Ceramic tile with surface layer containing particles and preparation method of ceramic tile

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ceramic preparation, in particular to a ceramic tile with a surface layer containing particles and a preparation method thereof. The ceramic tile with the surface layer containing particles comprises a bottom layer and a surface layer, a plurality of particles are arranged in the surface layer; the preparation raw materials of the surface layer comprise a first powder material and a granular material; the granular material is used for forming the granules; the surface layer is prepared from the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 71 to 75 percent of SiO2, 15.5 to 19 percent of Al2O3, 0.25 to 0.4 percent of CaO, 0.8 to 1.1 percent of MgO, 1.6 to 2.2 percent of K2O, 2.5 to 3.2 percent of Na2O and the balance of ignition loss and impurities. The ceramic tile can reduce the use of granules, reduce the cost and waste, has the properties of high hardness, good wear resistance and the like, and is good in comprehensive performance.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ceramic preparation technology, and in particular to a ceramic tile with particles on the surface and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Granular ceramic tiles are popular among consumers because their particles are randomly distributed within the tile body, resembling naturally grown grains and exhibiting granite-like patterns. They are suitable for various applications.

[0003] Ceramic tiles are predominantly used for flooring and wall tiling. Therefore, in these applications, only the surface finish is needed; the edges and sides of the tiles do not require patterns. However, existing granular ceramic tiles are primarily designed for a uniform, through-body finish. The granules used in ceramic tiles require additional manufacturing, incurring costs related to equipment, operation, processes, and labor. Applying fully through-body granular ceramic tiles to floors or walls is clearly wasteful and contradicts the goal of resource conservation.

[0004] It is evident that existing technologies still need improvement and enhancement. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a ceramic tile with a surface containing particles and a method for preparing the same, which aims to reduce the cost of using granular ceramic tiles to pave floors or walls and reduce resource waste.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] The first aspect of the present invention provides a ceramic tile with a granular surface, comprising a base layer and a surface layer; the surface layer comprises a plurality of granules; the raw materials for preparing the surface layer include a first powder and granules; the granules are used to form the granules;

[0008] The chemical composition of the surface layer, by mass percentage, includes: SiO2 71-75%, Al2O3 15.5-19%, CaO 0.25-0.4%, MgO 0.8-1.1%, K2O 1.6-2.2%, Na2O 2.5-3.2%, with the remainder being loss on ignition and impurities.

[0009] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, wherein, by mass parts, the raw materials for preparing the particles and the first powder include: 15.5–18.5 parts potassium sodium stone powder, 17–21 parts clay, 10–12 parts aluminum sodium sand, 19.5–23.5 parts sodium water abrasive, 5–7 parts lake stone particles, 1–2 parts mixed clay, 15–18 parts potassium sand, 4.5–5.5 parts bentonite, and 2–3 parts talc particles.

[0010] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a granular surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains 33-34% quartz crystal phase and 4-5% mullite crystal phase by mass.

[0011] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, wherein the narrowest part of the particles is ≥1mm and the widest part is ≤20mm; the particle size distribution range of the particles is as follows: the mass percentage of particles ≥1mm and <3mm is 20-100%, the mass percentage of particles ≥3mm and <5mm is 0-40%, the mass percentage of particles ≥5mm and <10mm is 0-20%, and the mass percentage of particles ≥10mm and ≤20mm is 0-20%.

[0012] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, wherein the raw material for preparing the bottom layer includes a second powder; the particle size distribution range of the first powder and / or the second powder is: the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.15 mm and ≤ 1 mm is ≥ 95%, wherein the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.5 mm and ≤ 1 mm is < 15%.

[0013] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, wherein the shape of the particles includes one or more of the following: spherical, rice-grain-shaped, flaky, or irregular shapes.

[0014] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface layer containing particles, wherein the thickness of the surface layer is 20-40% of the thickness of the ceramic tile.

[0015] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, wherein the surface layer is further provided with a transparent glaze layer, or with an inkjet pattern layer and a transparent glaze layer.

