The initiator is immobilized on the surface of the biological particle carrier through biological metabolism.

[0010] In this invention, the types of biological particle carriers include, but are not limited to, bacteria, animal cells, plant cells, fungi, mycoplasma, chlamydia, and viruses. The types of initiators include, but are not limited to, peroxide initiators, azo initiators, redox initiation systems, cleavage-type photoinitiators, and hydrogen-abstraction-type photoinitiators. In this invention, the initiator is linked to the biological particle carrier through a biological metabolic process. The connection methods include, but are not limited to, covalent bonding, non-covalent bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, specific binding to biomolecules, and hydrophilic-hydrophobic self-assembly. The initiator is immobilized on the surface of the biological particle carrier, and the surface of the biological particle carrier includes, but is not limited to, cell membranes, cell walls, viral envelopes, viral spikes, viral capsids, and viral envelopes.

[0011] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the initiator is a D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A, an N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1, an N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2, or a 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-D-glucopyranose-modified initiator molecule fbf-N3.

[0012] The D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A has one of the following structural formulas:

[0013]

[0014] The N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1 has one of the following structural formulas:

[0015]

[0016] The N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2 has one of the following structural formulas:

[0017]

[0018] The 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-D-glucopyranose-modified initiator molecule fbf-N3 has one of the following structural formulas:

[0019]

[0020] Furthermore, the carriers are Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus, yeast, or L929 cells.

[0021] A method for preparing a bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization reactions, comprising the following steps: adding an initiator and a biological particle carrier to a culture medium for cultivation, wherein the initiator is immobilized on the surface of the biological particle carrier through biological metabolism, thereby obtaining the bioinitiator.

[0022] A method for applying a bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization includes the following steps: mixing the above-mentioned bioinitiator with a monomer containing carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds that can polymerize under free radical initiation, and carrying out a free radical polymerization reaction under the initiation conditions of the bioinitiator.

[0023] In this invention, monomers containing carbon-carbon double or triple bonds that can polymerize under free radical initiation include, but are not limited to, one or more of vinyl monomers, acrylic acids, acrylates, styrene monomers, methyl methacrylate, acrylamide, and N-vinylpyrrolidone. Initiation conditions include, but are not limited to, light, ultrasound, microwave, mechanical force, radiation, plasma, electricity, and heating. Furthermore, other functional materials may be added to the polymerization reaction system.

[0024] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the initiator of the bio-initiator is a D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A, an N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1, an N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2, or a 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-D-glucopyranose-modified initiator molecule fbf-N3; the carrier is Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus, yeast, or L929 cells; the monomer is acrylamide, and the polymerization reaction system also includes N,N-methylenebisacrylamide; the initiation condition is ultraviolet light irradiation.

[0025] Beneficial effects:

[0026] (1) Reduce initiator migration: The initiator is fixed on the surface of biological particles and cannot be released into the polymer matrix, thus completely solving the toxicity and aging problems caused by the residue of traditional small molecule initiators.

[0027] (2) Green and environmentally friendly: The self-reproduction process of microorganisms or cells is simple, and the metabolic process is efficient and mild. The overall preparation process of bio-initiators does not involve high-energy-consuming and environmentally polluting chemical reactions, and its utilization rate of initiators is high. In addition, the degradation products are safe and non-toxic.

[0028] (3) Biocompatibility and safety: Microorganisms or cells and other carriers have high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and are easy to metabolize or degrade, making them suitable for the preparation of medical materials and unlikely to cause immune responses in the human body.

[0029] (4) Formation of a specific polymer network: By adjusting the distribution density of biological particles, the loading of initiator and the initiation conditions, the release rate and spatial distribution of active centers can be controlled to form a polymer network with uniform molecular weight distribution, which significantly improves the mechanical properties of the polymer (such as tensile strength increasing by more than 10 times, fatigue threshold increasing by more than 5 times, fracture toughness increasing by more than 5 times, and strain hardening rate increasing by more than 100 times).

