Livestock age verification system

Abstract

A system for automatically sensing, monitoring and analyzing livestock to provide age verification and relative viability metrics is disclosed. The system generally includes a tag attachable to a livestock, a position detector, and a data processor. The tag senses livestock motion and generates first data indicative of a body parameter. The position detector senses a livestock position and generates second data indicative of a body parameter. The data processor receives and stores a first data aggregation of the same data type as the first data type and a second data aggregation of the same data type as the second data type for the plurality of other livestock. The data processor statistically analyzes the first data and the second data with respect to the first data aggregation and the second data aggregation, and generates indications of age and relative viability metrics for the livestock.

Description

Background Technology

[0001] The described example embodiments generally relate to a system for sensing, monitoring, and analyzing livestock characteristics to provide age verification and relative vitality measurements.

[0002] Tags equipped with sensors and electronic devices are externally attached to various parts of the bodies of cattle and other livestock as components of livestock management systems to sense, record, and transmit data about the livestock's location, certain physical parameters, and health and welfare. For example, such tags are attached to the ears, dewlaps, tail, and chest area of ​​cattle.

[0003] Livestock producers and buyers rely on metrics, including the weight of livestock at birth and throughout their lives, to assess the merits and value of individual livestock and their offspring for breeding and other uses. Various breed associations publish Expected Offspring Difference (EPD) scores for livestock registered with them. EPD scores are based on birth and age weight, as well as other physical characteristics. Livestock producers and buyers can use such EPD scores to assess the relative merits and value of potential breeding livestock and their offspring compared to other livestock of the same breed.

[0004] However, the accuracy and usefulness of EPD scores are only as important as the accuracy of the underlying data upon which they are based. For example, if a livestock's actual birth date is earlier than the date provided to the breed association, and / or if its actual birth weight is less than the provided birth weight, the resulting EPD score may be inaccurately inflated, making the livestock appear more valuable for breeding than it actually is. Therefore, a method is needed to verify the accuracy of birth dates and birth weights of livestock registered with breed associations.

[0005] Furthermore, livestock producers and buyers need a more accurate way to determine whether livestock are suitable for inclusion in their herds and to thrive in the environment of their specific managed areas. Therefore, a method is needed to provide a measure of the relative vitality of livestock.

[0006] The various embodiments disclosed herein address these needs and provide additional benefits as further described below. Any discussion of the related art throughout this specification should not be construed as an admission that such related art is well-known in the art or forms part of common general knowledge. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Some embodiments of the various example embodiments of this disclosure relate to a livestock age verification system 10 that can automatically predict or determine the birth date and age of livestock 12, verify the accuracy of the declared age of livestock 12, and generate a vitality metric and a relative vitality metric for livestock 12.

[0008] An example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 disclosed herein includes a tag 20 attachable to livestock 12 and a data processor 120. The tag 20 includes sensors adapted to sense bodily parameters of the livestock 12 and wirelessly transmit first data indicating those bodily parameters. The data processor 120 is adapted to receive the first data and includes a data storage device for storing a first data aggregation of the same data type from multiple other livestock. The data processor 120 is configured to analyze the first data individually and / or with respect to the first data aggregation and generate an indication of the age of the livestock 12 based on the analysis.

[0009] Another example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 disclosed herein includes a tag 20 attachable to livestock 12, a location detection system (LDS) 100, and a data processor 120. The LDS 100 is configured to wirelessly communicate with the tag 20 to generate location-related data of the livestock 12, generate first data indicating the movement and / or type of movement of the livestock 12 based on the location-related data, and wirelessly transmit the first data to the data processor 120. The data processor 120 includes a data storage device for storing a first data aggregation of the same data type as that of multiple other livestock. The data processor 120 is configured to receive the first data, analyze the first data individually and / or with respect to the first data aggregation, and generate an indication of the livestock's age based on the analysis, which can be compared with a declared age to verify the declared age.

[0010] Another example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 disclosed herein includes a tag 20 attachable to livestock 12, an LDS 100, and a data processor 120. The tag 20 includes sensors adapted to sense body parameters of the livestock 12 and wirelessly transmit first data indicating those body parameters. The LDS 100 is configured to wirelessly communicate with the tag to generate location-related data of the livestock 12, generate second data indicating the livestock's body parameters based on the location-related data, and wirelessly transmit the second data indicating the body parameters. Body parameters may be motion-related, location-related, biometric, or a combination thereof. The data processor 120 is adapted to receive the first and second data and includes a data storage device for storing a first data aggregation of the same data type as a first data aggregation of multiple other livestock and a second data aggregation of the same data type as a second data aggregation of multiple other livestock. The data processor 120 is configured to analyze the first data aggregation with respect to the first data aggregation, analyze the second data aggregation with respect to the second data aggregation, and generate an indication of the age of the livestock 12 based on these analyses.

[0011] In some example embodiments, the sensor included in tag 20 may be an IMU 36, and the body parameters sensed by the sensor may be motion-related, and in particular may include resting, walking, running, eating / drinking, grazing, etc.

[0012] In some example embodiments, one or more biometric sensors 30 may be attached to the animal 12, and the body parameters sensed by the sensors 30 may in particular include heart rate, blood oxygen and / or internal temperature.

[0013] In some example embodiments, the location-related data generated by the LDS100 may include, in particular,: location unchanged, location changing, rate of change, and movement or movement type data, including stationary, walking, running, grazing, etc.

[0014] In some example embodiments, performing analysis of the first data alone and / or about the first data aggregation, analysis of the second data alone and / or about the second data aggregation, or both to generate an indication of the age of livestock 12 may include statistical analysis. In various example embodiments, the age generated by the livestock age verification system 10 may be compared with the declared age of livestock 12 to verify the declared age.

[0015] In some example embodiments, the data processor 120 is configured to generate an indication of the relative vitality of the livestock 12 based on analysis of first data with respect to first data with respect to second data with respect to second data with respect to second data, or both.

[0016] Therefore, some embodiments of this disclosure have been outlined rather extensively to better understand their detailed description and to better understand the contribution of the invention to the prior art. Additional embodiments also exist, which will be described below and form the subject matter of the appended claims. In this regard, before explaining at least one embodiment in detail, it should be understood that the various embodiments are not intended to limit their application to the construction details or component arrangements set forth in the following description or shown in the drawings. Similarly, it should be understood that the wording and terminology used herein are for descriptive purposes and should not be considered restrictive.

[0017] To better understand the nature and advantages of this disclosure, reference should be made to the following description and figures. However, it should be understood that each figure is provided for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation on the scope of this disclosure. Similarly, as a general rule, and unless there is evidence to the contrary in the specification, where elements in different figures use the same reference numerals, those elements are generally identical or at least similar in function or purpose. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1A This is a perspective view of a tag in a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0019] Figure 1B This is a front view of a label in a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0020] Figure 1C This is a side view of a tag in a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0021] Figure 1D This is a rear view of the label of the livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0022] Figure 2 It is a perspective view of a livestock with a tag attached to a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0023] Figure 3 This is a block diagram illustrating the elements and architecture of a tag for a livestock age verification system, based on an example embodiment.

[0024] Figure 4 It is a combination of block diagrams and graphical representations illustrating the elements and architecture of the communication interface of the tag of the livestock age verification system, as well as the communication relationship between the communication interface and other elements of the system, according to an example embodiment.

[0025] Figure 5 This is a functional block diagram of a tag for a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0026] Figure 6 This is a block diagram illustrating the logical data structure of a tag in a livestock age verification system, based on an example embodiment.

[0027] Figure 7A This is a simplified graphic diagram illustrating the first antenna arrangement of a radio position detection system for a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0028] Figure 7B This is a simplified graphic diagram illustrating the second antenna arrangement of the radio position detection system of the livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0029] Figure 7C This is a functional block diagram of the radio location detection system of the livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0030] Figure 8 This is a block diagram illustrating the components and architecture of a data processor for a livestock age verification system, based on an example embodiment.

[0031] Figure 9AThis is a functional block diagram of the data processor of a livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0032] Figure 9B This is a functional block diagram illustrating the data storage function of the data processor in a livestock age verification system, according to an example embodiment.

[0033] Figure 9C This is a functional block diagram illustrating the data processing function of the data processor of the livestock age verification system according to an example embodiment.

[0034] Figure 9D This is a functional block diagram illustrating the age verification function of the data processor of a livestock age verification system, based on an example embodiment.

[0035] Figure 9E This is a functional block diagram illustrating the vitality measurement function of the data processor of a livestock age verification system, according to an example embodiment.

[0036] Figure 10A This is a block diagram illustrating the logical data structure of the data processor of a livestock age verification system, according to an example embodiment.

[0037] Figure 10B This is a block diagram illustrating the arrangement of aggregated and categorized data in a data processor of a livestock age verification system, according to an example embodiment.

[0038] Figure 10C This is a block diagram illustrating another arrangement of aggregated and categorized data by the data processor of a livestock age verification system, according to an example embodiment.

[0039] Figure 11A This is a partial graphical representation of livestock according to an example embodiment, illustrating the correlation between an orientation of the label of the livestock age verification system and livestock activities or behaviors used to determine the age and / or vitality of livestock.

[0040] Figure 11B The image is a partial graphical representation of livestock according to an example embodiment, illustrating another orientation of the labeling system for livestock age verification and another correlation between livestock activities or behaviors used to determine the age and / or vitality of livestock.

[0041] Figure 11C The image is a partial graphical representation of livestock according to an example embodiment, illustrating another orientation of the livestock management system's labeling and another correlation between livestock activities or behaviors used to determine the age and / or vitality of livestock.

[0042] Figure 12AThe example embodiment shows graphs of walking and heart rate over time detected by tags and biometric sensors of a livestock verification system used to determine the date of birth and verify the age of livestock.

[0043] Figure 12B The graph, based on an example embodiment, shows the cumulative distance of livestock movement detected by the location detection system of a livestock verification system for determining the birth date and verifying the age of livestock as a function of time.

[0044] Figure 12C The example embodiment shows a graph illustrating the cumulative feeding / drinking time and cumulative distance moved by livestock over time, as detected by the tagging and / or location detection system of a livestock verification system for determining livestock vitality measures. Detailed Implementation

[0045] A. By incorporating through reference

[0046] The entire disclosure of U.S. patent applications US-2022-0192150-A1, US-2022-0200519-A1 and US-2022-0192151-A1, respectively, published on June 23, 2022, is incorporated herein by reference, except for any definitions, disclaimers, denials and inconsistencies.

[0047] B. Overview

[0048] Various example embodiments of this disclosure relate to a livestock age verification system 10 that can automatically and autonomously predict or determine the birth date and age of livestock 12, verify the accuracy of the declared age of livestock 12, and generate a vitality metric and a relative vitality metric for livestock 12. Various example embodiments include a tag 20 that can be attached to livestock 12, multiple other tags that can be attached to multiple other livestock, and a data processor 120. Some example embodiments include a radio location detection system (LDS) 100.

[0049] Tag 20 is attached to livestock 12 and includes sensors that sense the movement components of livestock 12, indicating the body parameters of livestock 12. Sensors may include, for example, an IMU 36. One or more sensors 30, also attached to livestock 12, can sense biometric data of livestock 12 and transmit this data to tag 20, the biometric data indicating body parameters. Tag 20 then wirelessly transmits the data to data processor 120. Body parameters are parameters that can be used to determine or predict the date of birth and age of livestock 12, as well as a measure of the relative vitality of livestock 12. Body parameters may include activity and behavioral parameters (e.g., resting, walking, running, eating / drinking, grazing, jumping and mounting, standing for mounting, etc.) and biometric parameters (e.g., heart rate, blood oxygen, internal temperature, etc.). The data transmitted to data processor 120 may include data from the IMU 36 and biometric sensors 30, as well as the determination results of body parameters by tag 20 based on this data.

[0050] Data processor 120 is adapted and configured to receive data and determination results from tag 20, and aggregate this data and determination results with data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock. Data processor 120 is also configured to classify the aggregated data based on one or more shared physical characteristics of the livestock (e.g., breed, sex, and age). Data processor 120 includes a data storage device 130 for storing the data and determination results from tag 20, as well as the aggregated and classified data and determination results from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock. Data processor 120 is configured to analyze the data and determination results from tag 20 individually and / or with respect to the data and determination results of the same type in the aggregated and classified data, and to predict or determine the birth date and age of livestock 12 based on the analysis. The predicted or determined age is compared with the declared age to verify the accuracy of the declared age. The data processor 120 is also configured to analyze the data and determination results from the label 20 regarding data of the same type and determination results in the aggregated and classified data, in order to generate a vitality measure or score of the livestock 12 and a relative vitality measure of the livestock 12 relative to other livestock sharing the same physical characteristics.

[0051] LDS100 (if included) is configured to wirelessly communicate with tag 20 to determine the location of tag 20 and livestock 12 using radio location technology. LDS100 also determines changes in location, distances between locations, and rates of change between locations; these parameters indicate the movement and type of movement of tag 20 and livestock 12, such as stationary, walking, running, grazing, etc. LDS100 wirelessly transmits location and movement-related data to data processor 120. Data processor 120 includes a data storage device for storing aggregations of data of the same type as that transmitted by LDS100 for multiple other livestock. Data processor 120 is configured to receive data, analyze the data individually and / or about aggregations of the same type of data, and predict or determine the livestock's date of birth and age based on the analysis. The predicted or determined age is compared with the declared age to verify the accuracy of the declared age. The data processor 120 is also configured to analyze the data and determination results from the LDS 100 regarding data of the same type and determination results in the aggregated and classified data, in order to generate a vitality measure or score of the livestock 12 and a relative vitality measure of the livestock 12 relative to other livestock sharing the same physical characteristics.

