Insect control method for animals, product thereof and preparation method thereof

Abstract

Methods are provided for insect control, including controlling fly maggot disease, in an animal by securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or containing therein an insecticide, an insect repellant, lidocaine, or any combination thereof. The insect control may be dual mode control, and may be directed against existing or impending open wounds, including open wounds caused by castration, tagging, umbilical ligation, or chamfering of animals. Also provided are methods for castration, tail cutting, umbilical cord ligation, or chamfering of animals while insect control. Elastic bands for insect control and methods of making such elastic bands are also provided.

Description

Cross Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 486,396, filed February 22, 2023, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to methods and products for insect control in animals, and in particular to improved methods for controlling myiasis and protecting open wounds of animals, such as livestock, from insects and fly harassment. BACKGROUND

[0003] In facultative myiasis, adult flies of the green bottle fly are attracted to wounds, skin lesions, or soiled coats. One common site is the rump, where the green bottle fly can be attracted to areas wetted by blood, urine, or feces. Castration wounds in cattle, sheep, and goats, and wounds associated with tail docking and dehorning are particularly susceptible to infection because they are often contaminated with blood products, urine, and / or feces. When adult female green bottle flies feed at these sites, they oviposit, and if conditions are suitable, the eggs hatch within 24 hours. The larvae (maggots) move independently around the wound surface, consuming dead cells, exudate, secretions, and debris.

[0004] This condition is referred to as infestation or fly infestation. The larvae (maggots) irritate, damage, and kill successive layers of the skin and produce exudate. The maggots are active and voraciously feed, causing skin and muscle damage through the secretion of enzymes. Secondary green bottle flies are also attracted by the odor of the decaying tissue. Toxins released by the damaged tissue and ammonia excreted by the maggots are absorbed into the animal’s blood through the lesion, which in severe cases can lead to illness and death. Secondary infections are common and can also lead to death if untreated.

[0005] In the United States and Canada, the predominant flies are Phormia regina and Protophormia terraenovae (black-headed green bottle fly) and Lucilia sericata (blow fly). Lucilia illustris, Cochliomyia macellaria (secondary screw worm), and some others are often sources of secondary infections. Lucilia cuprina is the most important fly in Australia and South Africa; Lucilia sericata is the most important in the United Kingdom; and Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, and Calliphora stygia are the most important in New Zealand.

[0006] Despite the variety of commercial topical sprays, gels, pour-on and dips to repel or kill flies, each product has a limited duration of activity and often requires repeated use. In addition, the chemicals used in these products are often at high concentrations, which allows them to persist in animal tissues and also cause serious environmental pollution. The typical use of these products is often not topical and this non-topical use increases the bioavailability of these chemicals to the environment.

[0007] Despite the usefulness of the above products and methods, there remains a need for better methods and products to control myiasis in a more effective and inexpensive manner. SUMMARY

[0008] The present disclosure provides methods for insect control in animals and products produced thereby that are advantageous over the prior art. Also provided herein are methods of performing a castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligating, or dehorning of an animal while simultaneously controlling insects. Provided herein are elastic bands for insect control in animals and methods of making the same. In particular, provided herein are methods of controlling myiasis in animals. In one embodiment, the animal is a livestock animal. In one embodiment, the animal is a cow, sheep, goat, deer, water buffalo, pig, or elk.

[0009] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of controlling myiasis in an animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

[0010] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

[0011] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method of protecting an animal from insects, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

[0012] In one embodiment of the above methods, the affixing provides for short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0013] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for dual mode insect control in an animal, the method comprising securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent, wherein the securing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or the repellent is delivered immediately to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or the repellent is delivered gradually to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

[0014] In one embodiment of the method for dual mode insect control, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or the repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or the repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface.

[0015] In one embodiment of the method for dual mode insect control, the short-term delivery and effect is for a duration of between about 0 seconds and about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is for a duration of between about 24 hours and about 4 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is for a duration of between about 24 hours and about 2 months.

[0016] In one embodiment of the method herein, the securing of the elastic band to the animal is at or proximate an open wound of the animal. In one embodiment, the elastic band is impregnated with the insecticide and / or the repellent.

[0017] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligating, or dehorning an animal while simultaneously controlling insects, the method comprising securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent, and an active agent for local pain control.

[0018] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of controlling myiasis in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligating, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent, and an active agent for local pain control.

[0019] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligating, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent, and an active agent for local pain control.

[0020] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising securing an elastic band to the animal, the elastic band impregnated or comprising an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent.

[0021] In one embodiment of the method herein, the securing provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0022] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for dual mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of an animal, the method comprising securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent, wherein the securing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered immediately to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

[0023] In one embodiment of the method for dual mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0024] In one embodiment of the method for dual mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, the short-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 0 seconds and about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 24 hours and about 4 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 24 hours and about 2 months.

[0025] In one embodiment of certain methods disclosed herein, the securing of the elastic band to the animal is for the purpose of performing castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of the animal creates an open wound on the animal.

[0026] In one embodiment of certain methods disclosed herein, the elastic band is impregnated with local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent. In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising securing an elastic band to the animal, the elastic band impregnated or comprising an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent.

[0021] In one embodiment of the method herein, the securing provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0022] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for dual mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of an animal, the method comprising securing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent, wherein the securing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered immediately to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

[0023] In one embodiment of the method for dual mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0024] In one embodiment of the method for dual mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, the short-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 0 seconds and about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 24 hours and about 4 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 24 hours and about 2 months.

[0025] In one embodiment of certain methods disclosed herein, the securing of the elastic band to the animal is for the purpose of performing castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning of the animal creates an open wound on the animal.

[0026] In one embodiment of certain methods disclosed herein, the elastic band is impregnated with local pain control and the insecticide and / or insect repellent.

[0027] In embodiments of certain methods disclosed herein, the active agent for local pain control comprises one or more anesthetics; one or more analgesics; or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the active agent for local pain control is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the active agent for local pain control is lidocaine.

[0028] In embodiments of certain methods disclosed herein, the elastic band further comprises one or more skin penetration or permeation enhancers. In one embodiment, the skin penetration or permeation enhancer comprises a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a poloxamer, a triglyceride, n-methyl pyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, isopropyl myristate, or any combination thereof.

[0029] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, the elastic band comprises at least one insecticide, and the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrolide, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate, a spinosyn, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a larvicide, and is delivered to the animal in an amount effective to kill larvae.

[0030] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, the elastic band comprises at least one insect repellent, and the insect repellent comprises oil of sassafras, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picardin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

[0031] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, at least one or both of the insecticide and the insect repellent is effective against ticks, warble flies, screw worms, flies, mites, maggots, or larvae. In one embodiment, at least one or both of the insecticide and the insect repellent is effective against flesh flies, New World screwworms, green bottle flies, blue bottle flies, green bottle flies, lucilia cuprina, beautiful flies, secondary screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, hypoderma lineatum, Oestrus ovis, or combinations thereof.

[0032] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, the elastic band comprises an elastomeric material selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the elastic band is sized and shaped for use as a ligature band.

[0033] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, the animal is a livestock animal. In one embodiment, the animal is a cow, a goat, a sheep, a pig, a deer, an elk, a water buffalo, a bison, a moose, an alpaca, a horse, a donkey, a zebu, a yak, a gayal, a reindeer, or a camel. In one embodiment, the animal is raised in an open pasture. In one embodiment, the animal is housed (e.g., in a housing). In a specific embodiment, the animal is a cow, a goat, a sheep, a deer, or an elk. In one embodiment, the elastic band is secured on or at the base of an animal part of the animal selected from the group consisting of a tail, a scrotum, a horn, a velvet horn, a teat, an umbilical cord, or a dermal growth (e.g., a cancer, a wart, etc.).

[0034] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, the securing of the elastic band to the animal is proximate to an existing wound site or an impending wound site, wherein the elastic band releasably delivers one or both of an active agent for local pain control and / or an insecticide and an insect repellent to the dermis of the existing wound site or the impending wound site. In one embodiment, the existing wound site or the impending wound site is from a castration, a tail docking, a dehorning, an umbilical cord ligature, or a horn removal. In one embodiment, the existing wound site comprises myiasis, an abscess, scabies, an open wound, or any combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the existing wound site comprises myiasis.

[0035] In embodiments of the disclosed methods, only a portion of the elastic band comprises the insecticide and / or the insect repellent, the portion being a defined and selective region or zone of the active agent.

[0036] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to an elastic band comprising one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent impregnated or contained within an elastomeric material of the elastic band. In one embodiment, the elastomeric material is impregnated with the insecticide and / or the insect repellent.

[0037] In one embodiment, the elastic band further comprises an active agent for local pain control impregnated or contained within the elastomeric material.

[0038] In one embodiment of the elastic band, the elastomeric material is impregnated with an active agent for topical pain control. In one embodiment, the active agent for topical pain control comprises one or more anesthetics; one or more analgesics; or any combination thereof.

[0039] In one embodiment of the elastic band, the active agent for topical pain control is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof. In a specific embodiment of the elastic band, the active agent for topical pain control is lidocaine. In a specific embodiment of the elastic band, the active agent for topical pain control is procaine.

[0040] In one embodiment, the elastic band further comprises one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers. In one embodiment of the elastic band, the skin permeation or penetration enhancer comprises a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a poloxamer, a triglyceride, n-methyl pyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or any combination thereof.

[0041] In one embodiment, the elastic band is a ligation device.

[0042] In one embodiment of the elastic band, the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrolide, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate, a spinosyn, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insecticide is ivermectin or abamectin. In one embodiment, the insecticide and wherein the insecticide is a larvicide. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a parasiticide. In one embodiment, the insect repellent comprises oil of sassafras, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, piperitenone, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

[0043] In one embodiment of the elastic band, the elastomeric material comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

[0044] In one embodiment of the elastic band, it provides release of the insecticide and / or repellent through both a fast-acting mode and a slow-release mode when the elastic band is secured to the animal, wherein: during the fast-acting mode, a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and during the slow-release mode, a second portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal. In one embodiment, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0045] In one embodiment of the elastic band, only a portion of the elastic band contains the insecticide and / or repellent, which portion is a defined and selective region or zone of active agent.

[0046] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method of making an elastic band for dual-mode insect control of an animal, the method comprising: providing a band formed of an elastomeric material; providing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell the elastomeric material and at least one or both of an insecticide and a repellent; immersing at least a portion of the band in the solution, thereby impregnating the portion of the band with the solution; removing the band from the solution; and drying the band to remove the solvent, thereby distributing the insecticide and / or repellent within the portion of the band and throughout the portion of the band, to form an elastic band for dual-mode insect control of an animal, wherein the dual-modes are: a fast-acting mode, wherein a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode, wherein a second portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

[0047] In one embodiment of the method for making an elastic band, the entire band is immersed in the solution, thereby impregnating the entire band with the solution.

[0048] In one embodiment of the method for making an elastic band, only a portion of the band is immersed in the solution, thereby impregnating only a portion of the entire band with the solution, wherein the portion is less than the entire band. In one embodiment, the portion of the band is between about 10% to about 75% of the surface area of the band. In one embodiment, the portion of the band is between about 25% to about 65% of the surface area of the band.

