Patch antenna and antenna device

Abstract

A patch antenna includes: an element; and a ground member facing the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction, the ground member having a shape having a long side and a short side, the average length of the short side of the ground member being substantially equal to or less than the average length of the element substantially parallel to the short side of the ground member.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to patch antennas and antenna devices. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, various patch antennas have been developed. A patch antenna consists of an element and a grounding element that is positioned opposite the element at a specified distance in a specified direction.

[0003] Patent Document 1 describes an example of a patch antenna. The patch antenna includes a patch conductor with an attached perturbation element and a ground conductor arranged parallel to the patch conductor across a dielectric layer. A slot is provided on the ground conductor at a position opposite to the patch conductor.

[0004] Patent document 2 describes an example of a patch antenna. The patch antenna includes a ground conductor plate, a radiating conductor element opposite to the ground conductor plate, and a passive conductor element disposed on the opposite side of the ground conductor plate relative to the radiating conductor element. Existing technical documents Patent documents Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-54080 Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2011-155479 Summary of the Invention

[0005] In the radiation pattern of a patch antenna, there are cases where it is necessary to suppress the back lobe on the opposite side of the main lobe in the desired direction.

[0006] One example of the object of the present invention is to suppress the back lobe of a patch antenna. Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the description herein.

[0007] One aspect of the present invention is a patch antenna, comprising: Components; and A grounding element, which is positioned opposite the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction. The grounding element has a shape with a long side and a short side. The average length of the short side of the grounding element is substantially less than the average length of the element that is substantially parallel to the short side of the grounding element.

[0008] One aspect of the present invention is a patch antenna, comprising: Components; and A grounding element, which is positioned opposite the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction. At least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with at least a portion of the element in the specified direction.

[0009] One aspect of the present invention is an antenna device, comprising: The patch antenna; and The base and housing form a receiving space for accommodating the patch antenna. The component is fixed to the housing.

[0010] According to the above-described method of the present invention, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 1.1. Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional view of a comparative example patch antenna. Figure 3 This is a diagram used to illustrate the electric field distribution generated in the patch antenna of embodiment 1.1. Figure 4 This is a diagram used to illustrate the electric field distribution generated in the patch antenna of embodiment 1.1. Figure 5 This is a diagram used to illustrate the electric field distribution generated in the patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 6 This is a diagram used to illustrate the electric field distribution generated in the patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 7 This is a diagram showing the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.1. Figure 8 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 1.2. Figure 9 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.1. Figure 10 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.1. Figure 11 This is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the patch antenna in Implementation 1.1. Figure 12 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.2. Figure 13 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.2. Figure 14 This is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the VSWR of the patch antenna in Implementation 1.2. Figure 15 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 16 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 17 This is a graph showing the frequency response of the patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 18 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 1.3. Figure 19 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.3. Figure 20 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 1.4. Figure 21 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.4. Figure 22 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 1.5. Figure 23 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna in embodiment 1.5. Figure 24 This is a three-dimensional view of the patch antenna in variation 1.1. Figure 25 This is a three-dimensional view of the patch antenna in variation 1.2. Figure 26 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in Implementation Method 2. Figure 27 yes Figure 26 A three-dimensional view of the opposite side of the patch antenna shown. Figure 28 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 3.1. Figure 29 yes Figure 28 A three-dimensional view of the opposite side of the patch antenna shown. Figure 30 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna in implementation method 3.2. Figure 31 yes Figure 30 A three-dimensional view of the opposite side of the patch antenna shown. Figure 32 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna of Embodiment 1.1, Embodiment 2, Embodiment 3.1, and Embodiment 3.2. Figure 33 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna of Embodiment 1.1, Embodiment 2, Embodiment 3.1, and Embodiment 3.2. Figure 34 This is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the VSWR of the patch antenna of Embodiment 1.1, Embodiment 2, Embodiment 3.1, and Embodiment 3.2. Figure 35 This is a perspective view of the antenna device in Embodiment 4, with the components and housing removed. Figure 36 The antenna device in Embodiment 4 is in the state where the components, base, and housing are removed. Figure 35 A three-dimensional view of the opposite side. Figure 37 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the antenna device according to Embodiment 4. Figure 38 This is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the antenna device of Embodiment 4 with its components removed. Figure 39 This is a diagram showing the patch antenna of embodiment 5. Detailed Implementation

[0012] The embodiments and variations of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In all the drawings, the same reference numerals are used to denote the same constituent elements, and descriptions are omitted where appropriate.

[0013] In this specification, terms such as “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” are used to describe the shape, position, resin, or other state of an element, implying that those skilled in the art can understand the range of desired objectives that can be achieved through that state. For example, “approximately parallel” can include not only a state of complete parallelism, but also a state of deviation from complete parallelism within a specified angular range, depending on the context.

[0014] The patch antenna described in this invention, including embodiments and variations, is intended for use with linearly polarized waves (particularly vertically polarized waves) in V2X (Vehicle to Everything) communication technology with a frequency band of 5850–5925 MHz, but is not limited thereto. For example, the patch antenna can be used in mobile communications such as LTE (Long Term Evolution), 5G, and telematics, as well as their frequency bands. The applications of the patch antenna are not limited to vehicle-mounted communication; it can be used in IoT (Internet of Things), Local 5G, wireless power transmission, and other applications. Furthermore, regarding the mounting location, the patch antenna can be mounted on, for example, the windshield, dashboard, spoiler, bumper, or roof trim of a vehicle. Besides vehicles, the patch antenna can also be mounted on mobile devices such as drones, vending machines, payment machines, local communication networks within factories, and other licensed communication devices.

[0015] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100A1 according to embodiment 1.1.

[0016] To illustrate directions, the X, Y, and Z directions are defined. The Z direction is perpendicular to component 110A, which will be described later. The X direction is one of the directions perpendicular to the Z direction. The Y direction is one of the directions perpendicular to both the Z and X directions. Hereinafter, as needed, the side indicated by the arrow on the X-axis is called the +X side, and the opposite side is called the -X side; the side indicated by the arrow on the Y-axis is called the +Y side, and the opposite side is called the -Y side; the side indicated by the arrow on the Z-axis is called the +Z side, and the opposite side is called the -Z side. Hereinafter, as needed, the plane perpendicular to the X direction is called the YZ plane, the plane perpendicular to the Y direction is called the ZX plane, and the direction perpendicular to the Z direction is called the XY plane.

[0017] The following Figure 3 In partial diagrams, the white circle with a black dot indicating the X, Y, or Z axis indicates that the arrow pointing to the axis indicated by the white circle points towards the front of the paper. (The following is a separate section.) Figure 4 In partial diagrams, the white circle with an "×" indicating the X, Y, or Z axis indicates that the arrow pointing to the axis indicated by the white circle points to the inside of the paper.

[0018] The patch antenna 100A1 of embodiment 1.1 includes an element 110A and a grounding element 120A1. Unless otherwise specified, the term "edge" for element 110A is synonymous with the term "outer edge" for element 110A, and the term "edge" for grounding element 120A1 is synonymous with the term "outer edge" for grounding element 120A1.

[0019] Element 110A is made of a conductor such as metal. In embodiment 1.1, element 110A is a metal plate. However, element 110A can be a conductor pattern formed on a substrate such as a dielectric substrate, or it can be formed on a resin structure using MID (Molded Interconnect Device) technology. Element 110A functions as a radiating element of patch antenna 100A1. Viewed from the Z direction, element 110A has a generally quadrilateral shape. Specifically, element 110A has a generally square shape having one pair of sides that are generally parallel to the X direction and another pair of sides that are generally parallel to the Y direction. However, the shape of element 110A is not limited to this example.

[0020] Component 110A has a power supply point 112A. The front end of a coaxial connector's core wire pin is electrically connected to power supply point 112A. Figure 1 In the example shown, viewed from the Z direction, the position of feed point 112A is offset towards the +X side relative to the center of component 110A in both the X and Y directions. However, the position of feed point 112A is not limited to... Figure 1 The example shown.