[0016] The aforementioned ceramic tile with a surface layer containing particles, wherein the mass percentage of the particles is 1-50% of the total mass of the raw materials used to prepare the surface layer.

[0017] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing ceramic tiles, for preparing ceramic tiles with a surface containing particles as described above, comprising the following steps:

[0018] The first powder and granules are mixed to obtain a mixture;

[0019] The mixture and the second powder are fed into the press mold cavity in layers and pressed into a blank;

[0020] The ceramic tile with a particle-containing surface is obtained by drying, firing, and polishing the ceramic body.

[0021] Beneficial effects: This invention provides a ceramic tile with a granular surface layer. By layering the granules, multiple particles are placed only in the surface layer, reducing the amount of granules used and thus lowering the cost of the tile and minimizing unnecessary resource waste. Furthermore, this invention improves the strength and toughness of the tile and the various properties of the first powder after firing by optimizing the formulation of the granular material and the first powder, and allows it to adapt to a wider firing range. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of a ceramic tile with a surface layer containing particles. In the diagram, 1 represents the bottom layer, 2 represents the surface layer, and 21 represents the particles.

[0023] Figure 2 This is a photograph of the ceramic tile prepared in Example 1.

[0024] Figure 3 This is a photograph of the ceramic tile prepared in Example 2.

[0025] Figure 4 This is a photograph of the ceramic tile prepared in Example 3.

[0026] Figure 5 This is a photograph of the ceramic tile prepared in Example 4.

[0027] Figure 6 The image shows the XRD phase diagram of the surface layer of the ceramic tile prepared in Example 1.

[0028] Figure 7 This is a diagram showing the main chemical composition of each raw material in the preparation of the surface layer of the ceramic tile obtained in Example 1. Detailed Implementation

[0029] This invention provides a ceramic tile with a surface containing particles and a method for preparing the same. To make the objectives, technical solutions, and effects of this invention clearer and more explicit, the invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for explaining the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0030] Please see Figure 1 The first aspect of the present invention provides a ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, comprising a base layer and a surface layer; the surface layer comprises a plurality of particles; the raw materials for preparing the surface layer include a first powder and granules; the granules are used to form the particles;

[0031] The chemical composition of the surface layer, by mass percentage, includes: SiO2 71-75%, Al2O3 15.5-19%, CaO 0.25-0.4%, MgO 0.8-1.1%, K2O 1.6-2.2%, Na2O 2.5-3.2%, with the remainder being loss on ignition and impurities.

[0032] Please see Figure 6 The surface layer raw material contains a high silicon content. During firing, it first melts into a high-proportion silica glass, and then, under supersaturation, precipitates a large amount of silica crystals (i.e., quartz) accounting for 33-34% of the total mass, resulting in high hardness and wear resistance. Simultaneously, it forms 4-5% mullite crystals. Their unique needle-like crystal structure disperses within the ceramic body, forming an effective interwoven network tightly connected to the quartz crystals, enhancing the toughness and strength of the body and mitigating the brittleness caused by a high proportion of quartz. Mullite crystals have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, effectively reducing the adverse effects of thermal stress caused by excessive thermal expansion due to a large amount of quartz crystals. This also makes the material more stable under temperature changes and less prone to microcracks. Furthermore, the raw material contains a large amount of silica and alumina glass phases. These two glass phases have high viscosity at high temperatures, which helps resist deformation caused by viscous flow and expands the firing range. Furthermore, the high content of glass phase in the green body provides excellent anti-fouling properties, while the embedded crystals provide good wear resistance. If there are too many quartz crystals and too few mullite crystals, the structure will be unstable and cracks will form. If there are too many mullite crystals, the sintering temperature of the green body will be increased, resulting in poor melting and pore formation, which will reduce the anti-fouling properties and wear resistance. The extremely high proportion of silicon and aluminum in the raw materials gives the surface higher water resistance and acid and alkali resistance. A higher sodium oxide content (2.5%–3.2%) can significantly enhance melting properties, thereby greatly reducing the initial melting temperature and melting temperature, allowing the billet to melt rapidly. At the same time, the sodium oxide glass phase can promote the development of needle-like mullite and improve mechanical strength. An appropriate potassium oxide content can mitigate the adverse effects of acidic silica oxides, improve overall acid and alkali resistance, and the weaker potassium-oxygen ionic bond can effectively inhibit crystallization and phase separation, thus suppressing the size of the formed quartz crystals. This reduces the risk of microcracks caused by the high expansion coefficient of large quartz crystal phases, thereby improving the stain resistance of the tile surface.