[0049] In one embodiment of the method of making an elastic band, the dual mode is for insect control during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, dehorning, and the step of making a solution further comprises an active agent for local pain control, and wherein: during the fast-acting mode, the first portion has the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or repellent delivered immediately to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and during the slow-release mode, the second portion has the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or repellent delivered gradually over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

[0050] In one embodiment of the method of making an elastic band, in the step of submerging, the portion of the band is swollen until the portion of the band reaches equilibrium swelling and impregnation of one or both of the active agent for local pain control and / or the insecticide and repellent into the band is achieved. In one embodiment, the portion of the band is swollen with the solution in excess of 100% of its volume. In one embodiment, the solution further comprises one or more skin penetration or permeation enhancers; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more anti-inflammatory agents; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictors; or any combination thereof.

[0051] In one embodiment of the method of making an elastic band, the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrolide, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate, a spinosyn, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insecticide is ivermectin or abamectin. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a larvicide. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a parasiticide. In one embodiment, the repellent comprises a root oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, piperitone, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

[0052] In one embodiment of the method of making an elastic band, the elastomeric material comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

[0053] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to an elastic band made by the methods disclosed herein.

[0054] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band disclosed herein in an animal for controlling myiasis.

[0055] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band as disclosed herein for treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal.

[0056] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band as disclosed herein for protecting an animal from insects.

[0057] In one embodiment of the use herein, the elastic band provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0058] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band as disclosed herein for animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning, while insect control.

[0059] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band as disclosed herein for controlling fly strike in an animal during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning.

[0060] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band as disclosed herein for treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning.

[0061] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band as disclosed herein for protecting an animal from insects during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning.

[0062] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling fly strike in an animal, the method comprising securing an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to said animal.

[0063] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal, the method comprising securing an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to said animal.

[0064] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects, the method comprising securing an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to said animal.

[0065] In one embodiment of the method herein relating to an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, said securing provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0066] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for dual mode insect control in an animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, wherein the affixing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the lidocaine is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon affixing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the lidocaine is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time following continued affixing of the elastic band to the animal.

[0067] In one embodiment of the method herein involving an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface. In one embodiment, the short-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 0 seconds and about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 24 hours and about 4 months.

[0068] In one embodiment of the method herein involving an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the affixing of the elastic band to the animal is at or proximate to an open wound of the animal.

[0069] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling myiasis in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine.

[0070] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine.

[0071] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine.

[0072] In one embodiment of the method herein involving an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the affixing provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0073] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for dual mode insect control during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning, the method comprising securing an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to the animal, wherein the securing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the lidocaine is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the lidocaine is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal. In one embodiment, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery of the lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface. In one embodiment, the short-term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 0 seconds to about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery is a duration of between about 24 hours to about 4 months.

[0074] In one embodiment of the method herein involving the elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the securing of the elastic band to the animal is for performing castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of the animal results in an open wound on the animal.

[0075] In one embodiment of the method herein involving the elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the elastic band comprises an elastomeric material selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

[0076] In one embodiment of the method herein involving the elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the elastic band is sized and shaped for use as a ligature band.

[0077] In one embodiment of the method herein involving the elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the animal is a cow, a goat, a sheep, a pig, a deer, an elk, a water buffalo, a bison, a moose, an alpaca, a horse, an ass, a zebu, a yak, a gayal, a reindeer, or a camel. In one embodiment, the animal is a cow, a goat, a sheep, a deer, or an elk. In one embodiment, the animal is raised on open pasture or is housed.

[0078] In one embodiment of the methods herein involving an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, the elastic band is secured on or at the base of an animal part of an animal selected from the group consisting of a tail, a scrotum, a horn, an umbilical cord, or a dehorned horn. In one embodiment, the securing of the elastic band to the animal is proximal to an existing wound site or an impending wound site, wherein the elastic band releasably delivers lidocaine to the dermis of the existing wound site or the impending wound site. In one embodiment, the existing wound site or the impending wound site is from castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord clamping / cutting, or horn removal. In one embodiment, the existing wound site comprises myiasis, abscess, scabies, an open wound, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the existing wound site has myiasis.

[0079] In one embodiment of the methods herein involving an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine, only a portion of the elastic band comprises lidocaine, the portion being a defined and selective region or zone of active agent.

[0080] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine in an animal for controlling myiasis. In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine in an animal for treating or preventing myiasis infestation. In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine for protecting an animal from insects. In each of these uses, embodiments of the elastic band provide both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximal to the body surface.

[0081] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine in conjunction with insect control for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or horn removal of an animal.

[0082] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine in an animal for controlling myiasis during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or horn removal of the animal.

[0083] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine in an animal for treating or preventing myiasis infestation during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or horn removal of the animal.

[0084] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or horn removal of the animal.

[0085] Other aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent in view of the detailed description provided herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0086] Other advantages, arrangements, and combinations of the present invention will now be described in conjunction with the appendix. Figure One From the above and following detailed description of various specific embodiments of the invention, each drawing is intended to be non-limiting, wherein: Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for preparing the elastic band of this disclosure is shown.

[0087] Figure 2 The photograph illustrates an exemplary method of manufacturing an elastic band (small) according to the present disclosure, wherein the band is completely immersed in a solution containing an active ingredient (e.g., an insecticide and / or repellent, with or without an agent for local pain control).

[0088] Figure 3 The photograph illustrates an exemplary method of manufacturing an elastic band (large) according to the present disclosure, wherein the band is only partially immersed in a solution containing an active ingredient (e.g., an insecticide and / or repellent, with or without an agent for local pain control).

[0089] Figure 4 It shows, as Figure 3 The photograph shows a portion of the bands prepared in the image, wherein a portion of the bands contains the active ingredient and represents a defined and selective region or zone of the active ingredient (box A: green / darker color region), while different portions of the bands represent regions or zones that are substantially free of the active ingredient (box B: natural bands without color).

[0090] Figure 5 It is the whole Figure 2 The diagram illustrates the distribution of pesticides in the prepared strip (pesticide = "I"). The pesticides are impregnated and dispersed throughout the strip.

[0091] Figure 6 It is an active agent used in insecticides, repellents, and local pain control throughout the body. Figure 2 A diagram illustrating the distribution of the prepared strip (insecticide = "I"; repellent = "R"; and active agent for local pain control = "A"). The insecticide, repellent, and active agent for local pain control were impregnated and dispersed throughout the strip, respectively.

[0092] Figure 7 A schematic overview of the procedure for Example 2 is shown. This figure represents one replicate. The coding is described in Table 1. This figure shows white elastrator bands in a circular petri dish with feed in the center, covered with maggots.

[0093] Figure 8 The graph shows the weight increase of each maggot over time, relative to the experiment in Example 2.

[0094] Figure 9 is an enlarged view of the results shown in the graph of day 4. Figure 8

[0095] Figure 10 shows a graphical overview of the procedure of Example 3. The graph represents 1 replicate. The coding is described in Table 2. The graph shows the maggots on a round Petri dish, in the middle with feed, on top covered with maggots.

[0096] Figure 11 is a graph showing the weight increase of each maggot over time, relative to the experiment in Example 3.

[0097] Figure 12 is an enlarged view of the results shown in the graph of day 8. Figure 11

[0098] Figure 13 shows a graphical overview of the animal use test plan of Example 4.

[0099] Figure 14 shows a graphical overview of the ex vivo tissue and elastic band maggot inhibition assay (MIA) test plan of Example 4.

[0100] Figure 15 is a graph showing the weight increase (within 3 days) of maggots exposed to ex vivo distal tissue (from animals treated for 3, 7, 14 or 21 days) and exposed to elastic bands (control and previously fixed bands) compared to day 0, for day 3 and day 7 exposure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0101] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.

[0102] ​​The present disclosure relates to methods and products for insect control in and around animals, and particularly in and around open wounds on animals. The methods and products of the present disclosure advantageously control myiasis, and more generally, protect animals from insects and the complications (e.g., infections) that arise therefrom. In one embodiment, the methods herein, such as the methods for controlling myiasis in an animal, include securing an elastic band impregnated with an insecticide and / or repellent to the animal. In one embodiment, the methods herein, such as the methods for controlling myiasis in an animal, include securing an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to the animal. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the primary use of the elastic band is for castration, tail docking, horn removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the insecticide and / or repellent advantageously provides insect control simultaneously.

[0103] The methods of the present disclosure advantageously provide the elastic band to dispense one or both of an insecticide and a repellent over an extended period of time, thereby providing both immediate (e.g., instant) and long-term protection from insects, particularly in animals with open wounds and / or animals undergoing castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning. In some embodiments, it is also advantageous that the elastic bands of the present disclosure avoid the release of high concentrations of insecticides, repellents, or other agents into the environment. As used herein, "other agents" can mean any number of other compounds or substances that can be included in the elastic band, including those described herein, such as active agents for topical pain control, penetration enhancers, permeation enhancers, and the like.

[0104] The insecticide can be delivered simultaneously with other active agents through the same device, i.e., the elastic band. Thus, in selected embodiments, the elastic bands of the present disclosure avoid the need for external insect control through other methods or routes, and mitigate the various problems (e.g., environmental pollution, need for repeated applications, lack of long-term protection, etc.) associated with providing insecticides or repellents through sprays, gels, drenches, and dips.

[0105] While the present disclosure focuses on the use of the elastic band in the context of castration, tail docking, horn removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, it should be understood that the elastic band including the insecticide and / or repellent can be used in any animal undergoing any procedure that would benefit from a rapid mode of release and a slow release mode of release of insecticides, repellents, and / or other agents, including any animal in any situation where the animal has or is at risk of having an open wound.

[0106] Through the topical and slow release mode of release of the insecticide and / or repellent, certain embodiments of the present application reduce the stress caused to the animal during castration, tail docking, horn removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, and can also reduce the likelihood of swelling and infection, particularly myiasis.

[0107] Thus, in one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for controlling myiasis in an animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. As used herein, "controlling myiasis" is intended to mean one or any combination of preventing myiasis from occurring, reducing the duration of myiasis, reducing the severity of myiasis, maintaining the severity of myiasis at an acceptable threshold, or mitigating or eliminating myiasis in an animal.

[0108] In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. As used herein, "preventing fly nuisance" is intended to mean preventing or avoiding oviposition by flies on an animal, including within an open wound. As will be appreciated, preventing fly nuisance can be considered a synonym for preventing myiasis from occurring. As used herein, "preventing fly nuisance" is different from "controlling myiasis" in that the term "preventing fly nuisance" is intended to mean actually preventing or avoiding oviposition by flies, whereas "controlling myiasis" is intended to mean actually controlling, treating, or mitigating eggs once they have been laid (e.g., in a wound).

[0109] In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for protecting an animal from insects, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated or comprising one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. As used herein, "protecting an animal from insects" is intended to mean any type of attack or nuisance by insects on an animal. It will be appreciated that protecting an animal from insects encompasses controlling myiasis and preventing fly nuisance, but more broadly includes other instances of insect attack or nuisance of an animal.