[0021] The grounding element 120A1 is made of a conductor such as metal. In Embodiment 1.1, the grounding element 120A1 is a metal plate. However, the grounding element 120A1 can be a conductor pattern formed on a substrate such as a dielectric substrate, or it can be formed on a resin structure using MID (Molded Interconnect Device) technology. Viewed from the Z direction, the grounding element 120A1 has a generally quadrilateral shape. Specifically, the grounding element 120A1 has a generally rectangular shape having a pair of long sides that are generally parallel to the X direction and a pair of short sides that are generally parallel to the Y direction. That is, the grounding element 120A1 has a long side that is generally parallel to the X direction and a short side that is generally parallel to the Y direction. The long side of the grounding element 120A1 is parallel to the electric field surface of the patch antenna 100A1. In Embodiment 1.1, the electric field surface of the patch antenna 100A1 is a plane parallel to the ZX plane. The short side of the grounding element 120A1 is parallel to the magnetic field surface of the patch antenna 100A1. In embodiment 1.1, the magnetic field surface of the patch antenna 100A1 is a surface parallel to the YZ plane. The patch antenna 100A1 has a wave source on the short side of the grounding member 120A1.

[0022] The -Z side surface of component 110A and the +Z side surface of grounding component 120A1 are positioned opposite each other at a specified distance in the Z direction. Figure 1 In the example shown, the area between the -Z side of element 110A and the +Z side of ground member 120A1 is a space. However, a dielectric, such as a dielectric substrate, may exist between element 110A and ground member 120A1.

[0023] In Embodiment 1.1, the average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the Y direction is substantially less than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction. Specifically, the average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the Y direction is approximately the same as the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction. The average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the Y direction is calculated by dividing the grounding member 120A1 into multiple shapes of width t in the X direction and calculating the average length of the Y direction of each of the multiple shapes as the width t approaches 0. The average length of the element 110A in the Y direction is also calculated by the same method. In Embodiment 1.1, the average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the Y direction is the length of a pair of shorter sides that are approximately parallel to the Y direction of the grounding member 120A1. In Embodiment 1.1, the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction is the length of a pair of sides that are approximately parallel to the Y direction of the element 110A.

[0024] Unless otherwise specified, "the length of A is actually less than the length of B" here refers not only to the state where the length of A is less than the length of B, but also to the state where the lengths of A and B are approximately the same. "The lengths of A and B are approximately the same" means not only to the state where the lengths of A and B are exactly the same, but also to the state where one of the lengths of A and B is greater than or less than the other by a predetermined proportion. This predetermined proportion implies the range of purposes that can be achieved by means of the state where the lengths of A and B are exactly the same.

[0025] In Embodiment 1.1, the average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the X direction is longer than the average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the Y direction. The average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the X direction is calculated using the same method as described in the method for calculating the average length of the grounding member 120A1 in the Y direction. In Embodiment 1.1, the length of the grounding member 120A1 in the X direction is the length of a pair of long sides that are substantially parallel to the X direction of the grounding member 120A1.

[0026] In embodiment 1.1, the lengths of the sides of element 110A in the X direction in the Y direction are approximately the same as the lengths of the sides of grounding member 120A1 in the X direction in the Y direction. Furthermore, the geometric centers of element 110A in the X and Y directions overlap with the geometric centers of grounding member 120A1 in the X and Y directions in the Z direction. Therefore, at least a portion of the +Y side of element 110A overlaps with at least a portion of the +Y side of grounding member 120A1 in the Z direction. Additionally, at least a portion of the -Y side of element 110A overlaps with at least a portion of the -Y side of grounding member 120A1 in the Z direction. Accordingly, at least a portion of the outer edge of grounding member 120A1 overlaps with at least a portion of element 110A in the Z direction. Specifically, in embodiment 1.1, at least a portion of the outer edge of grounding member 120A1 overlaps with at least a portion of the outer edge of element 110A in the Z direction.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a perspective view of the comparative example patch antenna 100K. The comparative example patch antenna 100K is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0028] In the comparative example, the length of the sides of the grounding member 120K in the X direction in the Y direction is longer than the length of the sides of the element 110A in the X direction in the Y direction. That is, in the comparative example, the average length of the grounding member 120K in the Y direction is greater than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction. As a result, the position of the +Y side of the grounding member 120K is offset towards the +Y side relative to the +Y side of the element 110A. In addition, the position of the -Y side of the grounding member 120K is offset towards the -Y side relative to the -Y side of the element 110A. Accordingly, no part of the outer edge of the grounding member 120K in the comparative example overlaps with the element 110A in the Z direction.

[0029] Figure 3 and Figure 4 This diagram is for illustrating the electric field distribution generated in the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1. Figure 5 and Figure 6 This diagram is for illustrating the electric field distribution generated in the patch antenna 100K of the comparative example.

[0030] exist Figure 3 and Figure 4 In the diagram, the arrow extending from the corner between the -X and +Y sides of element 110A to grounding member 120A1 indicates the electric field generated from the corner between the -X and +Y sides of element 110A to grounding member 120A1. Figure 5 and Figure 6 The same applies to China.

[0031] like Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, in embodiment 1.1, a portion of the electric field generated from the corner between the -X side and the +Y side of element 110A to the grounding member 120A1 extends outward from that corner of element 110A in a direction perpendicular to the Z direction due to edge effect. Similarly, as Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, in the comparative example, a portion of the electric field generated from the corner between the -X side and the +Y side of element 110A to the grounding element 120K extends outward from that corner of element 110A in a direction perpendicular to the Z direction due to edge effects. However, as... Figure 6 As shown, in the comparative example, the position of the +Y side edge of grounding element 120K is offset towards the +Y side relative to the +Y side edge of element 110A. In contrast, as... Figure 3As shown, in Embodiment 1.1, the +Y side edge of the grounding member 120A1 and the +Y side edge of the element 110A overlap each other in the Z direction. Therefore, in Embodiment 1.1, compared to the comparative example, the electric field generated from the aforementioned corner of the element 110A to the grounding member 120A1 is more easily extended outwards from that corner of the element 110A in a direction perpendicular to the Z direction due to edge effects. Consequently, in Embodiment 1.1, compared to the comparative example, the gain of the patch antenna 100A1 in the direction perpendicular to the Z direction can be increased, and the gain of the patch antenna 100A1 in the direction parallel to the Z direction can be suppressed. Therefore, in Embodiment 1.1, compared to the comparative example, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100A1 can be suppressed.

[0032] Figure 7 This is a diagram showing the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna 100A1 in embodiment 1.1.

[0033] exist Figure 7 In the equivalent circuit shown, the element with R is a resistor, the element with L is an inductor, and the element with C is a capacitor. Figure 7 As shown, the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1 is an RLC parallel circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor connected in parallel with an AC power supply. The resistor in the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna 100A1 corresponds to the radiation resistance of the antenna, and the power consumed in the resistor is represented as the power radiated from the antenna. On the other hand, the inductor and capacitor represent elements of the impedance in the equivalent circuit that indicate frequency characteristics. In an RLC parallel circuit, the larger the impedance, the greater the power consumed by the resistor. The Q value of the RLC parallel circuit of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1 is expressed as... [Mathematical Expression 1] The Q value refers to a dimensionless quantity defined by Q = ω0 / (ω2 - ω1). Here, ω0 is the resonant angular frequency at which the resistance of the RLC parallel circuit is at its maximum, and ω1 is (1 / 2) of the resonant angular frequency at which the resistance is at its maximum at a lower frequency. 1／2 The angular frequency is twice that of the relative resonant angular frequency. The resistance is at its maximum value (1 / 2) at high frequencies. 1／2 The angular frequency is times that of the patch antenna. The smaller the Q value, the wider the bandwidth of the patch antenna.

[0034] As the ratio of the area of ​​the grounding element perpendicular to the Z direction to the area of ​​the component perpendicular to the Z direction decreases, the capacitance C in the Q value of equation (1) decreases. This ratio in Embodiment 1.1 is less than the ratio in the Comparative Example. Therefore, the Q value in Embodiment 1.1 can be less than the Q value in the Comparative Example. Accordingly, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1 can be wider than the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100K in the Comparative Example.

[0035] The capacitance C in the Q value of equation (1) decreases as the distance in the Z direction between the -Z side of the element and the +Z side of the grounding element increases. Therefore, in embodiment 1.1, the distance in the Z direction between the -Z side of the element 110A and the +Z side of the grounding element 120A1 can be increased, thereby widening the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100A1.

[0036] Figure 8 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100A2 according to Embodiment 1.2. The patch antenna 100A2 of Embodiment 1.2 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0037] In Embodiment 1.2, the length of the sides of the grounding member 120A2 in the X direction in the Y direction is less than the length of the sides of the element 110A in the X direction in the Y direction. Therefore, the position of the +Y side of the grounding member 120A2 is offset towards the -Y side relative to the +Y side of the element 110A. Furthermore, the position of the -Y side of the grounding member 120A2 is offset towards the +Y side relative to the -Y side of the element 110A. Accordingly, at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding member 120A2 overlaps with at least a portion of the element 110A in the Z direction. Specifically, in Embodiment 1.2, at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding member 120A2 overlaps with at least a portion of the inner side of the outer edge of the element 110A in the Z direction.