[0052] In one example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10, both tag 20 and LDS 100 generate their respective motion-related data and location-related data, as well as related determination results, for livestock 12, and wirelessly transmit this data and determination results to data processor 120. Data processor 120 is adapted and configured to aggregate the tag 20 data of livestock 12 with data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock, and to aggregate the LDS 100 data of livestock 12 with data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock. Data processor 120 is also configured to classify the first tag 20 data aggregation and the second LDS 100 data aggregation based on one or more shared physical characteristics of the livestock (e.g., breed, sex, and age). Data processor 120 is configured to analyze tag 20 data of livestock 12 with respect to a first data aggregation, analyze LDS 100 data of livestock 12 with respect to a second data aggregation, and determine the birth date and age of livestock 12 based on these analyses. Data processor 120 is also configured to analyze data and determination results from tags 20 and LDS 100 with respect to data of the same type from the first and second data aggregations to generate a vitality metric for livestock 12 and a relative vitality metric for livestock 12 relative to other livestock sharing the same physical characteristics.

[0053] C. Exemplary Telecommunication Networks

[0054] Some example embodiments of this disclosure can be used on any telecommunications network capable of transmitting data, including voice data and other types of electronic data. Examples of suitable telecommunications networks for some embodiments of this disclosure include, but are not limited to: global computer networks (e.g., the Internet), wireless networks, cellular networks, satellite communication networks, wired communication networks (via wired modems), microwave communication networks, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and home area networks (HANs). Some example embodiments of this disclosure can communicate via a single telecommunications network or simultaneously via multiple telecommunications networks. Electronic devices can communicate using various protocols, such as, but not limited to, HTTP, SMTP, FTP, and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Some example embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented on various wireless networks, such as, but not limited to, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, CDPD, CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS, TDMA, FLEX, REFLEX, IDEN, TETRA, DECT, DATATAC, and MOBITEX. Some embodiments of the various example embodiments of this disclosure can also be used with online services and Internet service providers.

[0055] The Internet is an exemplary telecommunications network used in embodiments of this disclosure. The Internet comprises a global computer network having multiple computer systems communicating with each other worldwide. These computer systems are able to transmit various types of data to each other via the Internet. Communication between these computer systems can be achieved through various methods, such as, but not limited to, wireless, Ethernet, cable, direct connection, telephone line, and satellite.

[0056] D. Central Communication Unit

[0057] Some example embodiments of this disclosure can be used on a telecommunications network that includes a central communication unit. The central communication unit may include any central communication site with which it preferably establishes communication. The central communication unit may include a server computer, a cloud-based computer, a virtual computer, a home computer, or other computer systems capable of receiving and transmitting data via IP networks and telecommunications networks. It is understood that each central communication unit in the central communication unit may require a modem or other communication equipment between itself and the corresponding telecommunications network. The central communication unit may include any electronic system capable of receiving and transmitting information (e.g., voice data, computer data, etc.).

[0058] E. Mobile devices

[0059] Some example embodiments of this disclosure can be used on a telecommunications network including one or more mobile devices. The mobile device can include any type of computer used to practice aspects of the embodiments of this disclosure. For example, the mobile device can be a personal computer (e.g., based on…). Computers, IBM-based computers or compatible computers) or tablet computers (e.g., The mobile device may also include various other electronic devices capable of sending and receiving electronic data, including but not limited to smartphones, mobile phones, telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile electronic devices, handheld wireless devices, two-way wireless devices, smartphones, communicators, video viewing units, televisions, television receivers, cable television receivers, pagers, communication devices, and digital satellite receiver units.

[0060] Mobile devices can include any conventional computer. Conventional computers preferably include a display screen (or monitor), printer, hard disk drive, network interface, and keyboard. Conventional computers also include a microprocessor, memory bus, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), peripheral bus, and keyboard controller. A microprocessor is a general-purpose digital processor that controls the operation of a computer. The microprocessor can be a single-chip processor or implemented using multiple components. Using instructions retrieved from memory, the microprocessor controls the reception and manipulation of input data, as well as the output and display of data on output devices. The microprocessor utilizes the memory bus to access RAM and ROM. The microprocessor uses RAM as a general-purpose storage area and temporary storage, and RAM can also be used to store input data and processed data. ROM can be used to store instructions or program code to be followed by the microprocessor, as well as other data. The peripheral bus is used to access the input, output, and storage devices used by the computer. In the described embodiments, these devices include a display screen, printer, hard disk drive, and network interface. The keyboard controller receives input from the keyboard and sends the decoded symbol of each key to the microprocessor via the bus. The user uses the keyboard to input commands and other instructions to the computer system.

[0061] Other types of user input devices may also be used in conjunction with embodiments of this disclosure. For example, pointing devices for manipulating pointers on a computer system's screen, such as a computer mouse, trackball, stylus, or tablet computer. A display screen is an output device that displays images of data provided by a microprocessor via a peripheral bus or by other components in the computer. When operating as a printer, a printer device provides an image on a sheet of paper or a similar surface. Hard disk drives can be used to store various types of data. The microprocessor runs alongside an operating system to execute computer code and generate and use data. Computer code and data can reside on RAM, ROM, or a hard disk drive. Computer code and data can also reside on removable program media and be loaded or installed onto the computer system as needed. Removable program media include, for example, CD-ROMs, PC-CARDs, USB drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tapes. Network interface circuitry is used to send and receive data over a network connected to other computer systems. Interface cards or similar devices implemented by a microprocessor, along with appropriate software, can be used to connect computer systems to existing networks and transfer data according to standard protocols.

[0062] F. (Multiple) tags and (multiple) sensors

[0063] An example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 includes at least one tag 20, and may include multiple tags 20. Each tag 20 is adapted to be attached to an individual livestock 12. The individual livestock 12 may be a single animal, or may be one of multiple or a group of livestock 12 under management. Embodiments of this disclosure primarily relate to use with livestock 12 as cattle (e.g., domestic cattle, including calves), but may also be used with other types of livestock.

[0064] Preferably, the tag 20 is physically attached to an external body part of an individual animal 12, preferably in a location where the tag 20 is easily visible and physically accessible. For example, such as Figure 2 As shown, tag 20 can be attached to the outer ear or auricle 14 of livestock 12 in a location and manner familiar to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, tag 20 can be attached to another suitable location. Tag 20 moves with the animal to which it is attached and is preferably relatively small, lightweight, and shaped to avoid causing irritation, deformity, or injury to the animal.

[0065] Preferably, the tag 20 has markings or symbols that allow it to be easily and uniquely visually identified even when affixed to livestock 12. For example, the tag 20 may have an outward-facing surface with a marking, printed, engraved, etched, or otherwise applied, that uniquely identifies the tag 20 and distinguishes it from other tags 20 affixed to other livestock 12. The markings may include, but are not limited to, alphanumeric and / or symbolic representations. Different tags 20 may also have various colors that can identify different models, types, categories, periods of use, etc.

[0066] As described in detail below, tag 20 is preferably self-powered and includes data generation, processing, storage, communication, control and other components (including code) to generate, collect and / or receive, process, retain and transmit data about the individual livestock 12 to which it is attached.

[0067] As described in detail below, tag 20 may be adapted and configured to, for example, use one or more models to locally process data generated and / or received related to the body parameters of the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached, in order to determine the occurrence of various activities, behaviors, and other body parameters. Body parameters may include, but are not limited to, the livestock's behaviors and activities (such as resting, walking, eating / drinking, rumination, etc.) and biometric parameters (such as heart rate, blood oxygen, relative internal body temperature, etc.).

[0068] An example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 may also include one or more sensors 30. Each sensor 30 may be part of a tag 20, or may be attached individually to or implanted in the livestock 12. Multiple different sensors 30 may be distributed among the tags(s) 20 and may be attached individually to or implanted in one or more livestock 12. Sensors 30 may include biometric sensors and may be adapted and configured to sense various biometric parameters of the livestock 12, including but not limited to heart rate, blood oxygen, internal temperature, etc. Sensors 30 may also include environmental condition sensors adapted and configured to detect environmental conditions, including but not limited to temperature, humidity, and various gases, such as carbon. Body parameters may be used alone, or in combination with other body parameters, and / or in combination with environmental condition data, to determine and / or predict the age and / or relative vitality measure of the livestock 12.

[0069] 1. Outer shell

[0070] like Figures 1A to 1DAs shown, tag 20 includes a housing 22 with attachment element 24. Housing 22 includes a sealed internal space within which data generation, processing, storage, communication, control, and other components and parts of tag 20 are enclosed to prevent exposure to the external environment, potential contaminants, and potential damage. As described below, some components and parts may have at least a portion exposed outside housing 22.

[0071] The outer casing 22 is preferably constructed of an inexpensive, lightweight, relatively rigid, damage-resistant, and abrasion-resistant material that is resistant to exposure to the external environment, and the material will not cause chemical, biological, or physical irritation to the livestock 12 to which the tag 20 is attached. Many commercially available plastic materials are suitable for these purposes.

[0072] The housing 22 can have any shape consistent with the above-described purpose. In one example embodiment described herein, the housing 22 can have a substantially button-shaped cylindrical shape, having a circular cross-section and a circular outer surface ( Figure 1B ) and rear outer surface ( Figure 1D The depth dimensions between them are relatively small (see) Figure 1C Preferably, all peripheral edges of the outer casing 22 are beveled, rounded, or otherwise smoothed to minimize any physical stimulation to the livestock 12 to which the tag 20 is attached.

[0073] The attachment element 24 may include a convex element having an elongated shaft 26 and a pointed tip 28. (Reference) Figure 2 The convex element is adapted to extend through one side of a portion of the outer ear or auricle 14 of the animal 12 and to securely engage with a backing element having a corresponding concave element on the opposite side of the outer ear or auricle 14. The tip 28 is preferably pointed to minimize tearing or other damage to the tissue when piercing and extending through it. The tag 20 can be securely attached to the outer ear or auricle 14 in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art and using tools familiar to them.

[0074] A secure engagement of the tag 20 with the ear is preferred to help reduce the likelihood of ear injury and animal discomfort due to foreign debris trapped between the tag 20 and the ear, or due to the tag 20 becoming stuck on something. Furthermore, a secure engagement with the ear helps prevent the tag 20 from rotating or shifting up or down relative to the livestock 12 as the livestock 12 moves. As described further in detail herein, this, in turn, helps reduce errors in the orientation and height data generated by the tag 20 due to movement that causes the tag 20 to separate from the livestock 12 to which it is attached.

[0075] The convex and concave elements are preferably configured such that the tag 20 can be selectively attached to and removed from the livestock 12. More specifically, the convex and concave elements may and preferably do include corresponding quick-connect and disconnect features to allow the tag 20 to be easily and quickly attached to and removed from the livestock 12. This advantageously allows for selective removal of the tag 20, for example, if the battery of the tag 20 needs to be replaced, or if the livestock 12 to which the tag 20 is attached dies or otherwise ceases to be managed, and then the tag can be reattached to the same or different livestock 12.

[0076] Alternatively, the convex and concave elements can be configured and adapted to permanently and exclusively attach the tag 20 to the livestock 12. In this case, upon removal, one or both of the convex and concave elements can be physically prevented from being reattached to the other, and thus prevent the tag 20 from being reattached to the same or different livestock 12.

[0077] As described above, certain elements and components of tag 20 may have at least a portion exposed to the external environment of housing 22. For example, as shown and described by reference to the disclosures incorporated herein by reference, an external energy harvester may have portions (e.g., solar cells) exposed in the outer surface of tag 20. Other environmental sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity, and / or gas sensors) may also be exposed to the external environment through housing 22.

[0078] 2. Components and Architecture

[0079] refer to Figure 3 Tag 20 includes a power source 32. Power source 32 is electrically connected to and provides power to other electronic components of tag 20, making tag 20 self-powered. Power source 32 may include one or more suitable batteries, particularly where it is desirable for tag 20 to be relatively small and lightweight. Preferably, the electronic components and parts of tag 20 will consume as little power as possible during normal operation, preferably less than a few milliwatts (mW) on average, thus enabling long battery life.

[0080] Alternatively or additionally, power source 32 may include an external energy harvester. The external energy harvester may include, for example, a solar cell exposed on the outer surface of the housing 22 of tag 20. The external energy source may also include other electrical components (e.g., regulators, etc.) to directly power the electronic components of tag 20, or to power the battery, or both, as shown and described in the publications incorporated herein by reference. Details of these additional electrical components are deemed to be included herein as if set forth verbatim and need not be repeated.

[0081] Tag 20 also includes various electronic components and parts for generating, processing, storing and transmitting data that the livestock age verification system 10 can use to determine or predict the date of birth and age of the livestock 12 to which tag 20 is attached for age verification or other purposes, as well as to generate a relative vitality measure.

[0082] Label 20 includes processor and memory elements 34 and non-volatile memory (NVM) 42. The processor in processor and memory element 34 is the same as that identified herein and... Figure 3 The tag 20 communicates with, controls, and manages the operation of various other components and elements shown in the document. The memory in processor and memory element 34 provides temporary storage for the operating system, runtime calculations performed by the processor, data generated, received, and / or recorded by the various components of tag 20 described herein, and programs, applications, models, etc., to be executed by the processor. NVM 42 provides long-term storage for certain unchanging or infrequently changing parameters, settings, data, etc., related to the operation of livestock 12 and tag 20 itself, which are expected to reside permanently or semi-permanently in tag 20. Additional details related to processor and memory unit 34 and NVM 42 (including their relationship with...) Figure 3 The communication and interaction of other elements and components of label 20 shown herein are as set forth in the public application incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they are deemed to be included herein as if set forth verbatim and need not be repeated.

