A broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface and its application

Abstract

This invention relates to a broadband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface and its applications, belonging to the field of antenna design. From top to bottom, it consists of a metasurface layer (Rogers RO3003C substrate + periodic ideal electrical conductor rectangular elements), an air cavity, a radiating layer (ideal electrical conductor patch with rectangular slots), a ground plane with rectangular slots, and a feed layer (microstrip line), operating near 12.4 GHz. The metasurface elements are optimized through characteristic mode analysis, the air cavity improves impedance matching, and the microstrip line is fed through the rectangular slots of the ground plane and the slots of the radiating layer. CST simulations show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 1800 MHz in the 11.6–13.4 GHz range, a peak gain of 8.37 dBi, and a radiation efficiency of nearly 100%, making it suitable for millimeter-wave radar and providing new ideas for its miniaturization and high performance.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of antenna design, and particularly relates to a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface and application, and is particularly suitable for a millimeter wave radar system with high requirements for signal bandwidth, detection distance and target recognition capability. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the deep application of radar technology in the fields of security monitoring, aerospace, intelligent transportation and the like, the performance of the radar antenna is required to have the core requirements of "wider signal bandwidth, longer detection distance and higher target recognition accuracy". The wideband characteristic can improve the radar resolution, and the high-gain characteristic can enhance the signal strength and expand the detection range, both of which are key indicators for determining the performance of the radar system.

[0003] As a new type of artificial electromagnetic material, the metasurface provides a new path for breaking through the performance bottleneck of the traditional radar antenna, with the unique advantages of being capable of flexibly controlling the phase, amplitude and polarization of electromagnetic waves. The traditional radar antenna (such as a conventional microstrip antenna and an array antenna) has inherent limitations in the design: either it is difficult to simultaneously achieve wideband, high gain and low loss (for example, the gain of some wideband antennas fluctuates greatly in the full frequency band, and the stability is poor), or the structure is complex, the size is large, and the profile is too high in order to pursue high performance, which is not conducive to the miniaturization and integration of the radar system.

[0004] The domestic related research focuses on optimizing the performance of the antenna through new structure design. For example, some research proposes a multi-beam antenna array based on phase coding, which adjusts the phase of the unit and encodes, uses a wideband bidirectional radiation microstrip antenna as a "0" "1" unit, and realizes the wideband, high gain and multi-beam characteristics of a 1x8 linear array and a 3x8 planar array through periodic arrangement. However, such design focuses more on the performance of the array, and there is still room for improvement in the collaborative optimization of the wideband and high gain of a single antenna. Foreign research takes characteristic mode analysis (CMA) as the core means to optimize the bandwidth, gain, polarization and filtering performance of the antenna, and explores the application of the metasurface in the antenna array to realize reflection suppression and intelligent low scattering function. However, the research is limited to single performance optimization, and has not formed a design idea of "collaborative improvement of wideband-gain-miniaturization comprehensive performance of the metasurface and other structures", and the performance verification of the metasurface antenna in complex electromagnetic environment is relatively lacking.

[0005] In summary, the current radar antenna technology still faces the core pain points: it is difficult to balance the wideband and high gain, the gain stability of some designs is poor, the size and profile of the antenna do not meet the miniaturization requirements, and the application of the metasurface does not fully release the performance potential. Therefore, a new type of radar antenna design scheme is needed to break through the above limitations. SUMMARY

[0006] The application aims at the defects of the existing radar antenna, such as difficulty in coordinating wideband and high gain, insufficient gain stability in the full bandwidth, large antenna size / high profile, lack of performance research of the metasurface antenna in complex electromagnetic environment, and complex structure of part of high-performance design which is not conducive to practical application, and provides a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface, which is designed by cooperating a metasurface composed of periodic square metal patches, an air cavity with a specific height and a microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular slot, and breaking through the design bottleneck of mutual restriction of the bandwidth and the gain of the traditional antenna by using the resonance effect of the composite multilayer structure.