[0110] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the elastic band is intended for affixing to an animal. The animal can be any animal that would benefit from the elastic band of the present disclosure. In a particular embodiment, the animal is a livestock animal. In one embodiment, the animal is a cow, a goat, a sheep, a pig, a deer, an elk, a water buffalo, a bison, a moose, an alpaca, a horse, a donkey, a zebu, a yak, a gayal, a reindeer, a camel, or the like. In one embodiment, the animal is pasture-raised. In one embodiment, the animal is a cow. In one embodiment, the animal is a goat. In one embodiment, the animal is a sheep.

[0111] The elastic band can have any suitable size or shape to fit the animal or body part of the animal. In one embodiment, the size and shape of the elastomeric material is suitable for use as a ligature band. In one selected embodiment, the elastic band is used as a system for castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord ligature, horn removal, etc. The animal part can include, without limitation, a tail, a scrotum, one or more horns, one or more dehorning, etc.

[0112] As used herein, the term "fixed" means fixedly connected by any suitable means. In one embodiment, fixed to an animal or animal part can include cinched around it, pinned to it, adhered to it, fastened to or around it, connected to it, clipped, taped to it, sewn to it, attached to it, bonded to it, coupled to it, etc., or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, fixed to an animal or animal part includes cinched around it. In one embodiment, fixed to an animal includes stretching an elastic band of appropriate size and shape around an animal part and releasing the band so that it tightly grips around the animal body part. In one embodiment, the fixing is at or near an open wound of the animal.

[0113] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method of castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligature, or dehorning an animal while simultaneously insect control, the method comprising fixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. As used herein, "simultaneous insect control" means that insect control occurs during a portion of or the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligature, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, insect control occurs during the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligature, or dehorning procedure.

[0114] As used herein, the term "insect control" generally refers to repelling and killing insects and larvae. The term encompasses other terms used herein, including preventing, controlling, or treating myiasis; preventing myiasis infestation; and protecting an animal from insects.

[0115] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method for controlling myiasis in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligature, or dehorning of the animal, the method comprising fixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. Control of myiasis can occur during a portion of or the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligature, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, control of myiasis occurs during the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligature, or dehorning procedure.

[0116] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method of treating or preventing fly nuisance in an animal during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. Prevention of fly nuisance can occur for a portion or the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, prevention of fly nuisance occurs for the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning procedure.

[0117] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. Protection of the animal from insects can occur for a portion or the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, protection of the animal from insects occurs for the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning procedure.

[0118] In embodiments of the methods herein in which pain control is desired, such as during castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord clamping, or dehorning, or in the case of moderate to severe open wounds, the elastic band desirably comprises an active agent for local pain control. In one embodiment, the active agent for local pain control comprises one or more anesthetics; one or more analgesics; or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the active agent for local pain control is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the active agent for local pain control is lidocaine. In one embodiment, the active agent for local pain control is procaine.

[0119] As used herein, the term "insecticide" refers to any chemical, compound, or agent that is capable of killing insects, parasites, and / or larvae (e.g., larvicides). In exemplary embodiments, the insecticide can comprise or be an insect growth regulator, a macrolide, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate, a spinosyn, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of insect growth regulators include benzoylureas, triazines, and pyrimidine derivatives (e.g., diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, cyromazine, and hexaflumuron). Non-limiting examples of macrolides include ivermectin, abamectin, and emamectin. Non-limiting examples of synthetic pyrethroids include alpha-cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, tetrachlorvinphos, and deltamethrin. Non-limiting examples of organophosphates include diazinon, chlorfenvinphos, tolelophos, vamidothion, and temephos. Non-limiting examples of spinosyns include spinosad. Non-limiting examples of neonicotinoids include imidacloprid.

[0120] As shown herein, an unexpected advantage is that lidocaine can be used as an effective insecticide within the elastic band of the present disclosure. Thus, depending on the context, the term "insecticide" as used herein shall include lidocaine. For example, a mere reference to "insecticide" without reference to a local pain control agent or lidocaine shall be deemed to mean that the insecticide can be any insecticide, including lidocaine. Conversely, a reference to "insecticide and / or repellent and local pain control agent," "insecticide and / or repellent and lidocaine," "insecticide and local pain control agent," "insecticide and lidocaine," "repellent and local pain control agent," "repellent and lidocaine," and the like shall be deemed to mean that the insecticide and repellent are other than lidocaine.

[0121] As used herein, the term "repellent" refers to any chemical, compound, or agent that is capable of repelling insects (i.e., causing insects to move away). Many insecticides also act as repellents. Thus, in one embodiment, the repellent is any one or more of the insecticides described herein. In addition, many essential oils are capable of acting as repellents. Thus, in one embodiment, the repellent is an essential oil. Non-limiting examples of essential oils include oil of sassafras, cinnamon, lavender, neem, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, eucalyptus, citronella, tea tree, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the repellent comprises N,N-dimethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), icaridin, picaridin, permethrin, soybean oil, methoxyfluorothrin, p-menthane-3,8-diol, or any combination thereof.

[0122] Particularly preferred are insecticides and repellents that are effective against ticks, warble flies, screw worms, flies, mites, maggots, larvae, and the like.

[0123] In exemplary embodiments, the organisms against which the insecticide and / or insect repellent is effective include, but are not limited to, flesh flies, Phaenicia (Lucilia) sericata, Phaenicia (Lucilia) cuprina, Phaenicia (Lucilia) luminosa, Phaenicia (Lucilia) caesar, Phaenicia (Lucilia) silvarum, Calliphora (Lucilia) vexata, Calliphora (Lucilia) pluvialis, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Oestrus ovis, or combinations thereof.

[0124] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the effective insecticidal and / or larvicidal amount of an insecticide is related to the particular insecticide used and the particular insect against which the insecticide is directed. Likewise, the effective amount of an insect repellent is related to the particular insect repellent used and the particular insect against which the insect repellent is directed. Environmental or other conditions (e.g., rearing conditions) can also contribute to the effective amount.

[0125] The elastomeric material can be any material that is capable of stretching and / or contracting. In one embodiment, the elastomeric material is or comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

[0126] As used herein, a band refers to a band, a loop, a tube, a straw, a catheter, a plastic taping device, a zip tie, or the like. In some embodiments, a band is a length of tubing or rubber having two ends; in these embodiments, the band can also include one or more fasteners and / or one or more tapers or clamps. In other embodiments, a band is a closed loop. Bands of the present disclosure are described in greater detail below.

[0127] In the context of the present disclosure, the insecticide, insect repellent, or other agent (e.g., an active agent for topical pain control) can be impregnated or contained within the elastomeric material. By "impregnated" is meant that the insecticide, insect repellent, or any other agent used is absorbed into the elastomeric material, rather than merely coated on the outer surface of the elastomeric material or contained in an interior compartment of the elastomeric band. In one embodiment, when the insecticide, insect repellent, or any other agent is impregnated into the elastomeric material, it is distributed substantially uniformly throughout the elastomeric material. The density of the elastomeric material and / or other properties of the elastomeric material can be selected to control the rate at which the insecticide, insect repellent, or other agent diffuses out of the elastomeric band.

[0128] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method of preparing an elastic band for dual mode insect control for an animal, the method comprising: providing a band formed of an elastomeric material; providing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell the elastomeric material and at least one or both of an insecticide and a repellent; immersing at least a portion of the band in the solution, thereby impregnating the portion of the band with the solution; removing the band from the solution; and drying the band to remove the solvent, thereby distributing insecticide and / or repellent within and throughout the portion of the band to form an elastic band for dual mode insect control for the animal, wherein the dual mode is: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is delivered immediately to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is delivered gradually to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal. Figure 1 .

[0129] In one embodiment, the dual mode is for insect control during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, and the step of preparing the solution further comprises an active agent for local pain control. In these cases, the first portion has, during the fast-acting mode, the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or repellent delivered immediately to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface upon securing the elastic band to the animal. Likewise, in these cases, the second portion has, during the slow-release mode, the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or repellent delivered gradually to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

[0130] As used herein, the term "body surface" means the surface of any body part of an animal, including without limitation the surface of the dermis or the umbilical cord tissue. The body surface can be, for example, a tail, a scrotum, a horn, a velvet horn, a teat, an umbilicus, or a dermal growth (e.g., a cancer, a wart, etc.).

[0131] With respect to the step of preparing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell the elastomeric material and at least one or both of an insecticide and a repellent, the solvent can be any suitable solvent that swells, hydrates, and / or permeates the elastomeric material and is compatible with the insecticide and / or repellent. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises one or more of an alcohol, an ester, an ether, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises an ester and an alcohol. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises isopropyl myristate and ethanol. The solution can be prepared by mixing the insecticide and / or repellent with the solvent.

[0132] With respect to the step of immersing at least a portion of the band in the solution, the band or a portion thereof can be placed in the solution by any suitable means. In one embodiment, one or more bands are placed in a basket that is immersed in the solution. In one embodiment, one or more bands are immersed in the solution and mixed. In one embodiment, one or more bands are placed in a solution in a sealable container, whereby the container is sealed upon addition of the band to the solution. In one embodiment, tetrahydrofuran is added to a sealed container and the contents of the sealed container are mixed with a recirculating pump.

[0133] With respect to the step of immersing at least a portion of the band in the solution, in selected embodiments, the elastomeric material is allowed to swell to near its equilibrium with the materials to be absorbed into the elastomeric material. In selected embodiments, those materials include insecticides and repellents. In selected embodiments, those materials include insecticides, repellents, and active agents for topical pain control. In selected embodiments, the band is immersed in a volatile organic solvent solution containing insecticides, repellents, and / or active agents for topical pain control dissolved in the solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent can be DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or THF (tetrahydrofuran). The solvent swells the elastomeric material of the band and carries the agents into the elastomeric material of the band by diffusion. The band is soaked in the solution until equilibrium swelling of the band and equilibrium diffusion of the agents into the material of the band is achieved.

[0134] In some embodiments, the step of immersing includes partially immersing a portion of the band and allowing the active agents to distribute within and throughout the immersed portion of the elastomeric band.

[0135] In one embodiment, "swelling equilibrium" refers to immersing a band in a solution until the swelling of the band reaches its maximum for any given solution (i.e., the band no longer absorbs any more solution). In one embodiment, swelling equilibrium is when the band has been swollen by the solution more than 100% of its volume. In one embodiment, swelling equilibrium is when the band has been swollen by the solution more than 150% of its volume, more than 200% of its volume, more than 250% of its volume, more than 500% of its volume, or more.

[0136] The immersing step binds the elastomeric band with the solution, rather than merely depositing it on the surface of the elastomeric material. This is important because the elastomeric band typically undergoes extreme elastic deformation of up to 900% when used for castration, tail docking, horn removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning. Merely coating the elastomeric material is not sufficient because few coatings can stretch to this extent without breaking and flaking off the elastomeric material. Immersion to equilibrium can also facilitate preventing most of the insecticide, repellent, or other agent from migrating to the outer surface and drying, which can also cause cracking and flaking off when applied, as the elastomeric band expands.

[0137] With respect to the step of removing the band from the solution, this can be accomplished by physically removing the band from the solution (e.g., removing a basket containing the band from the solution), by draining the solution from a container that holds the band in the solution, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the solution is drained from the container holding the band by pumping the solution into a waste container or a recycling container. In fact, in one embodiment, the solution can be reused.

