Method for protecting and utilizing black soil suitable for regions, types and places

Abstract

The invention provides a method for protecting and utilizing black soil suitable for regions, types and places, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural resources and environmental protection. Comprising the following steps: systematically collecting a black soil protection and utilization technical mode through a literature analysis method, and screening to form a technical database comprising a fertile plough layer construction technology, a straw returning, deep ploughing, deep scarification and fertilization technology, a jade-jade-bean dry farmland cultivated land quality conservation technical mode and a slope farmland soil conservation and quality improvement comprehensive technical mode; constructing a black soil protection and utilization comprehensive evaluation system comprising three spatial hierarchies including a regional scale, a class scale and a ground scale, and four dimensions including a climate adaptation class, a soil protection class, a soil utilization class and a soil improvement class; comprehensive scores are calculated and graded through an evaluation system, and key obstacle factors restricting black soil quality improvement and spatial distribution of the key obstacle factors are recognized through an obstacle degree model; and matching the technical combination according to the obstacle factor identification result.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural resources and environmental protection technology, specifically to a method for the protection and utilization of black soil that is suitable for specific regions, types, and locations. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, in response to the dual pressures on resources and ecology brought about by the intensified degradation of black soil, various conservation and utilization technologies, such as straw return to the field, deep tillage, and crop rotation and fallow, have been successively promoted and applied. These technologies have, to some extent, curbed the decline in black soil function and promoted soil quality improvement. However, as black soil protection work gradually enters a stage of refined management, the existing technological system still faces several key bottlenecks in practical application. On the one hand, the precision of technology implementation is insufficient, failing to fully consider the differences in conditions and soil types across different plots, resulting in weak technology adaptability. On the other hand, current research and application lack a system integration perspective, and a synergistic regulation mechanism across multiple scales has not yet been effectively constructed. Therefore, constructing a precise allocation system for black soil protection and utilization technologies based on the principles of appropriate region, type, and location has become a core scientific issue and practical challenge for improving regional arable land quality and achieving sustainable utilization of black soil.

[0003] Black soil, as the lifeblood of national agricultural development, is of great significance for ensuring food security and achieving sustainable agricultural development. Hailun City in Heilongjiang Province, as a core area for black soil protection in my country, with its complex topography and diverse soil types, has become a typical representative region for conducting research on precise protection technologies tailored to specific regions and soil types. Promoting precise black soil protection in Hailun City not only addresses the current prominent issue of insufficient precision in the application of protection technologies, but also serves as an important measure to continuously deepen black soil protection work and achieve increased and stable grain production. Through systematic research on obstacle factor identification and precise technology matching, this study will provide scientific basis and practical pathways for black soil protection pilot counties and even the entire Northeast black soil region, promoting sustainable agricultural development in the region. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is to address the shortcomings of the prior art. The purpose of this invention is to propose a black soil protection and utilization technology system based on obstacle factor identification, which is suitable for the precise configuration and promotion of protection technologies in typical black soil areas represented by Hailun City.

[0005] To achieve the objective of this invention, the following technical solution is adopted: a method for the protection and utilization of black soil suitable for specific regions, types, and locations, characterized by comprising the following steps:

[0006] (1) Construct a basic database of black soil protection technology: systematically collect black soil protection and utilization technology models through literature analysis, and screen to form a technology database including fertile topsoil construction technology, straw return to field deep plowing and fertilization technology, "maize-maize-soybean" dryland arable land quality conservation technology model, and sloping arable land soil conservation and quality improvement comprehensive technology model.

[0007] (2) Establish a multi-scale evaluation system: Based on the Earth's critical zone theory, construct a comprehensive evaluation system for black soil protection and utilization that includes three spatial levels (regional scale, class scale, and land scale) and four dimensions (climate adaptation, soil protection, soil utilization, and soil improvement).

[0008] (3) Obstacle factor identification and diagnosis: The comprehensive score is calculated and graded through the evaluation system, and the obstacle degree model is used to identify the key obstacle factors that restrict the improvement of black soil quality and their spatial distribution.

