Power distribution network for electrochromic devices

Abstract

Various embodiments herein relate to a power distribution network for optically switchable windows. A number of different topologies are provided. In many embodiments, a control panel may be connected with a trunk that is connected to a plurality of optically switchable windows. The plurality of optically switchable windows may be powered by the common trunk. The topology provides significant improvements to the topology in which each optically switchable window is connected to the control panel via separate, individual lines. In addition, certain embodiments herein relate to a mounting kit for mounting an electrical distribution network for an optically switchable window.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application filed on September 16, 2016, with application number 201680060052.5, priority date of September 18, 2015, and entitled "Power Distribution Network for Electrochromic Device".

[0002] Cross-references to related applications

[0003] This application is a PCT application claiming priority and benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 220,514, filed September 18, 2015, entitled “POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKSFOR ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE,” which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety and for all purposes, by reference. background

[0004] Optical switchable windows exhibit controllable and reversible changes in optical properties when positioned in different states, which can be driven by controlled stimuli such as voltage changes. The optical properties are typically one or more of color, transmittance, absorbance, and reflectance. Electrochromic devices are sometimes used in optical switchable windows. A well-known electrochromic material is, for example, tungsten oxide (WO3). Tungsten oxide is a cathodic electrochromic material in which the color transition from transparent to blue occurs through electrochemical reduction.

[0005] Whether electrochromic or other forms of electrically switchable windows, they can be used in buildings to control solar energy transmission. Switchable windows can be manually or automatically tinted and detinted to reduce energy consumption for heating, air conditioning, and / or lighting systems while maintaining occupant comfort.

[0006] Until recently, designers have only begun developing control and power systems for buildings with many electrically tinted windows. Therefore, much development work is needed before such systems can operate reliably and reach their full potential. summary

[0007] The implementation scheme described herein relates to a network of electrochromic windows or other electrochromic devices. For example, a power distribution network for supplying power to multiple optically switchable windows in a building may be characterized by the following elements: (a) a control panel including one or more power sources and one or more ports, the one or more power sources being electrically connected to a main power source for the building, the one or more ports being connected to the one or more power sources such that the power sources supply power to the one or more ports, wherein the power from the power sources is suitable for supplying power to the power distribution network to at least some of the optically switchable windows and driving the optical switching of these optically switchable windows; (b) at least one power insertion line connected to a port on the control panel and extending toward the multiple optically switchable windows, wherein the power insertion line includes a cable for supplying power to the multiple optically switchable windows; (c) a trunk line including multiple conductors and connected between the power insertion line and multiple lead-in lines, wherein each lead-in line is configured to supply power from the trunk line to one or more optically switchable windows; and (d) multiple connectors between the multiple lead-in lines and the trunk line, wherein each connector provides an electrical path between the trunk line and its corresponding lead-in line such that the conductors of the trunk line are not cut. In some embodiments, the optically switchable window is an electrochromic device on a transparent substrate. In some embodiments, one or more power supplies for the control panel are DC power supplies.

[0008] The trunk line may include a flat cable portion at the connector. The trunk line may be a flat cable. The connector may be an insulated displacement connector. The power distribution network may additionally include auxiliary power insertion lines connecting the control panel and the trunk line, wherein the auxiliary power insertion lines are connected to the trunk line at a location between the position where at least one power insertion line is connected to the trunk line and the position of the terminal optical switchable window. In some implementations, the network has fewer power insertion lines than the number of optical switchable windows.

[0009] In some embodiments, the power distribution network further includes a plurality of window controllers coupled between the optically switchable window and the lead-in line, wherein the window controllers include circuitry for supplying electrical power to the optically switchable window and driving optical transitions of the optically switchable window. The window controllers may be designed or configured to include instructions for increasing and maintaining the electrical power supplied to the optically switchable window to drive the optical transitions.

[0010] In some implementations, the power supplied by the distribution network is Category 2. In some implementations, one or more power supplies to the control panel are Category 1 power supplies. In some embodiments, the trunk line is located in the passageway of the vertical beams and / or horizontal beams. Optionally, the trunk line is a Category 2 cable that carries Category 1 electrical power during operation.

[0011] In various implementations, the power distribution network further includes a remote power panel located at a position that is closer to one or more of the optically switchable windows when compared to the location of the control panel.

[0012] In some embodiments, a power distribution network for supplying power to a plurality of optically switchable windows includes: (a) a control panel including one or more power sources electrically connected to a main power supply for a building, each power source including one or more power ports for supplying power to the plurality of switchable windows via a trunk line; (b) a trunk line configured to supply power from the one or more power ports to one or more lead-in lines; (c) one or more lead-in lines, each lead-in line configured to supply power to at least one window controller, the at least one window controller being electrically connected to one or more of the plurality of switchable windows; and (d) at least one power plug-in line configured to supply auxiliary power from the one or more power ports and to supply power into the trunk line between two lead-in line connection points or at a location between a lead-in line connection point and a power port. In one embodiment, the control panel includes a control panel monitor. In one embodiment, the trunk line is a segmented system including one or more T-connectors, Y-connectors, and power taps.

[0013] Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a kit for installing a power distribution network to provide power to multiple optically switchable windows in a building. The kit may be characterized by: (a) a control panel including (i) one or more power sources for electrical connection to a main power supply for the building; and (ii) one or more ports connected to the power sources such that the power sources can provide power to the ports; (b) at least one power insertion line for connection to a port on the control panel and extending toward the multiple optically switchable windows, wherein the power insertion line includes a cable for supplying power to the multiple optically switchable windows; (c) a trunk line including multiple conductors for connecting the power insertion line to multiple lead-in lines; (d) the multiple lead-in lines, wherein each lead-in line is configured to be electrically connected to an optically switchable window to provide power from the trunk line to its optically switchable window to drive the switching of the optically switchable window; and (e) multiple connectors for providing an electrical path between the trunk line and the lead-in lines. Some kits also include one or more optically switchable windows, which may be electrochromic devices on a transparent substrate. In some embodiments, the trunk is a Category 2 cable.

[0014] In some kits, at least some of the connectors are configured to provide an electrical path between the trunk and the lead-in wires, such that the trunk wires are not cut. In some kits, the trunk includes a flat cable portion at a location where a connector can be attached. In some kits, at least one trunk is a flat cable. In some kits, some of the connectors are insulated displacement connectors.

[0015] Some kits additionally include an auxiliary power plug for connecting the control panel and the mains. In some kits, the control panel does not have sides larger than approximately 30 inches. In some kits, the control panel power supply is Category 2.

[0016] Some kits include multiple window controllers configured to couple between an optically switchable window and an introduction line. The window controllers include circuitry for supplying electrical power to the optically switchable window and driving optical transitions of the window. One or more of the window controllers may include instructions to increase and maintain the electrical power supplied to the optically switchable window to drive the optical transitions.

[0017] Some kits additionally include a remote power panel configured to receive power from the building's main power supply and deliver Category 2 rated power to the distribution network. In some kits, one or more power supplies on the control panel are Category 2 power supplies.

[0018] These and other features and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Brief description of the attached diagram

[0019] The following detailed description can be more fully understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0020] Figure 1 A cross-sectional view of an electrochromic device according to certain embodiments is shown.

[0021] Figure 2 A block diagram showing the components of a communication network used to control one or more colorable windows of a building.

[0022] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The upstream and downstream components of different implementations of the power distribution network are shown.

[0023] Figure 4 The illustration depicts a schematic view of an implementation of a Category 1 power distribution network, which also serves as a communication network.

[0024] Figure 5A A schematic view depicting an implementation of a Category 2 power distribution network that may or may not function as a communication network.

[0025] Figure 5B A schematic view depicting another implementation of a Category 2 distribution network utilizing auxiliary power insertion lines.

[0026] Figure 6A Describe a 5-wire trunk line according to an implementation plan.

[0027] Figure 6B and Figure 6C A cross-sectional view of a 4-conductor flat cable trunk is shown according to certain embodiments.

[0028] Figure 6D Compare the main lines and lead lines.

[0029] Figure 6E Showing the inside of the control panel according to certain implementations.

[0030] Figure 6F Depicting Figure 6E The top view of the control panel is shown.

[0031] Figure 6G The inside of a remote power panel according to certain embodiments is shown.

[0032] Figure 6H Depicts a remote power panel connected to the trunk line according to certain implementation schemes.

[0033] Figure 6I Examples of components contained in a control panel, including a control panel monitor, are shown.

[0034] Figure 6J An example of a circuit that can be deployed to implement a control panel monitor is shown.

[0035] Figure 6K A schematic view depicting another embodiment of a power distribution network utilizing a control panel including a control panel monitor.

[0036] Figure 7A The T-type connector is shown and can be used with the various connectors described herein.

[0037] Figure 7B A Y-type connector is shown that can be used with the various connectors described herein.

[0038] Figure 7C and Figure 7D The insulated displacement connector for the lead wire is shown and attached to the flat cable trunk.

[0039] Figure 7E The lead wire is shown as being connected to the trunk line via a lead wire insulation displacement connector.

[0040] Figure 7F Several window controllers are shown connected to the main line via several lead-in wires and lead-in wire insulation displacement connectors.

[0041] Figure 8A and Figure 8B The different methods for connecting power plugs to flat cable trunks are described.

[0042] Figure 9 Describe the terminator on the flat cable trunk.

[0043] Detailed Explanation

[0044] Electrochromic devices can be incorporated into windows to form electrochromic windows. Electrochromic windows are used to control the amount of light and heat entering a building through the window and can be used to minimize the amount of energy used to maintain the building at a temperature comfortable for occupants. Electrochromic windows are also used to minimize undesirable lighting conditions (e.g., glare) on the interior of a building.

[0045] In the case of multiple optically switchable windows, such as electrochromic windows, simultaneously provided in a device, the windows can be networked together. The network can provide power and / or communication information to each of the windows. The installation and maintenance of optically switchable windows, particularly in a network, presents certain issues unrelated to those encountered when installing passive windows. For example, electrochromic windows are configured to receive power to drive optical shifts on the window. For this purpose, a power distribution network can be configured to provide power to each of the windows. Similarly, a communication network (which may or may not share certain components of the power distribution network) can be configured to provide communication / control information to each of the windows to control when and how each window undergoes an optical shift. Conversely, passive windows do not receive power or control information and are typically not networked together in any way. Similarly, when a building is upgraded to include additional windows, the upgrade becomes more complex if the windows are electrochromic. In various common cases where networks with electrochromic windows are installed, adding additional windows is difficult due to inherent limitations in the installed network. These limitations may relate to, for example, power / voltage / current / safety restrictions.

[0046] Network Challenges

[0047] Optically switchable window networks can be used in a variety of situations. Networks are particularly advantageous in large buildings and buildings with a large number of optically switchable windows. Networks can transmit power and / or communication / control information. A network transmitting power can be called a power distribution network. A network transmitting communication / control information can be called a communication network. In various cases, a network can be both a power distribution network and a communication network. In such cases, various components within the network can operate to distribute power and / or communication. In other words, in cases where the network distributes both power and communication, some components can distribute only power, some components can distribute only communication information, and some components can distribute both power and communication information. In power line communication (PLC), both power and communication are transmitted over a single conductor. See, for example, IEEE 1901 and IEEE 1905. Various examples are provided herein. While many of the examples in this document focus on power distribution networks, it should be understood that the network can also be a communication network, and / or may share certain components with a communication network.