[0007] In order to achieve the above application purposes, the application adopts the following technical scheme: a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface comprises:

[0008] A basic antenna assembly comprises: a ground plane, a coupling slot is formed in the ground plane; a feed layer is arranged below the ground plane and is used for transmitting electromagnetic energy upward through the coupling slot; a radiation layer is arranged above the ground plane and corresponds to the coupling slot; at least one slot is arranged on the radiation layer to generate a plurality of resonance modes to expand the working bandwidth;

[0009] A metasurface layer is arranged above the radiation layer, and the metasurface layer comprises periodically arranged metal units;

[0010] A dielectric gap layer is arranged between the radiation layer and the metasurface layer to improve the impedance matching and energy transmission efficiency between the basic antenna assembly and the metasurface layer.

[0011] Further, the dielectric gap layer is an air cavity.

[0012] Further, the metal units in the metasurface layer are rectangular metal patches.

[0013] Further, a microstrip line is arranged on the feed layer, and the coupling slot is a rectangular slot.

[0014] Further, the radiation layer comprises a rectangular conductive patch and a dielectric substrate, and the dielectric substrate is provided with a slot for mounting the rectangular conductive patch.

[0015] Further, the metasurface layer, the radiation layer and the feed layer are all made of high-frequency dielectric substrates.

[0016] A design method of the wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a metasurface comprises the following steps:

[0017] S1: design an antenna layered structure to determine the arrangement relationship of the metasurface layer, the air cavity, the radiation layer, the ground plane and the feed layer in sequence;

[0018] S2: using a characteristic mode analysis method, solving the inherent resonant mode of the hierarchical structure, identifying the significant resonant mode in the 11GHz-13GHz frequency band, determining the main working frequency band and the resonant mode to be optimized;

[0019] S3: debugging key parameters, respectively adjusting the side length of the metal unit in the super surface layer, the height of the air cavity and the width of the rectangular slot in the radiation layer, so that the significant resonant mode is continuously distributed in the 11GHz-13GHz frequency band;

[0020] S4: modeling and performance verification of the adjusted antenna structure by high-frequency electromagnetic simulation software, to ensure that the antenna meets the preset requirements of wideband, high gain and low loss.

[0021] Further, the high-frequency electromagnetic simulation software is any one of CST, HFSS or FEKO, and the verified performance includes impedance bandwidth, peak gain, radiation efficiency and far-field pattern.

[0022] A radar system comprising:

[0023] The above-mentioned wideband high-gain radar antenna based on super surface; and

[0024] The transceiver and signal processing unit electrically connected with the wideband high-gain radar antenna based on super surface.

[0025] A wireless communication system comprising the above-mentioned wideband high-gain radar antenna based on super surface, for transmitting and / or receiving wireless communication signals.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present application are as follows:

[0027] 1. The wideband performance is significantly improved: compared with the traditional super surface antenna (usually the impedance bandwidth <1000MHz), the present application realizes an 1800MHz super wide impedance bandwidth (|S 11 <-10dB), the relative bandwidth is up to 14.5%, which can effectively improve the radar signal bandwidth and enhance the target recognition accuracy and resolution.

[0028] 2. Higher gain and better stability: the gain in the whole working frequency band (12.6-13.7GHz) is stable at above 8.1dBi, the peak gain is up to 8.37dBi (far exceeding the conventional level of 5-7dBi of similar antennas in the prior art), and the sidelobe level is as low as-19.0dB, the main lobe directivity is strong, which can significantly expand the radar detection distance and reduce environmental interference.

[0029] 3. Industry-leading radiation efficiency: the radiation efficiency is close to 100% (0.98-1.0), and the total efficiency is up to 0.93, which greatly reduces the conductor and dielectric loss, solves the problem of "wideband accompanied by efficiency decrease" of traditional antennas, and guarantees the quality of radar signal transmission.

[0030] 4. Small size and low profile: the final antenna size is only 15mmx15mmx4.08mm, compared with the existing high-performance radar antenna (mostly more than 20mm in size), the volume is greatly reduced, which can meet the installation requirements of radar system integration and miniaturization.

[0031] 5. Breakthrough traditional design bottleneck: innovative "super surface and air cavity collaborative design" method is proposed, which breaks the mutual restriction relationship of traditional antenna "wide bandwidth and low gain, high gain and narrow bandwidth", and provides a reusable technical paradigm for wideband high gain antenna design.