[0033] Preferably, the raw materials for preparing the granular material and the first powder, by mass parts, include: 15.5-18.5 parts of potassium sodium stone powder, 17-21 parts of ball clay, 10-12 parts of aluminum sodium sand, 19.5-23.5 parts of sodium water abrasive, 5-7 parts of lake stone particles, 1-2 parts of mixed clay, 15-18 parts of potassium sand, 4.5-5.5 parts of bentonite, and 2-3 parts of talc particles. Figure 7The chemical composition of each raw material is given in wt%.

[0034] Preferably, the narrowest point of the granules is ≥1mm and the widest point is ≤20mm; the particle size distribution range of the granules is as follows: 20-100% by mass for particles ≥1mm and <3mm, 0-40% by mass for particles ≥3mm and <5mm, 0-20% by mass for particles ≥5mm and <10mm, and 0-20% by mass for particles ≥10mm and ≤20mm. The overall particle size of the granules should not be too small, otherwise a good pattern effect cannot be formed. The overall particle size should also not be too large, otherwise cracking due to uneven shrinkage is likely. Granules with excessively large particle sizes are also not conducive to preparing thinner surface layers.

[0035] Preferably, the mass percentage of the granular material is 1-50% of the total mass of the raw materials used to prepare the surface layer. The proportion of granular material should not be too high, otherwise there will be insufficient first powder to fill the gaps.

[0036] Specifically, granules can be prepared by the following methods: the raw materials for granule preparation are mixed with water and additives according to the formula and ground into a slurry. The slurry is then spray-dried and sieved to prepare powder within the target particle size range. The powder is then granulated by tableting and sieved to obtain granules within the target particle size range. Alternatively, the powder can be mixed with water to make a mud (or the slurry can be dried into a mud), and then extruded, dried, and granulated. After sieving, granules within the target particle size range can be obtained.

[0037] Preferably, the particle size distribution of the first powder is as follows: the mass percentage of particles with a diameter > 0.15 mm and ≤ 1 mm is ≥ 95%, wherein the mass percentage of particles with a diameter > 0.5 mm and ≤ 1 mm is < 15%. The overall particle size of the first powder should not be too large, otherwise it will not be able to fully fill the gaps in the granules, thus causing a decrease in anti-fouling performance. The overall particle size of the first powder should not be too small, otherwise there will be too much fine powder, requiring greater pressing force and holding time during the pressing process, which is not conducive to improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Moreover, if the powder is too fine, it will lead to poor internal air exhaust and easy stratification.

[0038] Preferably, the raw material for preparing the bottom layer includes a second powder, wherein the particle size distribution range of the second powder is: the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.15 mm and ≤ 1 mm is ≥ 95%, wherein the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.5 mm and ≤ 1 mm is < 15%.

[0039] Preferably, the raw materials for preparing the second powder are the same as those for the first powder, which makes the surface layer and the bottom layer more compatible and less prone to separation.

[0040] Preferably, the thickness of the surface layer is 20-40% of the thickness of the ceramic tile. The surface layer should not be too thin, otherwise it will easily lead to the substrate showing through and increase the difficulty of applying the tile.