[0009] (4) Precise configuration of protection technology: Based on the results of obstacle identification, match the following combinations: planting of vegetation belts on the ridges, vegetation ditch sealing technology, deep plowing to break obstacles + application of lime / phosphate fertilizer to improve soil, crop rotation + deep mixing of organic materials to 35cm for returning to the field / no-till, deep loosening of the land, and green manure rotation / lime conditioning technology.

[0010] Preferably, the literature analysis method described in step (1) specifically includes the collection, screening, classification, analysis and summarization of literature, technical procedures and related news reports.

[0011] Preferably, the evaluation system described in step (2) includes:

[0012] Geoscale indicators: bulk density, pH, organic carbon, barrier factors, and black soil layer thickness;

[0013] Class-scale indicators: Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI), Connectivity Index (CONTAG), Edge Density (ED), Maximum Patch Index (LPI), Non-cultivated Habitat Ratio, Soil Type, Groundwater Depth, Rock Group;

[0014] Regional scale indicators: undulation, altitude, dry and wet zones, temperature zones.

[0015] Preferably, the evaluation system uses a combination of the Delphi method and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weights:

[0016] First, the Delphi method is used to assign values ​​to the evaluation indicators and their importance. Then, the analytic hierarchy process is used to stratify the evaluation indicators according to their membership relationships. Next, the relative importance of each layer is compared, and the quantitative relationship is calculated using the judgment matrix to determine the weights.

[0017] Preferably, the grading criteria in step (3) are:

[0018] <45 points indicates an extremely vulnerable zone; 45-55 points indicates a moderately vulnerable zone; 55-65 points indicates a risk warning zone; 65-70 points indicates a zone in urgent need of optimization; 70-75 points indicates a zone for planned governance; 75-80 points indicates a zone for stable utilization; >80 points indicates a zone for optimized demonstration.

[0019] More preferably, the technology matching in step (4) specifically includes:

[0020] To address the issue of fragmented landscape: techniques such as planting vegetation along field ridges, planting wildflowers, and creating protective forests were employed.

[0021] To address the issue of shallow topsoil: Deep plowing to break up obstacles + application of lime / phosphate fertilizer to improve the soil;

[0022] To address soil erosion: plant-based ditch sealing technology is employed;

[0023] To address insufficient organic carbon: adopt crop rotation + deep mixing of organic materials to a depth of 35cm and returning to the field / no-till technology;

[0024] To address soil compaction: Deep tillage and land preparation techniques are employed.

[0025] For soil acidification: Green manure rotation / lime conditioning techniques are employed.

[0026] More preferably, the planting of vegetation along the field ridges specifically includes: setting up a 2-3m wide ecological buffer zone along the farmland boundary; setting up strip-shaped protective forests every 200-500m; and combining the layout with ecological functional zones, corridors, or drainage ditches.

[0027] More preferably, the deep tillage and soil improvement technology involving the application of lime / phosphate fertilizer specifically includes: using deep tillage tools to till to a depth of 35-40 cm; applying lime powder at a rate of 1-2 t / hm². 2 Apply by scattering; simultaneously scatter calcium phosphate / humic acid amendment.

[0028] The present invention also provides a spatial distribution map of black soil protection and utilization methods obtained by the above method, which can intuitively show the appropriate combination of technologies to be used in different regions.

[0029] The present invention also provides a black soil protection system, comprising:

[0030] The assessment module establishes a system to evaluate the suitability of black soil protection and utilization; the obstacle factor diagnosis module identifies the causes of soil degradation based on the assessment information; and the protection technology configuration module proposes targeted protection and utilization technologies to address degradation issues, achieving a match between technologies and regional characteristics and obstacle types.

[0031] Compared with the prior art, the present invention achieves the following technical effects:

[0032] This technology achieves a comprehensive technological breakthrough, from soil improvement to ecosystem restoration, by constructing a multi-scale adapted black soil protection technology system. Regarding soil quality improvement, it innovatively integrates physical structure improvement with biochemical regulation methods, effectively improving the topsoil structure and nutrient cycling system, and significantly enhancing the soil's productivity and environmental buffering capacity. Through the implementation of differentiated technology combinations, it not only solves the soil degradation problem caused by traditional farming but also rebuilds a healthy soil ecosystem.