[0030] (5) Application versatility: It is applicable to a variety of monomer systems (such as acrylate, styrene, butadiene) and polymer types (such as elastomers, hydrogels, thermosetting resins), and the combination of carrier and initiator is flexible, which can be extended to biocompatible materials (such as protein carriers) or functional materials (such as conductive carbon-based carriers). Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the biological initiator of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 shows the molecular structure of fbf-A in Example 1;

[0033] Figure 3 shows the molecular structure of fbf-N1 in Example 2;

[0034] Figure 4 shows the molecular structure of fbf-N2 in Example 3;

[0035] Figure 5 shows the molecular structure of fbf-N3 in Example 4;

[0036] Figure 6 shows the stretching curves of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2. Detailed Implementation

[0037] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments.

[0038] In the following examples, fbf-A, fbf-N1, fbf-N2, and fbf-N3 were obtained by condensation reaction between fenbufen and the corresponding amino acids or sugars: 1 mM fenbufen and 1 mM D-alanine (or N-acetylmuramic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-D-glucopyranose) were mixed in NN-dimethylformamide with 1.25 mM 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and 1.25 mM N-hydroxysuccinimide. After stirring at room temperature for 24 h, the resulting precipitate was centrifuged and washed.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] Preparation of bioinitiator: The D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A (structure shown in Figure 2) was reacted with Staphylococcus aureus (10⁻⁶ mg / mL) at a concentration of 0.1 mg / mL. 6 The cells (cells / mL) were mixed in tryptic soy peptone liquid medium and cultured at 37°C for 24 h. Staphylococcus aureus was obtained by centrifugation and used as a particle initiation system.

[0041] Preparation of hydrogel: The Staphylococcus aureus prepared above was subjected to a concentration of 1.4 x 10⁻⁶. 9 The concentration of fbf-A was mixed with 8M acrylamide monomer solution at a concentration of 0.27 mM / mL to achieve a concentration of 0.27 mM in the solution. Then, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8 mM) was added, and the mixture was subjected to a power output of 90 mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material A was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0042] Comparative Example 1

[0043] The D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A was reacted with Staphylococcus aureus (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 9 (cell / mL) was blended with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution to make the concentration of fbf-A in the solution 0.27mM, and then N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added. The mixture was then subjected to a power output of 90mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material B was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0044] Comparative Example 2

[0045] The commercial I2959 initiator was combined with Staphylococcus aureus (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 9The I2959 was mixed with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution (cell / mL) to achieve a concentration of 0.27 mM in the solution. Then, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8 mM) was added, and the solution was prepared at a power of 90 mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material C was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0046] Test Example 1

[0047] Mechanical tests were performed on the hydrogels prepared in Example 1, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. The results are shown in Figure 6 and Table 1. The mechanical properties of Example 1 are significantly better than those of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.

[0048] Table 1 Mechanical properties of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2

[0049] Name Example 1 (Hydrogel A) Comparative Example 1 (Hydrogel B) Comparative Example 2 (Hydrogel C) Tensile Strength (MPa) 6.478 0.571 0.419 Fatigue Threshold (kJ / m) 2 3.172 0.544 0.391 Strain hardening rate 33.904 0.546 0.332 Fracture toughness (kJ / m) 2 )6.4881.1970.858 surface

[0050] Example 2

[0051] Preparation of bioinitiator: The N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1 (structure shown in Figure 3) was reacted with Bifidobacterium longum (10) at a concentration of 0.1 mg / mL. 6 The cells (cells / mL) were mixed in tryptic soy peptone liquid medium and cultured at 37°C for 24 h. The resulting Bifidobacterium longum was obtained by centrifugation and used as a particle initiation system.

[0052] Preparation of hydrogel: The above-prepared Bifidobacterium longum was used at a concentration of 1.4 x 10⁻⁶. 9 The concentration of fbf-N1 was mixed with 8M acrylamide monomer solution at a concentration of 0.12 mM / mL to achieve a concentration of 0.12 mM in the solution. Then, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8 mM) was added, and the mixture was subjected to a power output of 90 mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material D was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0053] Comparative Example 3

[0054] The N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1 was combined with Bifidobacterium longum (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 9(cell / mL) was blended with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution to make the concentration of fbf-N1 in the solution 0.12mM, and then N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added. The mixture was then subjected to a power output of 90mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material E was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0055] Comparative Example 4

[0056] The commercial I2959 initiator was combined with Bifidobacterium longum (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 9 I2959 was mixed with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8 mM) in an 8 M acrylamide monomer solution to achieve a concentration of 0.12 mM in the solution. The mixture was then subjected to a reaction at a power output of 90 mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material F was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0057] Test Example 2

[0058] Mechanical tests were performed on the hydrogels prepared in Example 2, Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 4. The results are shown in Table 2. It can be seen that the mechanical properties of Example 2 are significantly better than those of Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 4.

