Method for improving quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain area by ridging and biological covering

Abstract

The invention provides a method for improving quality and efficiency of fruit trees in a plain area through ridging and biological covering. The method comprises the steps of ridging, planting, biological covering and management after biological covering. The method can save cost, improve soil, effectively reduce soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration, improve soil fertility and realize nutrient circulation, has significant ecological benefits, and realizes fruit tree yield increase and quality improvement.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving quality and increasing efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by adopting ridging and biological mulching. BACKGROUND

[0002] (1) The disadvantages of single orchard ridging: prone to drought and freezing: water evaporates quickly on the ridge, and the root system is more prone to freezing in winter. Cost and loss: high construction and maintenance cost, and easy water and soil loss on the slope. Limited root growth: may limit the development of root system to the deep layer. (2) The disadvantages of single biological mulching: cost and risk: high initial investment, and risk of fire and pest breeding. Influence on soil temperature: slow soil warming in spring, which may delay the growth of fruit trees. Nitrogen competition: nitrogen will be competed with fruit trees during the decomposition of unrotted materials. Therefore, the orchard ridging and biological mulching need to be adapted to local conditions, and the advantages need to be taken and the disadvantages need to be avoided through fine management. SUMMARY

[0003] The technical problem to be solved by the application is to provide a method for improving quality and increasing efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by adopting ridging and biological mulching, which saves cost, improves soil, effectively reduces soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration, improves soil fertility, realizes nutrient cycling, has significant ecological benefits, and realizes yield increase and quality improvement of fruit trees.

[0004] To solve the above technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the application is: a method for improving quality and increasing efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by adopting ridging and biological mulching, which comprises the following steps: S1, ridging: S101, fertilizing soil: Before planting trees, mix rotten organic fertilizer and superphosphate, spread on the ground of the orchard, and plow to obtain the soil after fertilizing the soil; S102, leveling the ground, measuring the planting line, collecting topsoil to form a ridge, and forming a ridge back with a height of 30cm-50cm and a width of 1.5m-2m according to the tree species row spacing of 4m; S103, planting the first year, covering the ridge back obtained in S102 with mulch film to obtain a mulch film covered ridge back, and removing the mulch film in the second year; S2, planting: S201, selecting seedlings: Selecting virus-free container seedlings, the seedlings are full and the root system is developed, the root system has more than 3 taproots, there is no pest and no mechanical damage, and the small and weak seedlings are removed to obtain the fruit tree seedlings to be planted; S202, planting: In the center of the ridge back of the mulch film obtained in S103, a planting hole with a diameter of 30 cm is dug according to the spacing, the fruit tree seedling obtained in S201 is planted in the center of the planting hole, the soil is filled, the soil is compacted, then water is poured to the maximum water content of the soil, and after 1 week, water is poured again to the maximum water content of the soil, and the fruit tree seedling after planting is obtained. S3, biological coverage: S301, along the direction between the rows of the fruit tree seedling after planting obtained in S202, 1 irrigation ditch is dug on each side of the tree row at a distance of 50 cm, and the soil taken when the irrigation ditch is dug is covered on the tree disc to form a ridge; S302, at a distance of 0.3m-0.5m from the trunk, the mulch is evenly laid under the tree crown, with a thickness of 20cm-25cm, and the distance from the base of the trunk is 15cm-20cm without covering; S303, grass is planted between the ridges or / and natural grass is grown, and 3-4 harvests are cut every year to cover the tree disc; S4, management after biological coverage: S401, the mulch laid in S302 is compacted with soil; S402, in spring, the mulch is opened, 0.5kg of nitrogen fertilizer is applied per fruit tree, water is poured after fertilization, and then the mulch is covered again; S403, deep plowing is performed once every 4-5 years, and the rotten mulch is turned into the soil during plowing.

[0005] Preferably, the amount of the matured organic fertilizer in S101 is 3000kg / acre-5000kg / acre, and the amount of the superphosphate is 100kg / acre-150kg / acre.