[0048] In terms of power distribution, there are several design challenges for electrochromic window networks. One challenge involves delivering sufficient power to each window so that it can perform all the necessary transitions, regardless of its distance from its power source. Another challenge involves minimizing the wiring installed throughout the building. Generally, less wiring is preferable, provided all windows can receive sufficient power. Less wiring saves on both material and installation costs. A related challenge is the relative ease / difficulty of installation. Most typical (non-electrochromic) window installers are not accustomed to wiring throughout the building to power the windows. Therefore, any improvements that can be made to make the installation easier and / or more flexible are advantageous. Less wiring makes installation easier because less time and effort is spent pulling cables throughout the building. Another factor affecting the difficulty of installing an electrochromic window network is the specialized design of the power distribution network and whether the network (or any part thereof) requires installation by specialized personnel such as a licensed electrician. Most of the labor involved in installing electrochromic windows can be handled by a general contractor. However, there may be certain steps that require the performance of a licensed electrician. Using a licensed electrician can result in higher costs and / or delays in installation compared to situations where a relatively large amount of installation work is done by a general contractor.

[0049] Switchable window technology

[0050] Generally speaking, an "optically switchable device" is a thin-film device that changes its optical state in response to an electrical input. The thin-film device is typically supported by a substrate, such as glass or another transparent material. The device reversibly cycles between two or more optical states. Switching between these states is controlled by applying a predefined current and / or voltage to the device. The device typically comprises two thin conductive sheets spanning at least one optically active layer. The electrical input that drives the change of optical state is applied to the thin conductive sheets. In some implementations, the input is provided by a bus electrically connected to the conductive sheets.

[0051] While this disclosure emphasizes electrochromic devices as examples of optically switchable devices, it is not limited thereto. Examples of other types of optically switchable devices include certain electrophoretic devices, liquid crystal devices, etc. Optically switchable devices can be provided in various optically switchable products, such as optically switchable windows. However, the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to switchable windows. Examples of other types of optically switchable products include mirrors, displays, etc. In the context of this disclosure, these products are generally provided in a non-pixel format.

[0052] A schematic cross-section of the electrochromic device 100 according to some embodiments is shown in... Figure 1 As shown in the figure. The electrochromic device includes a substrate 102, a conductive layer (CL) 104, an electrochromic layer (EC) 106 (sometimes also called a cathode coloring layer or cathode tinting layer), an ion-conducting layer or region (IC) 108, a counter electrode layer (CE) 110 (sometimes also called an anode coloring layer or anode tinting layer), and a conductive layer (CL) 114. Elements 104, 106, 108, 110, and 114 are collectively referred to as an electrochromic stack 120. A voltage source 116 operable to apply a potential across the electrochromic stack 120 influences the transition of the electrochromic device from, for example, a clear state to a colored state. In other embodiments, the order of the layers is reversed relative to the substrate. That is, the layers are arranged in the following order: substrate, conductive layer, counter electrode layer, ion-conducting layer, electrochromic material layer, conductive layer.

[0053] In various embodiments, the ion-conducting region 108 may be formed from a portion of the EC layer 106 and / or a portion of the CE layer 110. In said embodiments, the electrochromic stack 120 may be deposited to include a cathode-colored electrochromic material (EC layer) in direct physical contact with the anode-colored counter electrode material (CE layer). The ion-conducting region 108 (sometimes referred to as the interface region, or as a layer or region substantially electrically insulating for ion conduction) where the EC layer 106 and CE layer 110 meet may then be formed via, for example, heating and / or other processing steps. Electrochromic devices fabricated without depositing different ion conductors are further discussed in U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 462,725, filed May 2, 2012, entitled “ELECTROCHROMICDEVICES,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0054] In various implementation schemes, Figure 1 One or more of the layers shown may be deposited to comprise two or more sublayers. In one example, EC layer 106 and / or CE layer 110 may be deposited to comprise two or more sublayers. Sublayers within a given layer may have different compositions and / or morphologies. The sublayers may be included to facilitate the formation of ion-conducting regions 108 and / or to modulate various properties of the electrochromic device 100.

[0055] In addition, electrochromic devices may include Figure 1 One or more additional layers not shown. These layers can improve optical performance, durability, hermeticity, etc. Examples of additional layers that can be used include, but are not limited to, anti-reflective layers, defect-mitigating insulating layers (which can be provided in...). Figure 1 (within or between any of the layers shown) and / or overlay layers. The techniques disclosed herein are applicable to a wide variety of electrochromic device designs.

[0056] In some embodiments, the electrochromic device reversibly cycles between a clear state and a colored state. In the clear state, a potential is applied to the electrochromic stack 120 such that available ions in the stack that can cause the electrochromic material 106 to be in the colored state reside primarily in the counter electrode 110. When the potential on the electrochromic stack is reversed, ions are transported across the ion-conducting layer 108 to the electrochromic material 106, causing the material to enter the colored state.

[0057] It should be understood that references to the transition between a clear state and a colored state are non-limiting, and only one example is presented among the many electrochromic transitions that can be achieved. Unless otherwise specified herein, when referring to a clear-colored transition, the corresponding apparatus or process encompasses other optical state transitions such as non-reflective to reflective, transparent to opaque, etc. Furthermore, the terms "clear" and "decolored" indicate, for example, an optically neutral state such as uncolored, transparent, or translucent. Additionally, unless otherwise specified herein, the "color" or "colored" of an electrochromic transition is not limited to any particular wavelength or wavelength range. As those skilled in the art will understand, the appropriate electrochromic treatment and the selection of the electrode material determine the associated optical transition.

[0058] In some implementations, the materials constituting the electrochromic stack 120 are entirely inorganic, solid (i.e., in a solid state), or both inorganic and solid. Because organic materials tend to degrade over time, inorganic materials offer the advantage of a reliable electrochromic stack capable of operating for extended periods. Like materials in a liquid state, materials in a solid state also offer the advantage of being free from contaminants and leakage problems. Each of the layers in the electrochromic device is discussed in detail below. It should be understood that any one or more layers in the stack may contain a certain amount of organic material, but in many implementations, one or more of the layers contain little or no organic matter. The same applies to the small amount of liquid that may be present in one or more layers. It should also be understood that solid materials can be additionally formed by deposition or by processes employing liquid components, such as certain processes employing sol-gel or chemical vapor deposition.

[0059] Electrochromic devices can receive power in several ways. Wiring and other connectors for powering electrochromic devices are further discussed in U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 363,769, filed June 6, 2014, entitled “CONNECTORS FOR SMART WINDOWS,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0060] Electrochromic devices are typically controlled by a window controller, which may be locally positioned on or near the electrochromic device / window it powers. Window controllers are further discussed in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 049,756, filed March 16, 2011, entitled “MULTIPURPOSE CONTROLLER FOR MULTISTATE WINDOWS”; U.S. Patent No. 8,213,074; and PCT Patent Application No. PCT / US15 / 29675, filed May 7, 2015, entitled “CONTROLMETHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS”, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0061] Communication Network

[0062] As described above, the network of the electrochromic window can be a power distribution network, a communication network, or both. Many of the embodiments described herein focus on power distribution networks that may or may not function as communication networks, and / or said power distribution networks may share certain components with communication networks. Without specifying how communication / control information is allocated, it is assumed that communication can occur via any available means. In some cases, this may mean that communication occurs through the same wires, conduits, anchors, and / or other components used by the power distribution network. In some cases, communication may occur through some of the same wires / components used by the power distribution network, where additional wiring for communication is provided at a specific location. In some cases, communication can occur wirelessly.

[0063] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of components of a communication network system 200 for controlling the functionality (e.g., switching to different tint levels) of one or more tintable windows in a building, according to certain implementations. As explained elsewhere herein, the communication network may be wholly or partially located with the electrical distribution network. System 200 may be one of the systems managed by a building management system (BMS), or it may operate independently of the BMS.

[0064] System 200 includes a master window controller 202 that can send control signals to tinted windows to control their functions. System 200 also includes a network component 210 that communicates electronically with the master window controller 202. Predictive control logic, other control logic, and instructions and / or sensor data for controlling the functions of the tinted windows can be communicated to the master window controller 202 via the network 210. The network 210 can be a wired or wireless network. In one embodiment, the network 210 communicates with a Building Management System (BMS) to allow the BMS to send instructions for controlling the tinted windows to the tinted windows in the building via the network 210.

[0065] System 200 also includes an electrochromic window 400 and wall switches 290, both of which are in electronic communication with a master window controller 202. In this illustrated example, the master window controller 202 can send control signals to the EC window 400 to control the tinting level of the tintable window 400. Each wall switch 290 also communicates with both the EC window 400 and the master window controller 202. An end user (e.g., an occupant of a room with tintable windows) can use the wall switches 290 to control the tinting level and other functions of the tintable electrochromic window 400.

[0066] exist Figure 2 In this context, the communication network 202 is depicted as a distributed network including a main network controller 203, multiple intermediate network controllers 205 communicating with the main network controller 203, and multiple end or leaf window controllers 210. Each of the multiple end or leaf window controllers 210 communicates with a single intermediate network controller 205. Figure 2 Each of the window controllers in a distributed network may include a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) and a computer-readable medium that is in electrical communication with the processor.

[0067] exist Figure 2 In this configuration, each leaf or end window controller 210 communicates with an EC window 400 to control the shading level of that window. In the case of an IGU, the leaf or end window controller 210 may communicate with EC windows 400 on multiple windows of the IGU to control the IGU's shading level. In other embodiments, each leaf or end window controller 210 may communicate with multiple shadingable windows. The leaf or end window controller 210 may be integrated into a shadingable window or may be separate from the shadingable windows it controls.

[0068] Each wall switch 290 can be operated by an end user (e.g., a room occupant) to control the tinting level and other functions of the tintable window that communicates with the wall switch 290. The end user can operate the wall switch 290 to transmit control signals to the EC window 400. In some cases, these signals from the wall switch 290 can override signals from the master window controller 202. In other cases (e.g., high-demand situations), control signals from the master window controller 202 can override control signals from the wall switch 290. Each wall switch 290 also communicates with the leaf or end window controller 210 to send information about control signals sent from the wall switch 290 (e.g., time, date, requested tinting level, etc.) back to the master window controller 202. In some cases, the wall switch 290 can be operated manually. In other cases, the wall switch 290 can be wirelessly controlled by an end user using a remote device (e.g., a mobile phone, tablet, etc.) to transmit control signals wirelessly, for example, using infrared (IR) and / or radio frequency (RF) signals. In some cases, the wall switch 290 may include a wireless protocol chip, such as Bluetooth, EnOcean, WiFi, Zigbee, etc. Although Figure 2 The wall switch 290 depicted is located on the wall, but other embodiments of the system 200 may have switches located in other places in the room.

[0069] Category 1 and Category 2 power supply circuits

[0070] The National Electrical Code (NEC) provides standards for the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment in the United States. Published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a private trade association that has published a series of national fire codes, the NEC was drafted at least in part to provide uniform standards nationwide, although it has not yet been adopted at the federal level. Many states and municipalities have adopted the NEC or some version thereof. The NEC has also been approved as a U.S. national standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The code is officially called ANSI / NFPA 70. Adherence to NEC guidelines contributes to the safe installation and operation of electrical wiring and equipment.

[0071] NEC classifies circuits into various categories (e.g., Category 1, Category 2, Category 3). These circuits are defined as portions of the wiring system between (a) the load side of an overcurrent protection device (OCPD) or limited-power supply and (b) all the equipment connected to it. The circuits are classified based on their purpose and power and voltage limitations. Various subcategories are also defined in NEC, as discussed further below.

[0072] Generally, Category 1 circuits support high voltage and high power transmission. Therefore, Category 1 circuits can be used to power multiple windows from a single power source or power outlet (which can be a direct connection to a control panel or other power source, such as the building's power supply). Consequently, Category 1 distribution networks typically require less overall cabling than their equivalent Category 2 distribution networks. Due to the high voltage and high power involved in Category 1 circuits, special precautions can be taken to ensure safe operation. For example, according to NEC, cabling in Category 1 circuits should be (1) Category 1 rated cable, (2) through conduit, and / or (3) through suitable metal cable trays.