[0033] From an agricultural production perspective, this technology system has constructed a sustainable productivity enhancement model by optimizing cropping systems and nutrient management. Targeting the characteristics of different regions and crop needs, the developed technical solutions have ensured both stable and increased grain production while achieving efficient resource utilization. Particularly in the area of ​​marginal land improvement, it has formed a scalable ecological utilization paradigm, providing a practical model for the overall improvement of arable land quality.

[0034] In terms of ecological and environmental benefits, the technology system innovatively integrates landscape ecology principles into farmland management, restoring the farmland landscape pattern through ecological engineering measures. The established biological barrier system effectively controls soil erosion and enhances the stability and resilience of the agricultural ecosystem. The entire technology not only improves the farmland microenvironment but also promotes the overall enhancement of regional ecosystem services, achieving coordinated development of agricultural production and ecological protection. Attached Figure Description

[0035] For ease of explanation, the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0036] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for the protection and utilization of black soil in a suitable region, type, and location, provided by this invention.

[0037] Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the principle of a technology for the protection and utilization of black soil in a suitable region, type, and location, provided by this invention.

[0038] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the principle of a technology system for the protection and utilization of black soil in a suitable region, type, and location, as provided by the present invention.

[0039] Figure 4 Spatial distribution of the suitability evaluation results for the protection and utilization of black soil in Hailun City; overall evaluation results map of Hailun City.

[0040] Figure 5 Spatial distribution of the suitability evaluation results for black soil protection and utilization in Hailun City; map showing the evaluation results of cultivated land in Hailun City.

[0041] Figure 6 Spatial distribution map of black soil protection and utilization technologies suitable for specific areas, types, and locations in Hailun City. Detailed Implementation

[0042] The following are specific embodiments of the present invention, in conjunction with the appendix. Figure 1-6 The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described below, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments; in the following description, specific details such as specific configurations are provided only to help to fully understand the embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, those skilled in the art should understand that various changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.

[0043] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this invention can be combined with each other.

[0044] This invention provides a method for the protection and utilization of black soil that is appropriate to the region, type, and location. The method includes: integrating and analyzing existing black soil protection technology models to construct a technology database; constructing a comprehensive evaluation system for black soil protection and utilization based on the Earth's critical zone theory, encompassing soil properties, landscape characteristics, and environmental background conditions; identifying and diagnosing key obstacles and their spatial distribution that restrict the improvement of black soil quality based on the evaluation results; and matching targeted protection and utilization technologies according to the identified obstacles and degradation characteristics to achieve precise technology configuration.

[0045] As a preferred embodiment of the black soil protection and utilization technology suitable for specific regions, types, and locations described in this invention, the specific steps for integrating and sorting out existing black soil protection technology models and constructing a technology foundation database are as follows:

[0046] The process of obtaining technical models for the protection and utilization of black soil through literature analysis requires a systematic and rigorous approach, involving the collection, screening, classification, analysis, and summarization of literature, technical regulations, and relevant news reports. In the literature collection phase, authoritative Chinese and English databases such as CNKI, Wanfang Database, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were selected as the primary data sources. Keyword-based searches, such as "black soil protection," "black soil protection technical models," "conservation tillage," and "Hailun / Hailun City," identified 238 relevant articles. Literature related to protection and utilization technologies was then selected based on titles and abstracts, excluding irrelevant or duplicate content. Further in-depth screening involved reading the full text, prioritizing high-quality research and technically practical articles, totaling 79 articles. In addition to reviewing scientific and technological literature, technical models for the protection and utilization of black soil areas were also collected through government websites and relevant news reports, focusing on the websites of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the agricultural and ecological environment departments of the four northeastern provinces, as well as research institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to obtain policy documents, technical regulations, planning outlines, and experimental results. At the same time, in conjunction with the contents of more than 10 policies and technical documents such as the "Black Soil Protection Law" and the "Northeast Black Soil Conservation Tillage Action Plan (2020-2025)," the existing black soil protection and utilization technology models in Hailun City were comprehensively reviewed and summarized.