[0006] Preferably, the direction of the ridge in S102 is south-north, the slope is plowed along the contour line to keep the ridge surface flat and avoid water accumulation; the plowing time is autumn or early spring.

[0007] Preferably, the depth of the seedling to be planted in S202 is that the grafting interface of the seedling to be planted is 5cm-10cm higher than the ground.

[0008] Preferably, the depth and width of the irrigation ditch in S301 are both 20cm.

[0009] Preferably, the mulch in S302 comprises crop straw, weeds, green manure crops, leaves, mushroom residue or / and wood chips.

[0010] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the following advantages: The present application adopts the method of ridge forming and biological mulching, which is a comprehensive management technique combining soil improvement and ground management. By constructing ridge structure and ground biological mulching, the micro-ecological environment of the orchard is effectively improved, and the growth quality of the fruit trees and the quality of the fruits are improved. According to years of field investigation, the ridge forming and biological mulching can retain water in drought and drain water in flood, so that the annual cycle of soil water content and the humidity of the orchard are relatively stable, which is an effective way to improve the quality and efficiency of the fruit trees, and has the following advantages: 1. Cost saving: the ridge forming and biological mulching technique is simple and has low investment, and can reduce the management cost of weeding, irrigation and the like, and is easy to be accepted by fruit farmers.

[0011] 2. Soil improvement: the ridge forming and biological mulching can concentrate the surface soil of the orchard on the ridge, so as to improve the ground temperature of the orchard, enhance the air permeability of the soil, increase the organic matter content of the soil, and promote the high-quality and high-yield of the fruit trees. The root system of the fruit trees grows in the fertile soil, and the root system is sufficient in nutrition, so as to improve the soil structure, increase the air permeability, regulate the soil temperature and humidity, reduce the temperature variation of the ground, reduce the soil temperature in the uncovered section in summer, and increase the soil temperature in the dormant period compared with the orchard without biological mulching. Especially for the soil block below the ploughing layer, the effect of the ridge planting is better.

[0012] 3. Water and fertilizer management: the ridge forming and biological mulching can effectively reduce the soil evaporation and the transpiration of the fruit trees, increase the soil water content in the covered section, and reduce the ground evaporation. The water and fertilizer utilization efficiency is improved, the water and fertilizer loss is reduced, the soil surface runoff is reduced, and the soil erosion is prevented. The ridge and ditch of the ridge planting can store part of the rainwater, and if the rainfall is too large, the accumulated water can be drained out of the orchard through the ridge and ditch, so as to reduce the harm of drought and flood to the fruit trees.

[0013] 4. Nutrient circulation: the soil fertility can be significantly improved, the organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil can be increased after the biological mulching, the nutrient return and circulation are effectively promoted, the amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved.

[0014] 5. Ecological benefit: the soil organic matter is increased, the growth of weeds is inhibited, the ammonia bacteria in the soil is increased after the biological mulching, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria is increased, the fiber-decomposing bacteria is increased, the fungi is increased, and the soil microbial diversity is increased.

[0015] 6. Yield increase: after the biological mulching for three years, the tree vigor of the fruit trees is strengthened, the yield of the fruits is increased, and the yield difference between the large and small years is reduced.

[0016] 7. Quality improvement: the sugar content is increased by 1-2 degrees, the coloring degree and glossiness of the fruits are increased, the high-quality fruit rate is increased, the first-class fruit is increased, the soluble solids of the fruits are increased, the single fruit weight is increased, the fruit cracking rate is reduced, the disease incidence of the rotten fruits is reduced, and the quality is significantly improved.

[0017] The present application will be further described in detail in combination with the embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Embodiment 1 The test site of this embodiment: Niuwangmiao village in Gucun town, Chengwu county, Shandong province (Tianyi family farm in Chengwu county), time: October 2020-October 2024, soil condition: the soil is sandy loam, the orchard area is 120 mu, and the fruit tree variety is Fuji apple.