[0138] In the exemplary preparation method described above, the band is then removed from the solution and dried. Drying can be accomplished by air (i.e., air drying), by moderate heating (e.g., in an oven), or any other suitable means. In one embodiment, the band is air dried by blowing sterile air through a container containing the band. The drying step causes the volatile solvent to evaporate, trapping at least one or both of the insecticide and the repellent within the elastomeric material of the band. The evaporative drying process also brings a portion of at least one or both of the insecticide and the repellent to the outer surface of the elastomeric band, where they remain as a coating on the surface of the band. This coating provides easy access to at least one or both of the insecticide and the repellent when the band is first applied to an animal, while a higher concentration of at least one or both of the insecticide and the repellent exists more deeply within the elastomeric material of the band and is able to be released more slowly over time as the elastomeric band is secured to the animal, thereby providing long-term insect control.

[0139] Accordingly, the exemplary methods of the present disclosure embed the agents (e.g., insecticides, repellents, and / or active agents for topical pain control) within the elastomeric material of the elastomeric band, rather than simply coating them on the surface thereof. This provides both a fast-acting release mode and a slow release mode, as the embedded agents must diffuse through the elastomeric material of the elastomeric band to be released. This is a beneficial feature of the elastomeric bands of the present disclosure, as they are able to provide both fast-acting and slow-acting release of the active agents, with the fast-acting release being deposited on the surface of the elastomeric material as the solvent diffuses to the surface and evaporates, and the slow-acting release being more deeply trapped within the elastomeric material as the solvent dries and causes the elastomeric material to shrink back to its original state.

[0140] In one embodiment, the present disclosure also relates to a method for dual mode insect control for an animal, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with or containing one or both of an insecticide and a repellent, wherein the affixing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or the repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon affixing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or the repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously affixed to the animal.

[0141] In embodiments of the dual mode insect control method, the fast-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or the repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface; and the slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or the repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface.

[0142] In embodiments of the methods herein in which pain control is desired, the elastic band used in the dual mode insect control method can also include an active agent for local pain control.

[0143] As such, in another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for dual mode insect control during animal castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising affixing to the animal an elastic band impregnated with or containing one or both of an insecticide and a repellent and an active agent for local pain control, wherein the affixing provides: a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or the repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface upon affixing the elastic band to the animal; and a slow-release mode in which a second portion of the active agent for local pain control and the insecticide and / or the repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment proximate to the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously affixed to the animal.

[0144] In embodiments of the dual mode insect control (and optionally pain control) method, short term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 0 seconds to about 24 hours. In one embodiment, short term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 30 seconds to about 6 hours. In one embodiment, short term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 1 minute to about 1 hour. In one embodiment, short term delivery and effect is provided by a pesticide, repellent, and / or other agent located on or near the outer surface of the elastic band. In one embodiment, short term delivery and effect is provided by a pesticide, repellent, or other agent on the outer surface of the elastic band and / or within at least 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, or 1.0 mm of the outer surface of the elastic band.

[0145] In embodiments of the dual mode insect control (and optionally pain control) method, long term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 24 hours to about 4 months. In one embodiment, long term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 6 hours to about 3 months. In one embodiment, long term delivery and effect is a duration of between about 1 hour to about 2 months. In one embodiment, long term delivery and effect is provided by a pesticide, repellent, and / or other active agent deeper within the elastic band. In one embodiment, long term delivery and effect is provided by a pesticide, repellent, or other agent at least 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.0 mm, or deeper within the elastic band.

[0146] As used herein, "in close proximity" means a distance of up to about 1 meter, more preferably about 0.5 meters, still more preferably about 1 foot, and yet more preferably about 0.5 foot, from the release of the pesticide, repellent, or other agent into the environment from the elastomeric material. The advantageous discovery herein is that the pesticide and / or repellent does not systemically transfer, as opposed to systemic delivery or migration. While demonstrating that the pesticide / repellent does not have systemic distribution, demonstrating equivalent, targeted efficacy is an unexpected and advantageous result. In this context, "in close proximity" means a distance of up to about 25 cm, more preferably about 20 cm, still more preferably about 10 cm, and yet more preferably about 5 cm, when referring to passage through and / or absorption by animal body tissue. In close proximity release of the pesticide, repellent, or other agent allows for the use of small or low concentrations of active agent, which has environmental advantages. As used herein, the term "releasably delivered" means diffusion or elution of the pesticide, repellent, or other agent from the elastic band into the surrounding environment, including the skin, open wound, or air. In one embodiment, this can occur through airborne volatile particles.

[0147] As used herein, the term "open wound" or "wound site" refers to any damaged, exposed, infected, festering, cancerous, or diseased surface of an animal or portion of an animal. In one embodiment, the open wound or wound site includes wounds from castration, tail docking, horn removal, umbilical cord ligation, dehorning, and the like. In a particular embodiment, the open wound or wound site includes myiasis, abscesses, scabies, open wounds, and the like, or any combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the open wound or wound site includes myiasis. In one embodiment, the open wound or wound site exposes the animal's blood to the external environment.

[0148] In selected embodiments of the disclosure, the elastic band further comprises one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more anti-inflammatory agents; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictors; or any combination thereof.

[0149] As used herein, an antimicrobial agent is any natural or synthetic substance that is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, i.e., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and algae. Antimicrobial agents that are capable of acting through topical application are particularly suitable. Non-limiting examples of antimicrobial agents include penicillin, valacyclovir, fluconazole, praziquantel, ethanol, n-propanol, lidocaine, and isopropyl alcohol.

[0150] As used herein, an antibiotic is any natural or synthetic substance that is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are thus within the scope of antimicrobial agents. Antibiotics that are capable of acting through topical application are particularly suitable. Non-limiting examples of antibiotics include amoxicillin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, azithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clavulanic acid, levofloxacin, and lidocaine.

[0151] As used herein, an anti-inflammatory agent is any natural or synthetic substance that is capable of preventing or reducing inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as meloxicam, flunixin, ketoprofen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, dexamethasone, flumethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, and immunoselective anti-inflammatory derivatives (IMSAIDs). As will be appreciated, a variety of anti-inflammatory agents are also capable of relieving pain (e.g., NSAIDS), and thus can be included in the elastic band of the disclosure as an active agent or in combination with an active agent for topical pain control. In one particular embodiment of the disclosure, the anti-inflammatory agent is lidocaine.

[0152] As used herein, a hormone is a signal transduction molecule capable of regulating biological processes, such as in a multicellular organism. Some embodiments of the elastic band disclosed herein include one or more hormones. Hormones include, but are not limited to, cortisone, hydrocortisone, trenbolone, testosterone, and estradiol.

[0153] As used herein, a vasoconstrictor is any natural or synthetic substance capable of causing vasoconstriction. Some embodiments of the elastic band disclosed herein can include a vasoconstrictor, such as epinephrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, thromboxane, angiotensin, or any combination thereof.

[0154] Some embodiments of the elastic band disclosed herein can also include one or more chemical indicators, such as dyes, pigments, pH indicators, or stains, for example, to distinguish the elastic band as containing an active agent. These chemical indicators can also be released with the active agent for topical pain control, insecticide, and / or insect repellent to provide visual evidence of release to the area of application. In some cases, the chemical indicator can also be the active agent. Examples include, but are not limited to, the use of an antimicrobial dye, such as gentian violet, which stains the area a blue-purple color and also serves as a topical antimicrobial to help prevent infection at the castration site. In other examples, the chemical indicator can include the use of a pH indicator to identify an alkaline pH associated with infection. Examples of other chemical indicators that can be incorporated into the elastic band of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, Nile red, oil red, Sudan red, Congo red, cresyl red, Coomassie red, Coomassie brilliant blue, methylene blue, oil blue, gentian violet, azure blue, malachite green, eosin dye, rhodamine dye, hematoxylin, phenothalin, resazurin, phenol red, methyl red, bromothymol blue, thymol blue, alizarin, povidone-iodine, and natural dyes such as indigo, turmeric, catechu, and annatto extract. In one particular embodiment, the chemical indicator is resazurin, which is reduced to resorcinol in the presence of bacteria.

[0155] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an elastic band prepared by the methods disclosed herein. The elastic band provided by the methods disclosed herein can be used for any suitable application. In some embodiments, the elastic band is used as a system for castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord ligation, horn removal, and the like, while also providing insect control. In one particular embodiment, the elastic band is used as a system for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or horn removal.

[0156] In some embodiments, an open wound or wound site will result from the use of an elastic band as a system for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning. In some embodiments, an elastic band is used for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal while also performing insect control. In some embodiments, an elastic band is used to control myiasis in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal. In one embodiment of some of the disclosure, an elastic band is used to treat or prevent fly infestation in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal.

[0157] In one embodiment of some of the disclosure, an elastic band is used to protect an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal.

[0158] In one embodiment, the elastomeric material of the elastic bands herein can be bands of different sizes in order to ligate different body parts, sizes, types, ages, etc. of animals. The size or configuration of the bands can also be used with particular applicators and devices. A variety of devices known in the art employ endless loop bands. While endless loop bands can accommodate a variety of different sizes of animals and parts, they can be at risk of applying excessive or insufficient tension.

[0159] The elastic bands of the present invention can be adjustable or can be adjusted to fit the size and / or shape of the subject animal. The bands can be formed into loops using fasteners or crimping. In some embodiments, the size can be adjusted using a shrinker or the like.

[0160] The present disclosure also contemplates the use of bands of different sizes. For example, a band is provided that is suitable for ligation of small animals, such as calves or lambs. Bands of similar design are also provided for medium-sized animals, such as larger calves. Such medium-sized bands have a greater initial circumference and / or have a higher elasticity. Bands can also be provided for larger animals, such as adult bulls. These bands can be further color-coded and / or marked in order to easily provide information to the user and reduce the risk of using an incorrect size band, which can result in a failed ligation.

[0161] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for ligating a body part of an animal, preferably a tail, scrotum, a fawn horn, or a horn. In selected embodiments, an elastic band can be expanded around the body part and released. In some of these embodiments, no tool is required to connect the elastic band to the body part. In other embodiments of these embodiments, the elastic band is expanded with a tool prior to application on the body part.

[0162] Another method involves manually looping a preformed endless loop of elastic band around a body part of an animal. Then, the endless loop is pulled using a variety of means integrated to the ligation tool (e.g., a wrapping mechanism, a pulling mechanism, etc.) to tighten the loop around the body part of the animal. Once the endless loop is sufficiently tightened, it is secured to maintain sufficient pressure around the scrotum of the animal. Preferably, the securing step involves deforming a grommet or other crimping device around the endless loop while the pulling of the endless loop is accomplished by wrapping the endless loop around a wrapping spool integrally connected to the ligation tool. To improve the efficiency and cost of the method, a wrapping tether and a connecting hook can be utilized to reduce the overall length of ligation material required. After the grommet is deformed around the endless loop to secure the loop portion around the body part, the excess ligation material above the grommet can be removed by cutting the loop portion not around the body part with a sharp knife, blade, or other suitable instrument. Alternatively, the band material can be unwound or otherwise released from the tool, thus eliminating the need to cut the band to release it from the tool.