[0073] NEC classifies Category 1 circuits into two types: (a) limited-power circuits and (b) remote control and signaling circuits. Limited-power Category 1 circuits are typically limited to 30V and 1000V·A, while Category 1 remote control and signaling circuits are limited to 600V, and the power output of the power supply is also limited. Category 1 limited-power circuits include a current limiter located on the power source supplying the circuit. Therefore, in the event of a short circuit, overload, or ground fault, the OCPD will act to limit the amount of current supplied to the circuit. The power source in a Category 1 limited-power circuit can be a transformer or other type of power source. Category 1 remote control and signaling circuits must meet many of the same wiring requirements for power and lighting circuits. Category 1 remote control circuits are frequently used in motor controllers to operate mechanical processes, elevators, conveyors, and other equipment controlled from a remote location. Category 1 signaling circuits are used in a variety of environments, including hospitals (e.g., nurse call systems), electric clocks, bank alarms, and factory call systems.

[0074] For Category 2 circuits, NEC imposes limitations based on whether the circuit is inherently limited (no overcurrent protection required) or not inherently limited (requiring a combination of power supply and overcurrent protection). In some cases, Category 2 circuits may be limited to 30V and 100V·A. Wiring in Category 2 circuits is inherently safer than in Category 1 circuits and requires fewer precautions. For example, Category 2 rated wiring can be provided, which does not have the inherent protection of Category 1 rated wiring and does not need to be provided in conduits or metal cable trays.

[0075] The design of a distribution network, and specifically whether such a network is designed as a Category 1 or Category 2 circuit, will depend on many factors, including but not limited to the number of windows installed, the location of the windows, the location of the building's power supply / control panels / other power sources, the layout of the windows, and the existing infrastructure where the windows are to be installed. Generally, Category 1 circuits are advantageous in reducing the amount of wiring that must be installed. This reduces wiring costs because the total length of cable required is shorter. It also reduces installation costs because less time and effort is spent running wires throughout the building. Category 2 circuits are advantageous in reducing other installation costs. For example, Category 2 rated components (e.g., control panels / power sources, wiring, etc.) can be cheaper than Category 1 rated components. Similarly, Category 2 circuits can be installed without having to run cables through conduits or metal cable trays, as is common in many Category 1 circuits. The installation cost of Category 2 circuits can also be lower because much or all of a Category 2 distribution network can be installed by less qualified personnel (compared to a Category 1 distribution network that may require a licensed electrician). Based on these competitive costs and the factors mentioned above, Category 1 or Category 2 circuits can be used to implement power distribution networks for specific applications.

[0076] Distribution networks configured as Category 1 circuits may be more suitable for: large commercial buildings, buildings with a large number of optically switchable windows, and buildings where the optically switchable windows are installed in the curtain wall rather than in individual perforated openings. In contrast, distribution networks configured as Category 2 circuits may be more suitable for smaller buildings with fewer optically switchable windows, residential buildings, and buildings without curtain wall installations. However, these guidelines are not intended to be restrictive.

[0077] Physical topology of power distribution network

[0078] Many topologies may be used to implement a power distribution network to deliver power to multiple electrochromic windows. In various embodiments described herein, the power distribution network can be characterized by at least two components: upstream components and downstream components. A single network may include multiple upstream components and / or multiple downstream components.

[0079] Upstream components include one or more main power supplies (e.g., control panels) connected to the building's power supply and components (e.g., cables) connected to the main power supply. Upstream components supply power from the control panels or other power supplies to downstream components. The main power supply essentially constitutes the majority of upstream components within the power distribution network. In many implementations, the number of electrochromic windows far exceeds the number of cables used as upstream components. In other words, each upstream cable typically supplies power to numerous electrochromic windows and window controllers. In some implementations, upstream cables supply power to at least three switchable windows, or at least five windows, or at least approximately ten windows. This topology represents a significant improvement over network topology where individual cables supply power from the main power supply to each individual window controller. In this case, the number of power insertion lines equals the number of window controllers. These configurations present significant challenges related to the sheer volume, length, and size of cables required to power all the window controllers / windows. For example, a main power supply with this topology must be designed to accept a large amount of cable, which can be challenging when many electrochromic windows are installed. Furthermore, the labor involved in pulling such a large amount / length / volume of cable throughout the building is massive. For these reasons, it is advantageous to use a distribution network that supplies power to many electrochromic windows with fewer upstream cables.

[0080] Most downstream components receive power from upstream components and deliver power to windows and window controllers. In many cases, downstream components include bus lines, daisy chains, or similar physical topologies with directly connected window controllers. In some cases, downstream components include lead-in lines that deliver power (and in some cases, communication information) directly to the window controllers. Typically, a lead-in line is an electrical connection between a bus line and an individual window controller. In addition to various power distribution cables (bus lines, lead-in lines, daisy chains, etc.), downstream components typically include electrical connectors. Electrical connectors can be power plug connectors, lead-in line connectors, or other types of connectors as described herein. Generally, power plug connectors can be used to connect upstream power distribution wiring (e.g., a power plug line connected to a control panel) to downstream power distribution wiring (e.g., a bus line). Lead-in line connectors can be used to connect lead-in lines to bus lines. The connectors are discussed further below. In some cases, window controllers can be connected in series. In some embodiments, downstream components can be characterized as comprising different segments, as described below. Figure 3CAs further described below. The wiring for upstream components may be the same as or different from the wiring for downstream components. In some embodiments, one or more remote power panels may be provided as downstream components. The remote power panels may receive power from the main building power supply and may supply power to the bus lines via remote power plugs. Typically, the remote power panels will supply power to the bus lines at a location further downstream than where the main power supply supplies power to the bus lines, as explained below.

[0081] In some implementations, at least a portion of the downstream and / or upstream wiring may be provided in the trunk. Simply put, the trunk is defined by structural and positioning elements. Structurally, the trunk is understood to include wires for carrying electrical power. In many cases, the trunk also includes wires for carrying communication information, although this is not always the case. Locationally, the trunk is understood to be functionally located between the control panel and individual drop wires (or, if no drop wires are available, the window controller itself). Drop wires can branch off from the trunk to receive electrical power and communication information. Drop wires are not considered part of the trunk. In some implementations, the trunk may be a 5-wire cable (including a pair of wires for electrical power, a pair of wires for communication, and a ground wire). Similarly, drop wires may also be 5-wire cables. In some other implementations, the trunk and / or drop wires may be 4-wire cables (including a pair of wires for electrical power and a pair of wires for communication, without any separate ground wire). In various embodiments, the trunk may carry Category 1 or Category 2 electricity. Further details relating to trunks and 5-wire cables are presented below.

[0082] In some specific implementations, at least a portion of the downstream cabling (and optionally the upstream cabling) may be flat wire cabling, as discussed further below. When flat wire cabling is used, the drop-in connector may be an insulation displacement connector, also discussed further below. Flat wire cabling supports wiring systems with greater flexibility in confined spaces, as well as several advantages in cable handling and connection.

[0083] Figure 3A Presents a simplified view of the power distribution network used to deliver power to multiple electrochromic windows. Figure 3A The upstream component 301 includes a control panel 302 (which can receive power from the main building power supply) and a main power plug 304. Figure 3ADownstream component 305 includes trunk line 306, drop line 307, and connector 308 between trunk line 306 and drop line 307. Trunk line 306 can be a single continuous cable or several different cables connected to each other at connector 308. In this example, trunk line 306 is a linear bus, where drop line 307 connects each window controller 309 to trunk line 306. Each window controller 309 controls one or more windows 311. If main power plug line 304 is the same type of cable used for trunk line 306, it can be referred to as part of trunk line 306. Typically, a power distribution network includes multiple power plug lines (similar to line 304) and associated trunk lines, all connected to the same control panel. Therefore, Figure 3A The topology depicted is often only a part of a power distribution network fed by a single control panel. Figure 3B and Figure 3C Similar extensions may exist in the topology described in the text.

[0084] Figure 3B A simplified view of another power distribution network is presented. In this example, window controllers are connected in series. This configuration is sometimes referred to as a daisy chain. Here, upstream component 321 includes control panel 322 and main power insertion line 324. Downstream component 325 includes at least intermediate wiring 333 connecting the window controllers and / or electrochromic windows to each other. For simplicity, the windows are not shown. The windows are connected to the window controllers.

[0085] Figure 3C Showing with Figure 3A The power distribution network shown is an additional example of a similar power distribution network. For simplicity, only the differences will be discussed. In this example, control panel 302 is connected to trunk line 306 via two different upstream cables 304 and 335. The first upstream cable may be referred to as main power plug 304, and the second upstream cable may be referred to as auxiliary power plug 335. Main power plug 304 connects to most of the upstream locations on trunk line 306, while auxiliary power plug 335 connects to trunk line 306 at a more downstream location. Each trunk line 306 has only a single main power plug 304, but may have one or more auxiliary power plugs 335. Auxiliary power plugs 335 may be provided to ensure that sufficient power is supplied from trunk line 306 as needed to power all of the window controllers 309 and electrochromic windows (not shown). For example, current / voltage limitations and line losses may limit the number of window controllers / windows that can be powered by individual power plugs. To overcome this limitation, control panel 302 can be connected to main line 306 using multiple power plugs. The maximum number of auxiliary power plugs 335 connected to individual control panels 302 can be limited by the available power output of control panel 302. Figure 3ASimilarly, main power plug 304 can be considered part of trunk line 306 if they are the same type of cable. Auxiliary power plug 335 and remote power plug 337 (discussed further below) are generally not considered part of trunk line 306.

[0086] The point where power insertion lines 304, 335, or 337 merge with trunk line 306 can be referred to as power insertion points. These power insertion points can be understood as dividing downstream component 305 into multiple segments. Generally, a segment represents a set of window controllers that are continuously connected to a part of the network (e.g., the span of the trunk line connecting adjacent power insertion points) and an associated part of the network. Figure 3C The diagram shows three sections: a first section defined between the point where the main power plug 304 merges with the trunk line 306 and the point where the auxiliary power plug 335 merges with the trunk line 306; a second section defined between the point where the auxiliary power plug 335 merges with the trunk line 306 and the point where the remote power plug 337 merges with the trunk line 306; and a third section defined between the point where the remote power plug 337 merges with the trunk line 306 and the end of the trunk line 306. In this example, each section of the downstream component 305 includes three connectors 308, three lead-in wires 307, three window controllers 309, and three electrochromic windows (not shown).

[0087] Although Figure 3C Only three electrochromic window controllers are shown in each section of the downstream component, but the number of window controllers / windows between adjacent power insertion points can be much greater. In some cases, the number of window controllers and electrochromic windows located on each section of the downstream component can be between about 10 and 20, or between about 20 and 30, or between about 30 and 40. In some cases where the distribution network is implemented as a Class 1 circuit, up to about 32 window controllers / windows can be installed between adjacent power insertion points. In some cases where the distribution network is implemented as a Class 2 circuit, up to about 16 window controllers / windows can be installed between adjacent power insertion points. The number of window controllers / windows that can be adequately powered on each section depends on several factors, including (i) the current or power drawn by each window controller, (ii) the current or power delivered by the upstream component cable (power insertion line), (iii) the length of the cable between adjacent window controllers, and (iv) the number of windows that each controller can accommodate. For example, a window controller can control between 1 and about 20 windows, or up to about 15 windows, or up to about 10 windows, or up to about 5 windows.

