Whole-plant quinoa silage daily ration and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of feed preparation, in particular to a whole-plant chenopodium quinoa silage daily ration and a preparation method thereof.The whole-plant chenopodium quinoa silage daily ration adsorbs saponin through an adsorbent, a calcium hydroxide aqueous solution is used for creating an alkaline environment to hydrolyze the saponin, and a weak acid environment generated through fermentation is used for decomposing the saponin for treatment; the content and biological activity of saponin in the quinoa coarse feed are effectively reduced, the inhibition of high-concentration saponin on the activity of beneficial microorganisms such as cellulolytic bacteria and amylolytic bacteria in rumen is effectively avoided, the digestibility of dairy cows on the feed is improved, and the absorption of key nutrient substances is increased; the quinoa concentrated feed contains various raw materials from different sources, and the raw materials are mixed with the quinoa coarse feed, so that nutrition complementation is realized, comprehensive and balanced nutrition is provided for the dairy cow, and meanwhile, the saponin content can be further reduced. The negative influence of the saponin on rumen fermentation of the dairy cow is reduced, so that the growth performance and the production efficiency of the dairy cow are improved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of feed preparation, in particular to a whole-plant quinoa silage ration and a preparation method thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] As a typical ruminant, the unique digestive system of dairy cows, especially the rumen which occupies 70%-80% of the total volume of the fourth stomach, plays a core role in nutrient intake and energy conversion. The rumen provides a stable and suitable living environment for a large and complex microbial community. After the feed enters the rumen, it undergoes a complex physical and chemical decomposition process under the action of enzymes secreted by microorganisms: carbohydrates are gradually broken down into monosaccharides, which are then fermented by microorganisms to produce volatile fatty acids (VFA), carbon dioxide and methane, etc.; proteins are broken down into peptides and amino acids, and some of the amino acids are further degraded to produce ammonia, carbon dioxide and VFA; at the same time, microorganisms use ammonia and carbon skeletons to synthesize their own proteins; fats are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids are hydrogenated into saturated fatty acids under the action of microorganisms.

[0003] As a high-quality feed commonly used in dairy cow feed, alfalfa has many significant advantages. It is rich in protein, and the composition of essential amino acids is balanced and reasonable, and it also contains rich minerals, providing comprehensive and balanced nutrition support for dairy cows. However, the planting cost of alfalfa is relatively high, according to relevant data, it costs about 2000-2500 yuan to plant one ton of alfalfa, in sharp contrast, the cost of planting one ton of quinoa is about 800-1200 yuan, obviously, quinoa has a clear advantage in planting cost, which makes it a potential and cost-reducing way to use quinoa to prepare dairy feed raw materials.

[0004] However, the high concentration of saponins in existing quinoa forage can significantly inhibit the activity of beneficial microorganisms such as fiber-decomposing bacteria and starch-decomposing bacteria in the rumen. This inhibitory effect directly weakens the ability of microorganisms to decompose feed nutrients, resulting in reduced rumen fermentation efficiency. The inhibition of saponins on rumen fermentation triggers a series of chain reactions: the overall digestibility of dairy cows to feed decreases, the absorption of key nutrients decreases; it damages the growth performance and production efficiency of dairy cows, specifically manifested as reduced milk production and decreased milk quality (such as reduced milk protein content and milk fat rate); long-term intake of saponin-containing feed may also induce digestive system diseases such as rumen acidosis and rumen distension. SUMMARY

[0005] Therefore, the present application provides a whole-plant quinoa silage ration and a preparation method thereof to solve the above technical problems caused by the high content of saponins in existing quinoa forage.