[0163] Some embodiments of the present invention further include two ends of a predetermined length of an elastomeric material arranged substantially parallel to each other, and anchoring members or tang portions secured to the two ends of the predetermined length of elastomeric material, which are used by the ligation tool to tighten a loop around a body part of an animal. In these embodiments, a crimped band is also provided, which is translatable along at least a portion of the length of the band in an uncrimped state. After the loop is tightened around the body part, the band is crimped to hold the two ends of the loop in place, and excess material can be trimmed from the attached loop. In some embodiments, the area of excess material can be deliberately unimpregnated with active agent (i.e., by the dip method). This would have the advantage of not wasting active agent, and would allow for improved operation of the embodiment so that the skin of the human user is not in contact with the active agent.

[0164] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the elastic band of the present invention can be incorporated into a system or kit according to the present disclosure.

[0165] The present disclosure is in the general field of methods and apparatus for non-surgical removal of tails, horns, testicles, etc. of animals. It is also directed to the aforementioned field wherein an elastic loop of rubber or the like is formed having a very small opening but which is expandable to slip over an animal part to be non-surgically removed and then released onto such part to completely sever the blood flow from the main part of the animal to said part while drawing the skin adjacent the animal into a configuration such that the skin covers the area from which the part is removed. The present disclosure is even further directed to non-surgically removing a tail from a pig by expanding the elastic band into a unique triangular configuration using a unique loop expansion tool and applying the loop around the pig tail and removing the loop from the expansion tool.

[0166] EMBODIMENT EMBODIMENT 1 Example elastic bands of the present application were prepared in both small and large band formats. For the small bands, the insecticide was impregnated throughout the band for non-selective, full device impregnation. For the large bands, the insecticide was impregnated only into a portion of the band for selective, targeted impregnation.

[0167] In general, elastic bands having the desired size (small and large) were obtained. The small bands were entirely submerged in a solution containing the insecticide (see Figure 2 ). This was done separately for a variety of different insecticides, including ivermectin, imidacloprid, and spinosad. This was also done using solutions containing both the insecticide and an active agent for local pain control, including ivermectin + lidocaine, imidacloprid + lidocaine, and spinosad + lidocaine. In other embodiments as described herein, small bands were used including these insecticides with and without an active agent for local pain control.

[0168] The large bands were prepared by submerging only a portion of the band in a solution containing the insecticide (see Figure 3 ). A green dye was included in the solution to visually observe the local impregnation of the solution into the band. As shown in Figure 4 , submerging only a portion of the large band in the solution was effective to provide a defined and selective region or zone of the band having the active agent (block A: Figure 4 the green / color darker region in the photograph). Advantageously, producing the band in this manner provides a region or zone free of the active agent that can be used for safe handling of the band (block B: Figure 4 the natural band region without color in the photograph). This is not only advantageous in terms of ease of handling, but also reduces waste as there is no need to wear rubber gloves when handling the band.

[0169] For the small bands, Figure 5 shows a graphical representation of the distribution of the insecticide throughout the band (insecticide = "I"). The insecticide was impregnated and dispersed throughout the band. For the small bands, Figure 6 shows a graphical representation of the distribution of the insecticide, repellent, and active agent for local pain control throughout the band (insecticide = "I"; repellent = "R"; and active agent for local pain control = "A"). All active ingredients (I, R, and A) were impregnated and dispersed throughout the band. Notably, the bands containing different active ingredients or combinations thereof can be color coded by using band material having different colors (e.g., orange, green, blue, black, yellow, etc.).

[0170] Example 2 The determination of the anti-myciasis activity of elastic bands loaded / impregnated with insecticide (with or without active agent for local pain treatment) was investigated by the Maggot Inhibition Assay (MIA).

[0171] Test substrates: Nine (9) test and control articles: "empty" control band (CON), "finished" master control band (OTS), Ivermectin-only band (Iver), Lidocaine + Ivermectin band (Iver-LLB), Lidocaine-only band (LLB), Imidacloprid-only band (IMI), Lidocaine + Imidacloprid band (IMI-LLB), Spinosad-only band (Spin), Lidocaine + Spinosad band (Spin-LLB). Elastomeric bands were prepared by immersing the entire band in a solution containing the indicated active ingredient.

[0172] One (1) test organism: Hermetia illucens larvae, "medium size", 3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg.

[0173] Three replicates (n=3): Total = 27 individual sample determinations.

[0174] Study objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the reaction of H. illucens to insecticide-loaded elastomeric bands containing the listed insecticides, with or without lidocaine.

[0175] A second objective of this study was to develop a novel MIA.

[0176] Sample description: The list of samples used in the experiment is described in Table 1 below. For each sample, a 4.3 cm circumference, 0.5 g white elastomeric band was used. The active ingredient was added to the band by immersing the entire band in a solution containing the active ingredient.

[0177] Table 1: Sample description

[0178]

[0179] Contact time: 7 days Contact temperature: 30 ± 2°C.

[0180] Test method overview: See Figure 7 for a graphical overview.

[0181] Fresh wet chicken feed (WCF) and black soldier fly larvae (3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained within 48 hours of the start of the test. Small (60 mm diameter) Petri dishes were used as the test container for each replicate. Fresh WCF was manually pressed into the center well of each strip so that the strip was overfilled with fresh WCF. Each test and control article was placed in a single 60 mm Petri dish. Five (5) larvae were placed on each test and control article. A lid was placed on the Petri dish and the Petri dish was wrapped with parafilm (parafilm is permeable to oxygen < 350 cm3 / m2 at 23 °C). The test and control Petri dishes were stored in an incubator at a temperature (~30 °C) in the dark. The larvae were observed daily for up to two (2) weeks and their activity and pupation were recorded.

[0182] Test article preparation: Black soldier fly larvae (3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained within 48 hours of the start of the test. Fresh WCF was prepared prior to the test. Chicken feed was mixed with water at equal weight (w / w) to prepare the WCF. The amount prepared was sufficient for 1.0 g of WCF per assay (total WCF weight per strip), totaling 50 g.

[0183] Small (60 mm diameter) Petri dishes were used as the test container for each replicate.

[0184] Whatman filter paper (90 mm, catalog number 1001-090) was cut to approximately 50 mm, wetted with 1000 μΐ^of distilled water, and placed in a Petri dish.

[0185] The test strips and control strips had approximately 1.09 g of fresh WCF manually pressed into the center well so that the strip was filled to overflowing with WCF. The weight of the WCF was recorded.

[0186] Test article preparation: Each test and control article was prepared in a separate 60 mm Petri dish, as described, in triplicate. Five (5) larvae were weighed as a group and placed on each test and control article. A lid was placed on the Petri dish and wrapped with parafilm, as described. The test and control containers were stored in the dark at a temperature of ~30 °C. The larvae were observed daily for up to two weeks and their activity and pupation were recorded.

[0187] The weight of the 5 larvae in each assay replicate was determined and recorded by the following steps: (a) the lid was removed from the bottom and placed on a balance; and (b) the balance was tared and the 5 larvae were gently placed in the lid and the total weight was recorded.

[0188] Results: In Figure 8In the case of weight gain per maggot over time, results are shown. At time 0, 5 maggots were placed into each of 3 pre-weighed petri dishes, each containing food and the identified test tape: OTS, CON, LLB, Iver, Iver-LLB, IMI, IMI-LLB, Spin, or Spin-LLB. At each designated time point, the weight of the maggots was recorded and divided by the number of maggots in each petri dish to calculate the weight per maggot. Then, the weight per maggot at time 0 was subtracted from the measured weight at each time point to calculate the weight gain per maggot. Figure 8 The complete time course is shown, while Figure 9 Only the day 4 data is shown. Bars represent the mean ± standard deviation of 3 replicate petri dishes. In Figure 8 In the case of weight gain per maggot over time, results are shown. At time 0, 5 maggots were placed into each of 3 pre-weighed petri dishes, each containing food and the identified test tape: OTS, CON, LLB, Iver, Iver-LLB, IMI, IMI-LLB, Spin, or Spin-LLB. At each designated time point, the weight of the maggots was recorded and divided by the number of maggots in each petri dish to calculate the weight per maggot. Then, the weight per maggot at time 0 was subtracted from the measured weight at each time point to calculate the weight gain per maggot. Figure 9 In the case of weight gain per maggot over time, results are shown. At time 0, 5 maggots were placed into each of 3 pre-weighed petri dishes, each containing food and the identified test tape: OTS, CON, LLB, Iver, Iver-LLB, IMI, IMI-LLB, Spin, or Spin-LLB. At each designated time point, the weight of the maggots was recorded and divided by the number of maggots in each petri dish to calculate the weight per maggot. Then, the weight per maggot at time 0 was subtracted from the measured weight at each time point to calculate the weight gain per maggot.

[0189] Conclusion: When any of the insecticides (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad) were impregnated into the elastic tape alone, all of the insecticide-loaded elastic tapes were able to produce effective insecticide or repellent activity as evidenced by weight loss and maggot death. See Figure 8 and 9 .

[0190] When used in combination with lidocaine, all of the insecticide-loaded elastic tapes were also able to produce effective insecticide or repellent activity as evidenced by weight loss and maggot death when any of the insecticides (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad) were impregnated into the elastic tape in the presence of lidocaine. See Figure 8 and 9 .

[0191] The lidocaine elastic tape itself was also able to produce effective insecticide or repellent activity as evidenced by weight loss and maggot death when no insecticide (ivermectin, imidacloprid, or spinosad) was included in the tape. This was an unexpected result and was statistically significant at least as shown by the data at day 4.

[0192] Empty treatment (bands soaked in solution containing tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl myristate, without lidocaine or insecticide) and finished bands showed no insecticide or repellent activity. See Figure 8 and 9 .

[0193] Example 3 The anti-maggot infestation activity of the insecticide solutions or lidocaine solution was determined by the Maggot Infestation Assay (MIA) study.

[0194] Experimental Test Matrix: Seven (7) test and control articles: wet chicken feed (positive control), tetrahydrofuran-impregnated feed (THF; carrier control), isopropyl myristate-impregnated feed (IPM; penetration enhancer control), lidocaine solution-impregnated feed (LD), ivermectin-impregnated feed (Iver), imidacloprid-impregnated feed (IMI), spinosad-impregnated feed (Spin).

[0195] One (1) test organism: black soldier fly larvae, "medium size", 3rd instar reared (full stomach), average weight 45-60 mg.

[0196] Three (3) replicates (n=3): total = 21 individual sample determinations.

[0197] Study Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the response of black soldier fly to the listed component solutions and to compare the efficacy of insecticides impregnated into the elastic band (Example 2) to the insecticides in liquid form. It was expected that the liquid insecticides soaked in maggot feed would provide better insecticidal efficacy, particularly in terms of immediate (short-term) effect, compared to the insecticides impregnated into the elastomeric matrix. Equivalent or enhanced insecticidal efficacy using the elastic band would be unexpected.

[0198] The second objective of this study was to investigate the study design for the unique response variable of the weight of the study organism, black soldier fly larvae. This would develop a novel MIA.

[0199] Sample Description: The list of samples used in the experiment is described in Table 2 below.

[0200] Table 2: Sample Description

[0201] Contact time: 7 days Contact temperature: 30 ± 2 °C.