[0019] The method for improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by using ridging and biological mulching in this embodiment is as follows: S1, ridging: S101, soil fertility improvement: Before planting, mix the mature organic fertilizer and superphosphate, spread on the orchard ground, and plow to obtain the soil after soil fertility improvement; the amount of the mature organic fertilizer is 5000 kg / mu, and the amount of the superphosphate is 100 kg / mu; S102, leveling the ground, measuring the planting line, collecting the surface soil to form ridges, according to the tree spacing of 4 m, the surface soil with a width of 2 m and a thickness of 15 cm is formed on both sides to form a ridge with a height of 30 cm and a width of 1.5 m; the direction of the ridge is south-north, and the slope is along the contour line to keep the ridge flat and avoid water accumulation; the time of ridging is in autumn; S103, planting, in the first year, covering the film on the ridge obtained in S102 to obtain the film-covered ridge, and removing the film in the second year; S2, planting: S201, selecting seedlings: The virus-free container seedlings are selected, the seedlings are full, the root system is developed, the root system has more than 3 taproots, there is no pest and no mechanical damage, the small and weak seedlings are removed, and the fruit tree seedlings to be planted are obtained; S202, planting: In the center of the film-covered ridge obtained in S103, a planting hole with a diameter of 30 cm is dug according to the spacing, the fruit tree seedling to be planted obtained in S201 is planted in the center of the planting hole, the soil is filled, the soil is compacted, then water is poured to the maximum water content of the soil, water is poured again after 1 week, the soil is poured to the maximum water content, and the fruit tree seedling after planting is obtained; The depth of the seedling to be planted in S202 is that the grafting interface of the seedling to be planted is 5 cm above the ground; S3, biological mulching: S301, along the direction between the rows of the fruit tree seedling after planting obtained in S202, 1 irrigation ditch is dug at 50 cm on both sides of the row, and the soil taken when the irrigation ditch is dug is covered on the tree disc, and the tree disc is ridged; the depth and width of the irrigation ditch in S301 are both 20 cm; S302、In 0.3m from the trunk of the fruit tree, the cover is evenly laid under the crown, the thickness is 20cm, and the base of the trunk is not covered 15cm away; The cover in S302 includes: crop straw, weeds, green manure crops, leaves; S303, inter-row grass, 3 cuts per year, cover in the tree pit; Inter-row grass can be planted with hairy leaf mung bean, clover, alfalfa, melilot or / and rye grass; S4, management after biological coverage: S401, compact the cover laid in S302 with soil; S402, in spring, the cover is opened, 0.5kg of nitrogen fertilizer is applied per fruit tree, water is sprayed after fertilization, and the cover is covered again; S403, deep plowing once every 5 years, and rotten cover is turned into the soil.

[0020] This embodiment adopts the method of ridging and biological coverage, which is used for improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees, and has the following advantages: (1) cost saving: the ridging and biological coverage technology is simple, low investment (less than 1 / 10 of the facility water saving), and can reduce the management cost of weeding, irrigation and other aspects, which is easy for fruit farmers to accept.

[0021] (2) soil improvement: ridging and biological coverage can concentrate the surface soil of the orchard on the ridge, which can improve the soil temperature of the orchard, enhance the soil permeability, increase the soil organic matter content, and promote the growth of fruit tree roots in fertile soil. The root system is sufficient, which promotes the high quality and high yield of fruit trees; improve soil structure and increase air permeability; adjust soil temperature and humidity, reduce surface temperature amplitude, and when the surface soil of the uncovered orchard rises to 49℃ in summer, the soil temperature of the covered section is only 32.5℃. The soil temperature during dormancy is 0.66-1.78℃ higher than that of the orchard without biological coverage. Especially in the heavy soil block below the plough layer, the effect of ridging planting is better.

[0022] (3) water and fertilizer management: it can effectively reduce soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration, generally increase soil moisture content by about 40% in the covered section, and reduce surface evaporation by 30%-50%; improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and reduce water and fertilizer loss; reduce soil surface runoff and prevent water and soil loss; the ridge and groove of ridging planting can store part of the rainwater, if the rainfall is too large, the accumulated water can also be discharged from the orchard through the ridge and groove, reducing the harm of drought and flood to fruit trees.