[0006] The technical solution of the present application to solve the above technical problems is as follows: A method for preparing a whole-plant quinoa silage ration, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: Preparation of quinoa roughage, which comprises the following steps: S11. Add an adsorbent to the quinoa segment and stir evenly to adsorb saponins in the quinoa segment and reduce direct contact with microorganisms, to obtain a first treated quinoa segment; S12. Uniformly spray a 5%-10% concentration of calcium hydroxide aqueous solution on the first treated quinoa segment, and close the first treated quinoa segment for 24-48h to hydrolyze the glycoside bond or ester bond of saponins in the first treated quinoa segment through an alkaline environment, to reduce its biological activity, and when the pH of the first treated quinoa segment reaches 9-10, a second treated quinoa segment is obtained; S13. Add a composite additive to the second treated quinoa segment, stir evenly, and then ferment, wherein the composite additive creates a weakly acidic environment during fermentation, which partially decomposes saponins in the second treated quinoa segment, and after fermentation, quinoa silage A is obtained, and the quinoa silage is exposed to oxygen for 24-28h to obtain quinoa roughage; Preparation of concentrate: 22-25 parts of pressed corn, 2-4 parts of molasses, 9-11 parts of soybean-cottonseed meal composite, 4-6 parts of fermented rapeseed meal, 7-9 parts of sugar beet meal, 3-5 parts of apple meal, 1-2 parts of calcium palmitoleate, 0.3-0.5 parts of zeolite-humic acid complex, 0.01 parts of yucca extract, 4-6 parts of premix, 0.7-0.9 parts of sodium bicarbonate are mixed, fermented and dried to obtain concentrate; Mix the quinoa roughage and the concentrate evenly to obtain the whole-plant quinoa silage ration, wherein the quinoa roughage accounts for 20%-60% of the whole-plant quinoa silage ration.

[0007] Preferably, the adsorbent is bentonite or activated carbon, and the addition amount of the adsorbent bentonite and the activated carbon is 0.5%-1%.

[0008] Preferably, the composite additive includes cellulase 50 U / g DM, xylanase 30 U / g DM, beta-glucosidase 20 U / g DM, and inoculation of Lactobacillus plantarum 1x10 6 CFU / g.

[0009] Preferably, when the pH of the first treated quinoa segment reaches 9-10, it further comprises: uniformly spraying ammonia with a concentration of 20%-25% onto the first treated quinoa segment in a closed environment, and ventilating for at least 12h after spraying to obtain the second treated quinoa segment.

[0010] Preferably, the method for preparing the concentrate feed comprises the following steps: S21. crushing the flaked corn to a length of ≤5 mm to obtain crushed corn, and mixing the crushed corn, the soybean-cottonseed meal compound, and the fermented rapeseed meal for a first time period to obtain a mixture A; S22. adding molasses, sugar beet meal, apple meal, and calcium palmitate to the mixture A, and mixing for a second time period to obtain a mixture B; S23. adding a zeolite-humic acid compound, a yucca extract, a premix, and sodium bicarbonate to the mixture B, and mixing at a low speed for a third time period to obtain a mixture C, wherein the coefficient of variation CV of the mixture C is ≤5%, and the mixture C is subjected to fermentation treatment, and the fermentation is terminated when the pH value is reduced to ≤4.5 to obtain a fermented material, wherein the lactic acid content of the fermented material is ≥3%, and the ammonia nitrogen content is ≤0.2%; S24. drying the fermented material at a low temperature of 50-60°C by airflow drying until the moisture content is ≤12%, and crushing to obtain a concentrate feed.

[0011] Preferably, the premix comprises rumen methionine, nicotinic acid, and choline.

[0012] Preferably, the first time period is 2-4 min.

[0013] Preferably, the second time period is 4-6 min.

[0014] Preferably, the third time period is 8-12 min.

[0015] The whole-plant quinoa silage ration prepared according to the method described above.

[0016] In the whole-plant quinoa silage ration and the method for preparing the same, the saponins in the quinoa segments are first adsorbed by the adsorbent, so that the total amount of saponins is rapidly reduced, and the concentration of saponins in the quinoa segments is reduced, so as to facilitate the subsequent hydrolysis of saponins in an alkaline environment created by using a 5%-10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution, so as to reduce the biological activity of saponins. Next, the composite additive is added for fermentation to generate a weak acidic environment, and part of the saponins is decomposed in the weak acidic environment, so as to effectively reduce the content and biological activity of saponins in the quinoa roughage, effectively avoid the inhibition of high-concentration saponins on the activity of beneficial microorganisms such as fiber-decomposing bacteria and starch-decomposing bacteria in the rumen, improve the digestibility of the feed by the dairy cow, and increase the absorption of key nutrients. The concentrate feed for quinoa contains a plurality of raw materials of different sources, which are mixed with the quinoa roughage to achieve the complementation of nutrients, provide comprehensive and balanced nutrition for the dairy cow, and further reduce the content of saponins. Due to the reduction of the negative impact of saponins on rumen fermentation of the dairy cow, the growth performance and production efficiency of the dairy cow are improved, which is specifically manifested in the increase of milk yield and the improvement of milk quality, such as the increase of milk protein content and milk fat rate. Detailed Implementation

[0017] To facilitate understanding of this application, a more complete description of the application will be provided below with reference to relevant embodiments. Preferred embodiments of the application are shown in the embodiments. However, the application can be implemented in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to provide a more thorough and complete understanding of the disclosure of this application.