[0032] 6. Application value is prominent: it can be directly adapted to millimeter wave radar system, and through the characteristics of wide frequency band, high gain and low loss, the detection distance, target recognition ability and anti-interference ability of radar are improved, and it is suitable for practical application in many fields such as aerospace, intelligent driving and security monitoring. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0033] Figure 1 It is a structure schematic diagram of the antenna of the embodiment of the application;

[0034] Figure 2 It is a structure schematic diagram of the super surface layer of the antenna of the embodiment of the application;

[0035] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of introducing slot structure of the upper patch of the antenna of the embodiment of the application;

[0036] Figure 4 It is a side view of the super surface antenna of the antenna of the embodiment of the application;

[0037] Figure 5 It is a back view of the antenna of the embodiment of the application;

[0038] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the antenna of the embodiment of the application; 11 ;

[0039] Figure 7 It is a relationship curve of the gain of the antenna of the embodiment of the application with frequency;

[0040] Figure 8 It is a relationship curve of the radiation efficiency and total efficiency of the antenna of the embodiment of the application;

[0041] Figure 9 It is a three-dimensional directional diagram of the super surface antenna of the antenna of the embodiment of the application at 12.4GHz;

[0042] Figure 10 It is a directional diagram of the antenna of the embodiment of the application at 12.4GHz phi is 0;

[0043] Figure 11 is the antenna of the embodiment of the present application in the phi direction of 90 at 12.4 GHz.

[0044] In the figure, 10, super surface layer; 20, radiation layer; 30, feed layer; 40, microstrip line; 50, metal unit; 60, rectangular patch; 70, ground plane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments of the present application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art belong to the scope of protection of the present application.

[0046] Embodiment 1

[0047] The embodiment provides a wideband high-gain radar antenna based on a super surface. Please refer to Figures 1 to 4 , Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the antenna of the embodiment of the present application, Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the super surface layer, Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the slot structure of the radiation patch, Figure 4 is a side view of the antenna.

[0048] The antenna of the embodiment includes a basic antenna assembly, a super surface layer 10, and a dielectric gap layer (air cavity) in structure. More specifically, the radar antenna of the embodiment is a layered composite structure, and from top to bottom, it is the super surface layer 10, the air cavity, the radiation layer 20, the ground plane 70, and the feed layer 30, and the overall size is 15 mm x 15 mm x 4.08 mm (see Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure, and Figure 4 is a side view), and each layer cooperates to realize the performance of wideband, high gain, and low loss, and the specific layered structure and connection relationship are as follows:

[0049] 1. Basic antenna assembly

[0050] The basic antenna assembly is used to generate preliminary wideband radiation. In the embodiment, it is composed of a slot-coupled feed layer 30 and a radiation layer 20.

[0051] Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 4The feed layer 30 of the assembly is disposed at the bottom layer of the structure, including a first dielectric substrate, a microstrip line 40 disposed on the lower surface of the substrate, and a ground plane 70 disposed on the upper surface of the substrate. The first dielectric substrate uses a Rogers RO3003C substrate (relative permittivity ε = 3.0, relative permeability μ = 1), with a thickness h_sub_down = 0.81 mm, a substrate length up_x = 15 mm, and a substrate width up_y = 15 mm (consistent with the overall size of the antenna). The microstrip line 40 uses an ideal electrical conductor (PEC) material, with a length line_y preferably 12.75 mm and a width line_x preferably 2.40 mm. The ground plane 70 has a rectangular coupling slot for energy coupling, with a length fx_x preferably 7.00 mm and a width fx_y preferably 0.25 mm. One end of the microstrip line 40 is connected to an excitation source (a conventional radio frequency joint in the art, not shown), and the other end extends directly below the rectangular slot of the ground plane 70, transmitting energy to the radiation layer 20 through the slot coupling mode of "microstrip line 40 → rectangular coupling slot of ground plane 70 → rectangular patch 60 of radiation layer 20".

[0052] The radiation layer 20 is disposed above the ground plane 70 and is the core radiation component of the antenna, including a "second dielectric substrate + rectangular patch 60 (radiation patch) with a rectangular slot". The rectangular patch 60 is disposed on the upper surface of the second dielectric substrate and directly opposite the coupling slot below. To preliminarily expand the bandwidth of the antenna, as shown, the radiation patch is designed as a slotted rectangular patch 60. Specifically, a complete rectangular metal patch is divided into two separate patch portions above and below by a rectangular slot in the middle. This slotted structure is equivalent to introducing additional inductance and capacitance into the patch, changing the impedance distribution of the antenna, allowing it to resonate at multiple frequency points, thereby achieving preliminary expansion of the bandwidth before introducing the metasurface. In this embodiment, the width a of the slot is ultimately optimized to 0.2 mm. Figure 3