[0047] By reviewing reports on the implementation location and effects of the black soil demonstration area in Hailun City on relevant websites of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as experimental studies conducted by the Hailun National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Farmland Ecosystem and the Hailun Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring and Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the literature, the main protection and utilization technology models in Hailun City were identified as follows: fertile topsoil construction technology, straw return to the field deep plowing and fertilization technology, "maize-maize-soybean" dryland farmland quality conservation technology model with full straw deep plowing and return to the field as the core, and comprehensive technology model for soil conservation and quality improvement of sloping farmland (as shown in Table 1).

[0048] Table 1 Summary of Technical Models for Black Soil Protection and Utilization in Hailun City

[0049]

[0050]

[0051] As a preferred embodiment of the black soil protection and utilization technology tailored to specific regions and soil types described in this invention, the specific steps for constructing a comprehensive evaluation system for black soil protection and utilization based on the Earth's critical zone theory, encompassing soil properties, landscape characteristics, and environmental background conditions, are as follows:

[0052] Based on the Earth's critical zone theory, this study fully considers the coupling relationships and hierarchical structure of soil, hydrology, climate, and geological elements in the Earth's surface system at different spatial scales. Guided by this theory, a multi-scale, multi-dimensional suitability evaluation system for black soil protection and utilization has been constructed. Spatially, this system is divided into regional, category, and land scales, corresponding to regional environmental background, zoning characteristics, and specific plot conditions, respectively. In terms of evaluation dimensions, it covers four major categories: climate adaptation, soil protection, soil utilization, and soil improvement, systematically reflecting the suitability status of black soil resources at different levels (as shown in Tables 2 and 3).

[0053] Table 2 Framework for evaluating the suitability of protection and utilization

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] Table 3 Grading Standards

[0057]

[0058] This evaluation employed a combination of the Delphi method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the weights. First, the Delphi method was used, with experts assigning values ​​to the evaluation indicators and their importance. Based on this, the AHP was used to stratify the evaluation indicators according to their membership relationships. Then, the relative importance of each stratum was compared, and a judgment matrix was used to calculate the quantitative relationships, thereby determining the weights (Table 4). A weighted summation was then used to calculate the comprehensive index.

[0059] Table 4. Evaluation Index System and Weights for the Suitability of Black Soil Protection and Utilization

[0060]

[0061] As a preferred embodiment of the black soil protection and utilization technology for suitable regions, types, and sites described in this invention, the specific steps for identifying and diagnosing the key obstacles restricting the improvement of black soil quality and their spatial distribution based on the evaluation results are as follows:

[0062] The suitability of protection and utilization is evaluated according to the evaluation index system. After calculating the comprehensive score, the comprehensive score is named according to the classification range in Table 5. Figure 4 This is the overall evaluation result of Hailun City. Figure 5This figure shows the distribution of different suitability zones after extracting the cultivated land area of ​​Hailun. As can be seen from the figure, the suitability zoning for the protection and utilization of black soil in Hailun City shows a clear spatial gradient pattern: the central and southern and southeastern parts are the main areas for optimization demonstration and stable utilization, and are the key areas for implementing the construction and enrichment of the black soil fertile topsoil, conservation tillage and ecological demonstration; the central and northern parts and the western hilly areas are mainly planned management areas, and soil structure regulation, organic matter enhancement and landscape fragmentation problems need to be addressed according to local conditions; while the extremely marginal areas that urgently need optimization face multiple restrictions, such as soil erosion and significant barrier layers, and should be restored or developed within limits.

[0063] Table 5. Overall Score Grading Range and Name

[0064]

[0065] By identifying obstacle factors using obstacle degree models, the degree of obstacle caused by different factors and their distribution can be clearly defined. The ecological or production problems resulting from these obstacle factors are shown in Table 6.