[0018] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. The terminology used herein in the specification of this application is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application. The term "and / or" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0019] In one specific embodiment, a method for preparing a whole-plant quinoa silage diet includes the following steps: S11. Add an adsorbent to the quinoa segments and stir well to adsorb the saponins in the quinoa segments, reducing their direct contact with microorganisms, and obtain the first-treated quinoa segments. S12. Spray a 5%-10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution evenly onto the first-treated quinoa segments, and then seal and pile the first-treated quinoa segments for 24h-48h to hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds or ester bonds of saponins in the first-treated quinoa segments through an alkaline environment, thereby reducing their biological activity. When the pH of the first-treated quinoa segments reaches 9-10, the second-treated quinoa segments are obtained. S13. Add compound additive to the second-treated quinoa segment, stir evenly and ferment (30d-50d). The compound additive creates a weakly acidic environment during fermentation, and partially decomposes the saponins in the second-treated quinoa segment through the weakly acidic environment. After fermentation, quinoa silage A is obtained. The quinoa silage is aerobically exposed for 24h-28h to obtain quinoa roughage. Preparation of concentrated feed: Mix 22-25 parts of flaked corn, 2-4 parts of molasses, 9-11 parts of soybean meal-cottonseed meal compound, 4-6 parts of fermented rapeseed meal, 7-9 parts of beet meal, 3-5 parts of apple meal, 1-2 parts of palm fatty acid calcium, 0.3-0.5 parts of zeolite-humic acid complex, 0.01 parts of yucca extract, 4-6 parts of premix, and 0.7-0.9 parts of sodium bicarbonate, ferment, and dry to obtain concentrated feed; The quinoa roughage and the concentrate are mixed evenly to obtain the whole plant quinoa silage diet, wherein the quinoa roughage accounts for 20%-60% of the whole plant quinoa silage diet.

[0020] The application adopts Ningxia saline-alkali land planted "Ningwei" variety, and harvests the whole plant at the mature stage. The whole plant quinoa includes stems, leaves and seeds. The whole plant quinoa is cut into segments (2-3 cm) to obtain quinoa segments, which is convenient for fermentation and can increase palatability. The addition of adsorbents to the quinoa segments can adsorb saponins in the quinoa segments on the surface through physical adsorption, thereby reducing the contact between saponins and microorganisms and reducing the inhibitory effect of saponins on the activity of microorganisms. Then, 5%-10% concentration of calcium hydroxide aqueous solution is added. The alkaline environment created by the calcium hydroxide aqueous solution can break the glycosidic bond or ester bond in the saponin molecule. These chemical bonds are broken in the hydrolysis reaction, resulting in a change in the structure of saponins and a decrease in biological activity, thereby reducing the adverse effects on rumen microorganisms. It should be noted that calcium hydroxide is a medium-strong base, and its alkalinity is relatively moderate and stable. Within the concentration range of 5%-10%, it can provide a relatively stable and suitable alkaline environment (finally making the pH of the first treated quinoa segments reach 9-10). This stable alkaline environment is crucial for hydrolyzing the glycosidic bond or ester bond of saponins in the first treated quinoa segments. If some strong alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide solution are used, even at a low concentration, the alkalinity of the solution may become too strong in a short time, exceeding the suitable pH range (9-10) required for saponin hydrolysis. A too strong alkaline environment may lead to excessive hydrolysis of saponin structure or other unpredictable chemical reactions, damaging the structure of beneficial ingredients in quinoa, and even producing harmful substances. Some weak alkaline solutions such as sodium bicarbonate solution have weaker alkalinity and may not provide enough alkaline conditions to effectively hydrolyze the glycosidic bond or ester bond of saponins, resulting in no obvious effect on reducing the biological activity of saponins. Next, the addition of a composite additive followed by fermentation can produce a weakly acidic environment during fermentation. The weakly acidic conditions will promote chemical reactions in saponin molecules, causing their structure to be destroyed and converted into substances with lower or no biological activity, further reducing the content and harm of saponins. After fermentation is completed, the silo is opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage A is exposed to oxygen for 24-28 hours to obtain quinoa coarse feed. If the obtained quinoa silage A is directly fed to cows after the silo is opened, there may be a risk of secondary fermentation, increasing the risk of spoilage of quinoa silage A. The content of propionic acid (metabolized by lactic acid bacteria) in quinoa silage A is relatively high, which may inhibit the intake of cows. Short-term (e.g. 24 hours) aeration of the obtained quinoa silage A can promote the activity of aerobic microorganisms (such as yeast and acetic acid bacteria), convert part of the propionic acid into acetic acid or CO2+H2O, and reduce the accumulation of propionic acid. The quality of the silage is preserved, and the time is controlled within 28 hours to avoid excessive oxidation leading to nutrient loss (such as protein degradation).