[0088] Regarding the current or power drawn by each window controller, a relatively large number of window controllers / windows can be accommodated per segment of the downstream component when the window controller / window draws relatively small power. In some instances, each window controller draws approximately 2 watts or less. Regarding the current or power delivered by the upstream component cable / power plug, an upstream cable providing more current / power can be used to accommodate a relatively large number of window controllers / windows per segment of the downstream component. For example, in the case where the upstream component delivers Category 1 rated power (as opposed to Category 2 power), a relatively large number of window controllers / windows can be located per segment of the downstream component. Regarding the length of the cable between adjacent window controllers, a longer length can result in higher line losses, thus resulting in fewer window controllers / windows that can be accommodated per segment.

[0089] Figure 3C The power distribution network shown is Figure 3A Another difference between the power distribution networks shown is that Figure 3C The network includes a remote power panel 340. The remote power panel 340 provides power to the trunk line 306 via a remote power plug-in line 337. The remote power panel 340 can be connected to the main building power supply. Similar to the control panel 302, the remote power panel 340 may include circuitry or other protection to ensure that power is supplied to the trunk line 306 at the appropriate voltage, current, etc. In various cases, one difference between a remote power panel and a control panel is that the remote power panel only acts as a power source, while the control panel may have additional components that serve various communication functions and control functions for controlling optical changes on electrochromic windows. For example... Figure 6E and Figure 6G A comparison is made. Another difference is that the remote power panel 340 can be positioned away from the control panel 302. Typically, the distance between the remote power panel 340 and the set of windows it powers is shorter than the distance between the control panel 302 and the same set of windows. This helps to minimize the length of the remote power plug 337, and thus minimize line losses. Both the remote power panel 340 and the remote power plug 337 can be considered as part of the downstream component 301.

[0090] Main power plug 304, auxiliary power plug 335, and remote power plug 337 each supply power to trunk line 306 and can be collectively referred to as power plugs. As mentioned, in some cases, main power plug 304 can be considered part of trunk line. The number of power plugs used is greatly affected by the number of electrochromic windows present on the distribution network. Factors affecting the number of window controllers / windows that can be installed between adjacent power plug points are discussed further above.

[0091] Because the window controller is provided close (e.g., near) to the optically switchable window, relatively few cables are needed from the control panel in the downstream section of the topology. Less than one cable per window originates from the control panel. Therefore, installation requires less labor and infrastructure. For example, fewer J-hooks are needed to support the weight of the cables between the control panel and the downstream section of the topology.

[0092] Although Figures 3A to 3C The implementation shown only depicts a single control panel and a single trunk line, but the implementation is not limited to this. In some related implementations, the single control panel can be coupled with, for example... Figure 4 , Figure 5A and Figure 5B The multiple trunk connections shown are discussed further below. In some such cases, upstream cabling components may be laid parallel to each other for at least a portion of the distance between the control panel and the downstream component. In various embodiments, separate data communication lines may also traverse the distance from the control panel to the downstream component, although this is not critical. In these or other implementations, multiple control panels may be provided within the building, and each control panel may be connected to the main building power supply. The control panels may be located together in a single location or distributed throughout the building. Similarly, remote power panels may be provided throughout the building as needed. In some embodiments, the power distribution network may include a single control panel and any number of remote power panels.

[0093] Figure 4 An example of a combined power distribution network and communication network is presented. In this example, the power distribution network is implemented as a Category 1 circuit. A Category 1 control panel 401 is connected to six individual cables 402 to 404. Cable 402 is a main power insertion cable, cable 403 is an auxiliary power insertion cable, and cable 404 is a communication cable. The main power insertion cable 402 and the communication cable 404 are connected to a trunk line 406 at a power / communication integrated connector 408. In this example, the network encloses two trunk lines 406, which are connected to, for example... Figure 3A The main line 306 is similar. Main line 406 may be rated at approximately 8A or less. Drop line 407 connects to main line 406 at drop line connector 420, thus providing power and control information to individual window controllers 409. Auxiliary power insertion cable 403 connects to main line 406 at power insertion connector 430. The main power insertion cable 402 and auxiliary power insertion cable 403, which transport Category 1 power, may each have a specific length, such as up to approximately 200 feet or up to approximately 350 feet. Power insertion cables longer than this length can cause significant line losses in certain situations. For simplicity, Figure 4Only the single lead wire 407, window controller 409, power / communication integrated connector 408, lead wire connector 420, and power insertion connector 430 are marked.

[0094] Although not shown in the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that each of the window controllers 409 is connected to at least one electrochromic window. Additionally, although Figure 4 Only two window controllers 409 are shown for each section of trunk line 406 (defined between adjacent power insertion points), but many additional window controllers / windows can be provided in each section. In some implementations, for example, the number of window controllers / windows per section of a Category 1 distribution network can be at least about 10, at least about 20, or at least about 30. In various cases, a Category 1 distribution network can have up to about 32 window controllers on each section of the trunk line, each window controller controlling one or more windows, such as... Figure 4 This was proposed in [the document / article / etc.].

[0095] Special considerations should be taken into account to ensure the safe operation of Category 1 distribution networks. For example, various power plugs, trunk lines, and / or drop lines carrying Category 1 power may be provided in conduits or metal cable trays, and / or they may be provided as Category 1 rated cables. In some cases, different parts of the distribution network meet Category 1 safety requirements in different ways; for example, one part of the network may use Category 1 rated cables, while another part may use conduits or cable trays to protect non-Category 1 rated cables. In some implementations, power plugs and / or trunk lines in a Category 1 distribution network may be rated at approximately 15A and 600V. In some cases, power plugs and / or trunk lines may be rated TC-ER (exposed cable tray). In some cases, limited power tray cables (PLTC) may be used for power plugs and / or trunk lines.

[0096] For various reasons, implementing a distribution network as a Category 1 circuit can be advantageous. For example, a Category 1 circuit can be used to minimize the overall length of wiring that should be installed to provide sufficient power to all windows on the network. While a distribution network implemented as a Category 1 circuit should meet the safety qualifications stated in the NEC (e.g., regarding cables carrying Category 1 power, the use of Category 1 rated cables, or the use of conduits or cable trays for laying non-Category 1 rated cables), in some implementations these qualifications can be met particularly easily. For example, in the case where a set of electrochromic windows is provided in a curtain wall, where adjacent windows are separated by hollow vertical beams and / or horizontal beams that can provide cable trays or conduits where non-Category 1 rated cables can be safely laid. In other words, the curtain wall infrastructure itself can be used to provide the safety standards stated in the NEC, at least with respect to the cables laid within the curtain wall infrastructure. The vertical and horizontal beams are typically aluminum, although this is not mandatory. Other materials and hollow structures used to frame adjacent windows can be used in the same manner. For cables that are not located within the curtain wall infrastructure (e.g., upstream cables such as power insertion cables, or parts of trunk lines not within the curtain wall), other Class 1 protected or Class 1 rated cables such as conduits or cable trays may be used.

[0097] In one example, trunk line 406 can carry Category 1 power without being rated as a Category 1 cable. Trunk line 406 can safely carry Category 1 power over non-Category 1 rated cables by laying trunk line 406 through the metal vertical / horizontal beams constituting the curtain wall. In the described embodiment, power insertion lines 402 and 403 can be rated as Category 1 (in which case no additional safety measures are required), or they can be rated as non-Category 1 (in which case the power insertion lines can be laid through conduits or metal cable trays to ensure safe operation). The presence of curtain walls or similar structures where adjacent windows are separated by a hollow structure makes the use of a Category 1 distribution network particularly advantageous, as non-Category 1 rated cables can be easily and safely used to carry Category 1 power. Category 1 rated cables are more expensive, larger, and therefore more challenging to install than similar non-Category 1 rated cables.

[0098] It should be noted that when the dedicated communication line 404 is provided separately from the power plug lines 402 and 403 (so that the communication line 404 does not carry power), the communication line 404 does not need to be equipped with special safety measures. In other words, the communication line 404 does not need to be a Category 1 rated cable, nor does it need to be provided in a conduit or metal cable tray. Furthermore, in various implementations, the communication line 404 can be omitted. In such cases, the communication signal can be transmitted via the same cable as the main power plug line 402 (e.g., in a PLC-compatible implementation), or via another wired communication network (not shown), or wirelessly.

[0099] In another example where the electrochromic window is installed in a set of perforated openings (rather than together in the curtain wall), Category 1 rated cables may be used for power insertion lines 402 and 403, and for trunk line 406. In another embodiment, any of power insertion lines 402 and 403 and trunk line 406 may be a non-Category 1 rated cable provided in a suitable conduit or cable tray. In a particular example, trunk line 406 may be a non-Category 1 rated cable, but provided in a conduit or cable tray between adjacent window controllers for windows installed in adjacent perforated openings.

[0100] Figure 5A An implementation scheme for a power distribution network that can also function as a communication network is presented. Here, the power distribution network is implemented as a Category 2 circuit. A Category 2 control panel 501 is connected to two trunk lines 506. Separate communication lines are not shown, and control information can be transmitted via trunk lines 506, via a separate communication network (not shown), or wirelessly. A window controller 509 is connected to trunk line 506 via a lead-in line 507. Lead-in line 507 connects to trunk line 506 at a lead-in line connector 520. Trunk line 506 can be a Category 2 rated cable. In some cases, trunk line 506 can be rated at about 4A or less. Figure 5A The Class 2 nature of the distribution network in this document limits the number of window controllers that can be installed on each section of trunk line 506 compared to if the network were Class 1. The number of window controllers / windows that can be included on each section is discussed elsewhere in this document. If the number of window controllers / windows exceeds the power that trunk line 506 itself can provide, additional power plug-in lines can be provided, such as… Figure 5B As shown in the example. In this instance, up to approximately 16 window controllers can be installed on each main line, with each window controller controlling one or more windows.

[0101] Figure 5B An additional implementation of a power distribution network that can also function as a communication network is presented. In this example, the network is implemented as a Category 2 circuit. The Category 2 control panel 501 is connected to eight individual cables, including two main lines 506 and six auxiliary power plugs 503. Here, the main lines 506 extend all the way to the control panel 501, and no separate communication line or main power plug is provided. Communication information can be transmitted via the main lines 506, wirelessly, or via a separate communication network (not shown). For this purpose, there is no need for... Figure 4 Connector 408 and other integrated power / communication connectors are examples. In similar implementations, separate main power insertion cables and communication cables can be provided to supply power and communication information to the trunk, such as... Figure 4 As shown. Although Figure 4The cable in question is not described as the main power insertion line, but it should be understood that trunk line 506 performs the same function. Drop line 507 connects window controller 509 to trunk line 506 at drop line connector 520. Auxiliary power insertion line 503 connects to trunk line 506 at power insertion connector 530.

[0102] because Figure 4 The power distribution network in the network is implemented as a Category 2 circuit, so fewer window controllers / windows can be powered per segment of the network compared to a similar network implemented as a Category 1 circuit. Although Figure 5B Only a single window controller 509 is shown on each segment (the segment being defined between adjacent power insertion points, or between a power insertion point and the end of the main line 506), but in various cases, many additional windows can be provided for each segment. In some instances, a Category 2 distribution network may have at least about 10 or at least about 15 window controllers and associated electrochromic windows on each segment. In some implementations, up to about 16 window controllers (WCs) may be installed on each segment of the network, each window controller controlling one or more associated optically switchable windows, such as... Figure 5B This was proposed in [the document / article / etc.].