[0038] Based on and utilizing Figures 3-6 The same reasoning applies to Embodiment 1.2. Compared to the comparative example, the electric field generated from the edges of element 110A in the Y direction to the grounding element 120A2 is more likely to extend outwards from the edges of element 110A in the Y direction in a direction perpendicular to the Z direction due to the edge effect. Therefore, in Embodiment 1.2, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100A2 can be suppressed compared to the comparative example.

[0039] Based on and utilizing Figure 7 For the same reasons explained in Equation (1), the Q value in Embodiment 1.2 can be made smaller than the Q value in the Comparative Example. Accordingly, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100A2 in Embodiment 1.2 can be wider than the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100K in the Comparative Example.

[0040] Figure 9 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A1 according to embodiment 1.1. Figure 10 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna 100A1 in embodiment 1.1. Figure 11This is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1. Figure 12 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A2 in embodiment 1.2. Figure 13 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna 100A2 in embodiment 1.2. Figure 14 This is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the VSWR of the patch antenna 100A2 in Embodiment 1.2. Figure 15 This is a graph showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the 100K patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 16 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the 100K patch antenna of the comparative example. Figure 17 This is a graph showing the frequency response of the VSWR of the 100kHz patch antenna in the comparative example.

[0041] right Figure 9 The diagram is used for illustration. The E-plane refers to the electric field of the patch antenna 100A1. In Embodiment 1.1, the E-plane is a plane parallel to the ZX plane. The numbers attached to the outermost perimeter of the diagram indicate the azimuth (unit: °). 0° and 90° to the left of the diagram represent the +X and +Z sides, respectively. The numbers attached to the 90° from the center of the diagram to the right indicate the gain (unit: dBi). The solid line in the diagram represents the 5900MHz radiation pattern of the patch antenna 100A1. The dashed circle near -5dBi in the diagram represents the maximum gain on the -Z side of the radiation pattern. The dashed line extending from the center of the diagram to the left near 90° indicates the direction in which the gain of the radiation pattern reaches its maximum on the +Z side. The dashed lines extending from the center of the diagram to the left near 60° and from the center of the diagram to the left near 120° indicate the direction in which the gain of the radiation pattern on the +Z side is -3dBi relative to the maximum value. Regarding... Figure 12 Charts and Figure 15 The charts are the same.

[0042] right Figure 10The following diagram illustrates the process. The H-plane refers to the magnetic field plane of the patch antenna 100A1. In Embodiment 1.1, the H-plane is parallel to the YZ plane. The numbers attached to the outermost perimeter of the diagram indicate the azimuth (unit: °). 0° and 90° within the diagram represent the +Z and -Y sides, respectively. The numbers attached from the center of the diagram to 270° indicate the gain (unit: dBi). The solid line in the diagram represents the 5900MHz radiation pattern of the patch antenna 100A1. The dashed circle near -5dBi in the diagram represents the maximum gain on the -Z side of the radiation pattern. The dashed line extending from the center of the diagram towards 0° indicates the direction in which the gain of the radiation pattern reaches its maximum on the +Z side. The dashed lines extending from the center of the diagram towards 45° and from the center of the diagram towards 315° indicate the directions in which the gain of the radiation pattern on the +Z side is -3dBi relative to its maximum value. Regarding... Figure 13 Charts and Figure 16 The charts are the same.

[0043] right Figure 11 The chart is used for explanation. The horizontal axis of the chart represents frequency (unit: MHz). The vertical axis of the chart represents VSWR. About Figure 14 and Figure 17 The charts are the same.

[0044] like Figure 9 , Figure 12 and Figure 15 As shown, the back lobe of the E-plane in Embodiments 1.1 and 1.2 is smaller than that of the E-plane in the comparative example. Therefore, compared to the case where at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding member overlaps with at least a portion of the element in the Z direction, it can be said that the back lobe of the E-plane can be suppressed.

[0045] like Figure 9 and Figure 12 As shown, the directivity of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1 and the directivity of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A2 in Embodiment 1.2 are approximately parallel to the +Z side. The directivity of the E-plane of the patch antenna can vary depending on the deviation of the geometric centers of the element in the X and Y directions from the geometric centers of the grounding element in the X and Y directions in the X direction. Therefore, in Embodiments 1.1 and 1.2, compared to the case where the positions of the geometric centers of the element in the X and Y directions are offset from the geometric centers of the grounding element in the X and Y directions in the X direction, the directivity of the E-plane of the patch antenna can be made closer to the +Z side.

[0046] like Figure 10 , Figure 13 and Figure 16As shown, the back lobe of the H-plane in Embodiments 1.1 and 1.2 is smaller than that of the H-plane in the comparative example. Therefore, compared to the case where at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding member overlaps with at least a portion of the element in the Z direction, it can be said that the back lobe of the H-plane can be suppressed.

[0047] like Figure 10 and Figure 13 As shown, the directivity of the H-plane of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1 and the directivity of the H-plane of the patch antenna 100A2 in Embodiment 1.2 are approximately parallel to the +Z side. The directivity of the H-plane of the patch antenna can vary depending on the deviation of the geometric centers of the element in the X and Y directions from the geometric centers of the grounding element in the X and Y directions in the Y direction. Therefore, in Embodiments 1.1 and 1.2, compared to the case where the positions of the geometric centers of the element in the X and Y directions are offset from the geometric centers of the grounding element in the X and Y directions in the Y direction, the directivity of the H-plane of the patch antenna can be made closer to the +Z side.

[0048] like Figure 10 and Figure 13 As shown, the back lobe of the H-plane in Embodiment 1.2 is smaller than that in Embodiment 1.1. Therefore, when the average length of the grounding member in the Y direction is less than the average length of the element in the Y direction, compared to the case where the average length of the grounding member in the Y direction and the average length of the element in the Y direction are approximately the same, it can be said that the back lobe of the H-plane can be suppressed.

[0049] exist Figure 11 , Figure 14 and Figure 17 In the embodiments 1.1, 1.2, and the comparative example, the patch antennas resonate at 5900MHz and are adjusted to VSWR = 1. Accordingly, the patch antennas of embodiments 1.1, 1.2, and the comparative example have a frequency band centered at 5900MHz. Figure 11 As shown, in embodiment 1.1, the VSWR is 3 or less in the range of approximately 5680MHz to approximately 6100MHz. Figure 14 As shown, in embodiment 1.2, the VSWR is 3 or less in the range of approximately 5650MHz to approximately 6150MHz. Figure 17As shown, in the comparative example, the VSWR is 3 or less in the range of approximately 5720 MHz to approximately 6100 MHz. Therefore, it can be said that as the average length of the grounding element in the Y direction decreases, the bandwidth of the patch antenna can be widened. Specifically, in Embodiments 1.1 and 1.2, the grounding element is approximately rectangular in shape when viewed from the Z direction. Therefore, compared to cases where the grounding element is circular, trapezoidal, or other shapes different from a roughly rectangular shape when viewed from the Z direction, the average length of the grounding element in the Y direction can be more easily shortened.

[0050] Figure 18 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100A3 in embodiment 1.3. Figure 19 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A3 according to Embodiment 1.3. The patch antenna 100A3 of Embodiment 1.3 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0051] In implementation method 1.3, as follows Figure 18 As shown, viewed from the Z direction, the geometric centers of component 110A in the X and Y directions are offset from the geometric centers of grounding component 120A3 in the X and Y directions in the X direction. Specifically, viewed from the Z direction, the positions of the geometric centers of component 110A in the X and Y directions are offset towards the -X side relative to the geometric centers of grounding component 120A3. Figure 19 As shown, the directivity of the patch antenna 100A3 is tilted from the +Z side to the -X side. That is, the directivity of the patch antenna 100A3 is tilted towards the direction in which the geometric centers of the element 110A in the X and Y directions deviate from the geometric centers of the ground element 120A3 in the X and Y directions. Therefore, it can be said that the directivity of the patch antenna 100A3 can be adjusted according to the direction in which the geometric centers of the element 110A in the X and Y directions deviate from the geometric centers of the ground element 120A3 in the X and Y directions.