[0021] The premium feed contains a variety of raw materials from different sources, each of which plays a different role, as follows: Flaked corn: The flaking process disrupts the endosperm structure of corn, increasing its contact area with digestive enzymes and improving starch digestibility. The starch is then fermented by microorganisms in the rumen to produce volatile fatty acids, providing energy for dairy cows.

[0022] Molasses: It contains abundant soluble sugars, such as sucrose and glucose, which can quickly provide energy for dairy cows, stimulate the growth and reproduction of rumen microorganisms, and promote the digestion of cellulose.

[0023] Soybean meal-cottonseed meal compound: Soybean meal is rich in high-quality protein with a balanced amino acid composition; cottonseed meal contains a certain amount of protein, but also contains anti-nutritional factors such as gossypol. Using the two in combination can provide sufficient protein while reducing the impact of gossypol through a reasonable ratio.

[0024] Fermented rapeseed meal: Through fermentation, anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates in rapeseed meal are degraded, and the digestibility and utilization of protein are improved. At the same time, the beneficial microorganisms and metabolites produced during fermentation can also improve the rumen environment.

[0025] Beet pulp and apple pulp contain a certain amount of soluble and insoluble fiber, which can stimulate rumen peristalsis, promote rumination, and maintain the normal function of the rumen.

[0026] Calcium palm fat: This is a rumen-free fat that can be digested and absorbed in the small intestine, providing dairy cows with a high-energy fat source without affecting the fermentation function of the rumen.

[0027] Zeolite-humic acid complex: Zeolite has an adsorption effect, which can further adsorb saponins in the rumen and regulate the rumen pH value; humic acid can promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms and improve feed utilization.

[0028] Yucca extract: can reduce the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen, reduce ammonia toxicity, and improve feed palatability.

[0029] Premixed feed: Contains vitamins, minerals and other trace elements needed by dairy cows, which can supplement the nutrients that other components in concentrated feed cannot provide, ensuring the nutritional balance of dairy cows.

[0030] Sodium bicarbonate: As a buffer, it can regulate the pH of the rumen, prevent rumen acidosis, and maintain the stability of the rumen environment.

[0031] This application first utilizes an adsorbent to adsorb saponins in quinoa segments, rapidly reducing the total amount and concentration of saponins. This facilitates subsequent hydrolysis of saponins using a 5%-10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution to create an alkaline environment, further reducing their bioactivity. Next, a compound additive is added for fermentation to create a weakly acidic environment, which decomposes some saponins. This effectively reduces the saponin content and bioactivity in quinoa roughage, preventing the inhibition of beneficial microorganisms such as fiber-decomposing and starch-decomposing bacteria in the rumen by high concentrations of saponins. This improves the digestibility of feed for dairy cows and increases the absorption of key nutrients. Quinoa concentrate contains various raw materials from different sources. Mixing these materials with quinoa roughage achieves nutritional complementarity, providing dairy cows with comprehensive and balanced nutrition while further reducing saponin content. By reducing the negative impact of saponins on rumen fermentation in dairy cows, growth performance and production efficiency are improved, specifically through increased milk yield and improved milk quality, such as higher milk protein content and fat percentage.

[0032] The main function of the compound additive is to create a suitable weakly acidic environment for the fermentation process. Simultaneously, it utilizes the various enzymes and microorganisms it contains to decompose and transform the components within the quinoa segments, reducing the content of substances such as saponins that may adversely affect the rumen microorganisms of dairy cows. This improves the quality of quinoa as feed, ensuring that the final whole-plant quinoa silage diet is more conducive to the digestion, absorption, and healthy growth of dairy cows. Furthermore, the compound additive includes 50 U / g DM cellulase, 30 U / g DM xylanase, 20 U / g DM β-glucosidase, and 1×10⁻⁶ Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation. 6 CFU / g provides a slightly acidic environment.