[0059] Table 2 Mechanical properties of Example 2, Comparative Example 3, and Comparative Example 4

[0060] Name Example 2 (Hydrogel D) Comparative Example 3 (Hydrogel E) Comparative Example 4 (Hydrogel F) Tensile Strength (MPa) 4.485 0.384 0.407 Fatigue Threshold (kJ / m) 2 18.27 97.68 15.237 Strain hardening rate 191.43 95.95 13.657 Fracture toughness (kJ / m) 2 )39.3497.8447.201 surface

[0061] Example 3

[0062] Preparation of bio-initiator: The N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2 (structure shown in Figure 4) was reacted with yeast (10... 6 The yeast cells (cell / mL) were mixed in yeast extract peptone glucose liquid medium and cultured at 37°C for 24 h. The yeast cells were then obtained by centrifugation and used as a particle initiation system.

[0063] Preparation of hydrogel: The yeast cells prepared above were used at a concentration of 1.4 x 10⁻⁶. 9The concentration of fbf-N2 was mixed with 8M acrylamide monomer solution at a concentration of 0.23 mM / mL to achieve a concentration of 0.23 mM in the solution. Then, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8 mM) was added, and the mixture was subjected to a power output of 90 mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material G was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0064] Comparative Example 5

[0065] The N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2 was reacted with yeast (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 9 (cell / mL) was mixed with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution to make the concentration of fbf-N2 in the solution 0.23mM, and then N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added. The mixture was then subjected to a power output of 90mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material H was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0066] Comparative Example 6

[0067] Commercial I2959 initiator was combined with yeast (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 9 (cell / mL) was mixed with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution to make the concentration of fbf-N2 in the solution 0.23mM, and then N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added. The mixture was then subjected to a power output of 90mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material I was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0068] Test Example 3

[0069] Mechanical tests were performed on the hydrogels prepared in Example 3, Comparative Example 5, and Comparative Example 6. The results are shown in Table 3. It can be seen that the mechanical properties of Example 3 are significantly better than those of Comparative Example 5 and Comparative Example 6.

[0070] Table 3 Mechanical properties of Example 3, Comparative Example 5, and Comparative Example 6

[0071]

[0072]

[0073] Example 4

[0074] Preparation of biological initiators: The initiator molecule fbf-N3 (structure shown in Figure 5), modified with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose, was reacted with L929 cells (10⁻⁶ cells per ... 4The cells (cells / mL) were mixed in DMEM medium and cultured at 37°C for 24 h. L929 cells were obtained by centrifugation and used as a particle priming system.

[0075] Preparation of hydrogel: The L929 cells prepared above were cultured at a density of 1.4 x 10⁻⁶. 7 The concentration of fbf-N3 was mixed with 8M acrylamide monomer solution at a concentration of 0.31 mM / mL to achieve a concentration of 0.31 mM in the solution. Then, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8 mM) was added, and the mixture was subjected to a power output of 90 mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material J was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0076] Comparative Example 7

[0077] The initiator molecule fbf-N3 of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose was introduced into L929 cells (1.4 x 10⁻⁶ cells). 7 (cell / mL) was blended with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution to make the concentration of fbf-N3 in the solution 0.31mM, and then N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added. The mixture was then subjected to a power output of 90mW / cm². 2 Hydrogel material K was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0078] Comparative Example 8

[0079] Commercial I2959 initiator was combined with L929 cells (1.4 x 10⁻⁶). 7 (cell / mL) was mixed with an 8M acrylamide monomer solution, and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added to make the concentration of fbf-N3 in the solution 0.31mM, at a power of 90mW / cm 2 Hydrogel material L was obtained by irradiating it with 365nm ultraviolet light for 15 minutes.