[0052] In implementation method 1.3, as follows Figure 18 As shown, the -X side edge of element 110A overlaps with the -X side edge of grounding element 120A3 in the Z direction. Therefore, compared to the case where the geometric centers of element 110A in the X and Y directions are offset from the geometric centers of grounding element 120A3 in the X and Y directions, and no part of the outer edge of grounding element 120A3 overlaps with element 110A in the Z direction, the back lobe of patch antenna 100A3 can be suppressed.

[0053] Figure 20 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100A4 in embodiment 1.4. Figure 21This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A4 according to Embodiment 1.4. The patch antenna 100A4 of Embodiment 1.4 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0054] In implementation method 1.4, as Figure 20 As shown, viewed from the Z direction, the positions of the geometric centers of element 110A in the X and Y directions are offset towards the +X side relative to the geometric centers of grounding element 120A3 in the X and Y directions. Therefore, based on the same reasons explained in Embodiment 1.3, such as... Figure 21 As shown, the directivity of the patch antenna 100A4 is tilted from the +Z side to the +X side.

[0055] In implementation method 1.4, as Figure 20 As shown, the +X side edge of element 110A overlaps with the +X side edge of grounding element 120A3 in the Z direction. Therefore, compared to the case where the geometric centers of element 110A in the X and Y directions are offset from the geometric centers of grounding element 120A3 in the X and Y directions, and no part of the outer edge of grounding element 120A3 overlaps with element 110A in the Z direction, the back lobe of patch antenna 100A4 can be suppressed.

[0056] Figure 22 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100A5 in embodiment 1.5. Figure 23 This is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the H-plane of the patch antenna 100A5 according to Embodiment 1.5. The patch antenna 100A5 of Embodiment 1.5 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0057] In implementation method 1.5, as Figure 22 As shown, viewed from the Z direction, the positions of the geometric centers of element 110A in the X and Y directions are offset towards the -Y side relative to the geometric centers of grounding element 120A3 in the X and Y directions. Therefore, based on the same reasons explained in Embodiment 1.3, such as... Figure 23 As shown, the directivity of the patch antenna 100A5 is tilted from the +Z side to the -Y side.

[0058] In implementation method 1.5, as Figure 22 As shown, the -Y side edge of element 110A overlaps with the -Y side edge of grounding element 120A3 in the Z direction. Therefore, compared to the case where the geometric centers of element 110A in the X and Y directions are offset from the geometric centers of grounding element 120A3 in the X and Y directions, and no part of the outer edge of grounding element 120A3 overlaps with element 110A in the Z direction, the back lobe of patch antenna 100A5 can be suppressed.

[0059] In Embodiments 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5, it was described that the geometric center of the patch antenna's directivity in the X and Y directions can be tilted relative to the deviation direction of the geometric center of the grounding element in the X and Y directions. However, the directivity of the patch antenna can also be tilted in a direction that deviates from the feed point position when the patch antenna's directivity is facing the +Z side. Hereinafter, the feed point position when the patch antenna's directivity is facing the +Z side will be used as a reference position. In one example, when viewed from the Z direction, if the feed point position deviates from the reference position towards the +X side, -X side, +Y side, or -Y side, the directivity of the patch antenna tilts from the +Z side towards the +X side, -X side, +Y side, or -Y side, respectively. In other examples, when viewed from the Z direction, if the position of the feed point deviates from the reference position towards the +X and +Y sides, -X and +Y sides, -X and -Y sides, or +X and -Y sides, the directivity of the patch antenna tilts from the +Z side towards the +X and +Y sides, -X and +Y sides, -X and -Y sides, or +X and -Y sides, respectively.

[0060] Figure 24 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100M of Modified Example 1.1. The patch antenna 100M of Modified Example 1.1 is the same as the patch antenna 100M of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0061] In Modification 1.1, when viewed from the Z direction, the grounding element 120M has a generally trapezoidal shape. That is, in Modification 1.1, when viewed from the Z direction, the grounding element 120M has a shape different from a square or rectangle. Specifically, when viewed from the Z direction, the grounding element 120M has an isosceles trapezoidal shape with a pair of bases that are approximately parallel to the Y direction. The length of the Y-direction of the base on the -X side of the grounding element 120M is less than the length of the Y-direction of the base on the +X side of the grounding element 120M.

[0062] In Modification 1.1, at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding element 120M overlaps with at least a portion of the element 110A in the Z direction. Specifically, the corner between the +Y side of the grounding element 120M and the -X and -Y sides of the element 110A overlaps with each other in the Z direction. Furthermore, the corner between the -Y side of the grounding element 120M and the -X and +Y sides of the element 110A overlaps with each other in the Z direction. Therefore, compared to the case where no portion of the outer edge of the grounding element 120M overlaps with the element 110A in the Z direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100M can be suppressed.

[0063] In Modification 1.1, compared to the case where, when viewed from the Z direction, any portion of the sides of the grounding element 120M in the Y direction is located outside the Y direction relative to the sides of the element 110A in the Y direction, the ratio of the area of ​​the grounding element 120M perpendicular to the Z direction to the area of ​​the element 110A perpendicular to the Z direction can be reduced. Therefore, in Modification 1.1, compared to the case described above, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100M can be widened.

[0064] In Variation 1.1, the grounding element 120M may have a long side that is substantially parallel to the X direction and a short side that is substantially parallel to the Y direction. With the grounding element 120M having both a long and a short side, the average length of the grounding element 120M in the Y direction is substantially less than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction. When the average length of the grounding element 120M in the Y direction is substantially less than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction, compared to the case where the average length of the grounding element 120M in the Y direction is longer than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100M can be suppressed, as explained in Embodiment 1.1.

[0065] Figure 25 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100N of Modified Example 1.2. The patch antenna 100N of Modified Example 1.2 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0066] In variation 1.2, the grounding element 120N appears to be approximately circular when viewed from the Z direction. However, the grounding element 120N may also appear to be approximately elliptical when viewed from the Z direction.

[0067] In Modification 1.2, at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding member 120N overlaps with at least a portion of the element 110A in the Z direction. Specifically, the corner between the outer edge of the +Y side of the grounding member 120N and the edges of the +X and +Y sides of the element 110A, as well as the corner between the edges of the -X and +Y sides of the element 110A, overlaps in the Z direction. Furthermore, the corner between the outer edge of the -Y side of the grounding member 120N and the edges of the +X and -Y sides of the element 110A, as well as the corner between the edges of the -X and -Y sides of the element 110A, overlaps in the Z direction. Therefore, compared to the case where no portion of the outer edge of the grounding member 120N overlaps with the element 110A in the Z direction, the rear lobe of the element 110A can be suppressed.

[0068] In Modification 1.2, compared to the case where any part of the outer edge of the grounding element 120N is located outside the outer edge of the element 110A in a direction perpendicular to the Z direction when viewed from the Z direction, the ratio of the area of ​​the grounding element 120N perpendicular to the Z direction relative to the area of ​​the element 110A to the area of ​​the grounding element 120N perpendicular to the Z direction can be reduced. Therefore, in Modification 1.2, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100N can be widened compared to the case described above.

[0069] In Variation 1.2, the grounding element 120N may have a long side that is substantially parallel to the X direction and a short side that is substantially parallel to the Y direction. With the grounding element 120N having both a long and a short side, the average length of the grounding element 120N in the Y direction is substantially less than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction. When the average length of the grounding element 120N in the Y direction is substantially less than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction, compared to the case where the average length of the grounding element 120N in the Y direction is longer than the average length of the element 110A in the Y direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100N can be suppressed, as explained in Embodiment 1.1.

[0070] Figure 26 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100B according to embodiment 2. Figure 27 yes Figure 26 The diagram shows a perspective view of the opposite side of the patch antenna 100B. The patch antenna 100B of Embodiment 2 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1, except for the following points.

[0071] The patch antenna 100B of embodiment 2 includes an element 110B and a substrate 120B.

[0072] Substrate 120B is, for example, a dielectric substrate such as a resin substrate. Figure 26 and Figure 27 As shown, when viewed from the Z direction, substrate 120B has a generally quadrilateral shape. Specifically, substrate 120B has a generally rectangular shape having a pair of long sides that are generally parallel to the X direction and a pair of short sides that are generally parallel to the Y direction. That is, substrate 120B has long sides that are generally parallel to the X direction and short sides that are generally parallel to the Y direction.