[0033] Cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase can break down polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicellulose in quinoa, converting them into monosaccharides or oligosaccharides that are more easily digested and absorbed by dairy cows, thus increasing the available energy content of quinoa roughage. Simultaneously, *Lactobacillus plantarum* produces beneficial metabolites such as organic acids and vitamins during fermentation, further enriching the nutritional composition of quinoa roughage. The metabolic production of organic acids, such as lactic acid, during fermentation lowers the pH of the fermentation environment, creating an acidic environment conducive to the decomposition of saponins.

[0034] Furthermore, after the pH of the first-treated quinoa segment reaches 9-10, the process further includes: uniformly spraying 20%-25% ammonia water onto the first-treated quinoa segment in a sealed environment, thereby breaking the ester bonds of saponins through ammonolysis and generating amide derivatives, which significantly increases the rumen degradation rate of crude protein (CP) and also improves the degradation rate of NDF. After spraying, ventilation is maintained for at least 12 hours to prevent rumen ammonia poisoning, thus obtaining the second-treated quinoa segment.

[0035] In one specific embodiment, the method for preparing the concentrated feed includes the following steps: S31. Crush the flaked corn to a length ≤5 mm to obtain crushed corn, and mix the crushed corn, soybean meal-cottonseed meal composite material, and fermented rapeseed meal for a first time to obtain mixture A; S32 Add molasses, beet pulp, apple pulp, and calcium palm fatty acid to the mixture A and mix for a second time to obtain mixture B; S33. Add zeolite-humic acid complex, yucca extract, premix, and sodium bicarbonate to mixture B, mix at low speed for a third time to obtain mixture C, wherein the coefficient of variation (CV) of mixture C is ≤5%, and ferment mixture C is subjected to fermentation treatment. Fermentation is terminated when the pH value drops below 4.5 to obtain fermented material, wherein the lactic acid content of the fermented material is ≥3% and the ammonia nitrogen is ≤0.2%; the mass ratio of zeolite to humic acid in the zeolite-humic acid complex can be 3:1 to 5:1; S34. The fermented material is dried by a low-temperature airflow at 50-60℃ until the moisture content is ≤12%, and then pulverized to obtain concentrated feed.

[0036] Specifically, the premix includes rumen methionine, niacin, and choline, with a mass ratio of 1:1:1. These three components can influence the metabolic activity of rumen microorganisms, optimize the rumen fermentation environment, improve the digestibility and utilization of feed in the rumen, and thus enhance the overall nutritional value of whole-plant quinoa silage diets. Furthermore, this combination of three substances provides dairy cows with specific and important nutritional supplements, helping to meet their needs for specific nutrients at different physiological stages (such as growth, pregnancy, and lactation).

[0037] The first duration is 2 min-4 min, the second duration is 4 min-6 min, and the third duration is 8 min-12 min.

[0038] The whole-plant quinoa silage diet prepared according to the above-mentioned method uses quinoa as raw material, which is less expensive than using alfalfa as raw material. In addition, the whole-plant quinoa silage diet provided in this application has a low saponin content, which can improve the rumen fermentation efficiency of dairy cows, thereby improving the digestive problems of dairy cows and increasing milk production.

[0039] The following comparative test examples further illustrate the technical solution and technical effects of this application. It should be noted that the following comparative test examples are only for further explanation of this application and do not limit the technical solution of this application.

[0040] In this invention, unless otherwise specified, all parts and percentages are by weight (dry matter basis), and the equipment and raw materials used are commercially available or commonly used in the art. Unless otherwise specified, the methods in the following embodiments are conventional methods in the art.

[0041] Experimental materials and methods Ninety healthy Holstein cows (at peak lactation) from a dairy company in Ningxia were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into nine groups of ten cows each. The experimental groups were the Example, the Blank, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 5, Comparative Example 6 and Comparative Example 7. The experimental period was 60 days.