[0202] Test Method Overview: See Figure 10 .

[0203] Fresh wet chicken feed (WCF) and black soldier fly larvae (3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained within 48 hours of the start of the test. Small (60 mm diameter) petri dishes were used as the test container for each replicate. A solution of the test substance was added to fresh WCF and the WCF with solution was then placed in the center of the container and weighed. The POS control used a fresh WCF sample of approximately similar size without any solution added. Five (5) larvae were placed on each test and control preparation of fresh WCF impregnated with the solution. A lid was placed on the petri dish and the petri dish was wrapped with parafilm. The test and control containers were stored in an incubator at a temperature of ~30°C, protected from light. The larvae were observed daily for up to two (2) weeks and their activity and pupation recorded.

[0204] Test article preparation: Black soldier fly larvae (3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained within 48 hours of the start of the test. Fresh WCF was prepared 72 hours prior to the test to allow THF to evaporate out. The chicken feed was mixed with water at equal weight (w / w) to prepare the WCF. The amount prepared was sufficient for 2.0 g per assay (total WCF weight per strip), for a total of 100 g. Fresh WCF was added to seven (7) separate and labeled beakers (10 g WCF / beaker). For the positive control, the WCF beakers were wrapped with parafilm on top and stored in the refrigerator. For the other samples, 1000 μL of each sample solution was added to the appropriate labeled beaker with the WCF portion. A portion of the solution was retained in a sealed glass vial for possible QA / QC. The WCF samples with solution added were mixed well and placed in a fume hood for up to 72 hours to allow the THF to evaporate off.

[0205] Small (60 mm diameter) petri dishes were used as the test container for each replicate.

[0206] Whatman filter paper discs (90 mm, catalog number 1001-090) approximately 50 mm in diameter were cut, moistened with 1000 μL of distilled water, and placed in a petri dish.

[0207] The test and control containers had approximately 2.0 g of test solution impregnated WCF placed in the center of the moistened filter paper.

[0208] Test implementation: As described, each test and control preparation was prepared in a separate 60 mm petri dish, in triplicate, >48 hours prior to the start of the study. Five (5) larvae were weighed as a group and recorded for each test and control preparation. Lids were placed on the petri dishes and wrapped with parafilm as described. The test and control containers were stored in an incubator at a temperature of ~30°C, protected from light. Larvae were observed daily for up to two weeks, recording observations for food consumption, weight, and pupation.

[0209] The weight of the five larvae in each assay replicate was determined and recorded by the following steps: (a) the lid was removed and the container without the lid was weighed (larvae + WCF + container); and (b) the scale was tared and the five larvae were gently placed into the lid and the total weight was recorded.

[0210] Results: In Figure 11 , results are shown as weight gain per maggot over time. At time 0, five maggots were placed into each of three pre-weighed petri dishes, WCF mixed with either nothing (OTS), tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropyl myristate (IPM), lidocaine (LD), ivermectin (Iver), imidacloprid (IMI), or spinosad (Spin) as described. At each designated time point, the weight of the maggots was recorded and divided by the number of maggots in each petri dish to calculate the weight per maggot. Then, the weight per maggot at time 0 was subtracted from the weight at each time point to calculate the weight gain per maggot. Figure 11 The complete time course is shown, while Figure 12 only data from day 8 is shown. Bars represent the mean ± standard deviation of the three replicate petri dishes. In Figure 11 , a repeated measures mixed effects model was used and each petri dish was treated as an experimental unit (fixed effects were time, solution, and time x solution interaction; random effects were individual petri dish and residual) to determine statistical significance of each solution relative to the OTS control; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Dunnett test. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001. In Figure 12 , a one-way ANOVA with Tukey adjustment was used for multiple comparisons; data labeled with the same letter are not significantly different from each other (i.e., p > 0.05).

[0211] Conclusions: All test insecticides were able to produce effective insecticide or repellent activity as evidenced by weight loss and maggot death when any insecticide (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad) was used. This confirms the functionality of the assay. It was found that when the insecticide was impregnated into the elastic band that it had equivalent functionality to the insecticide itself as compared to Example 2. This is a surprising result. It was expected that the insecticide in liquid form soaked into the feed would be more effective than the insecticide contained in the band. For example, it was unexpected that the insecticide was able to elute completely from the elastic band, much less so rapidly, to achieve the insecticide or repellent effect. This confirms their effectiveness in the rapid mode of action described herein. In comparison to Figure 11 and 12 see Figure 8 and 9 .

[0212] The lidocaine solution itself was able to produce effective insecticide or repellent activity as evidenced by weight loss and maggot death when any insecticide (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad) was compared. The activity of lidocaine as an insecticide was equivalent to the commercial insecticides. This is a surprising result and was observed with both lidocaine in solution and lidocaine impregnated into the elastic band. In comparison to Figure 11 and 12 see Figure 8 and 9 .

[0213] Demonstrating that tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl myristate have no insecticide or repellent activity, confirming that the insecticide / repellent effect is the result of the insecticide impregnated into the elastic band and not the other components of the solution in which the band is immersed to impregnate the active ingredient. The results of tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl also confirm that the insecticide / repellent effect of lidocaine impregnated into the elastic band is the result of the lidocaine in the elastic band and not the other components of the solution in which the band is immersed to impregnate the lidocaine. These are surprising results. In comparison to Figure 11 and 12 see Figure 8 and 9 .

[0214] Example 4 The efficacy duration of the anti-myciasis activity of the insecticide loaded / impregnated elastic bands (with or without active agents for the treatment of local pain) was investigated by ex vivo tissue and band collection and use of the Maggot Inhibition Assay (MIA).

[0215] Experimental objectives: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the long-term functionality of the elastic bands impregnated with insecticide (with or without lidocaine) to inhibit larval growth using the novel MIA test disclosed herein, by evaluating the functionality of ex vivo tissue biopsies taken from scrotal tissue and pre-placed drug-impregnated elastic bands on Holstein calves for different time periods (3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days). The protocol used and proposed herein is based on published literature (Kotze et al., (2022) “Resistance to dicyclanil and imidacloprid in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, in Australia”, Pest Manag Sci, 78: 4195-4206).

[0216] Experimental test substrates: Control scrotal tissue biopsies: 2 x 4 mm control biopsy punch samples were homogenized in sterile water and mixed with WCF. These control biopsy punch samples were taken from control tissue before the elastic band was fixed to the animal (CTB), as well as distal tissue (i.e. >20 cm from the band site) at the specified time points after the elastic band was fixed (DTB). (n=3) Homogenizer control chicken feed: Homogenized sterile water was mixed with WCF to prepare this control. (n=3) Main control chicken feed: WCF only. (n=3 x 5 experiments = 15) Ivermectin control: An ivermectin solution was prepared as a positive control (1.31 g ivermectin added to 2.35 g THF). (n=3) Exposed ILLB: Elastic bands impregnated with ivermectin and lidocaine were fixed to the scrotal site and removed at each time point. (n=3 x 5 experiments = 15) Control ILLB: Elastic bands impregnated with ivermectin and lidocaine that were not fixed to the animal. (n=3) Control band: Elastic bands that were not impregnated with any active ingredient were used as a control band. (n=3) One (1) test organism: Black soldier fly larvae, “medium size”, 3rd instar reared (full stomach), average weight 45-60 mg.

[0217] Testing: Testing was done in real-time when the band was detached from the animal, a total of 4 studies were conducted.

[0218] Study objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term functionality of the elastic band impregnated with insecticide (with or without lidocaine) to inhibit larval growth by evaluating the functionality of ex vivo tissue biopsies taken from scrotal tissue and elastic bands placed on Holstein calves for different time periods (3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days) of exposure.

[0219] A second objective of this experiment was to demonstrate the long-term slow release profile of the insecticidal effect obtained by the elastic band. It is expected that the effective concentration of insecticide will rapidly elute from the band when in contact with the environment and animal tissue (e.g., based on Examples 2 and 3, which show surprising immediate effectiveness). Therefore, it is expected that the insecticidal activity will significantly decrease or be lost over time compared to fresh band / treatment. Maintaining the effectiveness of the insecticide over time and elution exposure would surprisingly demonstrate that the slow release technology can be a significant improvement over the current insecticidal treatment status (e.g., pour-on insecticide). Indeed, demonstrating equivalent functionality over an extended period of time would be a very surprising result.

[0220] Another second objective of this experiment was to demonstrate that the elastic band impregnated with insecticide is able to achieve targeted delivery of the insecticide to the wound site (i.e., where the band is placed) to reduce environmental exposure, resistance, and systemic absorption by the animal. Current state-of-the-art pour-on insecticides have insecticidal effect by being absorbed by the animal’s dermis and distributed systemically. Demonstrating equivalent, targeted efficacy while demonstrating that the insecticide and / or repellent does not have systemic distribution would be a favorable and surprising result.

[0221] Sample Description: A list of the samples used in the experiment is described in Table 3 below.

[0222] Table 3: Sample Description

[0223] A list of the animal treatments used in the experiment is described in Table 4 below.

[0224] Table 4: Description of Animal Treatments

[0225] Contact Time: 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 days on animals Contact Temperature: Body temperature.

[0226] Identification Method: Each animal was distinguished by two forms of identification (e.g., ear tag, numbered neck band, numbered leg band, numbered halter, name plate, and / or painted number, etc.) that had the same number and corresponded to the general description of the animal in the study records.

[0227] Animal Care: This study was conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Use and Care of Experimental Animals (Volume 1, 2ndEdition, 1993) prepared by the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Prior approval by the Investigational Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) was a requirement. CCR IACUC (OLAW Registration Number: F19-00433 (A8217-03)). Animal approval was obtained on January 22, 2024 (Approval Number: 01.22.2024 12999.010.03.05).

[0228] Owner Consent: Consent was obtained for the animal’s participation.

[0229] Study Facility: The participating animals were housed and managed under laboratory conditions for the study. Table 5 below shows additional information about the animals.

[0230] Table 5: Detailed information about the animals

[0231] Summary of in vivo test method: Animals were randomly assigned to the study. On Day 0, 2 control biopsies were collected and retained for control purposes. Elastic bands impregnated with ivermectin and lidocaine were placed on the calves in accordance with standard banding practices. The user was fitted with protective equipment. The animal ID and treatment code were recorded. At the designated time points (Days 3, 7, 14, 21, 30), the band site was photographed, the band was removed and retained, 4 biopsies were taken from the band site and retained for analysis. At a distance of 20 cm distal to the band site, 2 biopsies were collected as distal sample controls. The animal was re-banded with a standard band, administered with an appropriate dose of oral meloxicam, and returned to the source herd. The animal was monitored for any adverse effects.

[0232] For an illustrated summary of the test plan for animal use, see Figure 13 .

[0233] Summary of in vitro test method: Fresh WCF and black fly larvae (3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained within 48 hours of the start of the test. Small (60 mm diameter) petri dishes were used as the test container for each replicate. The WCF was placed in the center of the container and weighed. The test substance was dipped into the WCF. Controls used a sample of approximately similar size of WCF without the introduction of any tape solution. Each test and control preparation was placed in the ECF and then placed in individual 60 mm containers. Five (5) larvae were placed on each test and control preparation dipped with WCF. A lid was placed on the container and wrapped with parafilm. The test and control containers were stored in an incubator at a temperature of ~30°C, protected from light. The larvae were weighed and observed daily for up to two (2) weeks, recording activity and pupation. The primary endpoint was the weight gain of the larvae.