[0041] Preferably, the surface layer includes a solid-color body pattern area or a body pattern area where multiple different colors can be clearly distinguished. The body pattern area includes a solid-color area formed by a first powder of a single color or a multi-color area formed by a mixture of multiple first powders of single colors, and several particles distributed therein. The multi-color area includes one or more combinations of patterns such as clumps, rice grains, crescent shapes, lines, or other irregular shapes. The proportion of particles in the body pattern area is 1-50%.

[0042] Specifically, the color and texture of the particle pattern are not limited; they can be a solid color, a texture effect formed by multiple single colors, or a mixed color effect formed by multiple single colors. The shape of the particles is also not limited; they can be one or a combination of spherical, rice-grain-shaped, flaky, or other irregular shapes.

[0043] Preferably, the surface layer is further provided with a transparent glaze layer, or with an inkjet pattern layer and a transparent glaze layer. Adding a transparent glaze layer on top of the surface layer can further improve its anti-fouling and wear-resistant properties. Adding an inkjet pattern layer can increase the richness of the surface pattern.

[0044] Preferably, the surface of the tile can be polished or brushed.

[0045] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing ceramic tiles, for preparing ceramic tiles with a surface containing particles as described above, comprising the following steps:

[0046] The first powder and granules are mixed to obtain a mixture;

[0047] The mixture and the second powder are fed into the press mold cavity in layers and pressed into a blank;

[0048] The ceramic tile with a particle-containing surface is obtained by drying, firing, and polishing the ceramic body.

[0049] The present invention will be further illustrated by specific embodiments and comparative examples below.

[0050] Example 1

[0051] A ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, the preparation method of which includes the following steps:

[0052] S1. Prepare first powder and second powder of different colors according to the formula. The particle size range of the first powder and the second powder is: the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.15 mm and ≤ 1 mm is 96%, and the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.5 mm and ≤ 1 mm is 10%.

[0053] The raw materials for preparing the first and second powders by mass parts are: 17 parts potassium sodium stone powder, 19 parts ball clay, 11 parts aluminum sodium sand, 21.5 parts sodium water abrasive, 6 parts lake stone particles, 1.5 parts mixed clay, 16.5 parts potassium sand, 5 parts bentonite, and 2.5 parts talc particles.

[0054] The chemical composition of the first and second powders, by mass percentage, includes: SiO2 72.88%, Al2O3 17.14%, CaO 0.33%, MgO 0.96%, K2O 1.87%, Na2O 2.84%, with the remainder being loss on ignition and impurities;

[0055] S2. Prepare granules of different colors according to the formula. First, mix and grind the raw materials for granule preparation with water and additives into a slurry. Then, after spray-drying the slurry, sieve it to prepare powder with the target particle size range. Then, after granulation by pressing the powder into tablets, sieve it to prepare granules of different colors. The particle size distribution range of the granules is: the mass percentage of particles with a particle size ≥1mm and <3mm is 100%.

[0056] The raw material formula for preparing the granules is the same as that for the first powder and the second powder;

[0057] S3. Mix the first powder and granules of different colors in a mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain the first mixture for the surface layer; mix the second powder of different colors to obtain the second mixture for the bottom layer;

[0058] S4. Feed the first mixture and the second mixture into their respective hoppers;

[0059] S5. Start the material feeding trolley and feed the above-mentioned second mixture and first mixture into the press mold cavity in a mass ratio of 7:3 to form a blank;

[0060] S6. The blank is dried, fired and polished to obtain a ceramic tile with particles on the surface.

[0061] Example 2

[0062] The preparation method of a ceramic tile with a surface containing particles differs from that of Example 1 in that:

[0063] The color and particle size range of the granules are different. In this embodiment, the narrowest part of the particle size is ≥1mm and the widest part is ≤5mm. The particle size distribution range of the granules is: the mass percentage of particles with a diameter ≥1mm and <3mm is 75%, and the mass percentage of particles with a diameter ≥3mm and <5mm is 25%.

[0064] The mass ratio of the first powder to the granules is 2:1;

[0065] The first powder has a different color combination;

[0066] The second mixture uses a different color combination of the second powder.