[0042] Prior to the experiment, the cowshed was repaired and disinfected, and all dairy cows underwent internal and external deworming to minimize the impact of barn hygiene and parasites on the cows' nutritional metabolism. Cows were randomly assigned to groups and numbered, and were housed in designated pens. Good hygiene, disease prevention, and environmental conditions were maintained in the pens. Feed intake and disease status were closely monitored during the experiment. Example

[0043] Preparation of whole-plant quinoa silage diet Preparation of quinoa roughage: The "Ningli" variety, grown in saline-alkali land in Ningxia, is harvested as a whole plant at maturity, including stems, leaves, and seeds. The whole plant is then cut into 2-3 cm segments. 1% bentonite is added to the quinoa segments and mixed thoroughly to obtain the first-treatment quinoa segments. A 10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution is evenly sprayed onto the first-treatment quinoa segments, and the segments are then sealed and piled for 36 hours. When the pH of the first-treatment quinoa segments reaches 10, the second-treatment quinoa segments are obtained. Cellulase 50 U / g DM, xylanase 30 U / g DM, β-glucosidase 20 U / g DM, and *Lactobacillus plantarum* 1×10⁻⁶ are added to the second-treatment quinoa segments. 6 After mixing CFU / g evenly, the mixture is placed in a sealed pit and fermented for 30 days. The pit is then opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage is then aerobically exposed for 28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage.

[0044] Preparation of concentrated feed: Crushed corn was crushed to a length ≤5 mm to obtain crushed corn. The crushed corn, soybean meal-cottonseed meal composite, and fermented rapeseed meal were mixed for 3 min to obtain mixture A. Molasses, beet meal, apple meal, and palm fatty acid calcium were added to mixture A and mixed for 5 min to obtain mixture B. Zeolite-humic acid complex, yucca extract, premix, and sodium bicarbonate were added to mixture B and mixed at low speed for 10 min to obtain mixture C. The coefficient of variation (CV) of mixture C was ≤5%. Mixture C was fermented and fermentation was terminated when the pH value dropped to 4 to obtain fermented material. The lactic acid content of the fermented material was 4%, and the ammonia nitrogen content was 0.18%. The fermented material was dried at 55℃ with low-temperature airflow until the moisture content was ≤12% and then pulverized to obtain concentrated feed.

[0045] The quinoa roughage and concentrate are mixed in different proportions to obtain a whole-plant quinoa silage diet.

[0046] Feeding method The experimental cattle were fed six times a day (with intervals ≤ 4 hours). The ratio of roughage to concentrate in the whole-plant quinoa silage diet was adjusted daily during feeding. Alfalfa forage was fed first each time, followed by the whole-plant quinoa silage diet. Initially, the ratio of quinoa roughage to alfalfa forage was 1:1. The ratio of quinoa roughage to alfalfa forage was gradually increased and the ratio of alfalfa forage decreased. After 15 days of complete replacement, the cattle were fed a whole-plant quinoa silage diet prepared by mixing quinoa roughage and concentrate in a ratio of 60%:40%. The cattle were fed by a designated person with fixed quantities of feed and had free access to water (26℃). The experimental period was 60 days.

[0047] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 1.

[0048] Blank example The difference between this blank example and the above embodiments is that alfalfa roughage is used for feeding, the alfalfa roughage is prepared by conventional methods in the prior art, the concentrate is prepared by the same method as in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as in the above embodiments.

[0049] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 1.

[0050] Table 1 Comparison of Experimental Results between Examples and Blank Examples

[0051] The data in Table 1 show that when the diet provided in the example is fed to dairy cows, the cost per kilogram of feed is lower than that of the diet in the blank example. The dry matter intake, milk protein rate and milk fat rate are also increased. The saponin residue in the feed can also be reduced to below 15 mg / kg. After the dairy cows consume the feed, the rumen fermentation will not be caused by excessive saponin content, thereby improving the milk yield and milk quality of the dairy cows.