[0103] While the number of windows in each section can be limited, a Category 2 distribution network can be advantageous for other reasons. For example, because the network is implemented as a Category 2 circuit, the wiring does not need to meet the safety requirements of a Category 1 circuit. In other words, the cables can be non-Category 1 rated cables and can be laid without the use of conduits or metal cable trays. This type of Category 2 distribution network can be particularly useful in the context of windows being installed in perforated opening structures (compared to, for example, curtain walls). In a typical perforated opening structure, individual windows (or in some cases, small groups of windows) are installed in individual openings in the building's structure. Adjacent windows (or small groups of windows) are typically separated by concrete or other materials that make up the building itself. In other words, the building structure comprises a large number of separate openings for installing windows (or groups of windows). In contrast, in the case of a curtain wall, many windows are installed together in large openings in the building structure. Adjacent windows are separated by a framing system of vertical and / or horizontal beams, depending on the window layout. While vertical beams / beams can be used to provide Category 1 safety measures (e.g., vertical beams / beams providing metal cable trays in which non-Category 1 rated wires can be laid, while safely transporting Category 1 electricity, as mentioned above...) Figure 4 (As described) to implement a Category 1 distribution network, but such a convenient framework system is typically not available between adjacent perforations in a building. Therefore, in some embodiments where several electrochromic windows are installed in several individual perforations, it may be advantageous to implement the distribution network as a Category 2 circuit.

[0104] In some embodiments, auxiliary power plug 503 and main line 506 may be rated at about 4A or less. In some embodiments, the power plug carrying Category 2 power may be limited to a specific length, for example, not exceeding about 350 feet.

[0105] Any of the power distribution networks described herein may further include one or more remote power panels and remote power plugs, as per relevant provisions. Figure 3C As shown. The aforementioned features can be incorporated into both Category 1 and Category 2 distribution networks.

[0106] Additionally, any of the distribution networks described herein may further include one or more local power storage units, also referred to as energy wells, which are installed as part of downstream components within the network. For example, energy wells may be installed on trunk lines or incoming lines, or they may be installed as part of window controllers. Energy wells can be used to increase the number of electrochromic windows that can be located on each segment of downstream components. For example, a trunk line with 20 windows installed on a single segment may not be able to simultaneously power the switching of all 20 windows. While it is relatively rare for a network to switch all windows simultaneously, the network should be designed to handle such situations. When a command to switch all 20 windows is received, most of the power can be provided by the control panel and / or remote power panel. If the control panel / remote power panel can only provide enough power to drive the switching of 15 windows, then the power required to switch the remaining 5 windows can be provided by one or more energy wells. These energy wells can discharge to provide power as needed and can then be recharged via the distribution network when the power required by the window controller / window decreases. More details about energy wells are provided below.

[0107] Components within the power distribution network

[0108] This section describes the various components of the power distribution network in more detail.

[0109] 1. Wiring

[0110] Many different types of cables can be used to implement power distribution networks. For different applications, the cables can be Category 1 rated cables or non-Category 1 rated cables (e.g., Category 2 rated cables), as discussed further above. In some implementations, the cables include insulation, such as insulation rated for about 150 volts or higher. Various measuring conductors, such as AWG18 or AWG22, can be used. More examples and details are described below.

[0111] A. Main line

[0112] Generally, a trunk line is implemented as a heavy-duty power delivery line that can be tapped to provide power to individual window controllers. The trunk line provides power to many individual window controllers. The trunk line can also carry communication signals, although not always. The trunk line delivers power from upstream components (e.g., control panels or power outlets) to the drop lines.

[0113] In some implementations, the trunk line can be a 5-wire cable, which includes a pair of twisted-pair distribution wires, a pair of twisted-pair communication wires, and a grounding wire. Figure 6A This is a close-up cross-sectional view of a 5-wire cable. Each of the power distribution and communication lines is insulated. Like the two communication lines, the insulated power distribution lines are provided together in a shield / insulator. All five lines are surrounded by a braided metal shield, which is then surrounded by an outer insulation layer.

[0114] In one embodiment of a Category 1 rated trunk line carrying both power and communication signals, the trunk line may be approximately 3 / 4 inch in diameter and provided with a sheath insulation approximately 1 / 8 inch thick. In some cases, a Category 1 rated trunk line may be rated as a Cable Tray Exposed Erector (TC-ER) cable. This type of cable can carry Category 1 power without any need for conduits or cable trays. Conversely, this type of cable can be suspended for exposed installation. In one embodiment of a Category 2 rated trunk line carrying both power and communication signals, the trunk line may be approximately 5 / 8 inch in diameter.

[0115] In some other implementations, the trunk line can be a 4-wire cable similar to the 5-wire cable described above, but without a ground wire. In some embodiments, the trunk line can be a flat cable with 4 wires (two for power distribution, two for communication, and one for grounding) or 5 wires (two for power distribution and two for communication). Flat cables can be used as trunk lines when installing electrochromic windows because they can be easily tapped to provide drop wires as needed without cutting the trunk line. In the case of flat cables, drop wires and power plug wires can be installed anywhere on the trunk line, not necessarily at predetermined locations. Furthermore, flat cables allow for the expansion or reconfiguration of previously installed power distribution networks when new or additional optically switchable windows are deployed.

[0116] Conversely, it may be more difficult to install networks with trunks made of conventional (e.g., round) cables. This difficulty stems from the fact that conventional cables are typically cut when connected to connectors (e.g., drop-in connectors and power plug connectors). The cable ends are fed into connectors, which then provide connections to other cables. (Reference) Figure 3AWhen trunk 306 is implemented as a conventional round cable, each section of trunk 306 between adjacent drop connectors 308 may need to be a separate cable. For this purpose, each of these cables should be cut to an appropriate length. It can be difficult to measure / guess the appropriate length of cable to be used for each specific span, which makes installation challenging.

[0117] When flat cables are used in trunk lines, drop wire insulation displacement connectors, such as those described further below, can be used to add drop wires without cutting through the trunk line. Power plug wires can be similarly connected to flat cable trunk lines without cutting through the trunk line using power plug insulation displacement connectors described below. This is possible because flat cables have separate internal wires arranged in a fixed geometry and format. Therefore, connectors can be configured to selectively tap into one or more of the internal wires. Reference Figure 3A and Figure 3C The entire trunk line 306 and the main power plug line 304 can be a single continuous cable (not yet cut). Of course, the drop line and / or power plug line can also be connected to the trunk line by cutting the trunk line and using more conventional connectors. Flat cables allow, for example, drop cables to be configured anywhere along a continuous flat cable without cutting and splicing them; insulated displacement connectors allow taps into flat cables without cutting them.

[0118] Figure 6B A cross-sectional view of a flat cable including four wires according to some embodiments is shown. The cable's cross-section has narrow dimensions ( Figure 6B (Medium horizontal orientation) and long dimension ( Figure 6B (Vertical orientation). The cable length extends within and / or beyond the page. In one example, the flat cable trunk has a cross-section of approximately 1” by approximately 3 / 16”. In many cases, flat cables can be coiled for storage / transport.

[0119] Figure 6C This is to explain how Figure 6B A photograph of the cross-section of the flat cable is shown. The individual wires within the cable can be identified by their red (top), white (next to the top), blue (next to the bottom), and black (bottom) insulators. The flat cable has an asymmetrical element 605, in this example, a neck or shoulder on one of the short sides (as depicted on the bottom side). This asymmetrical element allows the cable to engage with the connector in the same way every time, thus the internal wire configuration is fixed, and the wires can be selectively tapped using suitable insulation displacement connectors.

[0120] Other forms of trunk cables can be installed in the network without damaging the conductors to connect to another line (e.g., a drop wire or power plug). One example is a "hybrid" cable with both round and flat cross-sections. The connection is made at the flat cross-section, and the round cross-section offers greater flexibility than the flat cross-section. Hybrid cables can have far more flat cross-sections than are required for the connection. In another example, the trunk cable is a conventional round cable, or a slightly modified round cable that allows the conductors to be reconfigured to a flattened format during connector installation. In this way, connectors can be installed without damaging the conductors, as the conductors have already been redirected from their round arrangement to a flattened arrangement just before the connector is installed. In some implementations, this redirection is accomplished by stripping the sheath from the connection point of the round cable, subsequently pressing the conductors into a flattened arrangement, and then installing the insulation displacement connector. One or more tools can be used to facilitate sheath stripping and conductor redirection.

[0121] Figure 6D This example compares trunk line 606 and drop line 607. In this example, the cable is DeviceNet. TM CPE cable. The trunk line has a diameter wider than the lead-in line.

[0122] B. Power plug-in cable

[0123] A power plug line has at least two wires for transmitting power. A grounding wire may also be provided. The conductors within each of the power plug lines may be coated with insulation and may be wound together within an outer insulation. The power plug line delivers power from an upstream component (e.g., a control panel or remote power panel) to downstream components such as the main line. The power plug line is not directly connected to the incoming line (unless the main line also acts as a power plug line).

[0124] As related to Figure 3C The power plugs discussed can be divided into three main types: main power plug 304, auxiliary power plug 335, and remote power plug 337. The main power plug 304 supplies power from the control panel 302 to the upstream portion of the trunk line 306. Typically, only a single main power plug connects to each trunk line. The auxiliary power plug 335 supplies power from the control panel 302 to a location on the trunk line 306 further downstream than the location where the main power plug 304 connects to the trunk line 306. Multiple auxiliary power plugs 335 can be provided on a single trunk line 306. The remote power plug 337 supplies power from the remote power panel 340 to a location on the trunk line 306 further downstream than the location where the main power plug 304 connects to the trunk line 306. The point where the remote power plug 337 connects to the trunk line 306 can also be downstream of the point where the auxiliary power plug 335 connects to the trunk line 306, such as... Figure 3CAs shown, or it can be upstream of that point. In cases where the main line extends all the way to the control panel, the portion of the main line upstream of any incoming line can be considered the main power insertion section of the main line.

[0125] C. Lead-in line

[0126] Drop lines supply power to the window controllers from the main line. Typically, each window controller is connected to the main line via its own dedicated drop line. Drop lines consist of at least two conductors for supplying power. A grounding wire may also be provided in the drop line. In many (but not all) cases, drop lines may have wires for supplying communication information from the main line to the window controllers. Including communication wires in the drop lines may offer little or no benefit when communication is transmitted via (a) a separate wired communication network (e.g., separate from the main line used for power distribution) or (b) wirelessly.

[0127] The drop-in wire connects to the main line at a drop-in connector. This connector is typically a T-type, Y-type, or a specialized insulated displacement connector as described below. Because the drop-in wire typically delivers power to only a single window controller, it can be thinner than the main line to which it is connected.

[0128] Figure 6D To illustrate an example of lead-in line 607, present it next to the trunk line 606 to which it may be connected.

[0129] Category 1 cables must be rated for 600V. Other categories are not permitted to carry voltage markings. Therefore, they should not be confused with Category 1. Most laminated cables have labels, but these are not intended to indicate product characteristics.

[0130] 2. Control Panel

[0131] Control panels can be provided to house various components for powering (and in many cases controlling) electrochromic windows on a power distribution network. The control panel is typically the upstream component of the power distribution network. It receives power from a building power source, which is typically supplied at, for example, 120V, 220V, 230V, 240V, etc., depending on the country where the network is installed. The control panel includes components for manipulating the power to convert it into a form more suitable for powering the electrochromic window / controller. For example, the control panel may include a converter for converting power from AC to DC. Additionally, the control panel may include a voltage converter for gradually reducing the voltage. The voltage converter can provide a voltage output of approximately 10V to 30V. In one example, the voltage converter provides an output of approximately 24V.

[0132] In several embodiments, the control panel typically includes a protection module that limits the voltage and / or current output by the control panel. Depending on the protection module, the limits can be based on guidelines stated in NEC to ensure the safe operation of the distribution network implemented as a Category 1 or Category 2 circuit. The control panel can be a Category 1 or Category 2 component. Any of the guidelines stated herein or in NEC relating to Category 1 and Category 2 circuits / power supplies can be applied to the control panel of the disclosed embodiments.