[0083] Tag 20 also includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU) 36. IMU 36 is a type of sensor that senses or detects the motion and orientation of tag 20 and generates data indicating the motion and orientation. IMU 36 typically includes a three-axis accelerometer 46, a three-axis gyroscope 48, and a three-axis magnetometer (compass) 50. The accelerometer 46, gyroscope 48, and magnetometer 50 together generate data indicating the motion and resting time of livestock 12. This data also indicates the relative direction of motion on the three axes (e.g., up / down, left / right, forward / backward), the angular components of motion on the three axes (e.g., pitch, roll, and yaw), and the direction of motion relative to the Earth (e.g., north, south, east, west). The data also includes the relative amplitudes of the linear and angular components of the motion. IMU 36 data can be correlated with the motion-related body parameters of the livestock 12 to which tag 20 is attached and used to determine those parameters. Furthermore, the movement-related body parameters can be used to predict or determine the birth date and age of livestock 12, provide age verification for livestock 12, and generate vitality and relative vitality metrics for livestock 12, as described in further detail below.

[0084] Tag 20 also includes a communication (COMMS) interface 44. The COMMS interface 44 provides an interface to one or more communication channels through which tag 20 can communicate. These communication channels include channels for communicating with one or more sensors 30 implanted in and / or attached to the animal 12, with one or more local sensors 47, with a data processor 120 as described herein, and with a location detection system (LDS) 100, also as described herein. Additional communication channels for GPS satellites and / or data network satellites may also be included if desired. See below for reference. Figure 4 The COMMS interface is described in more detail 44.

[0085] Tag 20 may also include an altimeter 38 and one or more other sensors for sensing external environmental conditions, such as a barometer 40, an air temperature sensor 52, and / or a humidity sensor 54. Tag 20 may also include other environmental condition sensors, such as a carbon gas concentration sensor. As further described herein, the livestock age verification system 10 can use this environmental condition data, along with IMU 36 data, to generate a vitality measure or score and a relative vitality measure for the livestock 12. Additional details relating to the altimeter 38, barometer 40, air temperature sensor 52, and humidity sensor 54, and their communication with the processor and memory unit 34, are set forth in the publication incorporated herein by reference and therefore need not be repeated here.

[0086] Tag 20 may also include one or more biometric sensors 30 (such as those previously identified), which generate data relating to the animal 12's biometric parameters (e.g., heart rate, blood oxygen, internal temperature, etc.). Alternatively, one or more of the sensors 30 may be individually implanted in or attached to the animal 12, such as... Figure 2 As shown, tag 20 can communicate with separately implanted or attached sensor 30 via a communication channel (e.g., Bluetooth or RFID channel) of COMMS interface 44. Further details of sensor 30 are described in the published application incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, it is considered to be included herein as if set forth verbatim and need not be repeated. As further described herein, biometric data temporally correlated with IMU 36 data can be used to predict or determine the birth date and age of livestock 12, provide age verification for livestock 12, and generate vitality and relative vitality measures for livestock 12.

[0087] Depending on the intended use of tag 20, desired features, size limitations, and power considerations, tag 20 may also include one or more of a plurality of other electronic components and parts. These electronic components and parts may include, for example, one or more LEDs, microphones (MICs), audio generators and speakers, livestock stimulators, and / or cameras, etc. The structural and functional details of these additional components and parts (if included) are as shown and described by reference in the published applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they are deemed to be included herein as if set forth verbatim and need not be repeated.

[0088] refer to Figure 4 Each tag 20 is adapted and configured to communicate via its COMMS interface 44 with one or more sensors 30 implanted and / or attached to the livestock 12 to which the tag 20 is attached, one or more local sensors 47, a data processor 120, and a location detection system (LDS) 100. The COMMS interface 44 of each tag 20 may include a Bluetooth transceiver 56 and / or an RFID transceiver 58, and / or another similar short-range wireless communication transceiver (e.g., a Wi-Fi transceiver). The tag 20 may use one or more of these short-range wireless transceivers as needed to communicate with the sensors 30, local sensors 47, and / or other nearby electronics of the livestock age verification system 10 having the corresponding transceiver.

[0089] Furthermore, it is conceivable that in some arrangements of the livestock age verification system 10, the tag 20 may communicate with the data processor 120 over longer distances using a short-range wireless transceiver (e.g., Bluetooth 56, RFID 58, or Wi-Fi transceiver). In these arrangements, the Bluetooth, RFID, or Wi-Fi transceiver may be embedded in one or more gateways or hubs 68 in one or more areas or locations where the livestock 12 may be present, and therefore where the tag 20 may be present. The gateway / hub 68 may then have one or more wireless and / or wired connections to one or more other data networks 70 to which the data processor 120 is connected. For example, other such networks may include a TCP / IP-based LAN or an HTTP-based WAN, such as the Internet. Alternatively or additionally, one or more gateways / hubs 68 may include cellular transceivers and be connected to the data network 70 to which the data processor 120 is connected via a cell phone tower 61 and a cellular network. Therefore, the gateway / hub 68 provides at least one long-range communication channel for nearby tags 20 within the range of Bluetooth, RFID, or Wi-Fi signals, allowing tags 20 to communicate directly wirelessly with the data processor 120.

[0090] The COMMS interface 44 may also include a cellular transceiver 60, an LPWAN transceiver 62, a satellite data network transceiver, and / or another similar long-range wireless transceiver. Tag 20 can use one or more of these transceivers (if included) to wirelessly communicate with data processor 120, radio location detection system 100, and / or other electronics of livestock age verification system 10 over distances relatively longer than those achievable with short-range wireless transceivers. For example, cellular transceiver 60 can wirelessly communicate with data processor 120 over a range of many miles via one or more cell towers 61 and known cellular networks (e.g., CDMA, LTE, etc.). This can be particularly advantageous, for example, where livestock 12 is located at a distant or open area. Cellular transceiver 60 can communicate with data processor 120 directly or via an intermediate data network 70 to which data processor 120 is connected.

[0091] As an alternative to or in addition to the cellular transceiver 60, the COMMS interface 44 may also include a satellite data network transceiver. Similar to the cellular transceiver 60, the satellite data transceiver can wirelessly transmit data between the tag 20 and the data processor 120 over relatively long distances, except that it uses one or more known satellite data networks instead of a cellular network. Similar to the cellular transceiver 60, the satellite data network transceiver can communicate with the data processor 120 directly or via an intermediate data network 70 connected to the data processor 120.

[0092] Similar to cellular and satellite network data transceivers, tag 20 can wirelessly transmit data to data processor 120 over relatively long distances using LPWAN transceiver 62 (if included). Many low-power LPWAN transceivers 62 are known and commercially available. Also like cellular and satellite network data transceivers, the LPWAN transceiver can transmit data to data processor 120 directly or indirectly via one or more LPWAN gateways 72, one or more intermediate cellular and / or satellite data networks, and via one or more data networks 70 (e.g., LAN and / or WAN networks).

[0093] If needed, the COMMS interface 44 of each tag 20 may also include a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver 64. The GNSS receiver 64 (if included) receives global satellite positioning signals from satellites 66 and determines the latitude and longitude position of the tag 20, and thus the latitude and longitude position of the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached. The tag 20, and more generally the livestock age verification system 10, may use satellite livestock location data as a supplement to or partial replacement of some of the data generated by the IMU 36 for determining the movement and activity of the livestock 12. The tag 20, and more generally the livestock age verification system 10, may use satellite livestock location data as a supplement to or in combination with the data generated by the IMU 36 for this purpose. Furthermore, the livestock age verification system 10 may use satellite location data to supplement or replace the livestock 12 location data generated by the LDS 100 described herein. As further described herein, tag 20 may process satellite livestock location data and / or IMU 36 data locally, partially or entirely, and / or may transmit this data partially or entirely to data processor 120 for processing.

[0094] It is conceivable that, as a complement to the data processor 120 and in the same manner as the data processor, the tag 20 can transmit data to one or more other electronic devices 74 via the COMMS interface 44. Such devices may include, for example, desktop computers, mobile computers, mobile phone devices, and other fixed and mobile digital devices. Furthermore, it is conceivable that such devices may be completely separate from the data processor 120, may be networked with the data processor 120, or may be virtual or logical elements or components of the data processor 120.

[0095] Each tag 20's COMMS interface 44 preferably also includes an RF transceiver 45 for communicating between the tag 20 and the LDS 100 as described herein. The RF transceiver 45 should be of suitable size to be embedded within the tag 20 and should be capable of transmitting and receiving RF signals with the LDS 100 to a degree sufficient to enable the LDS 100 to perform radio location detection techniques on the signals, thereby determining location-related data of the tag 12 and the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached, as described herein.

[0096] One or more local sensors / transceivers 47 may be located at one or more locations where the livestock 12 may be present from time to time. The tag 20 is preferably adapted and configured to transmit data to the local sensors / transceivers 47 via one or more channels of the COMMS interface 44 (e.g., Bluetooth 56 or RFID 58). However, the local sensors / transceivers 47 may also be configured to communicate directly with the data processor 120 in the same manner as described herein with respect to the tag 20. This arrangement may be desired, for example, in embodiments where the tag 20 and the data processor 120 are configured for the data processor 120 to generate vitality and relative vitality measurements independently, and / or in embodiments where it is desirable to minimize the power consumption of the tag 20 as much as possible. The local sensors / transceivers 47 may be located at and / or connected to various items (e.g., scales, feed stations, or water stations, etc.) and are adapted and configured to generate and transmit data related to these items, such as the weight of the livestock 12 or the time the livestock 12 spends at the feed station or water station.

[0097] Further details regarding the structure and function of the components and functions (if included) of the COMMS interface 44 (including the Bluetooth transceiver 56, RFID transceiver 58, cellular data network transceiver 60, satellite data network transceiver, LPWAN transceiver 62, and GNSS receiver 64) are as shown and described by reference in the publications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, these additional details are deemed to be included herein as if set forth verbatim and need not be repeated.

[0098] 3. Functions, data, and logical flow

[0099] Each tag 20 is adapted and configured to autonomously and automatically generate or acquire, process, retain, and transmit data about the individual livestock 12 to which it is attached, enabling the livestock age verification system 10 to determine or predict the birth date and age of the livestock 12 to verify the declared birth date and / or age and generate a vitality metric or score and a relative vitality metric for the livestock 12. Each tag 20 may also be configured to retain, predict, or determine the birth weight and subsequent weight of the livestock 12 to verify the declared weight. Tags 20 typically perform their functions according to a logical flow. Figure 5 An example of the logical flow is shown. It should be understood that many variations are possible, and such variations are intended to be covered within the scope of this disclosure if they are consistent with the purpose and function of executing label 20 as described herein. Furthermore, it should be understood that... Figure 5 The processes shown are logical in nature and are not intended to be interpreted as linear and sequential processes that necessarily require all the steps and / or activities shown and described. Instead, Figure 5 The multiple steps and / or activities shown can be performed in various orders and simultaneously or sequentially.

[0100] As shown in box 76, label 20 functions to read and acquire data. This data includes: orientation and motion-related data generated by IMU 36, biometric data generated by one or more sensors in sensor 30, environmental condition data generated by one or more sensors in sensors 38, 40, 52, and 54, and other data generated by local sensor 47. IMU 36 data may include: relative linear orientation on three axes, relative angular orientation on three axes, direction of travel in terms of N, S, E, and W, and the amplitude of the relative linear and angular components of motion. Depending on the sensors used, biometric data from sensor 30 may include heart rate, blood oxygen, internal body temperature, etc. Depending on the sensors used, environmental condition data may include altitude, air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and other environmental condition data. Local sensor 47 data may include, for example, body weight, presence at a feed / water station, etc.

[0101] The data reading and acquisition function may also include reading or acquiring the position of tag 20 and the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached. This position can be a relative position (i.e., the current position relative to a previous position), an absolute position, or both. Tag 20 can derive or approximate its current position relative to a previous position based on the linear direction components, angular direction components, and acceleration components generated by IMU 36 at the current and previous times. Based on these components and the time difference between the previous and current positions, tag 20 can determine the relative direction, the direction in terms of NSEW, and the approximate linear distance between the current and previous positions.

[0102] Another more direct way for tag 20 to acquire both relative and absolute position data is from LDS 100. As described in further detail below, LDS 100 can use radio positioning technology to determine the absolute position of tag 20 in terms of Earth coordinates (i.e., latitude and longitude). Tag 20 and LDS 100 can be adapted and configured to transmit this information between them. Tag 20 can also determine its relative position at the current time compared to its previous position at a previous time simply by comparing the coordinates of its current position with those of its previous position. Therefore, tag 20 can particularly easily determine the direction and linear distance between its current position and its previous position.

[0103] If tag 20 includes a GNSS receiver, another, even simpler, way for tag 20 to acquire both relative and absolute position data is to read that data directly from GNSS receiver 64. The GNSS receiver provides the tag's absolute position directly in Earth coordinates (i.e., latitude and longitude). Tag 20 can easily determine its relative position at the current time compared to its position at a previous time, as well as the direction and linear distance between the tag's current and previous positions, using the coordinates provided by GNSS receiver 64 at the current and previous times.