[0073] like Figure 26As shown, a ground conductor pattern 122B is located on the +Z side of the substrate 120B. The ground conductor pattern 122B is formed on the +Z side of the substrate 120B, for example, using a patterning process. A groove 123B is defined approximately at the center of the ground conductor pattern 122B in the X and Y directions. Viewed from the Z direction, the groove 123B has a generally rectangular shape with a pair of short sides that are approximately parallel to the X direction and a pair of long sides that are approximately parallel to the Y direction. The -Z side of the component 110B is opposite to the groove 123B at a predetermined distance in the Z direction. The ground conductor pattern 122B covers the entire +Z side of the substrate 120B except for the groove 123B.

[0074] like Figure 27 As shown, power supply line 124B is located on the -Z side of substrate 120B. Power supply line 124B is formed on the -Z side of substrate 120B, for example, using a patterning process. Power supply line 124B is, for example, a microstrip line. Power supply line 124B extends substantially parallel to the X direction from the center of the short side of the +X side of substrate 120B in the Y direction. Viewed from the Z direction, power supply line 124B has an open end that is spaced a predetermined distance from the long side of the -X side of slot 123B towards the -X side.

[0075] Slot 123B operates as a first resonator, i.e., a first radiating element, resonating at the desired resonant frequency. Element 110B operates as a second resonator, i.e., a second radiating element, resonating at a resonant frequency approximately the same as that of the first resonator. Specifically, the ground conductor pattern 122B of Embodiment 2 operates as a grounding element for the patch antenna 100B, similar to the grounding element 120A1 of Embodiment 1.1. The resonant frequency of element 110B is primarily determined based on the relationship between element 110B and the grounding element. In contrast, the resonant frequency of slot 123B can vary depending on the presence or absence of elements 110B and slot 123B. In Embodiment 2, when element 110B resonates at the desired resonant frequency, slot 123B can resonate at a resonant frequency approximately the same as that of element 110B.

[0076] In Embodiment 2, the lengths of the sides of element 110B in the Y direction along the X direction are approximately the same as the lengths of the sides of the ground conductor pattern 122B in the Y direction. Furthermore, the geometric centers of element 110B in the X and Y directions overlap with the geometric centers of the ground conductor pattern 122B in the X and Y directions in the Z direction. Therefore, the +Y side of element 110B overlaps with the +Y side of ground conductor pattern 122B in the Z direction. Additionally, the -Y side of element 110B overlaps with the -Y side of ground conductor pattern 122B in the Z direction. Accordingly, similar to Embodiment 1.1, compared to the case where no part of the outer edge of ground conductor pattern 122B overlaps with element 110B in the Z direction, the back lobe of patch antenna 100B can be suppressed. Furthermore, similar to Embodiment 1.1, compared to the case where the length of the Y-direction of the two sides of the ground conductor pattern 122B in the X direction is longer than the length of the Y-direction of the two sides of the element 110B in the X direction, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100B can be widened.

[0077] Element 110B in Embodiment 2 is a passive element. Specifically, element 110B in Embodiment 2 is not electrically connected to the core wire or other pins of the coaxial cable. The presence of pins in the equivalent circuit, including the pins and the patch antenna, functions as inductance connected in series with an RLC parallel circuit. Therefore, compared to the inductance in the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1, the inductance in the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna 100B in Embodiment 2 is reduced due to the absence of pins. Accordingly, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100B in Embodiment 2 is wider than that of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1.

[0078] Figure 28 This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100C1 according to embodiment 3.1. Figure 29 yes Figure 28 The diagram shows a perspective view of the opposite side of the patch antenna 100C1. The patch antenna 100C1 of Embodiment 3.1 is the same as the patch antenna 100B of Embodiment 2, except for the following points.

[0079] The patch antenna 100C1 of embodiment 3.1 includes an element 110C, a substrate 120C, and a connector 130C.

[0080] like Figure 29 As shown, the first ground conductor pattern 122C is located on the -Z side of the substrate 120C. The first ground conductor pattern 122C is formed on the -Z side of the substrate 120C, for example, using a patterning process. The first ground conductor pattern 122C covers the entire surface of the -Z side of the substrate 120C.

[0081] like Figure 28As shown, the second ground conductor pattern 124C is located on the +Z side of the substrate 120C. The second ground conductor pattern 124C is formed on the +Z side of the substrate 120C, for example, using a patterning process. An opening 125C is defined approximately at the center of the second ground conductor pattern 124C in both the X and Y directions. Viewed from the Z direction, the opening 125C has a generally rectangular shape with a pair of long sides that are approximately parallel to the X direction and a pair of short sides that are approximately parallel to the Y direction. The second ground conductor pattern 124C covers the entire +Z side of the substrate 120C except for the opening 125C.

[0082] The first ground conductor pattern 122C and the second ground conductor pattern 124C are electrically connected to each other, for example, via through-holes provided inside the substrate 120C. For example, when viewed from the Z direction, a plurality of through-holes are arranged along the outer edge of the opening 125C. However, the arrangement of the through-holes is not limited to this example.

[0083] like Figure 28 As shown, the open-circuit stub 126C is located inside the opening 125C on the +Z side of the substrate 120C. The open-circuit stub 126C is formed on the +Z side of the substrate 120C, for example, using a patterning process. Thus, the second ground conductor pattern 124C and the open-circuit stub 126C are located on approximately the same plane. The open-circuit stub 126C extends approximately parallel to the X direction. The -Z side of the element 110C and the +Z side of the open-circuit stub 126C are positioned opposite each other in the Z direction at a predetermined distance.

[0084] The connector 130C in embodiment 3.1 is a coaxial connector. For example... Figure 29 As shown, connector 130C is located on the -Z side of substrate 120C. The +Z side end of the core wire of connector 130C is electrically connected to the +X side end of open-circuit stub 126C by means of connection methods such as soldering.

[0085] The open-circuit stub 126C operates as a first resonator, i.e., a first radiating element, resonating at the desired resonant frequency. Element 110C operates as a second resonator, i.e., a second radiating element, resonating at a resonant frequency approximately the same as the resonant frequency of the first resonator. Specifically, the first ground conductor pattern 122C and the second ground conductor pattern 124C of Embodiment 3.1, similar to the grounding element 120A1 of Embodiment 1.1, operate as grounding elements for the patch antenna 100C1. The resonant frequency of element 110C is primarily determined based on the relationship between element 110C and the grounding element. In contrast, the resonant frequency of the open-circuit stub 126C varies depending on the presence or absence of element 110C and its relationship to the open-circuit stub 126C. In Embodiment 3.1, when element 110C resonates at the desired resonant frequency, the open-circuit stub 126C can resonate at a resonant frequency approximately the same as the resonant frequency of element 110C.

[0086] In embodiment 3.1, the lengths of the sides of element 110C in the Y direction along the X direction are approximately the same as the lengths of the sides of the first grounding conductor pattern 122C and the second grounding conductor pattern 124C in the Y direction. Furthermore, the geometric centers of element 110C in the X and Y directions overlap with the geometric centers of the first grounding conductor pattern 122C and the second grounding conductor pattern 124C in the Z direction. Therefore, the +Y side of element 110C overlaps with the +Y side of the first grounding conductor pattern 122C and the second grounding conductor pattern 124C in the Z direction. Additionally, the -Y side of element 110C overlaps with the -Y side of the first grounding conductor pattern 122C and the second grounding conductor pattern 124C in the Z direction. Accordingly, similarly to Embodiment 1.1, compared to the case where no portion of the outer edge of the first ground conductor pattern 122C and the second ground conductor pattern 124C overlaps with the element 110C in the Z direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100C1 can be suppressed. Furthermore, similarly to Embodiment 1.1, compared to the case where the length in the Y direction of the sides of the first ground conductor pattern 122C and the second ground conductor pattern 124C in the X direction is longer than the length in the Y direction of the sides of the element 110C in the X direction, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100C1 can be widened.

[0087] The element 110C in Embodiment 3.1 is a passive element. Specifically, the element 110C in Embodiment 3.1 is not electrically connected to the core wires or pins of the coaxial cable. Accordingly, similar to Embodiment 2, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100C1 in Embodiment 3.1 can be wider than the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100A1 in Embodiment 1.1.

[0088] Figure 30This is a perspective view of the patch antenna 100C2 in embodiment 3.2. Figure 31 yes Figure 30 The diagram shows a perspective view of the opposite side of the patch antenna 100C2. The patch antenna 100C2 of Embodiment 3.2 is the same as the patch antenna 100C1 of Embodiment 3.1 except for the following points.