[0133] The control panel also includes one or more output ports. These output ports can be used for power distribution and, in some cases, for distributing communication / control information. The output ports can be connected to various lines in the power distribution network, such as trunk lines, main power plug-in lines, auxiliary power plug-in lines, and communication lines.

[0134] Figure 6E This is a view of the inside of a Category 2 control panel 602, which is used for a power distribution network that also functions as a communication network. Among other components, the control panel 602 includes a circuit breaker 671, a power outlet 672, a DC power supply 674 (in this embodiment, a 24VDC power supply), a protection module 675, a network controller 676, and a main controller 673.

[0135] In some implementations of the power distribution network, some of these components can be omitted. For example, when using Category 2 power, the protection module can be omitted. Additionally, while the network controller 676 and main controller 673 are used to distribute communication / control information, these controllers do not necessarily implement a network that only distributes power. Generally, the network controller 676 coordinates and controls the optical changes of several electrochromic windows, each with its own window controller positioned outside the control panel. Although Figure 6E Only a single network controller 676 is shown, but it should be understood that multiple such network controllers 676 may be included. The network controller 676 may, in turn, be controlled by the main controller 673. In some cases, the control panel will include a network controller but not a main controller.

[0136] In some implementations, the control panel is relatively small, for example, having a size of no more than about 40 inches or no more than about 26 inches. In one example, the control panel has the following dimensions: a height of about 20 to 30 inches, a width of about 15 to 25 inches, and a depth of about 5 to 10 inches.

[0137] Figure 6F Presentation Figure 6EThe figure shows a top view of the control panel 602. Several output ports are shown in the figure. The control panel 602 in this example includes two output ports J1 and J2 for connection to a trunk line, six output ports J3 to J8 for connection to a power plug line (main power plug line or auxiliary power plug line), one output port J9 for connection to an Ethernet LAN cable, and a port J10 for an optical sensor / Ethernet cable. Those skilled in the art will understand that the control panel can be made to include various ports for attaching trunk lines, power plug lines, communication lines, etc., depending on the needs of a particular application. In some instances, the control panel receives input power between approximately 100V and 240V (single-phase AC, 50 / 60Hz) and outputs power at a nominal voltage of approximately 24V (DC) and a nominal current of approximately 4.0A (depending on the connected power line). The housing may be steel or another suitable material. In one instance, the control panel has an estimated BTU output between approximately 400 BTU / hr and 600 BTU / hr, for example, between approximately 450 BTU / hr and 550 BTU / hr.

[0138] In some implementations, the control panel includes a control panel monitor (CPM) configured to sense current and voltage on conductors in the mains and / or power plugs directly connected to the control panel. This sensing circuitry allows for monitoring, analysis, feedback, and / or correction of aspects of the power distribution network.

[0139] In some implementations, the CPM is configured to detect voltage and / or current differences between the input and output conductors of a power plug cable or trunk cable at a control panel. Any such difference can indicate a short circuit or other problem on one of the conductors. The voltage or current difference reading at the control panel can also indicate the presence of a parasitic path that could ground one or both of the input and output lines and the cable.

[0140] Additionally, measuring the voltage on the cable conductors at the control panel allows for comparison with voltage values ​​measured at other locations on the circuit, including individual window controllers served by cables located downstream of the control panel.

[0141] At each location downstream of the control panel on the cable, there exists a voltage difference from the expected voltage at the control panel due to transmission losses and power consumption at the window controller or other loads on the circuit. The actual voltage difference can be compared to the expected voltage difference by measuring the voltage at the CPM (i.e., at the control panel), and particularly the voltage at a specific location downstream of the control panel. If the actual voltage difference deviates from the expected voltage difference by a small amount, within the margin of measurement error, the control logic for the power distribution system can determine that there is a problem with the cable under consideration. For example, if the expected voltage difference is significantly greater or less than the voltage difference expected at installation, this may indicate that the cable length is inappropriate. For example, the installer may have used excessively long cables (e.g., power plugs) for a set of window controllers. Moreover, this unexpected voltage difference may be caused by installing cables with incorrect dimensions. In other instances, if the actual measured voltage deviates significantly from the expected voltage, and this deviation is only recently detected long after installation, it may indicate new problems such as short circuits or parasitic paths in the cable line.

[0142] In some cases, problems will arise, and these problems will not be immediately resolved on the distribution network where they occur. One way to resolve this problem is by determining the voltage at various points on the cable or circuit. For example, the voltage at various window controllers and control panels on the circuit can be measured via a CPM. Cable sections with expected voltage or voltage differences are not necessarily the location of the problem. However, cable sections (or other parts of the circuit) with unexpected voltage differences can include the location of the problem. By considering voltage drops segment by segment, the CPM and associated logic can identify discontinuities (e.g., unexpected voltage drops or voltage jumps) and associate the location of the discontinuities with the location of the problem. In this way, the system can isolate problems on the distribution network and initiate corrective actions, such as sending more power to certain lines to compensate for line losses, bypassing main sections to avoid short-circuit problems, and triggering alarm signals for problems in the distribution system. In one implementation, the CPM logic automatically takes corrective actions; this may be accompanied by reports generated regarding the problem, the actions taken, and the current state of the system.

[0143] Although voltage and current values ​​are measured at the CPM board and at appropriate sensing circuitry on the window controller or at other components downstream of the control panel, the logic used to interpret these voltage and current values ​​can be located on separate modules such as the network controller and / or main controller. As explained, the network controller, main controller, and other controllers reside on a communication network, sometimes referred to as the window network. In some implementations, the CPM communicates the sensed voltage and / or current values ​​directly to the interpretation circuitry via the communication network and appropriate communication interfaces such as Ethernet or CAN bus interfaces. Downstream components, such as window controllers that report the sensed voltage or current, can provide these values ​​via a CAN bus or other suitable network interfaces adopted for communication within the window controller. The voltage and current values ​​reported to their local communication interfaces by the window controller or other components are ultimately directed to logic that determines whether the required action is a gradual decrease in current and voltage values.

[0144] Figure 6I Examples of components contained in a control panel including a CPM board are presented. As shown in the accompanying drawings, the control panel 641 includes one or more DC power supplies. Figure 6I In the specific embodiment depicted, control panel 641 includes two high-power DC power supplies 643 and a lower-power DC power supply 645. While these power supplies can deliver a wide range of power values, in one example, each of the high-power DC power supplies 643 provides 960W at 24V. Additionally, in another example, the lower-power DC power supply 645 provides 180W at 12V.

[0145] In the depicted example, power from these DC power supplies is provided to one or more protection modules 647. Figure 6I Two examples are shown. In some instances, each protection module receives power from a single line and distributes the power to multiple output lines. In some instances, the power on the output lines has a specific category, such as Category 2. In one example, protection module 647 in control panel 641 has eight output ports, each supplying Category 2 power. In other words, each of the protection modules receives power via an input and supplies power via eight outputs. For example, each of the eight outputs can provide 24V and 4A of electrical power.

[0146] In the depicted embodiment, power output from protection module 647 is provided to control panel monitor (CPM) 649, as described above. Control panel monitor 649 includes sensing circuitry for determining the voltage and current on each of the input and output wires of each of the output lines from protection module 647. These lines are the same lines that ultimately provide power to the trunk lines and / or power plug lines connected to control panel 641. It should be understood that the concept of providing a control panel monitor can be extended to any control panel architecture, which may include any number of power supplies, protection modules, ports for cable connections, etc.

[0147] One or more voltage, current, and / or other information about the wires monitored by the control panel monitor 649 is provided to suitable analysis logic such as the controller 642. The controller 642 can be configured as a network controller, a master controller, both of these, or other suitable logic components suitable for the window controller described herein. To provide communication between the control panel monitor 649 and the controller 642, the control panel monitor 649 is equipped with a suitable communication interface such as a USB / CAN bus adapter 640.

[0148] The control panel 641 also includes multiple ports 646 located on the exterior of devices for connecting to trunk lines and / or power plugs as described herein. Additionally, the control panel 641 is depicted having a circuit breaker 644.

[0149] Figure 6I The control panel 641 depicted herein can be deployed in any of the power distribution network topologies shown herein. For example, it can be used as... Figure 4 Category 1 Control Panel 401, used as Figure 5A and Figure 5B Category 2 control panel 501, etc. As explained, the control panel monitor 649 senses the current and / or voltage on any one or more of the power plugs or trunks supplying power to the distribution network as described herein. For example, monitor 649 may sense... Figure 5B The voltage on each of the wires in line 503. It can also sense the voltage. Figure 5B The voltage on the main line 506 (where it connects to the control panel 501).

[0150] Figure 6J This diagram presents an example of a circuit that can be deployed to implement a control panel monitor such as the CPM 642. The diagram depicts a control panel 651 and downstream locations on the trunk and / or power insertion cables served by the control panel. These downstream locations include wiring lines as equivalent circuitry 653 and multiple window controllers 655.

[0151] In the depicted implementation, each of the window controllers 655 is equipped with an amplifier 656 for measuring the local voltage received at the respective window controller. The voltage value can be reported back to the aforementioned logic for analyzing voltage or current values ​​from the CPM.

[0152] In the depicted implementation, control panel 651 includes power supply 649 (which may be, for example...) Figure 6I The control panel includes one of the power supplies shown, a protection module 657 (which can be one or more of the protection modules shown in any of the accompanying drawings depicting the control panel), and a control panel monitor 652. As shown, power supply 649 provides power to the circuit at a defined DC voltage and amperage, in this example 24V and 40A. Ultimately, power is supplied to the input and output leads on the trunk cable (or power plug cable) connected to the various window controllers 656. Power supply 649 is also connected to ground. One lead of the power supply is supplied to protection module 657, which progressively reduces the amperage before delivering it to the trunk cable or power plug cable. As explained above, the protection module can distribute power from the power supply across multiple output lines.

[0153] In the depicted embodiment, a control panel monitor 652 is positioned on the cable side of the power and protection module. The control panel monitor 652 is configured to monitor the voltage across each of the conductors supplying power to a given cable, as well as all voltage differences between these two conductors at the location of the control panel monitor. For this purpose, a differential amplifier 654 is configured to sense the voltage difference between the two conductors. Additionally, on each conductor, there is a small, high-precision resistor labeled R301. In one example, it has a nominal resistance of 0.010 ohms + / - 100 ppm. When used in conjunction with amplifier U301, resistor R301 allows the control panel monitor to obtain the magnitude of the voltage across each of the conductors of a given cable.

[0154] Figure 6K An additional implementation scheme for the power distribution network is presented, in which components included in the control panel are CPM boards. For example... Figure 5BSimilar to the example, the power distribution network includes a control panel 501', shown in this case with a control panel monitor 660. In this example, eight individual cables, including two main lines 506 and six auxiliary power plug-in lines 503, are connected to the control panel 501' and the control panel monitor 660. It should be noted that the main lines 506 extend all the way to the control panel monitor 660. The main lines optionally carry one or more conductors dedicated to communication transmission; the main lines also carry conductors for transmitting power. The control panel monitor 660 is configured to sense the current and voltage on the conductors in (or directly attached to) these main lines 506 and power plug-in lines 503 at the control panel 501'. As explained, this sensing circuitry allows for monitoring, analysis, feedback, and / or correction of aspects of the power distribution network. Communication information can be transmitted via the main lines 506 or via a wireless device or via a separate communication network (not shown).

[0155] 3. Remote power panel

[0156] The power distribution network may include one or more remote power panels. Remote power panels are typically connected to the building's main power supply, which may be provided at, for example, 120V, 220V, 230V, 240V, etc., depending on the country where the network is installed. Similar to control panels, remote power panels may include components that convert building power into a form more suitable for powering electrochromic windows and window controllers. For example, this may include an AC / DC power converter. Additionally, remote power panels (similar to control panels) may include components that limit the current and / or voltage output of the panel.