[0104] Tag 20 is preferably adapted and configured to periodically read and acquire data from IMU 36 and from the various sensors and other data sources described above. The time interval for tag 20 to read data can be determined and set based on desired data granularity, data storage and communication constraints, and power considerations. Furthermore, it should be understood that tag 20 does not need to read all data at the same intervals. For example, data from IMU 36 and biometric data sensors 30 can be read at relatively short intervals (e.g., on the order of seconds or minutes) to capture movement indicative of certain activities and behaviors of livestock 12. Assuming that environmental conditions are unlikely to change so rapidly, data from the various sensors generating environmental condition data can be read at relatively long intervals (e.g., on the order of hours). Moreover, it should be understood that the intervals do not need to be permanently fixed but can be varied. For example, tag 20 can be configured to read data from IMU 36 at shorter intervals during daytime periods (when livestock 12 is more likely to be active) and at longer intervals during nighttime periods (when livestock 12 is less likely to be active).

[0105] In addition to the data generated by the biometric sensor 30 and various environmental condition sensors 38, 40, 52, and 54, tag 20 can also read and acquire other data via COMMS interface 44 from one or more local sensors / transceivers 47 located in the area where livestock 12 is present. Such data may include, but is not limited to, the weight of livestock 12 from a scale, the presence of livestock 12, and the time spent at a feed or water station. The livestock age verification system 10, and more specifically tag 20 and / or data processor 120, can use this additional data to verify the claimed weight of livestock 12 and / or generate a vitality measure or score and a relative vitality measure for livestock 12.

[0106] Tag 20 may also receive data or information from data processor 120 or its components (such as mobile digital device 74). For example, before or at the time tag 20 is first attached to livestock 12, tag 20 may receive certain data or information intended to remain permanently or semi-permanently attached to tag 20. Such data may include, for example, tag ID, tag encryption key, asset number or identifier of livestock 12 to which tag 20 is to be attached, date of birth of livestock 12 detected and transmitted to data processor 120 by a tag attached to the livestock's mother, and other permanent or semi-permanent data items. Tag 20 may also receive data from data processor 120 transmitted directly to data processor 120 by one or more local sensors 47 and other tags attached to other livestock.

[0107] As shown in box 78, another function of tag 20 is to locally store or maintain data within tag 20. Depending on the type of data (e.g., temporary or permanent), tag 20 may store some or all of the data in its volatile and / or non-volatile memory. Tag 20 and / or data processor 120 of livestock age verification system 10 may use the stored data to determine the date of birth and age of livestock 12, provide age and / or weight verification of livestock 12, and generate vitality and relative vitality measures of livestock 12, all as described herein. Tag 20 is preferably adapted and configured to locally store each instance or sample of data items (e.g., angular movement and amplitude data and linear movement and amplitude data, position-related data, orientation, direction of travel, heart rate, internal temperature, blood oxygen, weight, environmental condition data, etc.) that are repeatedly read or otherwise acquired over time, along with the corresponding date and time of acquisition of each such instance or sample, in the memory of processor and memory element 34. Label 20 can also be configured to store deterministic results and predictions generated by label 20 during data processing, as further described below. It should be understood that label 20 can be configured to apply data filtering techniques to the data before or during storage to remove noise and anomalies and reduce the amount of data to be stored. Figure 6 An example logical structure of the data and information acquired and stored by tag 20 is shown and described below.

[0108] As shown in box 80, another function of tag 20 is to process data locally. Tag 20 can be configured to process some or all of the acquired and / or stored data locally. If tag 20 processes data locally, the tag is preferably configured to process such data automatically and autonomously. As further described below, tag 20 can be configured to process some data and transmit other data to data processor 120 for processing. In some embodiments, tag 20 can be configured not to perform local data processing other than aggregating data and transmitting it to data processor 120 for processing.

[0109] Tag 20 can be configured to process data generated by IMU 36 to determine the occurrence of certain activities and / or behaviors that indicate the date of birth and age of livestock 12. Tag 20 can be further configured to predict or determine the date of birth and age of livestock 20 based on the identified activities and / or behaviors. The age determined by the livestock age verification system 10 (i.e., tag 20 and / or data processor 120) can be easily compared with the declared age of livestock 12 provided to breed associations or potential buyers, for example, to verify whether the declared age is accurate. If needed, the determined or predicted date of birth and supporting data can be permanently stored in tag 20 to facilitate repeat age verification requests at future times.

[0110] More specifically, tag 20 can be configured to analyze motion-related data generated by IMU 36 over a period of time and identify patterns in livestock 12 that are substantially still and quiescent for several weeks, followed by relatively sudden and large bursts of movement and activity over a subsequent period. This behavior has been observed and documented by those skilled in the art as characterizing the first few weeks to approximately one month of life in most newborn calves. Therefore, tag 20 can be configured to identify inactivity patterns, followed by activity patterns, and based on this, to predict or determine the approximate date of birth and age of livestock 12. Those skilled in the art will understand that the same or similar analysis can be applied to livestock other than cattle, and other activity patterns or other physical parameters of livestock can be similarly analyzed to determine or predict date of birth and age.

[0111] The above assumes that tag 20 is attached to newborn livestock (e.g., calves) at birth or shortly thereafter. This is not a significant issue, as livestock managers typically monitor their livestock closely during the calving season and are unlikely to overlook or miss the birth of a calf for an extended period. Alternatively or additionally, the mother of the newborn livestock may be fitted with a tag configured to detect the birth or impending birth of the livestock and alert the livestock manager. Details of this tagging function, as described by reference to the disclosure in the published application incorporated herein by reference, are considered to be disclosed herein as if verbatim and need not be repeated here.

[0112] It should be understood that in some example embodiments, in addition to the birth date determined based on the activity / behavior of the livestock 12 as described above, a corresponding birth date determined from a tag attached to the mother of the livestock 12 may also be stored in the tag 20. In such embodiments, the tag 20 may be configured to handle two birth dates determined in different ways in any desired manner. For example, the tag 20 may be configured to prefer one date over the other when determining the age of the livestock 12 and performing age verification. Alternatively, the tag 20 may be configured to use one determined date as a secondary check on the other determined date to improve the accuracy of the system 10.

[0113] Tag 20 can also be configured to correlate biometric data generated by one or more sensors in sensor 30 with motion-related data generated by IMU 36 to determine or predict the birth date and age of livestock 12. For example, tag 20 can be configured to correlate heart rate data generated by sensor 30 with motion data generated by IMU 36 to determine that livestock 12 was substantially at rest and quiescent for several weeks with a resting heart rate, and then experienced a relatively sudden and significant burst of movement and activity over a subsequent period of time, which was temporally correlated with an increased heart rate. Similarly, tag 20 can be configured to correlate internal temperature and / or blood oxygen data generated by sensor 30 with IMU 36 motion data indicating that livestock 12 was substantially at rest and quiescent for several weeks with a baseline resting internal temperature and / or blood oxygen levels, followed by a relatively sudden and significant burst of movement and activity over a subsequent period of time, which was temporally correlated with an increase in internal temperature and / or blood oxygen levels indicating significant activity. Those skilled in the art will understand that the specific biometric data discussed herein are merely exemplary and that other biometric data can be used in a similar manner.

[0114] Tag 20 can also be configured to process location data generated by LDS 100 and / or GNSS receiver 64 (if available) to determine or predict the birth date and age of livestock 12. For example, tag 20 can be configured to analyze LDS and / or GNSS location data over a period of time and identify patterns where livestock 12 remains substantially unchanged in location for several weeks (indicating that livestock 12 is essentially stationary and at rest), followed by frequent and potentially relatively large location variations over a subsequent period (indicating a significant increase in movement and activity of livestock 12). Therefore, tag 20 can determine or predict the approximate birth date and age of livestock 12 based on this identified location data pattern in the same manner described above regarding the motion-related data of IMU 36. Furthermore, in the same manner as described above, tag 20 can be configured to correlate biometric data from sensor(s) 30 with location data to determine or predict the birth date and age of livestock 12.

[0115] Tag 20 can also be configured to analyze motion-related data from IMU 36 generated over a time period and / or location-related data generated by LDS 100 and / or GNSS receiver 64 (if available) to determine when and for how long livestock 12 engages in various physical activities and behaviors (e.g., resting, walking, running, feeding) during that time period. These determinations can provide a measure of the vitality of livestock 12 and can be used to generate vitality and relative vitality metrics for livestock 12. For example, livestock 12 identified as spending more time walking, running, and feeding and less time resting or sitting during a given time period can be considered to be more vigorous than the other livestock.

[0116] IMU 36 typically generates not only data indicating the presence and direction of movement of livestock 12, but also the relative amplitudes of the linear and angular components of the motion, i.e., relative acceleration. Tag 20 can be configured to determine certain body parameters of livestock 12 based on the motion data and the relative amplitudes of the linear and angular components (including determining certain activities and behaviors of livestock 12). For example, tag 20 can determine whether livestock 12 is moving or stationary, and if the livestock is moving, determine the type of movement, such as walking, running, eating / drinking, etc. For example, almost no linear motion data detected from IMU 36 would indicate that livestock 12 is essentially stationary. The relatively low values ​​of forward linear motion and acceleration detected together (possibly also with frequent changes in direction) would indicate grazing activity or behavior (i.e., eating), as livestock tend to move slowly forward while grazing. Even in the absence of linear motion data, angular motion data and orientation data in the pitch, roll, and yaw axes would indicate that livestock 12 is bowing its head, thus indicating eating or drinking. An increase in the amplitude of the detected linear component from almost nothing to a larger value indicates that the livestock 12 has transitioned from rest to walking (e.g., walking or running). A smaller increase in amplitude indicates walking, while a larger increase indicates running. The reverse can also be detected when the livestock 12 transitions from running to walking to rest.

[0117] refer to Figure 11A For example, a standing or walking animal 12 will typically have a primary orientation relative to three axes (e.g., pitch, roll, and yaw axes). Furthermore, as the animal 12 walks, the orientation of the tag 20 along these axes may slightly and periodically decrease and increase as the animal's head and body slightly pitch up and down. The tag 20 can determine walking by detecting the presence of linear motion components from the IMU 36 accompanying this pattern. The tag 20 can also determine steps, etc., based on such data.

[0118] Similarly, such as Figure 11B As shown, ruminant livestock 12 will typically have a second orientation, in which the pitch axis, roll axis, and yaw axis are rotated or pivoted slightly downward relative to the first orientation, such as... Figure 11A As shown in the diagram. Therefore, tag 20 can similarly determine rumination by detecting changes in angular motion and orientation along the three axes from IMU 36.

[0119] Similarly, such as Figure 11C As shown, livestock 12 that are eating / drinking will typically have a third orientation, in which the pitch axis, roll axis, and yaw axis are further rotated or pivoted downward relative to the first and second orientations, such as Figure 11A and Figure 11BAs shown in the diagram. Therefore, tag 20 can similarly determine eating / drinking by detecting further, relatively large changes in the amplitude of angular motion and orientation along the three axes from IMU 36.

[0120] In addition to generating orientation, linear / angular motion, and linear / angular amplitude or relative acceleration data as described above, the IMU 36 can also measure other aspects of livestock movement, including, for example, steps and average movement. Such data can be used to predict or determine birth date and age, as well as to generate vitality measures or scores in the same manner described in this paper regarding other IMU 36 movement-related data.

[0121] In addition to using motion-related data from IMU 36, tag 20 can also be configured to use data from altimeter 38 (if available) to determine certain activity / behavioral body parameters of livestock 12. For example... Figures 11A to 11C As shown, the vertical height of the animal 12's head above the ground typically varies depending on whether the animal 12 is standing or walking, eating or ruminating. Furthermore, the animal 12 usually lies on the ground ruminating. Therefore, tag 20 can read and use altimeter 36 data to determine the change in the animal's head height (assuming tag 20 is attached to the animal 12's ear) relative to the ground to determine and / or confirm whether and when the animal 12 is performing these specific activities / behaviors.

[0122] Tag 20 can be configured to determine, based on IMU 36 motion-related data, not only when and whether livestock 12 performs a specific activity / behavior, but also how much time livestock 12 spends performing that activity / behavior. Tag 20 can be further configured to use date and time data associated with each acquired data sample to determine the total or cumulative time livestock 12 spends on each activity / behavior within a given time period. Tag 20 can also be configured to determine the average time spent on each activity, the percentage of time spent on each activity, etc. Tag 20 can be configured to weight each activity 12 with respect to the relative indication of livestock vitality. Tag 20 can be configured to generate a vitality metric or score for livestock 12 based on one or a combination of these determinations, and other determinations that are obvious to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, Tag 20 can transmit IMU 36 data, and / or its activity / behavior determinations, and / or its determinations regarding relative time to data processor 120 for generating vitality metrics and relative vitality metrics, as described below.

[0123] Tag 20 can also be configured to analyze livestock 12 location data generated by LDS 100 and / or GNSS receiver 64 (if available) to determine when and for how long the livestock 12 engages in various activities / behaviors. For example, tag 20 can be configured to determine that the livestock 12 is stationary based on location data remaining substantially constant over time. Similarly, tag 20 can be configured to determine that the livestock 12 is grazing (i.e., feeding) based on location data changing very slowly and possibly in a zigzag direction. Likewise, tag 20 can be configured to determine that the livestock 12 is walking based on location data changing relatively slowly but more or less in a linear direction, and that the livestock 12 is running based on location data changing slightly faster over time. Since each data sample includes the date and time the data sample was acquired, tag 20 can be configured to accumulate or otherwise characterize the time spent by the livestock 12 engaging in each activity / behavior over a given period of time in the same manner as described above. Label 20 can be configured to generate a vitality metric or score, or to transmit some or all of the data and determination results to data processor 120 to generate a vitality metric or score, or both.