[0066] Table 6. Summary of Major Obstacles and Problem Types in Black Soil Farmland of Hailun City

[0067]

[0068] As a preferred embodiment of the black soil protection and utilization technology suitable for specific regions, types, and locations described in this invention, the specific steps for matching targeted protection and utilization technologies based on identified obstacle factors and degradation problem characteristics to achieve precise technology configuration are as follows:

[0069] In the black soil protection and utilization technology matching system constructed in this invention, a three-in-one system logic of "obstacle factor identification - problem diagnosis - technology matching" is formed based on the "region-class-land" multi-scale identification framework. Theoretically, the key obstacle factors identified by the evaluation unit at each scale are matched with corresponding protection and utilization technologies, realizing multi-level collaborative protection from regional macro-configuration to plot-specific management. However, due to the relatively small topographic relief, relatively uniform climate zoning, and insignificant natural geographical differences in Hailun City, regional-scale obstacles were not identified. Therefore, in actual implementation, this invention mainly focuses on technology matching at the class-scale and land-scale levels.

[0070] Based on the collected database of black soil protection and utilization technologies in Hailun City, targeted solutions are implemented to address the production and ecological problems caused by the identified obstacles. For example, the landscape fragmentation problem caused by LPI can be effectively solved by using the planting method of vegetation strips along the ridges.

[0071] Specifically, planting vegetation along field ridges involves setting up a 2-3m wide ecological buffer zone (a mix of wildflowers, herbs, and legumes) along the farmland boundary; establishing a strip of protective forest (such as a mix of poplar, elm, and black locust) every 200-500m; and combining it with ecological functional zones, corridors, or drainage ditches to form a continuous vegetation boundary.

[0072] Plant-based ditch sealing technology: sealing off erosion gullies and land fault zones, using soil-stabilizing plants such as alfalfa and bermudagrass to stabilize slopes; embedding 5-10m non-cultivated corridors between adjacent small plots to improve the contiguousness of the area.

[0073] Deep tillage and soil improvement with lime / phosphate fertilizer: Use deep tillage plows to work to a depth of 35-40cm to break up the underlying obstacle layer; apply lime powder at a rate of 1-2 t / hm². 2 Apply the fertilizer and then turn it into the soil at a depth of more than 20cm; at the same time, apply calcium phosphate / humic acid conditioner to enhance soil nutrient adsorption.

[0074] Crop rotation + deep mixing of organic materials to a depth of 35cm for return to the field / no-till: In autumn or before spring, crushed straw (6-8 t / hm) is returned to the field. 2 ) + Commercial organic fertilizer (10-20t / hm) 2 Deeply mix the soil into the topsoil; implement no-till planting + soybean-corn rotation system to reduce soil disturbance.

[0075] Deep tillage: Deep tillage machinery operates to a depth of 30-35cm to break up the plow pan; after the operation, maintain a 2-3 year crop rotation or no-till to maintain a loose structure.

[0076] Green manure rotation / lime conditioning: Apply lime powder (1.5 t / hm) to plots with pH < 5.5. 2 Mix it into the deeper layers; combine it with leguminous green manure crops such as vetch and milkvetch for crop rotation to improve the rhizosphere.

[0077] Table 7. Typical Obstacles to Black Soil Farmland and Corresponding Recommended Technologies

[0078]

[0079] This invention also provides a black soil protection and utilization technology system that is suitable for specific regions, types, and locations. The system includes an assessment module for evaluating the suitability of black soil protection and utilization; a barrier factor diagnosis module for identifying the causes of soil degradation based on the assessment information; and a protection technology configuration module for proposing targeted protection and utilization technologies to address degradation issues and achieve matching between technologies and regional characteristics and barrier types.