[0089] In embodiment 3.2, the ground conductor pattern corresponding to the second ground conductor pattern 124C in embodiment 3.1 is not on the +Z side of the substrate 120C. As a result, the +Z side of the substrate 120C is exposed to the +Z side except for the area where the open circuit stub 126C is located.

[0090] In Embodiment 3.2, the conductor pattern that functions as a grounding element is only the first grounding conductor pattern 122C. Therefore, in Embodiment 3.2, the grounding element is located on the opposite side of the open-circuit stub 126C from the side where element 110C is located. That is, the grounding element and the open-circuit stub 126C are on the same plane. Accordingly, in Embodiment 3.2, compared to Embodiment 3.1, the distance in the Z direction between element 110C and the grounding element can be increased. Therefore, in Embodiment 3.2, compared to Embodiment 3.1, the electric field generated from the edges of element 110C in the Y direction to the edges of the grounding element in the Y direction can be easily extended outward in the Y direction using edge effects. Accordingly, in Embodiment 3.2, compared to Embodiment 3.1, the back lobe of patch antenna 100C2 can be suppressed. Furthermore, in Embodiment 3.2, compared to Embodiment 3.1, the capacitance C in the Q value of equation (1) can be reduced. That is, the Q value in Embodiment 3.2 can be smaller than the Q value in Embodiment 3.1. Accordingly, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100C2 in Embodiment 3.2 can be wider than the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100C1 in Embodiment 3.1.

[0091] Figure 32 It is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the E-plane of the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1, the patch antenna 100B of Embodiment 2, the patch antenna 100C1 of Embodiment 3.1, and the patch antenna 100C2 of Embodiment 3.2. Figure 33 It is a diagram showing the radiation patterns of the H-plane of the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1, the patch antenna 100B of Embodiment 2, the patch antenna 100C1 of Embodiment 3.1, and the patch antenna 100C2 of Embodiment 3.2. Figure 34 It is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the VSWR of the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1, the patch antenna 100B of Embodiment 2, the patch antenna 100C1 of Embodiment 3.1, and the patch antenna 100C2 of Embodiment 3.2.

[0092] exist Figure 32 In the diagram, dotted lines, dashed lines, dotted-line patterns, and solid lines represent the radial patterns of surface E in embodiments 1.1, 2, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively. Figure 33 In the diagram, dotted lines, dashed lines, dotted-line patterns, and solid lines represent the radial patterns of the H-plane in embodiments 1.1, 2, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively. Figure 34 In the diagram, dotted line patterns, dashed line patterns, dotted-dash line patterns, and solid line patterns represent the VSWR of implementation methods 1.1, 2, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively.

[0093] exist Figure 32 , Figure 33 and Figure 34 In each of the patch antennas described in embodiments 1.1, 2, 3.1 and 3.2, the grounding element has a long side and a short side in the X and Y directions, respectively, and the average length of the grounding element in the Y direction is approximately the same as the average length of the element in the Y direction.

[0094] like Figure 32 and Figure 33 As shown, the back lobes of the E-plane and H-plane in Embodiments 2, 3.1, and 3.2 are smaller than those in Embodiment 1.1. Therefore, compared to the case where the component is electrically connected to the core wire of a coaxial cable, the back lobes of the patch antenna can be suppressed more effectively when slots or short stubs are provided.

[0095] like Figure 32 and Figure 33 As shown, the back lobes of the E-plane and H-plane in Embodiment 3.2 are smaller than those in Embodiment 3.1. Therefore, compared to the case where the open-circuit stub and the ground conductor pattern are located on approximately the same plane, when the grounding element is located on the opposite side of the open-circuit stub relative to the element, it can be said that the back lobes of the patch antenna can be suppressed more effectively. Figure 34 As shown, the bandwidth in Embodiment 3.2 is wider than that in Embodiment 3.1. Therefore, compared to the case where the open-circuit stub and the ground conductor pattern are located on approximately the same plane, it can be said that the bandwidth of the patch antenna can be made wider when the grounding element is located on the opposite side of the open-circuit stub relative to the element.

[0096] Figure 35 This is a perspective view of the antenna device 10D in Embodiment 4, with the component 110D and housing 220 removed. Figure 36 The antenna device 10D in Embodiment 4 is in the state where the component 110D, base 210, and housing 220 are removed. Figure 35A three-dimensional view of the opposite side. Figure 37 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the antenna device 10D according to Embodiment 4. Figure 38 This is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the antenna device 10D in embodiment 4 with the component 110D removed. Figure 37 and Figure 38 This represents the cross section of the central portion of the housing 220 in the Y direction, which is parallel to the ZX plane.

[0097] The antenna device 10D in Embodiment 4 includes a patch antenna 100D, a base 210, and a housing 220. Similar to the patch antenna 100C1 in Embodiment 3.1, the patch antenna 100D in Embodiment 4 has an element 110D, a substrate 120D, and a connector 130D. Figure 35 and Figure 36 As shown, similarly to the substrate 120C of Embodiment 3.1, the substrate 120D of Embodiment 4 is provided with a first ground conductor pattern 122D, a second ground conductor pattern 124D, and an open-circuit stub 126D. Figure 36 As shown, four first notches 120Da are defined on the four sides of the substrate 120D. (As...) Figure 36 As shown, a pair of second notches 120Db are defined on both short sides of the substrate 120D in the X direction. Figure 35 As shown, the second grounding conductor pattern 124D of Embodiment 4 is similar to the second grounding conductor pattern 124C of Embodiment 3.1 in that it has an opening 125D.

[0098] Similar to the substrate 120C in Embodiment 3.2, a ground conductor pattern corresponding to the second ground conductor pattern 124D may not be provided. As explained in Embodiments 3.1 and 3.2, compared to the case where the second ground conductor pattern 124D is provided, the back lobe of the patch antenna 100D can be more suppressed without a grounding element corresponding to the second ground conductor pattern 124D. Furthermore, compared to the case where the second ground conductor pattern 124D is provided, the bandwidth of the patch antenna 100D can be wider without a grounding element corresponding to the second ground conductor pattern 124D.

[0099] In embodiment 4, the base 210 is made of resin. However, the base 210 may also be made of a different resin material. Figure 35 As shown, when viewed from the Z direction, the base 210 has a generally rectangular shape with a pair of long sides that are generally parallel to the X direction and a pair of short sides that are generally parallel to the Y direction.

[0100] like Figure 35 and Figure 37 As shown, an interpenetrating portion 212 extends from the -Z side of the base 210 toward the -Z side. Figure 35 andFigure 36 As shown, the insertion portion 212 is positioned overlapping the connector 130D in the Z direction when the substrate 120D is mounted on the +Z side of the base 210. Therefore, with the substrate 120D mounted on the +Z side of the base 210, the connector 130D is inserted into the insertion portion 212. In embodiment 4, the base 210 and the insertion portion 212 are integrally formed. Therefore, fixing the substrate 120D to the base 210 and inserting the connector 130D into the insertion portion 212 can be performed using a single component. Accordingly, with the substrate 120D mounted on the +Z side of the base 210 and the connector 130D inserted into the insertion portion 212, the connection operation between the connector 130D and a cable such as a coaxial cable can be performed. Therefore, the base 210 can bear the load generated by the connection of the connector 130D and the cable. Accordingly, stress can be suppressed in the connection between the -Z side of the substrate 120D and the +Z side of the connector 130D, such as during welding.

[0101] like Figure 35 As shown, four positioning ribs 214 extend from the four sides of the base 210 towards the +Z side. The positions of a pair of positioning ribs 214 on the two shorter sides of the base 210 in the X direction are offset from the center of each shorter side of the base 210 in the Y direction in opposite directions. Figure 35 In the example shown, the positioning rib 214 on the +X side of the base 210 is offset towards the +Y side relative to the center of the short side in the Y direction, and the positioning rib 214 on the -X side of the base 210 is offset towards the -Y side relative to the center of the short side in the Y direction. The other pair of positioning ribs 214 on the two long sides of the base 210 in the Y direction are offset towards opposite sides in the X direction relative to the center of each long side of the base 210. Figure 35 In the example shown, the positioning ribs 214 on the +Y side of the base 210 are offset towards the -X side relative to the center of the X direction of that long side, while the positioning ribs 214 on the -Y side of the base 210 are offset towards the +X side relative to the center of the X direction of that long side. However, the number and arrangement of the positioning ribs 214 are not limited to... Figure 35 The example shown.