[0157] Remote power panels can output either Category 1 or Category 2 power, depending on how the distribution network is configured. If the network is not configured to safely handle Category 1 power, then the remote power panel should be restricted so that it does not deliver Category 1 power. In one instance, the remote power panel does not include any Category 1 circuitry and is a Category 2 component. Any of the features / characteristics stated herein relating to Category 1 or Category 2 circuitry / power supplies may apply to the remote power panel.

[0158] Remote power panels can differ from control panels in several ways. First, control panels are connected to the mains at the upstream end of the mains line (and optionally further downstream, via an auxiliary power plug). In contrast, remote power panels are typically connected to the mains line downstream. In this way, control panels can provide power to window controllers and windows located further upstream on the mains line, and remote power panels can provide power to window controllers and windows located further downstream on the mains line. However, in some cases, the remote power plug may be connected to the mains line further upstream than where the auxiliary power plug connects. Another difference is that control panels often include components for distributing control information for window controllers. These components may include a main controller and a network controller as discussed above. These communication-related components may be omitted in remote power panels. Due to these differences, geometrically, remote power panels can be smaller than control panels on the same distribution network.

[0159] The remote power panel can be positioned far from the control panel. In various cases, the distance between the remote power panel and its connection point is shorter than the distance between the control panel and that same point. In many cases, this means the remote power panel is closer (compared to the control panel) to the electrochromic window powered by the remote power panel.

[0160] Figure 6G The inner side of the remote power supply panel 682 is depicted. Components labeled in this figure include the circuit breaker 683 and the DC power supply 684. In this example, a 24V DC power supply 684 is provided. In some cases, the remote power supply panel receives input power (single-phase AC, 50 / 60Hz) between approximately 100V and 240V and outputs power at a nominal voltage of approximately 24V and a nominal current of approximately 4.0A (depending on the connected wiring). The housing material may be steel or another material, depending on the situation.

[0161] Figure 6H A view of a remote power panel 682 connected to a remote power plug line 637, which is connected to a trunk line 606 via a power plug connector 630, is shown.

[0162] 4. Connector

[0163] Various types of connectors have been described in conjunction with the disclosed power distribution network. Generally, connectors can be classified into three different types: lead-in connectors, power insertion connectors, and power / communication integrated connectors. In various cases, one or more of these connectors may use a T-type connector (such as...). Figure 7A As shown), Y-type connector (such as) Figure 7B (as shown) and / or insulating displacement connectors (such as Figures 7C to 7F(As shown in the diagram) to achieve this. Connectors can be used to implement power distribution networks using linear bus topologies, daisy chains, etc.

[0164] A. Lead-in wire connector

[0165] Drop-in connectors can be used to connect drop-in lines to mains lines. Drop-in connectors are at a minimum configured to connect to power conductors in the mains line and distribute power to the connected drop-in lines. In some cases, drop-in connectors can be respectively as follows: Figure 7A and Figure 7B The T-type connector or Y-type connector shown is illustrated. In some other cases, the lead-in connector can be an insulated displacement connector, as shown in the relevant... Figure 7C As described.

[0166] Figure 7A This describes a T-type connector that can be used as a lead-in connector in some implementations. The connector comprises three main parts: a left side portion, a right side portion, and a lower portion (e.g., ...). Figure 7A (As shown in the diagram). Each of these sections can be connected to a suitable cable. The left and right sections each extend horizontally, and the lower section extends downwards, perpendicular to the left and right sections. In one example, the trunk line connects to the left and right sections, and the lead-in line connects to the lower section. The connector can also be configured, as needed, such that the lead-in line connects to either the left or right section, and the trunk line connects to the remaining sections. The connector includes external threaded ends and / or internal threaded ends suitable for a particular implementation.

[0167] Figure 7B This describes a Y-type connector that can be used as a lead-in connector in some implementations. Here, the connector comprises three connectable parts: a left-side part, a top-right part, and a top-left part. Each of these parts extends horizontally. In other words, the parts extend outwards in a parallel manner so that each of the lines connected to the connector can extend parallel to the other lines connected to the connector. In one example, the lead-in line connects to either the top-right or bottom-right part, and the trunk line connects to the remaining parts. Depending on the specific application, each of the parts includes an external threaded end / internal threaded end. T-type connectors and Y-type connectors are shaped differently but perform the same function. Using a Y-type connector can be particularly advantageous when space is limited for connecting the lead-in line. An exemplary implementation that might fall into this category is when the lead-in line extends through a window frame system (e.g., in some cases, the crossbeams and / or vertical beams of a curtain wall) or another relatively narrow hollow space. Because all of the cable can be connected to the Y-type connector in a parallel configuration (geometrically speaking), this type of hardware results in a smaller installation size when installed in confined spaces.

[0168] In some implementations, the different portions of the Y-connector may extend at an angle, rather than making each of the portions perfectly parallel. For example, refer to... Figure 7B The upper right portion can extend upwards / to the right, and the lower right portion can extend downwards / to the right. In this embodiment, although the different portions of the Y-type connector do not extend in a parallel direction, the Y-type connector still saves space compared to the T-type connector because the T-type connector includes a portion that extends in a direction perpendicular to the other portions.

[0169] When the trunk line is implemented as a flat cable (e.g., as...) Figure 6B and Figure 6C In some cases (as shown), the lead-in connector can be a lead-in insulation displacement connector, such as... Figures 7C to 7F As shown in the diagram. Insulation displacement connectors are designed to connect to conductors within insulated cables by piercing the insulation through the flat cable with one or more sharp blades. This allows an electrical connection to be established without stripping the conductor's insulation before making the connection. The wire blades can be cold-soldered to the conductors in the flat cable trunk, resulting in a reliable and environmentally friendly connection. Insulation displacement connectors are particularly easy and quick to install on flat cable trunks, typically requiring only a screwdriver. The conductor can be installed, for example, in 1 to 2 minutes. Furthermore, insulation displacement connectors can be placed anywhere along the trunk, thus eliminating or reducing the need for multiple cables of a predetermined length. This should be compared to making a connection in a conventional round cable, which may require cutting the cable along with its conductors and then wrapping the cut ends to form a new connection. This process can be particularly challenging in hard-to-access locations, such as ceilings.

[0170] In various instances, an insulation displacement connector includes at least components for piercing the insulation on the mains line and establishing an electrical connection that can be used to distribute power to the lead-in line. In some cases, the insulation displacement connector is also configured to establish a connection that can be used to distribute communication information from the mains line to the lead-in line. In some cases, the lead-in line insulation displacement connector includes four pins (two for distributing power and two for distributing communication information) or five pins (pins listed in the example of four pins and an additional pin for grounding). The lead-in line can be connected to the insulation displacement connector directly or via a connector on the lead-in line itself, which interfaces with the insulation displacement connector on the mains line. In one instance, the insulation displacement connector may be provided with an already attached lead-in line.

[0171] Figure 7CAn example of a flat cable trunk 706 fitted with a lead-in insulation displacement connector 720 is presented. The lead-in insulation displacement connector 720 includes a front portion and a rear portion that are clamped together on the flat cable trunk 706. A screw 766 secures the front portion and the rear portion together. Depending on the requirements of a given application, the lead-in insulation displacement connector 720 includes a port 768 having an internally threaded connector or an externally threaded connector for connecting a lead-in wire.

[0172] Figure 7D Show Figure 7C The rear portion of the lead-in insulated displacement connector 720 and the rear side of the trunk 706 are shown.

[0173] Figure 7E Show Figure 7C and Figure 7D The trunk line 706 and the lead-in wire insulation displacement connector 720 are shown. Here, the lead-in wire 707 is shown connected to the lead-in wire insulation displacement connector 720 via port 768.

[0174] Figure 7F The diagram describes three separate trunk lines 706, each having a lead-in insulation displacement connector 720 and a trunk line 707 connected to said insulation displacement connector 720. A window controller 709 is connected to each of the lead-in lines 707. The three trunk lines 706 can be connected to one or more control panels (not shown). Such connections can be made directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more power insertion lines). In a particular example, both the flat cable trunk line 706 and the lead-in lines 707 carry both power and communication information. In another example, the lines can be configured to distribute power instead of communication information.

[0175] B. Power plug connector

[0176] Power plug connectors provide an electrical connection between a power plug line and a main line. The power plug line can be a main power plug line, an auxiliary power plug line, or a remote power plug line. Similar to drop-in connectors, a variety of different designs can be used to implement power plug connectors. In some cases, power plug connectors can be T-type or Y-type connectors, as related to... Figure 7A and Figure 7B The connectors shown in the figures illustrate this. Although these figures are described above in relation to lead wire connectors, power plug connectors can also take these same shapes. Figure 7A and Figure 7BTwo of the connectors shown comprise three parts. In the case of a lead-in connector, one of these parts is configured to receive power (and optionally communicate information), and the remaining two parts are configured to deliver power (and optionally communicate information). Conversely, in the case of a power-in connector, only one of the parts is configured to deliver power (and optionally communicate information, wherein power / communication is delivered to a downstream portion of the trunk), while the remaining two parts are configured to receive power and / or communicate. Similar geometric considerations as described above can influence the choice of connector used.

[0177] In some cases where the trunk line is implemented as a flat cable, specific configurations can be used to connect the power plug line. Figure 8A This describes a method of installing a T-type power connector, wherein the trunk line is implemented as a flat cable. In this example, the upstream portion of the trunk line 806 is cut off and terminates with a first insulation displacement connector 855 having five pins (two for power, two for communication, and one for ground). The first insulation displacement connector 855 connects to a first intermediate line 845, which feeds into a portion of the power connector 830. The power connector 830 includes another portion connected to a second intermediate line 846. The second intermediate line 846 connects to a second insulation displacement connector 856, which is mounted on the downstream portion of the trunk line 806. The second insulation displacement connector 856 is also a 5-pin connector in this example. Insulation displacement connectors 855 and 856 can be similar to the insulation displacement connectors described in relation to the lead-in connectors discussed above. For example, the connector may include a front portion and a rear portion that mate above the trunk line and pierce the insulation on the trunk line to establish a reliable electrical connection.

[0178] The power insertion connector 830 is also connected to a power insertion line 803, which can thus deliver power to a downstream portion of the trunk line 806. The first insulation displacement connector 855 and the second insulation displacement connector 866 can be relatively large, for example, having a diameter of approximately 7 / 8 inch. The first intermediate wire 845 and the second intermediate wire 846 can be circular cables having five conductors (two for power, two for communication, and one for grounding).

[0179] Figure 8B This describes another method for connecting the power plug 803 to the main line 806. Figure 8B The top portion shows the trunk line 806 before the power plug line 803, and Figure 8BThe bottom portion illustrates how the connection is achieved. Using this method, the power insertion insulation displacement connector 833 partially cuts off the trunk 806 to connect the power insertion line 803 to the trunk 806. More specifically, the power insertion insulation displacement connector 833 cuts off the V+ line inside the device, thus providing an electrical connection to the power insertion line. Regardless of how the power insertion connector is implemented, it can include a diode, such as... Figure 8B As shown in the diagram, the diode can act as an "OR" signal between two V+ wires, effectively doubling the effective wire measurement (doubling the effective copper area and halving the voltage drop). The diode also provides reverse polarity protection so that an incorrectly connected power supply will not provide power.