[0124] Tag 20 can also be configured to temporally correlate motion-related data from IMU 36, and / or location-related data from LDS 100 or GNSS receiver 64, and / or the corresponding determination results of livestock 12's activity / behavior with environmental condition data generated by one or more of sensors 38, 40, 52, and 54 to generate a vitality measure or score. For example, tag 20 can be configured to correlate IMU 36 data indicating livestock 12's activity at a specific time (e.g., resting, walking, running, feeding) with one or more simultaneously acquired environmental data (e.g., altitude, humidity, and air temperature) to generate a vitality measure or score for livestock 12 under various environmental conditions and combinations thereof. For example, it can be considered that livestock 12, determined to be more active than another livestock for a given time period under substantially the same altitude, humidity, and air temperature, has a better vitality score or measure than that other livestock under similar conditions. Those skilled in the art will understand that the specific environmental condition data discussed herein are merely exemplary, and other environmental condition data can be used in a similar manner.

[0125] Tag 20 can also be configured to temporally correlate data indicating the activity / behavior of livestock 12 generated by IMU 36, LDS 100, or GNSS receiver 64 with biometric data generated by one or more sensors in sensor 30 to generate a vitality measure or score for livestock 12. For example, tag 20 can be configured to correlate IMU 36 data indicating that livestock 12 is resting, walking, or running with biometric data (e.g., heart rate, blood oxygen, internal temperature, etc.) of livestock 12 simultaneously acquired from one or more sensors in sensor 30 to generate a vitality measure or score for livestock 12. For example, livestock 12 determined to have a lower heart rate and / or internal temperature than another livestock while performing the same activity could be considered to have a better vitality measure or score than that other livestock.

[0126] Tag 20 can also be configured to generate a vitality measure or score for livestock 12 using certain biometric data and determinations automatically obtained from the tag attached to the mother of livestock 12. For example, the tag attached to the mother of livestock 12 can measure the stress level and duration of the calving process using various motion and biometric sensors (e.g., IMU sensors, heart rate sensors, blood oxygen sensors, and internal temperature sensors) within the tag attached to the mother, and a “calving ease score” can be determined based on the measured data using a desired algorithm. This “calving ease score” can be used by breed associations as a component of expected offspring difference (EPD) (i.e., vitality measure or score), allowing potential buyers of livestock 12 to know whether the livestock calves independently and without intervention, or requires assistance and pulling. The “calving ease score” can be determined on a scale of 1 to 5, for example, 1 indicating no assistance and 5 indicating pulling. A “calving ease score” determined in this way can be more accurate than a score manually determined and entered based on subjective observation. Tag 20 can receive the "calving ease score" directly from a tag attached to the mother or indirectly from data processor 120.

[0127] Tag 20 can also be configured to temporally correlate data received from one or more local sensors / transceivers 47 with data indicating the activity / behavior of livestock 12 generated by IMU 36, LDS 100, or GNSS receiver 64. For example, tag 20 can correlate weight information received from local sensors / transceivers 47 with activity / behavior data to generate a vitality measure or score for livestock 12. For example, livestock 12 identified as more active and heavier than another animal over a certain period of time can be considered to have a better vitality score or measure than that other animal.

[0128] Tag 20 can also be configured to verify the accuracy of the weight of livestock 12 declared to breed associations or potential buyers using data on the weight of livestock 12 received from one or more local sensors / transceivers 47, data processor 120, and / or other sources. By storing individual measurements of the weight of livestock 12 over a longer period in tag 20 as described herein, tag 20 can include the weight of livestock 12 at multiple times, including its date of birth or dates before or after birth, at weaning, and at one year of age. Tag 20 can be configured to compare the measured weight at a selected time with the declared weight at the same time to verify the accuracy of the declared weight. Tag 20 can also be configured to statistically analyze the stored and / or declared weight of livestock 12 at a selected time relative to the weights of multiple other livestock of the same breed, sex, and age at the same time to determine whether the measured and / or declared weight of livestock 12 is within the normal range for such livestock and / or to generate a relative vitality measure of livestock 12.

[0129] Tag 20 may include one or more artificial intelligence (AI) models and / or other detection algorithms embedded in its local memory, and may be configured to perform one or more such models and / or detection algorithms with respect to one or more data items acquired by tag 20 to predict or determine the occurrence or presence of one or more physical activities or behaviors of the livestock 12 described herein, or the time the livestock spends in such physical activities or behaviors. The model or algorithm may also be trained to make one or more of the various determinations described above based on the predicted / determined activities / behaviors and other described data (i.e., date of birth, age, and / or vitality measures / scores).

[0130] More specifically, tag 20 may include one or more AI models and / or other detection algorithms capable of predicting or determining the presence of one or more physical activities and / or behaviors of livestock 12 (including but not limited to angular and linear motion, acceleration (amplitude) and orientation (from IMU 36); altitude (from altimeter 38); and changes in position and rate of change over time (from LDS 100 and / or GNSS receiver 64)) based on one or more of the acquired data items (including but not limited to resting, walking, and running, e.g., walking, ruminating, and eating / drinking). Tag 20 may also include one or more AI models and / or other detection algorithms programmed and trained to correlate biometric data and / or environmental condition data with the predicted or determined physical activities and / or behaviors of livestock 12 to generate a vitality measure or score. More specifically, these AI models and / or other detection algorithms can be programmed and trained to correlate livestock activity / behavior data and determination results with livestock biometric data (including but not limited to heart rate, blood oxygen and / or relative internal temperature (from sensor 30)) and / or environmental condition data (including but not limited to altitude (from altimeter 38), pressure (from barometer 40), air temperature (from air temperature sensor 52) and / or relative humidity (from humidity sensor 54)) over time.

[0131] AI models and / or other detection algorithms embedded in tag 20 can be created using suitable machine learning and AI model and / or algorithm creation and development tools at data processor 120 or elsewhere. AI models and / or other detection algorithms can be generated, trained, and updated from time to time using livestock data acquired and received from various locations and conditions by tags 20 attached to multiple livestock and / or using livestock data acquired from other sources. For example, livestock data can be acquired from manually performed physical tests and measurements, visual observations, and reports. Livestock data can be aggregated and stored, and the stored data can be used to create, develop, train, and update AI models and / or other detection algorithms.

[0132] Reference box 82, another function of tag 20 is to transmit acquired data and / or corresponding prediction or determination results to data processor 120 and its components (including, for example, mobile or fixed digital devices 74). Tag 20 may be adapted and configured to communicate with data processor 120 via one or more channels of COMMS interface 44 as described herein. Tag 20 may also be configured to transmit all or part of the acquired data for processing by data processor 120, and / or transmit all or part of any prediction or determination results made by tag 20. Tag 20 may be configured to periodically and autonomously transmit data and / or determination results, and / or tag 20 may be configured to transmit as required by data processor 120.

[0133] Tag 20 is also preferably adapted and configured to communicate with LDS 100 to determine location-related data, which may include, but is not limited to, relative and absolute position, position changes, rate of change, direction, etc. Tag 20 can be configured to transmit and receive radio frequency (RF) signals via an RF transceiver using LDS 100. LDS 100 can apply radio location detection technology to the RF signals transmitted by tag 20 to determine the location-related data of tag 20, and thus determine the location-related data of the livestock 20 to which the tag is attached, as described herein. Tag 20 can be configured to periodically and autonomously transmit RF signals to LDS 100 for LDS to determine location-related data. Tag 20 can also be configured to transmit RF signals on demand in response to receiving RF signals from LDS 100.

[0134] Referring to reference box 84, another function of tag 20 is to receive data and information. Tag 20 is preferably adapted and configured to receive data and information from data processor 120 or its components via COMMS interface 44 as described herein, and from local sensor 47. As described herein, the data and information may include data that is expected to be permanently or semi-permanently retained in tag 20, such as tag ID, tag encryption key, and asset number or identifier of the livestock 12 to which tag 20 is to be attached. Tag 20 may also be configured to receive from data processor 120 or its components various invariant information about the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached or to be attached, such as sex, breed, date of birth, etc. Tag 20 may receive this information when or before it is attached to livestock 12. Tag 20 may also be configured to receive data and information from data processor 120 to update programs, applications, models, and parameters stored in tag 20.

[0135] Tag 20 may, but need not, be configured to receive location-related data determined by LDS 100 using radio location detection technology. However, if tag 20 is configured to receive location-related data determined by LDS 100, tag 20 may also be configured to use the location-related data to determine the activities and behaviors of livestock 12, and to predict and / or determine the date of birth and age of livestock 12 and / or generate vitality measures or scores, all as described herein.

[0136] Referring to box 86, another function of tag 20 may be to enter a sleep or low-power state to reduce power consumption and / or conserve stored electrical energy. Tag 20 is preferably adapted and configured to alternate between an active state and a sleep or low-power state, in which the tag performs some or all of the functions described herein. During a sleep or low-power state, tag 20 may shut down some or all operations, or reduce or limit the power drawn by certain components or operations, in order to reduce power consumption and conserve electrical energy stored in power supply 32.

[0137] During the active state, tag 20 may perform some or all of the functions described herein. Tag 20 may perform the same function during each active state cycle, or it may perform different functions during different active state cycles. The interval between the active state and the sleep state may be fixed or variable, including being fixed or variable based on the remaining energy level of power source 32. For example, during periods of expected inactivity of livestock 12, such as at night, the sleep state may be longer, while it may be shorter during the day. The active state will change in the opposite direction. Furthermore, for example, tag 20 may dynamically determine and change the time periods of the sleep state and the active state based on power and other considerations.

[0138] Referring to reference box 88, another function of tag 20 is to determine when to exit or wake from a sleep state. Tag 20 is preferably configured to exit or wake from a sleep state based on a timeout or time elapsed signal from a timer in tag 20 (e.g., time in processor / memory element 34), or based on receiving a signal indicating an internal or external event (e.g., receiving an RF signal from LDS 100 or a signal or communication from data processor 120). Once tag 20 exits a sleep state, the tag can acquire, store, and process data and information, making the actions described herein and as... Figure 5 The determination shown is as follows.

[0139] 4. Logical Data Structure

[0140] Tag 20 can arrange the acquired data and information, along with the generated determination results, into one or more logical data structures, wherein related data, information, and determination results are logically grouped for storage and access in the memory elements of processor / memory 34 and / or NVM 42. Figure 6 The document illustrates one possible logical data structure 90. However, it should be understood that many other different data arrangements and structures may also be used. Any and all such data arrangements and structures consistent with the objectives, functions, and operations of label 20 described herein are intended to be included within the scope of the exemplary embodiments described herein.

[0141] Logical data structure 90 may include a permanent storage portion 92 for storing data to be permanently or semi-permanently retained. Storage portion 92 may physically reside in NVM 42. Data and information about tag 20 and the livestock 12 to which it is attached, intended to be permanently or semi-permanently retained, may be stored together in permanent storage portion 92. For example, such data and information may include, but is not limited to, data and other information uniquely identifying tag 20 (such as a unique tag ID), multiple unique encryption keys for secure communication with tag 20, and contact information of the owner of tag 20 in case the tag is lost or retrievable. Such data and information may also include, but is not limited to, data and information unique to the livestock 20 to which tag 12 is attached, such as a unique asset number 12. Other immutable information about livestock 12 (such as sex, breed, etc.) may also be stored in portion 92. Furthermore, if the tag 20 and the data processor 120 are configured to allow the data processor 120 to transmit the birth date of the livestock 12 to the tag 20 (the birth date may be from a tag attached to the mother or determined by the data processor 120), these determination results may also be included in the permanent storage section 92.

[0142] Logical data structure 90 may further include a tag data portion 94, which includes records of data and determinations periodically acquired, received, or generated by tag 20 in the operations described herein. Such data may include, but is not limited to: date and time of each data or determination record, tag orientation data, tag height data, tag motion data, tag location data, biometric sensor data, environmental sensor data, and local sensor data, all as described herein. For example, tag orientation data and tag motion data may include some or all of the orientation and motion-related data generated by IMU 36. Tag location data may include some or all of the data related to absolute and / or relative location generated by IMU 36, LDS 100, and / or GNSS receiver 64 (if included). Biometric data may include some or all of the biometric data generated by sensor 30, such as internal temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen, etc., and environmental data may include some or all of the environmental condition data generated by sensors 38, 40, 52, 54, and other sensors (if included), such as temperature, humidity, etc. Local sensor data may include some or all of the data acquired from local sensor 47, such as weight, eating / drinking time, etc. Activity / behavior may include any or all of the determinations made by tag 20 based on the data, including but not limited to resting, walking, running, eating / drinking, ruminating, jumping, standing in anticipation of mounting, mounting, etc. If tag 20 is configured to autonomously generate final determinations of birth date and age, these determinations may also be included. Tag data portion 94 may physically reside in volatile memory within tag 20's processor / memory 34; however, if tag 20 is configured to autonomously generate final determinations of birth date and age, it may be desirable to retain these determinations in permanent data portion 92 within NVM 42.

[0143] Each time tag 20 acquires or receives all or some of such data (e.g., every 30 seconds), a record including the acquired or received dataset can be stored in tag data section 94 along with the date and time of acquisition or receipt of the dataset. If necessary, tag 20 can be configured to apply data filtering techniques to the acquired data and store the filtered data to minimize errors and reduce the amount of data stored in tag 20. Data records in tag data section 94 can be overwritten individually, in chunks, or entirely by newer data records subsequently acquired or received. As an example, after a set time period or a set amount of storage capacity has been used, each subsequent new data record acquired or received can individually overwrite the oldest stored data record still held in the tag's memory. Therefore, tag data section 94 can operate like a ring buffer in a first-in, first-out manner. As another example, after some or all of the data records in tag data section 94 have been transmitted to data processor 120, some or all of the transmitted records can be erased individually or in chunks and can subsequently be overwritten.