[0102] like Figure 35 and Figure 36 As shown, with the substrate 120D mounted on the +Z side of the base 210, the four positioning ribs 214 enter the four first cuts 120Da of the substrate 120D. Thus, the substrate 120D can be positioned using the four first cuts 120Da and the four positioning ribs 214. However, the configuration for positioning the substrate 120D is not limited to the first cuts 120Da and the positioning ribs 214.

[0103] like Figure 35 As shown, a pair of protruding tabs 216 extend toward the +Z side from the short sides on both sides of the base 210 in the X direction. The pair of protruding tabs 216 are located approximately at the center of each short side of the base 210 in the Y direction. Temporary retaining claws 217 extend toward the substrate 120D from the +Z side end of each protruding tab 216. However, the number and arrangement of the protruding tabs 216 are not limited to this example.

[0104] like Figure 35 and Figure 36 As shown, a pair of protruding tabs 216 enter a pair of second cutouts 120Db of the substrate 120D when the substrate 120D is mounted on the +Z side of the base 210. Figure 37 As shown, the two ends of the substrate 120D in the X direction are located between the +Z side surface of the base 210 and the -Z side surface of the pair of temporary holding claws 217. Therefore, the substrate 120D can be temporarily held using the base 210 and the temporary holding claws 217. However, the structure for temporarily holding the substrate 120D is not limited to the second cut 120Db and the protrusion 216.

[0105] The base 210 in Embodiment 4 has protrusions such as a positioning rib 214 and a protruding piece 216 extending in the Z direction toward the side where the component 110D is located. The base 210 can hold the substrate 120D using the positioning rib 214, the protruding piece 216, and other protrusions. As a result, the antenna device 10D can be assembled while the substrate 120D is held by the positioning rib 214, the protruding piece 216, and other protrusions. Accordingly, the load applied to the connection parts such as the solder joint between the -Z side surface of the substrate 120D and the +Z side end of the connector 130D during the assembly operation of the antenna device 10D can be suppressed.

[0106] The housing 220 includes a top plate 222 and side plates 224. Viewed from the Z direction, the top plate 222 has a generally rectangular shape with a pair of long sides that are generally parallel to the X direction and a pair of short sides that are generally parallel to the Y direction. The side plates 224 extend from the top plate 222 around its entire circumference in the Z direction to the -Z side.

[0107] like Figure 37 As shown, with the base 210 and housing 220 mounted together, a receiving space for accommodating the patch antenna 100D is formed between the +Z side surface of the base 210 and the -Z side surface of the top plate 222. Specifically, with the base 210 and housing 220 mounted together, approximately half of the -Z side of the side plate 224 covers the side surface of the base 210 in the Z direction. Figure 35As shown, a plurality of engaging protrusions 218 are provided on the side of the base 210 along the Z-direction. When the base 210 and the housing 220 are mounted together, the engaging protrusions 218 engage with recesses on approximately half of the inner surface of the side plate 224 on the -Z side. With each engaging protrusion 218 and each recess on the inner surface of the side plate 224 engaged, a receiving space, i.e., a gap, is formed between the +Z side surface of the base 210 and the -Z side surface of the top plate 222.

[0108] like Figure 37 As shown, a pair of heat sinks 223 extend from the -Z side of the top plate 222. The pair of heat sinks 223 are positioned approximately parallel to each other with respect to the X direction. Cutouts are provided on both sides of the element 110D in the X direction for engaging the pair of heat sinks 223. Thus, by inserting the pair of heat sinks 223 into the cutouts on both sides of the element 110D in the X direction, the element 110D can be positioned relative to the housing 220. That is, the pair of heat sinks 223 function as positioning ribs for positioning the element 110D. With the element 110D positioned by the pair of heat sinks 223, the element 110D and the housing 220 are fixed to each other by, for example, double-sided tape, clips, heat fusion, or other fixing methods. With the base 210 and the housing 220 installed together, the space between the -Z side of the element 110D and the +Z side of the substrate 120D can be ensured.

[0109] The component 110D and the housing 220 can be fixed together by engaging the cutouts on both sides of the component 110D in the X direction with the pair of heat sinks 223. With the component 110D and the housing 220 fixed together by the pair of heat sinks 223, the component 110D and the housing 220 can be fixed together by other fixing methods such as double-sided tape, clips, or heat fusion, or they can be fixed together without any other fixing method.

[0110] like Figure 38 As shown, a pressing part 225 is provided on the inner surface of approximately half of the +Z side of the side plate 224. Figure 38 As shown, with the base 210 and housing 220 mounted together, the -Z side end of the pressing part 225 contacts the +Z side surface of the +X side end of the substrate 120D. Thus, the +X side end of the substrate 120D is clamped between the pressing part 225 and the +X side end of the base 210. Therefore, the positions of the element 110D and the substrate 120D can be determined using only one component of the housing 220. This reduces the positional deviation of the element 110D and the substrate 120D compared to determining the positions using multiple components.

[0111] The bandwidth of the patch antenna 100D in Embodiment 4 is similarly wider than that of the patch antenna 100C1 in Embodiment 3.1. This allows for a larger tolerance in the positional deviation of each component of the antenna device 10D. Consequently, it eliminates the need for complex structures or methods to reduce positional deviations, such as the construction of components to reduce these deviations, the addition of other components to reduce positional deviations, or the management of positional deviations using special tools. Therefore, in Embodiment 4, compared to using such complex structures or methods, the construction of the antenna device 10D is simplified, and the antenna device 10D can be easily assembled.

[0112] Figure 39 This is a diagram showing the patch antenna 100E of Embodiment 5. The patch antenna 100E of Embodiment 5 is the same as the patch antenna 100A1 of Embodiment 1.1 except for the following points.

[0113] The patch antenna 100E of Embodiment 5 includes an element 110E and a substrate 120E. The element 110E is a passive element. The substrate 120E of Embodiment 5 is a ceramic substrate. However, the substrate 120E may also be a substrate different from a ceramic substrate. A ground conductor 122E is located on the -Z side of the substrate 120E. A radiating conductor 124E is located on the +Z side of the substrate 120E. Thus, the radiating conductor 124E is located between the element 110E and the ground conductor 122E in the Z direction. The radiating conductor 124E operates as a resonator resonating at a predetermined resonant frequency. The -Z side of the element 110E and the +Z side of the radiating conductor 124E are positioned opposite each other at a predetermined distance in the Z direction.

[0114] In Embodiment 5, at least a portion of the two sides of element 110E in the Y direction overlaps with at least a portion of the two sides of ground conductor 122E in the Y direction in the Z direction. Therefore, for the same reasons explained in Embodiment 1.1, compared to the case where no portion of the two sides of ground conductor 122E in the Y direction overlaps with element 110E in the Z direction, the back lobe of patch antenna 100E can be suppressed. Furthermore, viewed from the Z direction, compared to the case where the positions of the two sides of ground conductor 122E in the Y direction are offset outwards in the Y direction relative to the two sides of element 110E in the Y direction, the bandwidth of patch antenna 100E can be widened.

[0115] In summary, embodiments and variations of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, these are merely examples of the present invention, and various configurations other than those described above are also possible.

[0116] For example, in the patch antennas of Embodiments 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4, and 5, similarly to the patch antenna of Embodiment 1.2, the length of the short sides of the grounding element in the Y direction on both sides of the X direction can be less than the length of the sides of the element in the Y direction on both sides of the X direction. In the patch antennas of Embodiments 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4, and 5, similarly to the patch antennas of Modified Examples 1.1 and 1.2, when viewed from the Z direction, the grounding element can also have a shape different from a square or rectangle. In the patch antennas of Embodiments 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4, and 5, similarly to the patch antennas of Embodiments 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5, when viewed from the Z direction, the positions of the geometric centers of the element in the X and Y directions and the geometric centers of the grounding element in the X and Y directions can also be offset from each other.

[0117] According to this specification, patch antennas and antenna devices are provided in the following manner. (Method 1) In Method 1, the patch antenna includes: an element; and a grounding element that is positioned opposite the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction, the grounding element having a long side and a short side, the average length of the short side of the grounding element being substantially less than the average length of the element that is substantially parallel to the short side of the grounding element.

[0118] "Specified direction" is equivalent to "Z direction" in the above-described implementation methods and variations.

[0119] According to the above method, compared to the case where the average length of the short side of the grounding element is longer than the length that is approximately parallel to the short side of the grounding element, the electric field generated from the element to the grounding element can easily extend outwards from the element due to the edge effect. Therefore, compared to the case described above, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed.