[0234] For a graphical overview of the test plan for in vitro tissue and tape use, see Figure 14 .

[0235] In vivo method: Entry into study: Animals were randomly assigned to the study. The animal ID and assignment to treatment group were recorded. Ear tag identification was used to indicate which treatment group the animal was assigned to.

[0236] Control biopsies: Pre-castration. For control purposes, 2 control biopsies were taken and retained. Each biopsy sample was placed in a separate, appropriately labeled microtube and frozen at -80°C for subsequent time point processing.

[0237] Castration of calves: The elastic tape, impregnated with ivermectin and lidocaine, was placed on the tip of the applicator. The jaws of the spreader were pointed upwards and the handles were closed to open the tape. The tape was stretched and slid over the scrotum while both testes were in the scrotum. The tape was released just above the top of the testes (~0.5 cm), rather than at the base of the scrotum.

[0238] Sample collection: At the designated time points (days 3, 7, 14, 21, 30), the elastic tape site was photographed and the tape was removed and saved in a labeled container. If the tape and distal tissue were not present, no sample was collected and this was recorded on the collection sheet.

[0239] Distal control biopsies: 2 control biopsies were taken 20 cm from the tape site and retained for control purposes (i.e. to determine if the delivery of ivermectin was local or systemic).

[0240] Follow-up: The animals were re-tied with standard tie-off tape, administered the appropriate dose of oral meloxicam and returned to the source herd. The animals were monitored for any side effects.

[0241] Tissue homogenization: Freeze the biopsy punch samples and place two punch biopsies in a labeled grinding tube. Add the appropriate volume (1.5 mL) of reagent ethanol. Place the grinding tube in a bead beater homogenizer and homogenize for 30 seconds at maximum speed (speed setting 5 = 5 m / s). Repeat the homogenization two more times (30 seconds each) with at least 1 minute of cooling time in between. Use 1000 μL of the sample for testing.

[0242] Test article preparation: Within 48 hours of the start of the test, obtain black soldier fly larvae (3rd instar fed (stomach full), average weight 45-60 mg).

[0243] Prepare fresh WCF test samples: Use equal weight of chicken feed and sample w / w (i.e. water or homogenate). Prepare enough 2.0 g for each assay (total weight of WCF per treatment). Place dry chicken feed in labeled containers (1 g chicken feed / container). Add 1 mL of homogenate (or liquid) to the chicken feed to prepare the WCF test sample mixed with the test or control agent. Mix the WCF test sample well and allow the sample to dry overnight (~ 16 hours) to evaporate the ethanol. At the time of testing, add 1000 μL of water to make the chicken feed sample into a wet mash.

[0244] Prepare the Ivermectin solution positive control as described in Example 3.

[0245] Use a small (60 mm diameter) petri dish as the test container for each replicate.

[0246] Cut a Whatman filter paper disc (90 mm, catalog number 1001-090) of approximately 50 mm in diameter, wet with 1000 μL of distilled water, and place in the petri dish.

[0247] The test and control containers have approximately 2.0 g of test solution-impregnated WCF placed in the center of the wetted filter paper.

[0248] Implementation of the test: Prepare each test and control article in individual 60 mm containers prior to the start of the study. The test and control elastic bands have 1 g of fresh wet control chicken feed manually pressed into the center hole, which causes the ring to be filled with control WCF to the point of overflowing. Record the weight of the WCF.

[0249] Weigh five (5) larvae as a group and record each test and control article. Place the lid on the container and wrap with plastic wrap. Store the test and control containers in an incubator at a temperature of ~30°C, protected from light. Observe the larvae daily for 8 to 10 days and record observations of food consumption, weight, and pupation.

[0250] Determine and record the weight of 5 larvae in each assay replicate by the following steps: (a) remove the lid from the bottom and place the lid on the balance; and (b) weigh the skin and gently place the 5 larvae into the lid and record the total weight.

[0251] Record the number of larvae in pupation (very dark in color, not moving and not feeding).

[0252] Results: Figure 15 Weight gain of maggots exposed to ex vivo distal tissue and exposed to elastic bands (control and previously fixed bands) is shown. Figure 15 The results shown in Table 2 represent the average maggot weight change from day 0 to day 3 for the larvae. Standard deviation is represented as error bars. Control tissue, distal tissue (day 3), distal tissue (day 7), distal tissue (day 14), and distal tissue (day 21) all had comparable or better maggot growth compared to the master control and finished control bands. Unused elastic bands, used elastic bands (day 3), used elastic bands (day 7), used elastic bands (day 14), and used elastic bands (day 21), all of which had been impregnated with ivermectin and lidocaine at the time of production, demonstrated a weight gain decrease or no weight gain consistent with or greater than the ivermectin solution (positive control).

[0253] Conclusions: Control tissue, distal tissue (day 3), and distal tissue (day 7) had comparable or better maggot growth compared to the master control and finished control bands. Comparable or better maggot growth compared to the master control indicates that the insecticide did not systemically transfer. At the current state of the art, pour-on insecticides have insecticidal effect by being absorbed by the animal’s dermis and distributed systemically. While demonstrating that the insecticide / repellent did not have systemic distribution, demonstrating equivalent, targeted efficacy was an unexpected and advantageous result.

[0254] Previously ex vivo fixed to an animal and removed at day 3 and day 7 elastic bands (i.e., used bands) demonstrated comparable insecticide / repellent activity when compared to fresh elastic bands that had never been fixed to an animal (i.e., unused bands). This functionality comparable to fresh elastic bands even after extended environmental and animal washout is an unexpected result demonstrating a long-term, slow release profile of insecticide / repellent from the elastic bands. Coupling this result with Example 2, which shows that the elastic bands also demonstrate a fast release profile, is highly advantageous and unexpected.

[0255] Maintaining insecticidal effectiveness over time and over extended washout exposure reduces the need for reapplication of insecticide, particularly when coupled with the immediate-acting fast release effect. The elastic bands of the present disclosure represent a major improvement in insect control for animals, including an improvement over the prior art (i.e., pour-on insecticides).

[0256] Further, the elastic bands used (days 3 and 7) exhibited comparable insecticide / repellent activity when compared to the fresh liquid ivermectin solution, all exhibiting a decrease in weight gain or no weight gain. This indicates that the insecticide loaded bands have comparable functionality to fresh liquid ivermectin even after extended environmental and animal washout. This strong and extended anti-hypoderma activity was not expected. Rather, fresh insecticide in liquid form soaked in feed was expected to be more effective than when contained in an elastic band, not to mention the bands that had been used on animals for 3 and 7 days. Insecticide was expected to washout over time as it was exposed to the animal and the environment and would decrease the insecticide effect.

[0257] In the present disclosure, all terms referring to items in the singular form encompass the plural form as well. Likewise, all terms referring to items in the plural form encompass the singular form as well. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0258] As used herein, the term "about" means plus or minus approximately 10% from a given value. It should be understood that the variations automatically are encompassed within any given value provided herein whether or not specifically referred to.

[0259] It should be understood that where compositions and methods are described in terms of "comprising" or "containing" various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" the various components and steps. Further, as used in the claims, the indefinite articles "a" and "an" are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.

[0260] For the sake of brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein. However, ranges from any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, and ranges from any lower limit can be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges from any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited. Further, where a range or numerical value is provided, unless otherwise stated the recitation of the range or the numerical value is a disclosure of all values and subranges therein. Specifically, each numerical value disclosed herein is a disclosure of that value and any subranges or ranges therein unless otherwise stated. Accordingly, any point or individual value can serve as its own lower or upper limit, combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower limit or upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited.

[0261] Therefore, this disclosure is well adapted to achieve the stated objects and advantages, as well as those inherent therein. The specific embodiments disclosed above are merely illustrative, as this disclosure can be modified and practiced in different but equivalent ways, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art who benefit from the teachings herein. Although individual embodiments have been discussed, this disclosure covers all combinations of all such embodiments. Furthermore, no limitation is intended to be made on the details of the constructions or designs shown herein, except as described in the following claims. Moreover, the terms in the claims have their simple, general meanings unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Therefore, it is apparent that the specific illustrative embodiments disclosed above can be changed or modified, and all such changes are considered to be within the scope and spirit of this disclosure. In the event of any conflict in the use of words or terms in this specification and in one or more patents or other documents that may be referenced herein, the definitions consistent with this specification shall prevail.

[0262] Based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will recognize a variety of obvious variations of the embodiments described herein. These obvious variations are within the full scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for controlling myiasis in animals, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with or containing one or both of an insecticide and a repellent to the animal.

2. A method for treating or preventing fly larvae infestation in animals, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with or containing one or both of an insecticide and a repellent to the animal.

3. A method for protecting an animal from insect infestation, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with or containing one or both of an insecticide and a repellent to the animal.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The fixation provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

5. A method for dual-mode insect control of animals, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with or containing one or both of an insecticide and a repellent to the animal, wherein, The fixation provides: - A rapid-action mode, wherein, upon securing the elastic band to the animal, a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - Slow release mode, wherein, over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal, a second portion of the insecticide and / or the repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein: - The rapid-action mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - The slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

7. The method according to claim 4 or 6, wherein, The short-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 0 seconds and approximately 24 hours.

8. The method according to claim 4, 6 or 7, wherein, The long-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 24 hours and approximately 4 months.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The elastic band is fixed to the animal at or near the animal's open wound.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The elastic band is impregnated with the insecticide and / or the insect repellent.

11. A method for castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal while controlling insects, the method comprising attaching an elastic band to the animal, the elastic band being impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

12. A method for controlling myiasis in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising attaching an elastic band to the animal, the elastic band being impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

13. A method for treating or preventing fly larvae infestation in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising attaching an elastic band to the animal, the elastic band being impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

14. A method for protecting an animal from insect infestation during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising attaching an elastic band to the animal, the elastic band being impregnated with or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and a repellent.

15. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein, The fixation provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the active agent for local pain control, as well as the insecticide and / or repellent, to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

16. A method for dual-mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated or containing an active agent for local pain control and one or both of an insecticide and a repellent to the animal, wherein, The fixation provides: - A rapid-action mode, wherein, upon securing the elastic band to the animal, the active agent for local pain control and a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent are immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - Slow-release mode, wherein, over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal, the active agent for local pain control and a second portion of the insecticide and / or repellent are gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein: - The rapid mode of action provides short-term delivery and effect of the active agent and the insecticide and / or repellent for local pain control to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - The slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the active agent for local pain control, as well as the insecticide and / or repellent, to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

18. The method according to claim 15 or 17, wherein, The short-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 0 seconds and approximately 24 hours.

19. The method according to claim 15, 17 or 18, wherein, The long-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 24 hours and approximately 4 months.

20. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 19, wherein, The fixation of the elastic band to the animal is for the purpose of castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal creates an open wound on the animal.

21. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 20, wherein, The elastic band is impregnated with the active agent and the insecticide and / or the repellent for local pain control.

22. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein, The active agent used for local pain control includes one or more local anesthetics; one or more analgesics; or any combination thereof.

23. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein, The active agent used for local pain control is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof.

24. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein, The active agent used for local pain control is lidocaine.

25. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 24, wherein, The elastic band also contains one or more skin permeability or penetration enhancers.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein, The skin permeability or penetration enhancer includes fatty acids, fatty acid esters, poloxamer, triglycerides, n-methylpyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or any combination thereof.

27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein, The elastic band contains at least one of the insecticides, and the insecticide contains insect growth regulators, macrolides, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, spinosad, neonicotinoids, or any combination thereof.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein, The insecticide is ivermectin or abamectin.

29. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein, The insecticide is a larvicidal agent and is delivered to the animal in an amount that is effective in killing larvae.

30. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein, The insecticide is used to combat parasites.

31. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein, The elastic band contains at least one of the insect repellents, and the insect repellent contains vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

32. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein, At least one or both of the insecticides and repellents are effective against lice, cow flies, spiral flies, flies, mites, maggots, or larvae.

33. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein, At least one or two of the insecticides and repellents are effective against *Vibrio vulnificus*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, *Vibrio spp.*, or combinations thereof.

34. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein, The elastic band comprises an elastomer material selected from the following: natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

35. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein, The elastic band is sized and shaped to be used as a ligature.

36. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein, The animals mentioned are cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, deer, elk, buffalo, bison, moose, alpacas, horses, donkeys, zebu, yaks, yaks, reindeer, or camels.

37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein, The animal in question is a cow, goat, sheep, deer, or elk.

38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein, The animals are either raised on open pastures or kept in captivity.

39. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein, The elastic band is fixed to the animal at or at the base of the animal part, which is selected from the tail, scrotum, horn, umbilical cord, or antler.

40. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein, The elastic band is positioned close to the animal at the site of an existing or impending wound, wherein the elastic band releases one or both of the active agent and / or the insecticide and the repellent for local pain control to the dermis at the site of the existing or impending wound.

41. The method according to claim 40, wherein, The existing wound site or the impending wound site is from castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

42. The method according to claim 40 or 41, wherein, The existing wound sites include myiasis, abscesses, scabies, open wounds, or any combination thereof.

43. The method according to any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein, The existing wound sites include those with myiasis.

44. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein, Only a portion of the elastic band contains the insecticide and / or repellent, and the portion is a defined and selective region or zone of the active agent.

45. An elastic band comprising one or both of an insecticide and a repellent impregnated or contained within the elastomeric material of the elastic band.

46. ​​The elastic band according to claim 45, wherein, The elastomer material is impregnated with the insecticide and / or the insect repellent.

47. The elastic band according to claim 45 or 46, further comprising an active agent for local pain control impregnated or contained within the elastomeric material.

48. The elastic band according to claim 47, wherein, The elastomer material is impregnated with the active agent used for local pain control.

49. The elastic band according to claim 47 or 48, wherein, The active agent used for local pain control comprises one or more anesthetics; one or more analgesics; or any combination thereof.

50. The elastic band according to claim 47 or 48, wherein, The active agent used for local pain control is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof.

51. The elastic band according to claim 50, wherein, The active agent used for local pain control is lidocaine.

52. The elastic band according to any one of claims 47 to 51 further comprises one or more skin permeability or penetration enhancers.

53. The elastic band according to claim 52, wherein, The skin permeability or penetration enhancer includes fatty acids, fatty acid esters, poloxamer, triglycerides, n-methylpyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or any combination thereof.

54. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 53, wherein the elastic band is a ligation device.

55. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 54, comprising at least one of the insecticides, and wherein, The insecticide comprises insect growth regulators, macrolides, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, spinosad, neonicotinoids, or any combination thereof.

56. The elastic band according to claim 55, wherein, The insecticide is ivermectin or abamectin.

57. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 55, comprising at least one of the insecticides, and wherein, The insecticide is a larvicidal agent.

58. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 55, comprising at least one of the insecticides, and wherein, The insecticide is a pesticide that fights parasites.

59. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 58, comprising at least one of the insect repellents, and wherein, The insect repellent contains vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

60. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 59, wherein, The elastomer material comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

61. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 60, wherein, when attached to an animal, the elastic band provides the release of the insecticide and / or the repellent in both a rapid-acting mode and a slow-acting mode, wherein: - During the rapid action mode, when the elastic band is secured to the animal, a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment. as well as - During the slow release mode, for a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal, a second portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

62. The elastic band according to any one of claims 61, wherein: - The rapid-action mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - The slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

63. The elastic band according to any one of claims 44 to 62, wherein, Only a portion of the elastic band contains the insecticide and / or repellent, and the portion is a defined and selective region or zone of the active agent.

64. A method for preparing an elastic band for dual-mode insect control in animals, the method comprising: - Provides a strip formed from an elastomeric material; - A solution is provided, the solution comprising a solvent selected for swelling the elastomeric material and at least one or both of an insecticide and a repellent; - Immerse at least a portion of the strip in the solution, thereby impregnating the portion of the strip with the solution; - Remove the band from the solution; as well as - The strip is dried to remove the solvent, thereby distributing the insecticide and / or repellent within the strip and throughout the entire strip to form the elastic strip for the dual-mode insect control of the animal. The dual modes are: - A rapid-action mode, wherein, upon securing the elastic band to the animal, a first portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - Slow release mode, wherein, over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal, a second portion of the insecticide and / or repellent is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

65. The method according to claim 64, wherein, The entire strip is immersed in the solution, thereby impregnating the entire strip with the solution.

66. The method according to claim 64, wherein, Only a portion of the strip is immersed in the solution, thereby impregnating only a portion of the entire strip with the solution, wherein the portion is smaller than the entire strip.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein, The portion of the belt is between about 10% and about 75% of the surface area of ​​the belt.

68. The method according to claim 66, wherein, The portion of the belt is between about 25% and about 65% of the surface area of ​​the belt.

69. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 68, wherein, The dual-mode method is used for insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the step of preparing the solution further includes an active agent for local pain control, wherein: - During the rapid-action mode, the first portion comprises, upon securing the elastic band to the animal, immediately delivering the active agent for local pain control, as well as the insecticide and / or repellent, to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - During the slow release mode, the second portion has the active agent for local pain control, as well as the insecticide and / or repellent, delivered gradually to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal.

70. The method according to claim 64 or 69, wherein, In the immersion step, the portion of the strip is swollen until the portion of the strip reaches equilibrium swelling, and one or both of the active agent and / or the insecticide and repellent for local pain control are impregnated into the strip.

71. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 70, wherein, The portion of the band swells to more than 100% of its volume with the solution.

72. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 71, wherein, The solution also contains one or more skin permeability or penetration enhancers; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more anti-inflammatory agents; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictors; or any combination thereof.

73. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein, The insecticide comprises insect growth regulators, macrolides, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, spinosad, neonicotinoids, or any combination thereof.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein, The insecticide is ivermectin or abamectin.

75. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein, The insecticide is a larvicidal agent.

76. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein, The insecticide is a pesticide that fights parasites.

77. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein, The insect repellent contains vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

78. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 77, wherein, The elastomer material comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

79. An elastic band prepared by the method according to any one of claims 64 to 78.

80. The use of the elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for the control of myiasis in animals.

81. The use of the elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for the treatment or prevention of fly larvae infestation in animals.

82. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for use in protecting animals from insects.

83. The use according to any one of claims 80 to 82, wherein, The elastic band provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

84. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 is used for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning of animals while controlling insects.

85. The use of the elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning.

86. The use of the elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for the treatment or prevention of fly larvae infestation in the animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning.

87. The elastic band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 is used to protect an animal from insect infestation during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation or dehorning.

88. A method for controlling myiasis in animals, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to the animal.

89. A method for treating or preventing fly larvae infestation in animals, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to the animal.

90. A method for protecting an animal from insect infestation, the method comprising attaching an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to the animal.

91. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 90, wherein, The fixation provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effects of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

92. A method for dual-mode insect control in animals, the method comprising attaching a lidocaine-impregnated elastic band to the animal, wherein, The fixation provides: - A rapid-acting mode, wherein, upon securing the elastic band to the animal, a first portion of lidocaine is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - Slow release mode, wherein, over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal, a second portion of lidocaine is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

93. The method according to claim 92, wherein: - The rapid mode of action provides lidocaine with short-term delivery and effects to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - The slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

94. The method according to claim 91 or 93, wherein, The short-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 0 seconds and approximately 24 hours.

95. The method according to claim 91, 93 or 94, wherein, The long-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 24 hours and approximately 4 months.

96. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 95, wherein, The elastic band is fixed to the animal at or near the animal's open wound.

97. A method for dual-mode insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, the method comprising securing an elastic band impregnated with lidocaine to the animal, wherein, The fixation provides: - A rapid-acting mode, wherein, upon securing the elastic band to the animal, a first portion of lidocaine is immediately delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - Slow release mode, wherein, over a period of time after the elastic band is continuously secured to the animal, a second portion of lidocaine is gradually delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

98. The method according to claim 97, wherein: - The rapid mode of action provides lidocaine with short-term delivery and effects to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment; and - The slow-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

99. The method according to claim 98, wherein, The short-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 0 seconds and approximately 24 hours.

100. The method according to claim 98 or 99, wherein, The long-term delivery and effect refers to a duration between approximately 24 hours and approximately 4 months.

101. The method according to any one of claims 97 to 100, wherein, The fixation of the elastic band to the animal is for the purpose of castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal creates an open wound on the animal.

102. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 101, wherein, The elastic band comprises an elastomer material selected from the following: natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

103. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 102, wherein, The elastic band is sized and shaped to be used as a ligature.

104. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 103, wherein, The animals mentioned are cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, deer, elk, buffalo, bison, moose, alpacas, horses, donkeys, zebu, yaks, yaks, reindeer, or camels.

105. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 103, wherein, The animal in question is a cow, goat, sheep, deer, or elk.

106. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 105, wherein, The animals are either raised on open pastures or kept in captivity.

107. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 106, wherein, The elastic band is fixed to the animal at or at the base of the animal part, which is selected from the tail, scrotum, horn, umbilical cord, or antler.

108. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 107, wherein, The elastic band is fixed to the animal near an existing wound site or an impending wound site, wherein the elastic band can release lidocaine to the dermis of the existing wound site or the impending wound site.

109. The method according to claim 108, wherein, The existing wound site or the impending wound site is from castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

110. The method according to claim 108 or 109, wherein, The existing wound sites include myiasis, abscesses, scabies, open wounds, or any combination thereof.

111. The method according to any one of claims 108 to 110, wherein, The existing wound sites include those with myiasis.

112. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 111, wherein, Only a portion of the elastic band contains lidocaine, and the portion is a defined and selective region or zone of the active agent.

113. The use of lidocaine-impregnated elastic bands in animals for the control of myiasis.

114. The use of lidocaine-impregnated elastic bands in animals for the treatment or prevention of fly larvae infestation.

115. Elastic bands impregnated with lidocaine for the purpose of protecting animals from insects.

116. The use according to any one of claims 113 to 115, wherein, The elastic band provides both short-term and long-term delivery and effects of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the surrounding environment.

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