[0144] G. Position Detection System (LDS)

[0145] An example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 may include a location detection system (LDS) 100, preferably a radio location detection system. The LDS 100 is adapted and configured to transmit radio frequency (RF) signals to the tag 20 and generate location-related data for the tag 20, and thus, location-related data for the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached. The LDS 100 is preferably configured to generate location-related data, including but not limited to relative and absolute positions, position changes, distance, rate of change, direction, or direction of travel.

[0146] LDS100 preferably includes one or more RF antennas 102 with an associated radio frequency (RF) transceiver, and is configured to transmit and receive RF signals with the tag 20 via the RF antennas 102 and the associated RF transceiver. LDS100 is preferably configured to determine location-related data of the tag 20, and thus location-related data of the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached, using one or more radio location techniques and calculations familiar to those skilled in the art. For example, LDS100 may be configured to apply one or more radio location techniques and calculations to the RF signals, including but not limited to time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), angle of arrival (AOA), received signal strength (RSSI) power difference, etc.

[0147] exist Figure 7AIn one example embodiment shown, LDS 100 may include two RF antennas 102 located at known intervals. LDS 100 may be configured to transmit and receive RF signals from tag 20 at each RF antenna 102. LDS 100 may be configured to determine the relative position and orientation of tag 20 based on the RF signals received from tag 20 at each of the RF antennas 102, using one or more of the aforementioned radio positioning techniques and employing radio position triangulation techniques and calculations familiar to those skilled in the art. Given the latitude and longitude coordinates of the absolute position of the RF antennas 102, LDS 100 may use calculations familiar to those skilled in the art to determine the absolute position of tag 20.

[0148] exist Figure 7B In another example embodiment shown, LDS 100 may include three RF antennas 102 at known spaced-apart locations. LDS 100 may be configured to transmit and receive RF signals from tag 20 at each RF antenna 102. LDS 100 may be configured to determine the relative position and orientation of tag 20 based on the RF signals received from tag 20 at each of the RF antennas 102, using one or more of the aforementioned radio positioning techniques and calculations, and employing radio position cross-measurement techniques familiar to those skilled in the art. If the latitude and longitude coordinates of the absolute positions of the RF antennas 102 are known, LDS 100 may also be configured to determine the absolute position of tag 20 using calculations familiar to those skilled in the art.

[0149] The LDS100 can be configured to periodically transmit RF signals to the tag 20 at fixed or variable time intervals. By determining the position of the tag 20 based on the RF signals received in each time interval, the LDS100 can also easily calculate the position change within each interval, including the distance between the determined positions and the direction or direction of travel between the positions. Because the time interval between positions is known, the LDS100 can also easily calculate the rate of change or movement between two positions via simple distance calculation over time.

[0150] LDS100 can also be configured to transmit RF signals to tag 20 on demand. That is, LDS100 can be configured to transmit RF signals to tag 20 whenever it is desired to determine the location and other relevant data of tag 20 and the livestock 12 to which it is attached. Tag 20 can be configured to respond with an RF signal each time it receives an RF signal from LDS100, and LDS100 can determine the location of tag 20 at each time as described herein. Because the time at which tag 20 transmits RF signals is known, LDS100 can easily determine not only the location of tag 20 at each time, but also changes in location, distance, rate of change or speed of movement, direction or direction of travel, etc., as described above.

[0151] In some example embodiments, LDS 100 may be configured to determine the activities and behaviors of livestock 12 based on location-related data in the same manner as previously described herein with respect to label 20. For example, LDS 100 may be configured to determine whether, when, resting, moving (e.g., walking or running), and eating / drinking (including grazing) of livestock 12, and for how long, as well as other physical characteristics. LDS 100 may also be configured to accumulate the time spent by livestock 12 on each determined activity / behavior over a period of time in the same manner as described above with respect to label 20.

[0152] In some example embodiments, LDS 100 may be further configured to generate a prediction or determination of the birth date and age of livestock 12 and / or a vitality measure or score, based on the determined activities and behaviors, in the same manner as previously described with respect to tag 20. In some example embodiments, LDS 100 may be configured to transmit some or all of the acquired location-related data and / or the predictions or determinations made based on the location-related data to data processor 120. In other example embodiments, LDS 100 may be configured to acquire only the location-related data described herein and transmit it to data processor 120 without processing the data or making any predictions or determinations. In embodiments where LDS 100 processes the location-related data and makes determinations and predictions regarding the birth date and age of livestock 12, LDS 100 may also be configured to transmit such determinations to tag 20 for storage in the tag. LDS 100 may include a communication interface with one or more communication channels, similar to the communication interface described for tag 20, for transmitting data and / or determinations with data processor 120 and / or tag 20.

[0153] The LDS100 can execute the functions described in this article according to the logical flow. Figure 7CAn example of a general logical flow is shown below. In block 104, LDS 100 receives RF signals from tag 20 at RF antenna 102 and an associated RF transceiver. In block 106, LDS 100 processes the received content and determines the location of tag 20. As described above, LDS 100 can be configured to process the received RF signals using radio positioning techniques and calculations familiar to those skilled in the art. Also as described above, for example, LDS 100 can also be configured to determine other location-related data, such as distance, direction of travel, and rate of change, based on the determined location and previous location determination results. In block 108, LDS can locally store the location-related data. In block 110, LDS 100 can process the location-related data as described herein and make determinations about the activities and behaviors of livestock 12 (e.g., resting, walking, running, etc.). Such determination results can also be locally stored. In block 112, if necessary, LDS 100 can transmit the location-related data and any determination results made to data processor 120 and tag 20. The LDS100 can be configured to follow a logical flow, where steps are executed sequentially or in parallel. Some steps may be executed in forward and backward directions. The flow may be executed in a continuous loop or at discrete time intervals. Those skilled in the art will understand that all these variations, and others, are possible. Therefore, all such variations consistent with the purposes and functions of the LDS100 as described herein are intended to be included within the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0154] H. Data Processor

[0155] An example embodiment of the livestock age verification system 10 includes a data processor 120. The data processor 120 is adapted and configured to receive data generated by tag 20 and / or LDS 100. In some example embodiments, the data processor 120 may also receive data directly from one or more local sensors 47. As described herein, such data may include, but is not limited to, orientation, movement-related data, location-related data, environmental condition data, biometric data, weight data, etc. In some example embodiments, the data processor 120 may also be adapted and configured to receive corresponding determinations of activities and behaviors generated by tag 20 and / or LDS 100. As described herein, such determinations may include, but are not limited to, resting, walking (e.g., walking or running), eating / drinking, grazing, etc. In yet other example embodiments, the data processor 120 may be adapted and configured to receive predictions or determinations of birth date and age and / or vitality measurements generated by tag 20 and / or LDS 100, as described herein.

[0156] In addition to being adapted and configured to receive data and / or determine results from tag 20 and / or LDS 100, data processor 120 may also be adapted and configured to transmit data and information to tag 20 and / or LDS 100. For example... Figure 6 As shown and described herein, such data and information may include, but is not limited to, data intended to be permanently stored in tag 20, such as tag ID, encryption key, asset number, etc. Such data and information may also include the date of birth and age of livestock 12 predicted or determined by data processor 20, and / or other immutable data characterizing livestock 12, such as breed and sex. Such data and information may further include updates to programs, applications, AI models, and other detection algorithms in tag 20 and / or LDS 100.

[0157] Data processor 120 is adapted and configured to aggregate data and / or determination results received from tag 20 and / or LDS 100 with data and / or determination results of the same type from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock, and store the aggregated data for analysis. Data processor 120 is adapted and configured to process and analyze the aggregated data and / or determination results, and based thereon generate predicted or determined results for the birth date and age of livestock 12, vitality measures or scores, and relative vitality measures, as further described in detail herein.

[0158] Data processor 120 may include and can be hosted on one or more computers (such as desktop PCs, workstations, or servers located in one or more fixed locations, including in the cloud), and / or on one or more other electronic devices 74 (including mobile computing devices, such as laptops or tablets). Many suitable host platforms are identified and described herein. Additionally, all or part of data processor 120 may be replicated and / or distributed across one or more host platform devices. Data processor 120 is adapted and configured to wirelessly communicate with tag 20 and LDS 100 locally or remotely via cellular networks, satellite networks, or IP-based networks, LPWAN, and / or other communication channels, such as... Figure 4 and Figure 8 What is shown.

[0159] 1. Components and Architecture

[0160] like Figure 8As shown, the data processor 120 may include a processor 122, volatile memory 124, one or more input devices 126, a mass data storage device 130, and one or more display devices 132. The data processor 120 may also include a communication interface for communicating with tags 20 attached to livestock 12, other tags attached to other livestock, and the LDS 100. Depending on how the communication interface is expected to communicate with tags 20 and the LDS 100, the communication interface may include one or more of a cellular network interface 134, a WAN / LAN network interface 136, and a local RF interface 138. If desired, the communication interface may also include a satellite network interface and / or an LPWAN interface.

[0161] Processor 122 may include any processor suitable for performing the functions of data processor 120 as described herein. Processor 122 is configured and programmed to communicate with, control, and manage various other components and elements of data processor 120 via bus 128. Further identification and details of suitable processors are described elsewhere herein and in the published applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they need not be repeated here.

[0162] Memory 124 provides temporary storage for the operating system and applications, models, etc., and associated data to be executed and used by processor 122 while performing the functions of data processor 120 described herein. Further identification and details of suitable memory 124 are described elsewhere herein and in the public applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they need not be repeated here.

[0163] Multiple input devices 126 are adapted and configured to enable a user to interact with data processor 120. Data processor 120 is preferably adapted and configured to allow a user to interact with the functions and operations of data processor 120 using one or more of the multiple input devices 126, including but not limited to: inputting and / or adjusting parameters of a program or model for comparing tag 20 data with aggregated data and / or otherwise analyzing the tag data with respect to the aggregated data; selecting specific items or categories of aggregated data or information to be analyzed and / or presented by data processor 120; selecting available programs, applications, models, algorithms, functions, etc., to be executed; issuing requests or commands to data processor 120, etc. Further identification and details of suitable input devices 126 are described elsewhere herein and in the public applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they need not be repeated here.

[0164] Data storage device 130 provides high-capacity storage for data and determination results received from tag 20 and / or LDS 100, and from local sensor 47 in some example embodiments. Data storage device 130 also provides high-capacity storage for aggregation of data and determination results of the same type received from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock, and from local sensor 47 for multiple other livestock. Data storage device 130 may include any one or more high-capacity storage devices that can provide sufficient storage capacity to hold aggregated data determination results and make these aggregated data determination results available on demand for processing and analysis by data processor 120. Further identification and details of suitable data storage devices 130 have been described elsewhere herein and in the published applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they need not be repeated here.

[0165] The (multiple) display devices 132 include one or more devices adapted and configured to provide a user visual presentation interface, data, etc., for the data processor 120. The user interface may include, but is not limited to, menus for: selecting a program, application, model, function, operation, analysis, etc., to be executed; accessing data under selected tags and / or determining results; selecting, filtering, organizing, and displaying other selected data from aggregated data, etc. Further identification and description of suitable display devices 132 are described elsewhere herein and in the public applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they need not be repeated here.

[0166] The communication interface of the data processor 120 and its included communication channels may be similar to the COMMS interface 44 and communication channels of the tag 20 as described herein. A cellular network interface 134, a WAN / LAN network interface 136, a satellite communication interface, and an RF interface 138 provide the data processor 120 with one or more different types of communication channels that can be used to communicate with the tag 20 attached to the livestock 12, other tags attached to other livestock, and the LDS 100. Further descriptions and details of the cellular network interface 134, WAN / LAN network interface 136, satellite communication interface, and RF interface 138 are described herein in conjunction with the tag 20 and elsewhere herein, as well as in the publicly available applications incorporated herein by reference. Therefore, they need not be repeated here.

[0167] 2. Functions, data, and operating procedures

[0168] like Figures 9A to 9EAs illustrated graphically, the data processor 120 is preferably adapted and configured to perform multiple functions and operations, which ultimately include generating predicted or determined results for the birth date and age of the livestock 12 to which the tag 20 is attached, as well as measures of the livestock 12's vitality and relative vitality. The data processor 120 typically follows a logical flow when performing these functions and operations. It should be understood that... Figures 9A to 9E The graphical representations in the diagram are merely examples of some functions and operations that the data processor 120 can be adapted and configured to perform, and only provide an example of a possible logical flow for performing such functions and operations. Furthermore, it should be understood that... Figures 9A to 9E The logical flow shown is inherently logical and is not intended to be interpreted as a linear and sequential flow that necessarily requires all functions, operations, steps, and / or activities of the data processor 120. Rather, the multiple functions, operations, steps, and / or activities shown may be executed simultaneously or sequentially in various orders.