[0080] Those skilled in the art to which this application pertains may make various modifications or additions to the specific embodiments described, or adopt similar methods to replace them, without departing from the inventive concept of this application or exceeding the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for the protection and utilization of black soil that is suitable for specific regions, types, and locations, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: (1) Construct a basic database of black soil protection technology: systematically collect black soil protection and utilization technology models through literature analysis, and screen to form a technology database including fertile topsoil construction technology, straw return to field deep plowing and fertilization technology, "maize-maize-soybean" dryland arable land quality conservation technology model, and sloping arable land soil conservation and quality improvement comprehensive technology model. (2) Establish a multi-scale evaluation system: Based on the Earth's critical zone theory, construct a comprehensive evaluation system for black soil protection and utilization that includes three spatial levels (regional scale, class scale, and land scale) and four dimensions (climate adaptation, soil protection, soil utilization, and soil improvement). (3) Obstacle factor identification and diagnosis: The comprehensive score is calculated and graded through the evaluation system, and the obstacle degree model is used to identify the key obstacle factors that restrict the improvement of black soil quality and their spatial distribution. (4) Precise configuration of protection technology: Based on the results of obstacle identification, match the following combinations: planting of vegetation belts on the ridges, vegetation ditch sealing technology, deep plowing to break obstacles + application of lime / phosphate fertilizer to improve soil, crop rotation + deep mixing of organic materials to 35cm for returning to the field / no-till, deep loosening of the land, and green manure rotation / lime conditioning technology.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The literature analysis method described in step (1) specifically includes the collection, screening, classification, analysis and summarization of literature, technical procedures and related news reports.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The evaluation system described in step (2) includes: Geoscale indicators: bulk density, pH, organic carbon, barrier factors, and black soil layer thickness; Class-scale indicators: Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI), Connectivity Index (CONTAG), Edge Density (ED), Maximum Patch Index (LPI), Non-cultivated Habitat Ratio, Soil Type, Groundwater Depth, Rock Group; Regional scale indicators: undulation, altitude, dry and wet zones, temperature zones.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The evaluation system uses a combination of Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights: First, the Delphi method is used to assign values ​​to the evaluation indicators and their importance. Then, the analytic hierarchy process is used to stratify the evaluation indicators according to their membership relationships. Next, the relative importance of each layer is compared, and the quantitative relationship is calculated using the judgment matrix to determine the weights.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The grading criteria mentioned in step (3) are as follows: <45 points indicates an extremely vulnerable zone; 45-55 points indicates a moderately vulnerable zone; 55-65 points indicates a risk warning zone; 65-70 points indicates a zone in urgent need of optimization; 70-75 points indicates a zone for planned governance; 75-80 points indicates a zone for stable utilization; >80 points indicates a zone for optimized demonstration.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The technology matching mentioned in step (4) specifically includes: To address the issue of fragmented landscape: techniques such as planting vegetation along field ridges, planting wildflowers, and creating protective forests were employed. To address the issue of shallow topsoil: Deep plowing to break up obstacles + application of lime / phosphate fertilizer to improve the soil; To address soil erosion: plant-based ditch sealing technology is employed; To address insufficient organic carbon: adopt crop rotation + deep mixing of organic materials to a depth of 35cm and returning to the field / no-till technology; To address soil compaction: Deep tillage and land preparation techniques are employed. For soil acidification: Green manure rotation / lime conditioning techniques are employed.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The planting of vegetation strips along the ridges specifically includes: Set up a 2-3m wide ecological buffer zone along the farmland boundary; set up strip-shaped protective forests every 200-500m; and combine the layout with ecological functional zones, corridors or drainage ditches.

8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The deep tillage and soil improvement technology combined with the application of lime / phosphate fertilizer specifically includes: Use deep plows to till to a depth of 35-40 cm; apply lime powder at a rate of 1-2 t / hm. 2 Apply by scattering; simultaneously scatter calcium phosphate / humic acid amendment.

9. A spatial distribution map of black soil protection and utilization methods obtained by the method described in any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, It can intuitively display the appropriate combination of technologies for different regions.

10. A black soil protection system, characterized in that, include: Evaluation module: used to implement the evaluation system described in claim 1; Obstacle factor diagnosis module: used to perform the obstacle factor identification as described in claim 1; Protection technology configuration module: used to achieve precise matching of the protection technology described in claim 1.

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