[0053] ​Preferably, the second dielectric substrate adopts Rogers RO3003C substrate (relative permittivity ε = 3.0, relative permeability μ = 1), thickness h_middle = 1.00 mm, substrate length up_x = 15 mm, width up_y = 15 mm (consistent with the overall size of the antenna); the rectangular patch 60 is made of PEC, thickness hcooper = 0.0025 mm, the overall patch is attached to the upper surface of the first high-frequency substrate, and more than one rectangular slot is provided in the middle of the patch - slot width a = 0.2 mm (preferably in the range of 0.15 mm-0.45 mm), slot length consistent with patch length (6.4 mm). The slot structure is equivalent to introducing "additional inductance + additional capacitance" in the patch, changing the antenna impedance distribution, and forming multi-mode resonance (additional Figure 5 characteristic mode analysis results) at 11 GHz, 12 GHz, and 13 GHz frequency bands, providing a basis for wideband characteristics.

[0054] 2. Dielectric gap layer

[0055] Above the rectangular patch 60 of the basic antenna assembly, a dielectric gap layer is provided. The function of the gap layer is to provide a buffer area for the basic antenna assembly and the super surface layer 10 above it to improve the impedance matching between the two, ensuring that electromagnetic energy can be efficiently transmitted from the rectangular patch 60 to the super surface layer 10. In this preferred embodiment, the dielectric gap layer is an air cavity, and its height h_air is determined to be 1.8 mm (preferably in the range of 1.5 mm-2.1 mm) after CST simulation optimization, and the layer distance is ensured stable by mechanical support structure (conventional insulation support in the art, not shown).

[0056] As Figure 6 shown, the dielectric gap layer can avoid dielectric loss caused by direct contact between the super surface layer 10 and the radiation layer 20, while optimizing the electromagnetic coupling relationship between the two, so that the antenna impedance is matched in a wide frequency band (|S 11 |<-10 dB, additional Figure 6 ), improving energy transmission efficiency.

[0057] 3. Super surface layer 10

[0058] As Figure 2 shown, above the dielectric gap layer (air cavity), the super surface layer 10 is provided. The super surface layer 10 is the core component of the present application to achieve high gain and further improve bandwidth. It includes a piece of third dielectric substrate, and a periodic arrangement of metal units 50 is provided on the lower surface of the substrate (i.e. the side facing the air cavity). As Figure 2As shown, these metal units 50 are preferably square (rectangular) metal patches, the side length h_1 of each unit is 2.0 mm, and the gap g between units is 0.10 mm. Through its specific unit size and periodic arrangement, the metasurface structure can strongly interact with the electromagnetic waves resonant with the basic antenna assembly, thereby exciting new resonance points, further broadening the overall operating bandwidth of the antenna, and also effectively guiding and converging the radiation energy, significantly improving the gain and directivity of the antenna.

[0059] In this embodiment, in order to reduce loss, all medium substrates preferably use high-frequency low-loss medium materials such as Rogers RO3003.

[0060] 4. Synergistic work and performance verification

[0061] The key of the present application is that by synergistically optimizing several key parameters such as the metasurface unit size h_1, the air cavity height h_air, and the radiation patch slot width a, the basic antenna assembly, the air cavity, and the metasurface layer form an efficient resonant whole, ultimately breaking the bottleneck of mutual restriction between bandwidth and gain in traditional antenna design.

[0062] After modeling and simulation optimization by computer simulation technology (CST) software, the intrinsic mode of the structure is solved (without excitation), revealing the inherent resonance characteristics of the antenna, and the results are as shown in Figure 5 As shown, the mode 1, mode 2, and mode 3 distribution nodes all appear at specific frequency points (such as 11 GHz, 12 GHz), indicating that these frequencies have strong resonance modes, which may be potential working frequency bands of the antenna design. And multiple nodes have higher significance in continuous frequency bands (such as 12-13 GHz), suggesting that the structure may support wideband radiation. For example, mode 2 has MS=0.9 (significant) at 12 GHz, i.e. this frequency is suitable as the main working frequency band, and the feed should match the current distribution of this mode. At the same time, mode 1 and mode 3 are significant at 11 GHz and 13 GHz respectively, which can cover a wider frequency band through coupled feeding. However, the MS significance of mode 2 nodes is generally low (<0.7), which may be due to structural loss (such as dielectric loss, conductor roughness) that makes it difficult to excite the mode.