[0169] refer to Figure 9A In block 140, data processor 120 receives data generated by tag 20 attached to livestock 12 and / or data generated by LDS 100 as described herein. In some example embodiments, data processor 120 also receives data about livestock 12 directly from one or more local sensors 47. Data processor 120 also receives data of the same type generated by multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock, and data generated from local sensors 47 for multiple other livestock 12. As described herein, the data may include a variety of data relating to the body parameters of livestock 12, including but not limited to orientation, movement-related data, location-related data, and / or biometric data. The data may also include environmental condition data and weight data. In some example embodiments, data processor 120 may also receive determinations of the body parameters (e.g., body activity and behavior) of livestock 12 generated locally by tag 20 and / or LDS 100. Data processor 120 may also receive data and determinations of the same type for multiple other livestock generated by multiple other tags and local sensors 47 for multiple other livestock. As described herein, the determination of activities and behaviors may include, but is not limited to, resting, movement (e.g., walking or running), eating / drinking, grazing, etc. In some example embodiments, the data processor 120 may also receive final predictions or determinations of birth date and age, and / or vitality measures or scores generated by tag 20 and / or LDS 100 and multiple other tags. Various data and determinations may be received periodically from tag 20 and multiple other tags without intervention by the data processor 120, or in response to requests or demands for data and determinations from the data processor 120.

[0170] In box 142, data processor 120 stores the received data and the determination result in data storage device 130. (Reference) Figure 9B The functionality for storing data and determining results is further described, including the aggregation and classification of data and results. The stored data and results comprise time-series datasets of various activities, behaviors, and other physical parameters of individual livestock 12 and multiple other livestock under various environmental conditions over time.

[0171] In box 144, data processor 120 processes stored data from tags 20 attached to livestock 12 and from local sensors 47 to determine the livestock 12's physical parameters (e.g., activity and behavior) over time, based on which date of birth and age, as well as vitality and relative vitality measures, can be determined. Data processor 120 similarly processes stored data from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock. (Reference) Figure 9C The data processing capabilities are further described.

[0172] In box 146, data processor 120 aggregates data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags and / or LDS 100 attached to multiple other livestock and local sensor 47, and analyzes the stored processed data and determination results from tags 20 and / or LDS 100 attached to livestock 12 and local sensor 47 to perform age verification, i.e., to determine or predict the date of birth and age of livestock 12. In some example embodiments, this analysis includes: statistical analysis of the data and determination results of livestock 12 regarding the aggregation of data and determination results of the same type as those of multiple other livestock. (See reference...) Figure 9D The functionality for performing age verification is further described.

[0173] In box 148, data processor 120 analyzes stored processed data and determination results from tags 20 and / or LDS 100 attached to livestock 12 and local sensors 47 regarding aggregation of data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags and / or LDS 100 attached to multiple other livestock, to generate a vitality metric and a relative vitality metric for livestock 12. In some example embodiments, this analysis includes: statistical analysis of the data and determination results for livestock 12 regarding aggregation of data and determination results of the same type as those for multiple other livestock. The analysis may also include statistical analysis of the determined vitality metrics or scores for livestock 12 regarding multiple vitality metrics or scores determined for multiple other livestock, to generate a relative vitality metric. (See reference) Figure 9E The functionality for generating vitality and relative vitality metrics is further described.

[0174] refer to Figure 9B In box 150, data processor 120 aggregates data and determination results received over time from tags 20 and / or LDS 100 attached to livestock 12 and local sensors 47 with data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags and / or LDS 100 attached to multiple other livestock and local sensors 47. Aggregation of data and determination results may, but does not necessarily, include a separate step of storing the data and determination results in data storage device 130. Instead, aggregation can be simply accomplished by receiving data and determination results over time and storing them together in data storage device 130 upon receipt.

[0175] refer to Figure 10A The data processor 120 can be configured and adapted to arrange aggregated data, information, and determination results stored in the data storage device 130 in one or more logical data structures, in which logically related data, information, and determination results are grouped together. Although Figure 10A An example logical data structure 174 is shown, but it should be understood that many variations of the example logical data structure 174 can be used, and all such variations consistent with performing the objectives, functions, and operations of the data processor 120 as described herein are intended to be included within the scope of the example embodiments described herein.

[0176] Logical data structure 174 may include a data / determination result section 176, which may contain multiple records of data, information, and determination results periodically stored by data processor 120 over time. Each set of data, information, and / or determination results received or stored at a given time and associated with a specific tag and livestock may be considered a logical record. Each logical record may include any or all of the data, information, and / or determination results that tag 20 and / or LDS 100 and local sensor 47 may generate and transmit to data processor 140 as described herein. Each logical record may include multiple fields, and each field may include multiple associated data items.

[0177] For example, each logical record may include a field labeled “Label ID”. The “Label ID” field may contain a unique tag number or other marker that uniquely associates the data, determination results, and other information contained in the record with a specific tag 20 and livestock 12, as well as a unique asset number or other marker.

[0178] Each logical record may also include a field labeled “Date / Time”, which contains the date and time of data, information and / or determination results contained in the record generated or received by tag 20 or LDS100.

[0179] Each logical record may also include a field labeled “Tag Data”. The “Tag Data” field may include all data from tag 20 for tag 20 and the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached, dated and timed on a single date and time. As described herein, such data may include, but is not limited to, the livestock’s linear and angular orientation, direction of travel, linear motion and acceleration, angular motion and acceleration, altitude, biometric data, and environmental condition data. Alternatively, the “Tag Data” field may be divided into separate fields or subfields for each of a single data item or a related group of single data items.

[0180] Each logical record may also include a field labeled “Tag Location”. The “Tag Location” field may include all location-related data of the tag 20 generated by the LDS 100 as described herein and the livestock 12 to which the tag is attached. As described herein, such data may include, but is not limited to, relative and absolute positions, position changes, direction or direction of travel, rate of change, etc. It should be understood that the “Tag Data” field and the “Tag Location” field may be combined in a single field if desired. It should also be understood that in some example embodiments, if the livestock age verification system 10 is arranged such that only one of the LDS 100 and the IMU 36 of the tag 20 actively generates data, the logical record may include data items from either the “Tag Data” field or the “Tag Location” field.

[0181] Each logical record may also include a field labeled “Other Sensor Data”. The “Other Sensor Data” field may include data from local sensors / transceivers 47 (such as sensors attached to the scale or feed station) and may include one or more data items, such as measured weight.

[0182] Each logical record may also include a field labeled “Determined Activity”, which may include the determination results of the activity or behavioral bodily parameters by the tag 20 and / or LDS 100. As described herein, such determination results may include, but are not limited to, livestock 12 being at rest, walking, running, eating / drinking, grazing, ruminating, etc. In some example embodiments where the tag 20 and / or LDS 100 are configured and adapted to simply transmit their data to the data processor 120 for processing and not to make determinations based on the data, the “Determined Activity” field may be absent, or the data processor 120 may populate the field with its own determination results based on the tag and / or LDS data.

[0183] Logical data structure 174 may also include a portion 178 comprising multiple records containing permanent or immutable data or characteristics of each animal 12. Each record may include multiple fields. For example, each record may include fields for the animal 12's tag ID and associated asset number associated with immutable data or characteristics, fields for the animal's breed and sex, etc. In some example embodiments, each record may include a field for the animal's date of birth. This field may contain a date of birth provided by a trusted external source, provided by a tag attached to the animal 12's mother, or predicted or determined by the data processor 120, or a combination thereof. Once the date of birth of the animal 12 has been obtained from the tag attached to the mother, determined or predicted by the data processor 120, or obtained from a trusted external source, maintaining a record of that date of birth at the data processor 120 can help provide age verification because the data processor 120 only needs to retrieve the date of birth of the animal 12 from the stored records, rather than re-analyzing the data and redetermining the date of birth each time. In an example embodiment where tag 20, LDS 100, or both predict or determine the birth date of livestock 12, data processor 120 may be configured to determine which prediction or determination result to use if the birth dates are different. For example, data processor 120 may prioritize its own determination result over other determination results. Alternatively, data processor 120 may adjust its own determined birth date based on other determination results, such as by averaging.

[0184] In box 152, data processor 120 can be configured to classify aggregated data and determination results received from tags 20 attached to livestock 12, local sensors 47, and multiple other data and determination results of the same type from multiple other tags and / or LDS 100 attached to multiple other livestock. Classifying the aggregated data and determination results of multiple livestock based on shared characteristics facilitates: statistical analysis and other analyses of the aggregated data and determination results from multiple tags attached to multiple other livestock, versus the data and determination results from tags 20 or LDS 100 attached to individual livestock 12, to generate a meaningful relative vitality measure for livestock 12. For example, those skilled in the art will understand that a vitality measure or score for livestock 12 may be largely meaningless on its own. However, a meaningful relative vitality measure can be determined when compared or otherwise analyzed with one or more vitality measures or scores determined in the same manner and using data of the same type for one or more other livestock with similar characteristics.

[0185] Figure 10B and Figure 10CAn example of a suitable scheme for classifying aggregated data of multiple tags and livestock is shown. As illustrated, the aggregated data comprises multiple logical data records, each including the tag ID, date / time, and tag data or LDS data as described above. In this example, the aggregated data is classified into multiple high-level and low-level categories and subcategories corresponding to multiple characteristics shared by the livestock. At the first highest level, the aggregated data is classified according to the data source, i.e., according to... Figure 10B The data generated by label 20 and by Figure 10C The LDS100 data generated in the dataset is categorized into aggregated data. This is because the data generated from each source differs slightly, and therefore, the results regarding activity, behavior, and ultimately, vitality determination may vary slightly depending on the generated data. The aggregated data is categorized into a second lower level or sub-level based on livestock breed, a third lower level or sub-level based on sex, and a fourth lower level or sub-level based on age. It should be understood that other shared characteristics can also be used to further categorize and / or subcategorize the aggregated data as needed to generate appropriately tailored and meaningful relative vitality measures for each animal.

[0186] It should also be understood that, although Figure 10B and Figure 10C The example scheme shows categorized aggregated data records arranged in a specific order, but this arrangement is only for ease of describing the categorization. It should be understood that other methods can also be used. For example, aggregated data records can be in any order, and aggregated data records can be categorized by linking records with one or more shared characteristics.

[0187] In box 154, data processor 120 can be configured to preferably store aggregated and classified data and determination results in data storage device 130.

[0188] refer to Figure 9CIn block 156, in some example embodiments, data processor 120 may be configured to determine the source of one or more data records. In some example embodiments, tag 20 (and other tags) or LDS 100 will be adapted and configured to generate its data and transmit that data to data processor 120. In other example embodiments, both tag 20 (and other tags) and LDS 100 will be adapted and configured to perform this operation. As described herein, because the data generated by tag 20 (and other tags) and LDS 100 are slightly different and processed in slightly different ways to make the determination, data processor 120 may need to determine the source of the data to be processed. However, it should be understood that in example embodiments where tag 20 (and other tags) or LDS 100 only transmits data to data processor, the source of the data can be assumed and it is not necessary to determine the source of the data.

[0189] In box 158, data processor 120 is configured and adapted to process data received from tag 20 and / or LDS 100 and local sensor 47, and to determine certain body parameters of livestock 12 based on this data. These body parameters can be analyzed to determine the birth data and age of livestock 12, as well as the vitality of livestock 12. Body parameters may include, but are not limited to, various activities and behaviors of livestock 12, and biometric data of livestock 12, both as described herein. Processor 120 can be configured to determine body parameters, i.e., activity / behavior and biometric data, in the same manner as described herein with respect to tag 20. Data processor 120 can be configured to process data of the same type received from all multiple tags attached to multiple other livestock, data of the same type received from local sensor 47, and / or data of the same type received from LDS 100 of multiple other livestock, in the same manner to determine the same type of body parameters for each of the multiple other livestock. The data processor 120 can be configured to store the determination results of the body parameters of each of the livestock 12 and a plurality of other livestock in the corresponding data record mentioned above.

[0190] refer to Figure 9D Further details of the functionality used to perform age verification on livestock 12 are shown in box 160. In box 160, data processor 120 is configured to select data and determination results that are correlated with and indicate the birth date and age of livestock 12. For example, as described herein, data processor 120 can be configured to select determination results of livestock 12's activities / behaviors over time as described herein. Data processor 120 can also be configured to select certain biometric data of livestock 12 at the same time. Data processor 120 can select determination results and data from the aforementioned data records of livestock 12.

[0191] In box 162, data processor 120 is configured to analyze selected determinations and data. If data processor 120 selects both livestock activity / behavior determinations and biometric data within the same time period, the analysis may include temporally correlating the activity / behavior with the biometric data. For example, the activity / behavior of livestock 12 (e.g., resting, walking, running, etc.) may be temporally correlated with the heart rate, blood oxygen, and / or internal temperature of livestock 12. In some example embodiments, the activity / behavior of livestock 12 and associated biometric data may be analyzed separately to detect patterns indicating the birth date and age of livestock 12. In other example embodiments, the analysis may include: performing statistical analysis on the activity / behavior patterns, associated biometric data (if any), and / or predicted birth dates of livestock 12 with respect to data, patterns, and / or predicted birth dates of the same type determined for multiple other livestock. For example, based on the aggregation of data from multiple other livestock 12, data of the same type (e.g., activity / behavior and biometric data) may be analyzed to determine the same patterns indicating birth dates and to predict birth dates for multiple other livestock. Statistical analysis can be performed on the pattern and predicted birth dates to determine: how well the pattern predicts accurate birth dates for this dataset, and how well it performs in terms of the difference (standard deviation) between predicted birth dates. Furthermore, statistical analysis can be performed on the pattern and / or predicted birth dates of livestock 12 regarding multiple other livestock to determine the accuracy of the pattern in predicting the birth date of livestock 12, and the difference between the predicted birth date of livestock 12 and the expected predicted birth date (derived from statistical analysis of aggregated data from multiple other livestock 12).