[0080] Test Example 4

[0081] Mechanical tests were performed on the hydrogels prepared in Example 4, Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Example 8. The results are shown in Table 4. It can be seen that the mechanical properties of Example 4 are significantly better than those of Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Example 8.

[0082] Table 4 Mechanical properties of Example 4, Comparative Example 7, and Comparative Example 8

[0083] Name Example 4 (Hydrogel J) Comparative Example 7 (Hydrogel K) Comparative Example 8 (Hydrogel L) Tensile Strength (MPa) 8.255 0.814 0.642 Fatigue Threshold (kJ / m) 2 11.1252.5862.216 Strain hardening rate 82.3320.6430.392 Fracture toughness (kJ / m)2 )9.1851.8371.342 surface

[0084] Example 5

[0085] Staphylococcus aureus metabolized with fbf-A from Example 1 was used as an initiator in photopolymerization 3D printing. It was mixed with an acrylamide solution (8M) and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) was added. Photopolymerization printing was performed using a 3D printer with an ultraviolet light source wavelength of 365nm, a power of 40W, a layer height of 0.05μm, a curing time of 45s, and a printing speed of 60mm / min to obtain hydrogel M.

[0086] Comparative Example 9

[0087] Using Staphylococcus aureus from Comparative Example 3 as filler particles, it was mixed with an acrylamide solution (8M), and the initiator fbf-A and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (8mM) used in Example 1 were added. The mixture was then photopolymerized using a 3D printer with a UV light source wavelength of 365nm, a power of 40W, a layer height of 0.05μm, a curing time of 45s, and a printing speed of 60mm / min to obtain hydrogel N.

[0088] Test Example 5

[0089] Mechanical tests were performed on the hydrogels prepared in Example 5 and Comparative Example 9. The results are shown in Table 5. It can be seen that the mechanical properties of Example 5 are significantly better than those of Comparative Example 9.

[0090] Table 5 Mechanical properties of Example 5 and Comparative Example 9

[0091] Name Example 5 (Hydrogel M) Comparative Example 9 (Hydrogel N) Tensile Strength (MPa) 9.366 0.709 Fatigue Threshold (kJ / m) 2 2.6170.424 Strain hardening rate 45.120.362 Fracture toughness (kJ / m) 2 8.7251.647 surface

[0092] The above description is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed through the above embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can make some changes or modifications to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization, characterized in that, include: A biological particle carrier having a solid surface; an initiator immobilized on the surface of the biological particle carrier; wherein the initiator is immobilized on the surface of the biological particle carrier through biological metabolism; the initiator is a D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A, an N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1, an N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2, or a 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose-modified initiator molecule fbf-N3; the D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A has one of the following structural formulas: The N-acetylmucol-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1 has one of the following structural formulas: The N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2 has one of the following structural formulas: The 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-D-glucopyranose-modified initiator molecule fbf-N3 has one of the following structural formulas: The carrier is Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium longum, yeast, or L929 cells.

2. A method for preparing a bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization, used to prepare the bioinitiator of claim 1, characterized in that, The process includes the following steps: adding an initiator and a biological particle carrier to a culture medium and culturing them; the biological particle carrier immobilizes the initiator on its surface through biological metabolism, thereby obtaining a biological initiator.

3. A method for applying a bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization, characterized in that, The process includes the following steps: mixing the bio-initiator of claim 1 with a monomer containing carbon-carbon double or triple bonds that can polymerize under free radical initiation, and carrying out a free radical polymerization reaction under the initiation conditions of the bio-initiator.

4. The method of applying a bioinitiator capable of initiating free radical polymerization as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The bio-initiator is a D-alanine-modified initiator molecule fbf-A, an N-acetylmuramic acid-modified initiator molecule fbf-N1, an N-acetylglucosamine-modified initiator molecule fbf-N2, or a 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-D-glucopyranose-modified initiator molecule fbf-N3. The carrier is Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium longum, yeast, or L929 cells. The monomer is acrylamide, and the polymerization reaction system also includes N,N-methylenebisacrylamide. The initiation condition is ultraviolet light irradiation.

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