[0063] The final overall size of the antenna of this embodiment is 15 mm x 15 mm x 4.08 mm. The performance verification results are as follows:

[0064] Broadband characteristics: please refer to Figure 6 , which is the S11 parameter curve of the antenna. As can be seen from the figure, the S 11 of the antenna is less than -10 dB in the frequency band of 11.6-13.4 GHz, realizing an impedance bandwidth of 1800 MHz, and the relative bandwidth reaches 14.5%.

[0065] High gain characteristics: please refer to Figure 7 , which is the gain curve of the antenna versus frequency. The peak gain of the antenna at the center operating frequency 12.4 GHz reaches 7.9 dBi. The gain is overall high and stable in the whole operating band, showing good directivity and radiation ability.

[0066] High efficiency characteristics: please refer to Figure 8 , which is the efficiency curve of the antenna. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is more than 90% in the whole operating band, indicating that the energy loss of the antenna structure itself is very small.

[0067] Excellent directivity: please refer to Figure 9 , Figure 10 and Figure 11 . The antenna pattern is a very important electrical parameter, reflecting the distribution of the antenna's radiation intensity in space. In order to further study the influence of the metasurface on the antenna in the far-field radiation, the phi=0 pattern and phi=90 pattern of the metasurface antenna at 12.4 GHz are drawn by using CST software. The results are shown in Figure 10 , Figure 11 . When phi=0, the main lobe gain is about 7.88 dBi, the antenna has strong radiation ability, the 3dB angular width is 77.5 degrees, and the side lobe level is -19.0 dB. When phi=90, the main lobe gain is about 7.93 dBi, the 3dB angular width is 73.9 degrees, and the side lobe level is also -19.0 dB. The antenna as a whole maintains good gain and low side lobe level, and can effectively concentrate radiation energy at different azimuth angles, meeting the design requirements of the antenna.

[0068] In summary, through analysis, it can be known that the antenna of the present application resonates at about 13 GHz and works at 12.6-13.7 GHz. The gain curve shows that the gain of the antenna is stable at above 8.1 dBi in the whole operating band, and the gain gradually increases with the increase of frequency, and the peak gain reaches 8.37 dBi at 14.0 GHz. The radiation efficiency is close to 1 (100%), and the total efficiency is about 0.93 at the highest and about 0.52 at the lowest.

[0069] Example 2

[0070] The antenna described in the present application can be integrated into a radar system, especially a millimeter wave radar system. In addition to the antenna, the system also includes a transceiver and a signal processing unit electrically connected to the antenna. Owing to its wideband high gain characteristics, the antenna can significantly improve the detection distance, resolution and target recognition ability of the radar system.

[0071] In addition, the antenna can also be applied to a wireless communication system as a transmitting antenna and / or a receiving antenna to support high-speed and large-capacity data transmission.

[0072] The present application is not detailed in the part of the prior art, so the present application is not detailed.

[0073] It should be understood by those skilled in the art that in the disclosure of the present application, the terms "longitudinal", "transverse", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, which are only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, therefore the above terms cannot be understood as a limitation of the present application.

[0074] It can be understood that the term "one" should be understood as "at least one" or "one or more", that is, in one embodiment, the number of one element can be one, and in another embodiment, the number of the element can be multiple, and the term "one" cannot be understood as a limitation on the number.

[0075] Although professional terms are used more frequently herein, the possibility of using other terms is not excluded. The use of these terms is only to facilitate the description and explanation of the essence of the present application; any interpretation as any kind of additional limitation is contrary to the spirit of the present application.

[0076] The present application is not limited to the above best embodiment, and anyone can derive other various forms of products under the inspiration of the present application, but regardless of any change in shape or structure, any technical solution having the same or similar technical solution as the present application falls within the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurfaces, characterized in that, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

2. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

3. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

4. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

5. The metasurface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna of claim 1, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

6. A method of designing a broadband high-gain radar antenna based on metasurface according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

7. The method of designing according to claim 6, wherein, The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

8. A radar system, characterized by The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna.

9. A wireless communication system, characterized by The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. The application relates to a super surface-based wideband high-gain radar antenna. 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