[0192] In box 164, data processor 120 is configured to determine or predict the birth date and age of livestock 12 based on analysis. As described above, in some example embodiments, data processor 120 may be configured to determine or predict the birth date and age based on analysis of data and determination results specifically for livestock 12. For example, as mentioned above, newborn calves typically remain relatively still and quiescent for approximately three weeks before exhibiting a surge in movement and activity. Therefore, as... Figure 12A and Figure 12BAs shown, data processor 12 can be configured to determine or predict the birth date of livestock 12 based on a pattern of temporal movement and heart rate correlation within a certain time period (e.g., 30 days). As illustrated, during approximately day 21 of the 30-day period, movement-related data generated by tag 20 (IMU 36) and LDS 100 indicates that livestock 12 has hardly moved and has traveled very little distance. Corresponding heart rate data indicates a relatively low and stable heart rate. Around day 21 and up to day 30 of this period, movement-related data indicates a surge in movement / activity and distance traveled, and corresponding heart rate data indicates an increase in heart rate corresponding to the increased movement / activity and distance traveled by livestock 12. Based on this pattern, data processor 120 can predict the approximate birth date of livestock 12 as day 0 of that period and can predict the livestock's current age by the time elapsed since then.

[0193] As described above, in other example embodiments, the data processor 120 may be configured to determine the birth date and age of livestock 12, and / or statistically determine the accuracy of the predicted birth date and age. For example, the predicted birth date and / or its accuracy may be determined using standard deviation and standard error calculations familiar to those skilled in the art, based on the birth date and age predicted individually from livestock 12 data and the average predicted birth date and age from multiple other livestock with the same activity / behavioral patterns.

[0194] In box 166, data processor 120 can verify the age of livestock 12 by comparing the age derived from the predicted birth date with the declared age (e.g., the age declared to a breeding association or buyer). In some example embodiments, data processor 120 can verify the age of livestock 12 by comparing the age derived from the stored birth date detected by a tag attached to the mother of livestock 12 with the declared age. If the derived age matches exactly or very closely with the declared age, the declared age can be considered verified. As described herein, once the predicted age is determined, data processor 120 can store the predicted age in the appropriate data record for livestock 12 as described herein to avoid having to re-execute the predicted birth date analysis every time age verification is desired.

[0195] refer to Figure 9EFurther details of the functionality used to generate a relative vitality measure for livestock 12 are shown in box 168. In box 168, data processor 120 is configured to select data and determinations that are correlated with and indicate the vitality of livestock 12. For example, as described herein, data processor 120 can be configured to select determinations of livestock 12's activities / behaviors over time as described herein. If desired, data processor 120 can also be configured to select certain biometric data of livestock 12 at the same time. Data processor 120 can select determinations and data from the aforementioned data records of livestock 12.

[0196] In box 170, data processor 120 is configured to analyze selected data and determine outcomes within a selected time period. If data processor 120 selects both activity / behavior determination outcomes and biometric data of livestock 12, the analysis may include temporally correlating the activity / behavior with the selected biometric data. Similarly, if data processor 120 selects environmental condition data, that data may also be temporally correlated with the activity / behavior determination outcomes. For example, the activity / behavior of livestock 12 (e.g., resting, walking, running, etc.) may be temporally correlated with the heart rate, blood oxygen, and / or internal temperature of livestock 12 and / or with temperature and humidity within a selected time period (e.g., 30 days).

[0197] This analysis may include calculating or otherwise determining a measure or score of the livestock's vitality based on data associated with the livestock 12 using any formula. As an example, as an indicator of vitality, the analysis may include: accumulating the time spent by the livestock 12 performing each activity / behavior over time, and / or, if the activity involves movement, accumulating the distance traveled by the livestock 12 within the same time period. For example, refer to... Figure 12CData processor 120 can determine the amount of time livestock 12 spends feeding and the distance traveled at various times over a period of time (e.g., 30 days). Data processor 120 can determine a vitality measure or score for livestock 12 based on this data using any formula. For example, the formula can determine the vitality measure by assigning relative weights to the feeding time and travel distance parameters as vitality indicators based on their importance, determining the average feeding time and average travel distance during the time period, and summing the weighted averages. If relevant biometric and environmental data are included in the analysis, or if the feeding and distance data are adjusted based on the values ​​of such data, the formula can also assign weights to the relevant biometric and environmental data. Alternatively, the formula can determine the vitality measure by summing the average or total amount by which livestock 12 exceeds the long-term average of the time spent feeding and the long-term average of the travel distance of other livestock obtained from external sources within the same time period. The analysis may also include: statistical analysis of the vitality measure or score of the identified livestock 12, aggregated from multiple other livestock of the same body category (e.g., breed, sex, and age), using the same data and determining results, and the same arbitrary formula, to determine the same vitality measure or score. In some example embodiments, the analysis may include a "calving ease score" as a parameter of the arbitrary formula.

[0198] In box 172, data processor 120 is configured to determine the difference between a vitality measure or score determined for livestock 12 and a vitality measure or score determined for another livestock. This difference indicates the relative vitality measure of livestock 12 compared to the other livestock. Alternatively or additionally, data processor 120 may be configured to compare the vitality measure or score determined for livestock 12 with the aggregated statistical mean or median of vitality measures or scores determined for multiple other livestock 12 of the same body category (e.g., breed, sex, and age) as livestock 12. This difference indicates the relative vitality measure of livestock 12 compared to a larger sample of similar livestock.

[0199] It should be understood that by continuously receiving, aggregating, and storing the data and determination results described herein for a large number of livestock over a longer period of time, the livestock age verification system 10 can accumulate a large and rich dataset. This dataset, combined with data of the same type as that of a specific livestock 12, will enable increasingly accurate predictions of the birth date and age of the livestock 12, as well as increasingly meaningful determinations of relative vitality measures. It should also be understood that the data processor 120 may include one or more AI models to generate predicted birth dates and ages of the livestock 12 and relative vitality measures, and such models can be trained and updated from time to time using the large and rich dataset to achieve even more accurate results.

[0200] I. Operation of the Example Implementation

[0201] In an example use of the livestock age verification system 10, a tag 20, as described herein, is attached to the ear 14 of livestock 12. One or more sensors 30 are also attached to or implanted in livestock 12. Preferably, as described herein, the tag 20 and sensors 30 are attached to livestock 12 at birth or shortly thereafter. It is assumed that any data or information intended to be permanently stored in the tag 20 before or at the time the tag is attached to livestock 12 is stored in the tag 20. Multiple other tags are similarly attached to multiple other livestock. The tag 20, other tags, LDS 100, and data processor 120 are configured to operate in the manner described herein and perform the functions described herein.

[0202] Subsequently, tag 20, multiple other tags, LDS 100, and data processor 120 operate largely automatically and autonomously to perform the various functions and operations described herein for each of them and to communicate with each other as described herein. As described herein, when tag 20, other tags, and LDS 100 generate additional data, information, and determinations over time and transmit them to data processor 120, data processor 120 aggregates, classifies, and stores the data and determinations. Based on the aggregated data and determinations, the algorithms and models of the data processor used to predict or determine livestock birth dates, ages, and vitality measures are trained and updated to improve the accuracy of the determinations.

[0203] When needed or desired, a user of the livestock age verification system 10 requests the system to verify the declared age of a specific livestock 12 (e.g., an age declared to a breeding association or buyer) via input device 126. As described herein, system 10 determines or predicts the birth date and age of livestock 12 based on data and determinations generated over time from tags 20 attached to livestock 12, and on aggregations of similar data generated over time from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock. If the age of livestock 12 derived from the predicted birth date matches exactly or very closely to the declared age, system 10 verifies the declared age.

[0204] Similarly, when needed or desired, a user of the livestock age verification system 10 requests the system to generate a relative vitality measure for a specific livestock 12 via input device 126. As described herein, the system 10 determines and reports the relative vitality measure of livestock 12 compared to one or more other livestock based on data and determinations generated over time from tags 20 attached to livestock 12, and by aggregation of similar data generated over time from multiple other tags attached to multiple other livestock.

[0205] Any and all directions of travel are for convenience only and are not restrictive. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although specific terms are used herein, they are used only in a general and descriptive sense and not for limiting purposes. All patent applications, patents, and print publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, excluding any definitions, subject matter disclaimers, or denials, and excluding any inconsistencies between the incorporated material and the express disclosure herein—in which case the language of this disclosure shall prevail.

[0206] The data structures and code described in this specific embodiment are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which can be any device or medium capable of storing code and / or data for use by a computer system. This includes, but is not limited to, magnetic storage devices and optical storage devices, such as disk drives, magnetic tapes, optical discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), and computer instruction signals (with or without a modulated carrier wave) embodied in a transmission medium. For example, the transmission medium may include telecommunications networks such as the Internet.

[0207] It should be understood that one or more blocks in these block diagrams and flowcharts, as well as combinations of such blocks and flowcharts, can be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Similarly, according to some embodiments of the invention, some blocks in these block diagrams and flowcharts may not necessarily need to be executed in the order presented, or may not need to be executed at all. These computer-executable program instructions can be loaded onto a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions, which execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing one or more functions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart. These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can instruct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of writing that includes instruction means for implementing one or more functions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart. As an example, embodiments of the invention can provide a computer program product including a computer-usable medium embodying computer-readable program code or program instructions adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart. These computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be executed on the computer or other programmable apparatus, thereby producing a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions, which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus, provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart. Accordingly, the boxes in these block diagrams and flowcharts support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions, and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It should also be understood that each box in these block diagrams and flowcharts, and combinations of boxes in these block diagrams and flowcharts, can be implemented by a hardware-based dedicated computer system or a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions that performs the specified functions, elements, or steps.

[0208] This invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential attributes; therefore, it is intended that this embodiment be regarded in all respects as illustrative rather than restrictive. Many modifications and other embodiments of this disclosure will arise in those skilled in the art upon benefiting from the teachings presented in the foregoing description and associated drawings. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. While similar or equivalent methods and materials to those described herein may be used in the practice or testing of the embodiments in this disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described above. Therefore, this disclosure is not intended to be limited to the illustrated embodiments, but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A system for monitoring livestock, the system comprising: A tag that can be attached to the livestock, wherein the tag includes a sensor adapted to sense the livestock's body parameters and wirelessly transmit first data indicating the body parameters; and A data processor adapted to receive the first data, wherein the data processor includes a data storage device for storing a first data aggregation of multiple other livestock of the same data type as the first data, wherein the data processor is configured to analyze the first data aggregation and generate an indication of the age of the livestock based on the analysis.

2. The system for monitoring livestock as described in claim 1, wherein, The animal is a calf.

3. The system for monitoring livestock as described in claim 1, wherein, The sensor includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and the body parameter includes movement and / or movement type.

4. The livestock monitoring system as described in claim 1, wherein, The sensor includes a biometric sensor, and the body parameter includes one of heart rate, blood oxygen, and internal temperature.

5. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 1, wherein, The data processor is configured to generate an indication of the relative vitality of the livestock based on the analysis.

6. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 1, wherein, The first data aggregation is classified based on at least one physical characteristic of the livestock.

7. The system for monitoring livestock as described in claim 6, wherein, This physical characteristic is at least one of breed, sex, and age.

8. A system for monitoring livestock, the system comprising: A tag that can be attached to the livestock; Data processor; as well as A location detection system configured to wirelessly communicate with the tag to generate location data of the livestock, generate first data indicating the movement and / or type of movement of the livestock based on the location data, and wirelessly transmit the first data to the data processor; The data processor includes a data storage device for storing a first data aggregation of multiple other livestock of the same data type as the first data, and the data processor is configured to receive the first data, analyze the first data aggregation, and generate an indication of the age of the livestock based on the analysis.

9. The system for monitoring livestock as described in claim 8, wherein, The animal is a calf.

10. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 8, wherein, The data processor is configured to generate an indication of the relative vitality of the livestock based on the analysis.

11. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 8, wherein, The first data aggregation is classified based on at least one physical characteristic of the livestock.

12. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 11, wherein, This physical characteristic is at least one of breed, sex, and age.

13. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 8, wherein, The location detection system includes a radio location detection system.

14. A system for monitoring livestock, the system comprising: A tag that can be attached to the livestock, wherein the tag includes a sensor adapted to sense the livestock’s body parameters and wirelessly transmit first data indicating the body parameters; A location detection system configured to wirelessly communicate with the tag to generate location data of the livestock, generate second data indicating the livestock's body parameters based on the location data, and wirelessly transmit the second data indicating the body parameters; and A data processor adapted to receive the first data and the second data, wherein the data processor includes a data storage device for storing a first data aggregation of multiple other livestock of the same data type as the first data and a second data aggregation of the multiple other livestock of the same data type as the second data, and wherein the data processor is configured to analyze the first data aggregation, analyze the second data aggregation, and generate an indication of the age of the livestock based on the analyses.

15. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 14, wherein, The sensor includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and the body parameter includes movement and / or movement type.

16. The livestock monitoring system as claimed in claim 14, wherein, The sensor includes a biometric sensor, and the body parameter includes one of heart rate, blood oxygen, and internal temperature.

17. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 14, wherein, The data processor is configured to generate an indication of the relative vitality of the livestock based on the analysis.

18. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 14, wherein, The first data aggregation and the second data aggregation are classified based on at least one physical characteristic of the livestock.

19. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 18, wherein, This physical characteristic is at least one of breed, sex, and age.

20. The system for monitoring livestock as claimed in claim 14, wherein, The location detection system includes a radio location detection system.

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