[0067] Example 3

[0068] The preparation method of a ceramic tile with a surface containing particles differs from that of Example 1 in that:

[0069] Since the granules have different colors and particle size ranges, in this embodiment, three different colored powders are mixed non-uniformly, and then granulated by tableting. After sieving, granules with the target particle size range are obtained. The narrowest part of the particle size is ≥1mm and the widest part is ≤20mm. The particle size distribution range of the granules is as follows: 20% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥1mm and <3mm, 45% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥3mm and <5mm, 20% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥5mm and <10mm, and 15% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥10mm and ≤20mm.

[0070] The mass ratio of the first powder to the granules is 3:1;

[0071] The first powder has a different color combination; the second mixture uses a different color combination of the second powder.

[0072] Example 4

[0073] The preparation method of a ceramic tile with a surface containing particles differs from that of Example 1 in that:

[0074] Since the granules have different colors and particle size ranges, in this embodiment, four different colored powders are mixed with water to make mud (or the slurry is dried into mud), and then extruded into flakes and dried and granulated. After sieving, granules with the target particle size range are obtained. The narrowest part of the particle size is ≥1mm and the widest part is ≤20mm. The particle size distribution range of the granules is as follows: 30% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥1mm and <3mm, 40% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥3mm and <5mm, 20% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥5mm and <10mm, and 10% of the mass of particles with a diameter ≥10mm and ≤20mm.

[0075] The mass ratio of the first powder to the granules is 4:1;

[0076] The first powder has a different color combination;

[0077] The second mixture uses a different color combination of the second powder.

[0078] Comparative Example 1

[0079] A type of ceramic tile, which differs from Example 1 in that, in this comparative example, the mass ratio of the first powder to the granules is 1:2.

[0080] Comparative Example 2

[0081] A type of ceramic tile, which differs from Example 1 in that, in this comparative example, the raw materials for preparing the granular material and the first powder, by mass parts, are: 17 parts potassium sodium stone powder, 13 parts clay, 11 parts aluminum sodium sand, 26 parts sodium water abrasive, 6 parts lake stone particles, 1 part mixed clay, 16.5 parts potassium sand, 5 parts bentonite, and 4.5 parts talc particles;

[0082] The chemical composition of the surface layer, by mass percentage, is: SiO2 78.03%, Al2O3 12.2%, CaO 0.3%, MgO 0.77%, K2O 2.18%, Na2O 3.5%, with the remainder being loss on ignition and impurities.

[0083] Comparative Example 3

[0084] A type of ceramic tile, which differs from Example 1 in that, in this comparative example, the raw materials for preparing the granular material and the first powder, by mass parts, are: 17 parts potassium sodium stone powder, 25 parts clay, 11 parts aluminum sodium sand, 17 parts sodium water abrasive, 6 parts lake stone particles, 2 parts mixed clay, 16.5 parts potassium sand, 5 parts bentonite, and 0.5 parts talc particles;

[0085] The chemical composition of the surface layer, by mass percentage, is: SiO2 68.2%, Al2O3 22.07%, CaO 0.37%, MgO 1.18%, K2O 1.67%, Na2O 2.2%, with the remainder being loss on ignition and impurities.

[0086] Test example:

[0087] The abrasion resistance, stain resistance, and surface quality of the ceramic tiles prepared in the above embodiments and comparative examples were tested.

[0088] The surface abrasion resistance was tested using the method in GB / T3810.7.

[0089] The surface stain resistance and surface quality were tested using the methods in GB / T3810.14-2016.

[0090] The results are shown in the table below.

[0091] sample Abrasion resistance (grade) Stain resistance (grade) Surface quality Example 1 5 5 No defects Example 2 5 5 No defects Example 3 5 5 No defects Comparative Example 1 4 3 Cracks, poor brick shape Comparative Example 2 5 3 Micropores / microcracks Comparative Example 3 3 3 Micropores

[0092] As can be seen from the comparison between Comparative Example 1 and the above embodiment, the proportion of granular material in the surface layer of Comparative Example 1 is too large. Correspondingly, the proportion of the first powder material in the surface layer is small, resulting in poor filling effect of powder material between granular materials, poor density after pressing, easy cracking of the body, and reduced stain resistance of the tile.