[0180] C. Power / Communication Integrated Connector

[0181] In some implementations, a power / communication connector can be used to combine two separate cables, one carrying power and the other carrying communication information, so that both power and communication information can be transmitted downstream along the trunk line. Generally, a power / communication connector comprises three parts: one part receives power, one part receives communication information, and one part outputs both power and communication. For example, see reference... Figure 4 Individual cables 404 and 402 can be provided for communication and power distribution, respectively, between the control panel 401 and the upstream portion of the trunk line 406. In other words, communication cable 404 can distribute only communication / control information (non-power), and main power insertion cable 402 can distribute only power (non-communication). In many cases, the trunk line is designed to distribute both power and communication information. For this purpose, individual lines 402 and 404 can be connected to the trunk line 406 at a power / communication integrated connector 408. Power and communication information can then be distributed downstream along the trunk line 406. Although the power / communication integrated connector is shown only in the context of a Category 1 distribution network, the connector can also be provided as needed in a Category 2 distribution network.

[0182] Power / communication connectors can come in various forms. In some cases, the connector is a T-type or Y-type connector, such as... Figure 7A and Figure 7B As shown in the figures. Although these figures were originally described with reference to lead-in connectors, power / communication integrated connectors can also be made in these same shapes. Other shapes and connector configurations are also possible.

[0183] 5. Terminator

[0184] In situations where the power distribution network also functions as a communication network, terminators (also known as terminating resistors) can be installed at the ends of each trunk line to minimize communication reflections. Terminators can be installed between the CAN H and CAN L lines of the trunk cable.

[0185] Figure 9 Presented is a flat cable trunk 906 with a terminator 970 mounted on it. In this example, the terminator includes front and rear portions mating above the trunk, similar to the insulation displacement connector described above. The terminator can also be mounted on trunks implemented as more conventional round cables.

[0186] Any of the power distribution networks disclosed herein may include a terminator located at the end of each trunk line. The terminator is particularly useful when the trunk line is used to distribute communication information.

[0187] 6. Energy Well

[0188] Any of the distribution networks described herein may further include one or more energy wells. An energy well is a local power storage unit installed as part of the distribution network. Energy wells can be used to increase the maximum rate at which energy / electricity can be delivered through the distribution network. For example, in the absence of any energy wells in the distribution network, the maximum rate at which energy / electricity can be delivered through the network can be limited by various factors, including the power output of control panels, line distance, and associated line losses. These and other factors limit the number of electrochromic windows and window controllers that can be powered on each segment of the network. However, when the network is designed to include energy wells, the maximum power output of the network is no longer strictly affected by these factors because the energy wells can discharge as needed to provide additional power.

[0189] The use of energy wells allows distribution networks to be designed in a way that would be “too small” to be considered without them. In other words, in some implementations, the network may include (a) control panels and power plug-in lines / trunks configured such that they would be insufficient to power simultaneous optical transitions on all electrochromic windows on the network, and (b) energy wells that, together with the control panels and power plug-in lines / trunks, provide sufficient power to drive simultaneous optical transitions on all electrochromic windows on the network. Energy wells should have a capacity and discharge rate sufficient to compensate for any shortfall in power provided by the control panels (and remote power panels, if present). This capacity and rate will depend on many factors relevant to the network design, including: the number of windows powered by energy wells, the power requirements of the windows and window controllers, the number of energy wells provided, distance and line losses, Category 1 design relative to Category 2, etc.

[0190] Energy wells can be installed in various locations on the power distribution network, including, for example, on the main line, drop line, power insertion line, or another line connected to the main line. In some embodiments, one or more (in some cases all) of the window controllers are configured to include energy wells. In some of these embodiments, each energy well may have a sufficiently high capacity and discharge rate to power at least a single optical transition on the associated electrochromic window.

[0191] Any type of local energy storage can be used in an energy well. Examples include, but are not limited to, supercapacitors and batteries, whether in the form of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or otherwise. In some cases, an energy well can be configured to discharge at a voltage of approximately 24V, although other values ​​may be used as appropriate. In many cases, the energy well provides DC power. An energy well can be a Category 1 or Category 2 device.

[0192] Both energy wells and remote power panels can be used to supply power to the mains. One difference is that an energy well is an energy storage unit, while a remote power panel is typically not. An energy well can be charged via the distribution network when the combined power requirement of the windows and window controllers on the network is less than the power that the control panel and remote power panel (if present) can supply. If, and when, the combined power requirement of the windows and window controllers exceeds the amount of power that the control panel and remote power panel can supply, the energy well can begin to discharge to compensate for the difference. Then, when the combined power demand drops below the level that the control panel and remote power panel can provide, the energy well can begin to recharge via the distribution network.

[0193] Another difference between energy wells and remote power panels is that remote power panels receive power directly from the main building's power supply, while energy wells typically receive power that has already been converted into a more usable form (e.g., lower voltage DC power).

[0194] Energy wells are further described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 191,975, filed July 13, 2015, entitled “POWER MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW NETWORKS”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0195] Installation kit

[0196] As explained, the various features of the distribution network described herein allow for easy installation. The ease of installation makes the system suitable for residential and small-scale commercial (non-large office building) window markets. One feature that facilitates easy installation is the flat cable trunk. As described above, flat cable trunks are advantageous for several reasons. For example, drop wires and power plug wires can be connected without completely cutting the drop wires. This allows for the installation of a single, continuous trunk. Therefore, there is no need to predict or estimate the relevant length of each section of the trunk (e.g., between adjacent drop wire connectors and / or power plug connectors), nor is it necessary to pre-cut the trunk to such distances. This greatly simplifies installation and reduces the likelihood of costly installation errors. Another advantage of flat cable trunks is that the various connectors are very quick and easy to install, generally requiring only a screwdriver.

[0197] In some implementations, installation kits may be provided. These kits provide many or all of the interchangeable components for implementing a power distribution network for electrochromic windows. In some cases, retailers such as home improvement stores may sell installation kits. Homeowners, business owners, or contractors may install the network in their homes or businesses, and in some cases, retrofit or extend existing window networks. Installation kits include various components used in the power distribution network (which may also function as a communications network). These components may include one or more control panels, one or more trunk lines (e.g., flat cable trunk lines), one or more drop-in connectors (e.g., insulation displacement connectors), one or more drop-in lines (which may or may not be pre-connected to the drop-in insulation displacement connectors), one or more window controllers, one or more terminators (where the trunk line is used to distribute both power and communications information), and a set of instructions for configuring the network. In some implementations, the kit or certain components are packaged for ease of sale and / or transport. For example, connectors, control panels, and / or cables may be wrapped in bubble wrap packaging material.

[0198] The kit may also include optically switchable windows such as electrochromic windows (e.g., mounted in an electrochromic IGU or window pane), although these may be provided separately in various cases, for example, to ensure that the windows are appropriately sized for a particular application. In some cases, one or more of the windows provided with the kit are “filler” windows configured to be mounted in cavities where existing non-optically switchable windows reside. See U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 194,107, filed July 17, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0199] In some cases, the kit may further include a power plug connector, such as an insulation displacement connector, and a cable that can be used as a power plug line. The cable may be the same as or different from the trunk cable. In one instance where the cables are different, the power plug line cable may be able to transmit only power, while the trunk cable may be able to transmit both power and communication.

[0200] Any or more of the trunk cable, drop cable, and power insertion cable may be designed or configured to allow connection without damaging the cable. As mentioned, the cable includes flat cable, hybrid cable (partially round and partially flat cable), and round cable, which can be manipulated to provide flat-format conductors at the point of connection.

[0201] The control panel included in the suite can have the features described above. Figure 6E and Figure 6F The various features described. In some cases, the control panel can be relatively simple, including, for example: (a) an AC / DC power converter for converting incoming AC building power into a more usable DC form for distribution along the distribution network; (b) a voltage and / or current limiter for ensuring that the power distributed through the network does not exceed certain safety standards; and (c) one or more connection points for connecting to the mains and / or power plug-in lines. The control panel provided in the kit may further have any one or more of the additional features described above related to the control panel. In some embodiments, the control panel is relatively small, for example, having a size not exceeding about 30 inches. In some embodiments, the control panel contains a Category 2 power supply, and sometimes only one such power supply. In some embodiments employing a Category 2 power supply, the control panel does not include a protection module. In one instance, the control panel further includes one or more network controllers and an optional master controller. In some instances, the control panel includes a dongle that implements a CAN bus interface to combine the functions of the master controller and the network controller. In various embodiments, the control panel does not contain any window controllers.

[0202] The quantity and length of the cables (trunk, power plug, and drop wires) and the quantity and type of connectors in the kit are configured to meet specific market segments (e.g., single-family homes versus apartment buildings or small commercial buildings). In one embodiment, the kit includes at least about 100 feet or 200 feet of flat cable trunk, at least about X drop wire insulation displacement connectors, at least about X drop wires (optionally pre-attached to the drop wire insulation displacement connectors), and at least about X window controllers. X can be any integer and is 1, about 4, about 8, about 10, about 15, or about 20 in some embodiments. In another embodiment, the kit may include these same components, except that the drop wires may be provided together in a single line, which may be cut to the appropriate length for each individual drop wire. Kits of different sizes may have trunks of different lengths, with larger kits (e.g., those designed to accommodate a relatively large number of electrochromic windows) providing longer trunks.

[0203] Depending on the specific application requirements, the kit may be supplemented with individual components that can be purchased separately.

Claims

1. A power distribution network for supplying power to a plurality of optically switchable windows in a building, the power distribution network comprising: A control panel includes a housing, one or more power supplies and one or more power ports, the one or more power supplies being connected to a main power supply for the building, and the one or more power ports being connected to the one or more power supplies such that the one or more power supplies are configured to provide power to the one or more power ports, the power being suitable for powering at least some of the optically switchable windows and driving optical transitions of these optically switchable windows, wherein the one or more power supplies and the one or more power ports are housed within or on the housing of the control panel; A main power connector, which is connected to one or more power ports on the control panel; An auxiliary power connector is provided, which is connected to one or more power ports on the control panel. A trunk line, the trunk line being connected to the main power insertion line at a first position and to the auxiliary power insertion line at a second position, the second position being different from the first position, the trunk line comprising a plurality of conductors connected to a plurality of lead-in lines connected to a plurality of window controllers to provide power to the plurality of window controllers to control one or more of at least some of the optically switchable windows; as well as A plurality of connectors are connected between the plurality of lead wires and the plurality of conductors of the trunk line, each connector providing an electrical path between the trunk line and a corresponding lead wire, wherein each of the plurality of optically switchable windows is configured to receive power from the main power insertion line and the auxiliary power insertion line.

2. The power distribution network of claim 1, wherein the plurality of connectors includes an insulation displacement connector.

3. The power distribution network of claim 1, wherein the second position is downstream of the first position and the second position is located between the first position and the position of the terminal optical switchable window.

4. The power distribution network of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of window controllers coupled between one or more of the at least some of the optically switchable windows and the lead-in line, wherein the plurality of window controllers include circuitry for supplying power to one or more of the at least some of the optically switchable windows and driving optical transitions of one or more of the at least some of the optically switchable windows.

5. The power distribution network of claim 4, wherein the plurality of window controllers further includes instructions for increasing and maintaining electrical power to one or more of the at least some of the optically switchable windows to drive the optical switching.

6. The power distribution network of claim 1, further comprising a remote power panel disposed closer to one or more of the at least some of the optically switchable windows than the control panel.

7. The power distribution network of claim 1, wherein the control panel includes a control panel monitor configured to sense voltage and / or current in one or more of the plurality of conductors connected to the trunk line.

8. The power distribution network of claim 7, wherein the control panel monitor is configured to detect the voltage difference between the input and output conductors in the trunk at the control panel.

9. The power distribution network of claim 7, wherein the control panel monitor is configured to detect the current difference between the input conductor and the output conductor of the trunk at the control panel.

10. The power distribution network of claim 1, wherein the control panel includes a protection module configured to limit the current output by the control panel.

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