[0023] (4) nutrient cycling: it can significantly improve soil fertility, and the soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be increased after biological coverage; effectively promote nutrient return and circulation; reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer; and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.

[0024] (5) Ecological benefits: Increased soil organic matter inhibits weed growth; after biological cover, ammonifying bacteria in the soil can increase; nitrogen-fixing bacteria increase; fiber-decomposing bacteria increase; fungi increase, thus increasing soil microbial diversity.

[0025] (6) Production increase effect: After three years of biological mulching, the vigor of fruit trees was strengthened, the variation in alternate bearing was reduced, and the average fruit yield increased by 28%.

[0026] (7) Quality improvement: Increase sugar content by 1-2 degrees; increase fruit color and gloss; increase the rate of high-quality fruit by 30%, the rate of first-grade fruit by 22%, the soluble solids of fruit by 1.6 times, the weight of a single fruit by 18.3 grams, reduce the rate of cracking fruit by about 35%, decrease the incidence of rot disease, and significantly improve quality.

[0027] Example 2 The test site for this embodiment was Niuwangmiao Village, Goucunji Town, Chengwu County, Shandong Province (Chengwu Tianyi Family Farm). The test period was from October 2020 to October 2024. The soil conditions were sandy loam, the orchard area was 120 mu, and the fruit tree variety was Fuji apple.

[0028] This embodiment employs a method of improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas using ridging and biological mulching. The method is as follows: S1, ridging: S101. Fertilize the soil: Before planting trees, mix well-rotted organic fertilizer and superphosphate, spread it on the orchard ground, and then till it to obtain soil with improved fertility; the amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer used is 3000 kg / mu, and the amount of superphosphate used is 150 kg / mu. S102. Level the ground, measure the planting line, collect topsoil and make ridges. According to the tree species row spacing of 4m, take the topsoil with a width of 2m and a thickness of 20cm in the middle and move it to both sides to form a ridge back with a height of 50cm and a width of 2m. The ridge direction is north-south. On sloping land, make ridges along the contour lines, keep the ridge surface flat, and avoid water accumulation. The ridge time is early spring. S103. In the first year of planting, cover the ridges obtained in S102 with mulch film to obtain ridges covered with mulch film. Remove the mulch film in the second year of planting. S2, Planting: S201, Seedling Selection: Select virus-free container seedlings, seedlings that are plump, have well-developed root systems with more than 3 taproots, and are free from diseases, pests, and mechanical damage. Remove small and weak seedlings to obtain fruit tree seedlings for planting. S202, Planting: In the center of the ridge back of the mulch obtained in S103, a planting hole with a diameter of 30 cm is dug according to the spacing, the fruit tree seedling obtained in S201 is planted in the center of the planting hole, the soil is filled, the soil is compacted, then water is poured to the maximum water content of the soil, and after 1 week, water is poured again to the maximum water content of the soil, to obtain the planted fruit tree seedling; The depth of planting the seedling in S202 is that the grafting joint of the seedling is 10 cm above the ground; S3, biological coverage: S301, along the inter-row direction of the planted fruit tree seedling obtained in S202, 1 irrigation ditch is dug on each side of the tree row at a distance of 50 cm, and the soil taken when the irrigation ditch is dug is covered on the tree disc to form a ridge on the tree disc; the depth and width of the irrigation ditch in S301 are both 20 cm; S302, at a distance of 0.5 m from the trunk, the mulch is evenly laid under the tree crown with a thickness of 25 cm, and the distance from the base of the trunk is 20 cm; the mulch in S302 includes crop straw, weeds, green manure crops, leaves, compost and sawdust; S303, inter-ridge grass and natural grass, 4 cuts per year, covering the tree disc; The inter-ridge grass can be planted with hairy vetch, clover, alfalfa, melilot or / and rye grass; Natural grass is to remove harmful weeds, mainly to retain grasses of the Gramineae family except reed grass, and to remove climbing weeds such as morning glory, morning glory, and high-stalk hemp, wormwood and amaranth; S4, management after biological coverage: S401, compacting the mulch laid in S302 with soil; S402, in spring, the mulch is spread, 0.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizer is applied to each fruit tree, water is poured after fertilization, and then the mulch is covered again; S403, deep plowing once every 4 years, and the rotten mulch is turned into the soil during plowing.