[0120] (Method 2) In Method 2, the patch antenna includes: an element; and a grounding element that is positioned opposite the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction, wherein at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with at least a portion of the element in the predetermined direction.

[0121] "Specified direction" is equivalent to "Z direction" in the above-described implementation methods and variations.

[0122] According to the above method, compared to the case where no part of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with the element in a specified direction, the electric field generated from the element to the grounding element can easily extend outwards from the element due to the edge effect. Therefore, compared to the case described above, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed.

[0123] (Method 3) In mode 3, the grounding member has a shape with a long side that is substantially parallel to a relatively defined first direction, and at least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding member is located on a second direction side orthogonal to the first direction.

[0124] "First direction" is equivalent to "X direction" in the above-described implementation method, and "second direction" is equivalent to "Y direction" in the above-described implementation method.

[0125] According to the above method, similar to method 1, compared with the case where no part of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with the element in the specified direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed.

[0126] (Method 4) In method 4, the element is approximately quadrilateral in shape, and the grounding element is approximately rectangular in shape.

[0127] According to the above method, similar to method 1, compared with the case where no part of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with the element in the specified direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed.

[0128] (Method 5) In method 5, the length of the short side of the grounding member is less than or equal to the length of the side of the element that is substantially parallel to the short side of the grounding member.

[0129] According to the above method, at least a portion of the long side of the grounding element can overlap with at least a portion of the element in a predetermined direction. Thus, similar to method 1, compared to the case where no portion of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with the element in a predetermined direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed.

[0130] (Method 6) In method 6, the geometric center of the element is offset from the geometric center of the grounding element.

[0131] According to the above method, the directivity of the patch antenna can be adjusted based on the deviation direction of the geometric center of the element relative to the geometric center of the grounding element.

[0132] (Method 7) In method 7, the patch antenna further includes a first resonator opposite the element, the element being a passive element.

[0133] The “first resonator” is equivalent to the “slot”, “open circuit stub” and “radiating conductor” in the above embodiments.

[0134] According to the above method, the component is electrically connected to the core wire of the coaxial cable. Therefore, compared to the case where the component has a feed point, the inductive reactance in the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna can be reduced. Consequently, compared to the case where the component has a feed point, the bandwidth of the patch antenna can be widened.

[0135] (Method 8) In Method 8, the first resonator and the grounding element are conductor patterns formed on a substrate, and at least a portion of the grounding element is located on substantially the same plane as the first resonator.

[0136] According to the above method, similar to method 1, compared with the case where no part of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with the element in the specified direction, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed.

[0137] (Method 9) In Method 9, the first resonator and the grounding element are conductor patterns formed on a substrate, with the grounding element located on the opposite side of the element relative to the first resonator.

[0138] According to the above method, compared to the case where the grounding element and the first resonator are located on the same plane, the distance between the element and the grounding element can be increased. Therefore, compared to the case described above, the electric field generated from the element to the grounding element can easily extend outwards from the element due to edge effects. Accordingly, compared to the case described above, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed. Furthermore, according to the above method, compared to the case described above, the capacitance in the Q value of the patch antenna can be reduced. Accordingly, compared to the case described above, the bandwidth of the patch antenna can be widened.

[0139] (Method 10) In mode 10, the first resonator is located between the element and the grounding element.

[0140] According to the above method, even when the first resonator is located between the element and the grounding element, similar to method 1, the back lobe of the patch antenna can be suppressed compared to the case where any part of the outer edge of the grounding element does not overlap with the element in a specified direction.

[0141] (Method 11) In mode 11, the first resonator is an open-circuit stub.

[0142] According to the above method, the component does not need to be electrically connected to the core wires or other pins of the coaxial cable. Therefore, compared to the case where the component has a feed point, the inductive reactance in the equivalent circuit of the patch antenna can be reduced. Consequently, compared to the case where the component has a feed point, the bandwidth of the patch antenna can be widened.

[0143] (Method 12) In embodiment 12, the antenna device includes: the patch antenna described above; and a base and a housing that form a receiving space for accommodating the patch antenna, wherein the element is fixed to the housing.

[0144] According to the above method, with the base and housing installed together, the space between the components and the grounding parts can be ensured.

[0145] (Method 13) In mode 13, the grounding element is sandwiched between the base and the housing.

[0146] According to the above method, the positions of the components and grounding elements can be determined using only one part of the housing. Therefore, compared to using multiple parts to determine the positions of the components and grounding elements, the deviation in their positions can be reduced.

[0147] (Method 14) In embodiment 14, the base has a protrusion extending toward the side where the element is located in the prescribed direction.

[0148] The “protrusion” is equivalent to the “positioning rib” and “protruding piece” in the above embodiments.

[0149] According to the above method, the base can hold the grounding component using the protrusion. Therefore, the antenna device can be assembled while the grounding component is held by the protrusion.

[0150] (Method 15) In Method 15, the grounding element is a conductor pattern formed on a substrate, a connector is electrically connected to the substrate, and an insertion portion for the connector to pass through is integrally formed on the base.

[0151] According to the above method, a single component can be used to fix the substrate to the base and engage the connector with the insertion part. Therefore, with the substrate mounted on the base 210 and the connector inserted into the insertion part, the connection operation between the connector and a cable such as a coaxial cable can be performed. This allows the base to bear the load generated by the connection of the connector and cable. Consequently, fatigue at the connection points such as solder joints between the substrate and the connector can be suppressed.

[0152] This application claims priority based on Japanese Application No. 2023-086847, filed on May 26, 2023, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 10D antenna assembly, 100A1, 100A2, 100A3, 100A4, 100A5, 100B, 100C1, 100C2, 100D, 100E, 100K, 100M, 100N patch antennas, 110A, 110B, 110C, 110D, 110E components, 112A feed point, 120A1, 120A2, 120A3, 120K, 120M, 120N grounding components, 120B, 120C, 120D, 120E substrates, 120Da first cut, 120Db second cut, 122B grounding conductor pattern, 122C, 122D first grounding conductor pattern, 122E grounding conductor, 123B slot, 124B Power supply line, 124C, 124D second grounding conductor pattern, 124E radiating conductor, 125C, 125D opening, 126C, 126D open circuit short wire, 130C, 130D connector, 210 base, 212 insertion part, 214 positioning rib, 216 protruding piece, 217 temporary holding claw, 218 engaging protrusion, 220 housing, 222 top plate, 223 heat sink, 224 side plate, 225 pressing part.

Claims

1. A patch antenna, characterized in that, include: element; as well as A grounding element, which is positioned opposite the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction. The grounding element has a shape with a long side and a short side. The average length of the short side of the grounding element is substantially less than the average length of the element that is substantially parallel to the short side of the grounding element.

2. A patch antenna, characterized in that, include: element; as well as A grounding element, which is positioned opposite the element at a predetermined distance in a predetermined direction. At least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding element overlaps with at least a portion of the element in the specified direction.

3. The patch antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that, The grounding element has a shape with a long side that is approximately parallel to a relatively defined first direction. At least a portion of the outer edge of the grounding element is located on a second direction side orthogonal to the first direction.

4. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The element is approximately quadrilateral in shape. The grounding element is approximately rectangular in shape.

5. The patch antenna according to claim 4, characterized in that, The length of the short side of the grounding element is less than or equal to the length of the side of the element that is substantially parallel to the short side of the grounding element.

6. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The geometric center of the element is offset from the geometric center of the grounding element.

7. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, It also includes a first resonator opposite to the said element. The component is a passive component.

8. The patch antenna according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first resonator and the grounding element are conductor patterns formed on the substrate. At least a portion of the grounding element is located on approximately the same plane as the first resonator.

9. The patch antenna according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first resonator and the grounding element are conductor patterns formed on the substrate. The grounding element is located on the opposite side of the element relative to the first resonator.

10. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that, The first resonator is located between the element and the grounding element.

11. The patch antenna according to any one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that, The first resonator is an open-circuit stub.

12. An antenna device, characterized in that, include: The patch antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 11; as well as The base and housing form a receiving space for accommodating the patch antenna. The component is fixed to the housing.

13. The antenna device according to claim 12, characterized in that, The grounding element is sandwiched between the base and the housing.

14. The antenna device according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that, The base has a protrusion extending toward the side where the element is located in the specified direction.

15. The antenna device according to any one of claims 12 to 14, characterized in that, The grounding element is a conductor pattern formed on the substrate. A connector is electrically connected to the substrate. An insertion portion for the connector to pass through is integrally formed on the base.

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