[0052] Comparative Example 1 The difference between Comparative Example 1 and the above embodiments is that the method for preparing quinoa roughage is different. The specific method for preparing quinoa roughage in Comparative Example 1 is as follows: quinoa is harvested at maturity, and the harvested whole quinoa plant is cut into quinoa segments of 2-3 cm; 1% bentonite is added to the quinoa segments, stirred evenly to obtain the first-treatment quinoa segments, which are then sealed in a silo for fermentation. After fermentation, the silo is opened to obtain quinoa silage A, which is quinoa roughage. The preparation method of the concentrate is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0053] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0054] Comparative Example 2 The difference between Comparative Example 2 and the above embodiments is that the method for preparing quinoa roughage is different. The specific method for preparing quinoa roughage in Comparative Example 2 is as follows: quinoa is harvested at maturity, and the harvested whole quinoa plant is cut into 2-3 cm segments. A 10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution is evenly sprayed onto the quinoa segments, and the quinoa segments are sealed and piled up for 36 hours. When the pH of the first-treatment quinoa segments reaches 10, the cellar is sealed and fermented. After fermentation, the cellar is opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage is then aerobically exposed for 28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage. The preparation method of the concentrate is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0055] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0056] Comparative Example 3 The difference between Comparative Example 3 and the above embodiments is that the method for preparing quinoa roughage is different. Specifically, in Comparative Example 3, the method for preparing quinoa roughage is as follows: Quinoa is harvested at maturity, and the harvested whole quinoa plant is cut into 2-3 cm segments; 50 U / g DM cellulase, 30 U / g DM xylanase, 20 U / g β-glucosidase, and 1×10⁻⁶ Lactobacillus plantarum are added to the quinoa segments. 6After mixing CFU / g evenly, the mixture is placed in a sealed pit for fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the pit is opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage is then aerobically exposed for 28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage. The preparation method of the concentrate is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0057] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0058] Comparative Example 4 The difference between Comparative Example 4 and the above embodiments lies in the method of preparing quinoa roughage. The specific method for preparing quinoa roughage in Comparative Example 4 is as follows: quinoa is harvested at maturity, and the harvested whole quinoa plants are cut into 2-3 cm segments; 1% bentonite is added to the quinoa segments and stirred evenly to obtain the first-treated quinoa segments; a 10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution is evenly sprayed onto the first-treated quinoa segments, and the first-treated quinoa segments are sealed and piled for 36 hours. When the pH of the first-treated quinoa segments reaches 10, they are placed in a sealed cellar for fermentation. After fermentation, the cellar is opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage is then aerobically exposed for 28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage. The preparation method of the concentrate is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0059] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0060] Comparative Example 5 The difference between Comparative Example 5 and the above embodiments lies in the method of preparing quinoa roughage. Specifically, in Comparative Example 5, the quinoa roughage is prepared by harvesting at maturity and cutting the harvested whole quinoa plant into 2-3 cm segments. A 10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution is evenly sprayed onto the quinoa segments, and the segments are then sealed and piled for 36 hours. When the pH of the first-treated quinoa segments reaches 10, the second-treated quinoa segments are obtained. Cellulase 50 U / g DM, xylanase 30 U / g DM, β-glucosidase 20 U / g DM, and *Lactobacillus plantarum* 1×10⁻⁶ are added to the second-treated quinoa segments. 6 After mixing CFU / g evenly, the mixture is placed in a sealed pit for fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the pit is opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage is then aerobically exposed for 28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage. The preparation method of the concentrate is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0061] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0062] Comparative Example 6 The difference between Comparative Example 6 and the above embodiments lies in the method of preparing quinoa roughage. Specifically, in Comparative Example 6, the quinoa roughage is prepared by harvesting at maturity and cutting the harvested whole quinoa plant into 2-3 cm segments; adding 1% bentonite to the quinoa segments and mixing thoroughly to obtain the first-treated quinoa segments; adding 50 U / g DM cellulase, 30 U / g DM xylanase, 20 U / g DM β-glucosidase, and 1×10⁻⁶ Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation to the first-treated quinoa segments. 6 After mixing CFU / g evenly, the mixture is placed in a sealed pit for fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the pit is opened to obtain quinoa silage A. The quinoa silage is then aerobically exposed for 28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage. The preparation method of the concentrate is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0063] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0064] Comparative Example 7 The difference between Comparative Example 7 and the above embodiments is that the concentrated feed used is different. The concentrated feed used in Comparative Example 7 is a traditional concentrated feed, which includes flaked corn, soybean meal-cottonseed meal compound, beet meal and sodium bicarbonate. These raw materials are mixed evenly in the existing proportions and fermented to obtain concentrated feed. The preparation method of quinoa roughage is the same as that in the above embodiments, and the feeding method is also the same as that in the above embodiments.

[0065] After feeding dairy cows for 60 days, the dry matter intake, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, rumen pH / saponin residue, and feed cost were recorded, as shown in Table 2.