[0029] The method of the embodiment saves cost, improves soil, effectively reduces soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration, improves soil fertility, realizes nutrient cycling, has significant ecological benefits, and realizes yield increase and quality improvement of fruit trees.

[0030] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present application, and does not limit the present application. Any simple modification, change and equivalent change made according to the technical essence of the present application to the above embodiment are still within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by using ridging and biological mulching, characterized in that, The method comprises the following steps: S1, ridging: S101, fertilizing the soil: Before planting trees, mix the decomposed organic fertilizer and superphosphate, spread on the orchard ground, and plow to obtain the fertilized soil; S102, leveling the ground, measuring the planting line, collecting topsoil and ridging, according to the tree spacing of 4m, the topsoil with a width of 2m and a thickness of 15cm-20cm is ridged to both sides to form a ridge with a height of 30cm-50cm and a width of 1.5m-2m; S103, planting: in the first year, cover the ridge obtained in S102 with mulch film to obtain a mulch-covered ridge, and remove the mulch film in the second year; S2, planting: S201, selecting seedlings: Selecting virus-free container seedlings, the seedlings are full and the root system is developed with more than 3 taproots, and the seedlings are free of diseases, pests and mechanical damage, and the small and weak seedlings are removed to obtain the fruit tree seedlings to be planted; S202, planting: In the center of the mulch-covered ridge obtained in S103, a planting hole with a diameter of 30cm is dug according to the spacing, the fruit tree seedling obtained in S201 is planted in the center of the planting hole, the soil is filled and compacted, then water is poured to the maximum water content of the soil, and after 1 week, water is poured again to the maximum water content of the soil to obtain the planted fruit tree seedling; S3, biological mulching: S301, along the row direction of the planted fruit tree seedling obtained in S202, 1 irrigation ditch is dug on each side of the tree row at a distance of 50cm, and the soil taken when the irrigation ditch is dug is covered on the tree disc to form a ridge; S302, at a distance of 0.3m-0.5m from the trunk, the mulch is evenly laid under the tree crown with a thickness of 20cm-25cm, and the distance from the base of the trunk is 15cm-20cm; S303, grass is planted between the ridges or / and natural grass is grown, and 3-4 cuts are made every year to cover the tree disc; S4, management after biological mulching: S401, the mulch laid in S302 is compacted with soil; S402, in spring, the mulch is pulled apart, 0.5kg of nitrogen fertilizer is applied per fruit tree, water is poured after fertilization, and then the mulch is covered again; S403, deep plowing is performed once every 4-5 years, and the decomposed mulch is turned into the soil during plowing.

2. The method for improving and enhancing the quality of fruit trees in plain areas by using ridging and biological mulching according to claim 1, characterized in that, The amount of decomposed organic fertilizer in S101 is 3000kg / acre-5000kg / acre, and the amount of superphosphate is 100kg / acre-150kg / acre.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by adopting ridging and biological mulching is characterized in that, The direction of the ridge in S102 is south-north, and the slope is ridged along the contour line to keep the ridge surface flat and avoid water accumulation; the time for ridging is autumn or early spring.

4. The method for improving and enhancing the quality of fruit trees in plain areas by using ridging and biological mulching according to claim 1, characterized in that, The depth of the seedling to be planted in S202 is 5cm-10cm higher than the ground level.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by adopting ridging and biological mulching is characterized in that, The depth and width of the irrigation ditch in S301 are both 20cm.

6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for improving the quality and efficiency of fruit trees in plain areas by adopting ridging and biological mulching is characterized in that, The mulch in S302 includes crop straw, weeds, green manure crops, tree leaves, mushroom residue or / and wood chips.