[0093] As can be seen from the comparison between Comparative Example 2 and the above embodiment, in Comparative Example 2, the amount of clay used is less, while the amount of sodium water abrasive and talc particles is more. The resulting surface layer has a higher silicon content and a lower aluminum content, which results in an excessively large coefficient of thermal expansion, leading to poor brick shape. Furthermore, the larger volume of the precipitated quartz crystals makes the blank body prone to microcracks, resulting in poor stain resistance.

[0094] As can be seen from the comparison between Comparative Example 3 and the above embodiments, in Comparative Example 3, the amount of clay used is relatively large, while the amount of sodium water abrasive and talc particles is relatively small. The resulting surface layer has a low silicon content and a high aluminum content, resulting in too few precipitated quartz crystals, which leads to poor hardness and wear resistance. The increased aluminum content raises the sintering temperature, making the surface dull and prone to forming bubbles, thus reducing its anti-fouling performance.

[0095] It is understood that those skilled in the art can make equivalent substitutions or modifications to the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, and all such substitutions or modifications should fall within the protection scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A ceramic tile with a surface containing particles, characterized in that, It includes a bottom layer and a top layer; the top layer includes multiple particles; the raw materials for preparing the top layer include a first powder and granules; the granules are used to form the particles. The chemical composition of the surface layer, by mass percentage, includes: SiO2 71-75%, Al2O3 15.5-19%, CaO 0.25-0.4%, MgO 0.8-1.1%, K2O 1.6-2.2%, Na2O 2.5-3.2%, with the remainder being loss on ignition and impurities.

2. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The raw materials for preparing the granular material and the first powder, by mass fraction, include: 15.5-18.5 parts potassium sodium stone powder, 17-21 parts ball clay, 10-12 parts aluminum sodium sand, 19.5-23.5 parts sodium water abrasive, 5-7 parts lake stone particles, 1-2 parts mixed clay, 15-18 parts potassium sand, 4.5-5.5 parts bentonite, and 2-3 parts talc particles.

3. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the surface layer, the mass percentage of quartz crystal phase is 33-34%, and the mass percentage of mullite crystal phase is 4-5%.

4. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The narrowest part of the granules is ≥1mm and the widest part is ≤20mm; the particle size distribution range of the granules is as follows: the mass percentage of particles with a diameter ≥1mm and <3mm is 20-100%, the mass percentage of particles with a diameter ≥3mm and <5mm is 0-40%, the mass percentage of particles with a diameter ≥5mm and <10mm is 0-20%, and the mass percentage of particles with a diameter ≥10mm and ≤20mm is 0-20%.

5. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The raw materials for preparing the bottom layer include a second powder; the particle size distribution range of the first powder and / or the second powder is: the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.15 mm and ≤ 1 mm is ≥ 95%, wherein the mass percentage of particles with a particle size > 0.5 mm and ≤ 1 mm is < 15%.

6. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The shape of the particles includes one or more of the following: spherical, rice-grain-like, flaky, or irregular shapes.

7. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the surface layer is 20% to 40% of the thickness of the ceramic tile.

8. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The surface layer is further provided with a transparent glaze layer, or with an inkjet pattern layer and a transparent glaze layer.

9. The ceramic tile with a surface containing particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass percentage of the granular material is 1-50% of the total mass of the raw materials used in the surface layer preparation.

10. A method for preparing ceramic tiles, characterized in that, The method for preparing ceramic tiles with a surface containing particles as described in any one of claims 1-9 comprises the following steps: The first powder and granules are mixed to obtain a mixture; The mixture and the second powder are fed into the press mold cavity in layers and pressed into a blank; The ceramic tile with a particle-containing surface is obtained by drying, firing, and polishing the ceramic body.

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