[0066] Table 2 Statistical table of comparative experiment results

[0067] As can be seen from the data in Table 2 above, although the feed cost was lower after feeding dairy cows with the diets of Comparative Examples 1 to 7 for 60 days, other indicators were not as good as those of the diets provided in the above examples after feeding dairy cows for 60 days. In particular, there were more saponin residues, which would lead to rumen fermentation after dairy cows consumed the diets, thereby reducing their milk production and milk quality.

[0068] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0069] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this patent application should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a whole-plant quinoa silage diet, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Preparing quinoa roughage includes the following steps: S11. Add an adsorbent to the quinoa segments and stir well to adsorb the saponins in the quinoa segments, reducing their direct contact with microorganisms, and obtain the first-treated quinoa segments. S12. Spray a 5%-10% calcium hydroxide aqueous solution evenly onto the first-treated quinoa segments, and then seal and pile the first-treated quinoa segments for 24h-48h to hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds or ester bonds of saponins in the first-treated quinoa segments through an alkaline environment, thereby reducing their biological activity. When the pH of the first-treated quinoa segments reaches 9-10, the second-treated quinoa segments are obtained. S13. Add a compound additive to the second-treated quinoa segment, stir evenly and then ferment. The compound additive creates a weakly acidic environment during the fermentation process, and partially decomposes the saponins in the second-treated quinoa segment through the weakly acidic environment. After fermentation, quinoa silage A is obtained. The quinoa silage is aerobically exposed for 24-28 hours to obtain quinoa roughage. Preparation of concentrated feed: Mix 22-25 parts of flaked corn, 2-4 parts of molasses, 9-11 parts of soybean meal-cottonseed meal compound, 4-6 parts of fermented rapeseed meal, 7-9 parts of beet meal, 3-5 parts of apple meal, 1-2 parts of palm fatty acid calcium, 0.3-0.5 parts of zeolite-humic acid complex, 0.01 parts of yucca extract, 4-6 parts of premix, and 0.7-0.9 parts of sodium bicarbonate, ferment, and dry to obtain concentrated feed; The quinoa roughage and the concentrate are mixed evenly to obtain the whole plant quinoa silage diet, wherein the quinoa roughage accounts for 20%-60% of the whole plant quinoa silage diet.

2. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adsorbent is bentonite or activated carbon, and the amount of both bentonite and activated carbon added is 0.5%-1%.

3. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The compound additive includes 50 U / g DM cellulase, 30 U / g DM xylanase, 20 U / g DM β-glucosidase, and 1×10⁻⁶ Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation. 6 CFU / g.

4. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 1, characterized in that, After the pH of the first-treated quinoa segment reaches 9-10, the process further includes: uniformly spraying 20%-25% ammonia water onto the first-treated quinoa segment in a closed environment, and ventilating for at least 12 hours after spraying to obtain the second-treated quinoa segment.

5. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for preparing the concentrated feed includes the following steps: S21. Crush the flaked corn to a length ≤5 mm to obtain crushed corn, and mix the crushed corn, soybean meal-cottonseed meal composite material, and fermented rapeseed meal for a first time to obtain mixture A; S22 Add molasses, beet pulp, apple pulp, and calcium palm fatty acid to the mixture A and mix for a second time to obtain mixture B; S23. Add zeolite-humic acid complex, yucca extract, premix, and sodium bicarbonate to mixture B, mix at low speed for a third time to obtain mixture C, wherein the coefficient of variation (CV) of mixture C is ≤5%, and ferment mixture C is subjected to fermentation treatment. Fermentation is terminated when the pH value drops below 4.5 to obtain fermented material, wherein the lactic acid content of the fermented material is ≥3% and the ammonia nitrogen is ≤0.2%; S24. The fermented material is dried by a low-temperature airflow at 50-60℃ until the moisture content is ≤12%, and then pulverized to obtain concentrated feed.

6. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 5, characterized in that, The premix includes rumen methionine, nicotinic acid, and choline.

7. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 5, characterized in that, The first duration is 2 min-4 min.

8. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 5, characterized in that, The second duration is 4 min-6 min.

9. The method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage according to claim 5, characterized in that, The third duration is 8 min-12 min.

10. The whole-plant quinoa silage diet prepared by the method for preparing whole-plant quinoa silage diet according to any one of claims 1-9.

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