Base fertilizer application method for newly-built tea garden

Abstract

The invention discloses a base fertilizer application method for a newly-built tea garden, and relates to the technical field of tea garden soil improvement and fertilization, and the base fertilizer application method comprises the following steps: early-stage pretreatment: crushing crop straws, and mixing the crushed crop straws with a decomposition agent and livestock and poultry manure for stack retting and decomposition to obtain decomposed straws; preparing organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer; ditching: digging a base fertilizer ditch along the tea seedling planting row, wherein the ditch width is 25-35 cm, and the ditch depth is 50-60 cm; laying a base fertilizer layer by layer: laying decomposed straws with the thickness of 10-15cm at the ditch bottom, then backfilling surface layer mellow soil with the thickness of 3-5cm, and then applying a mixture of an organic fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a compound fertilizer and the surface layer mellow soil; soil backfilling: mixing surface mellow soil and bottom immature soil according to a volume ratio of 7: 3, backfilling to be flush with the earth surface, and compacting; after the tea seedlings are planted, a covering with the thickness of 5-8 cm is laid between the planting rows. According to the method, through the design of the 50-60 cm deep ditches and the straw layer, the soil bulk density is reduced to 1.1-1.2 g / cm < 3 > from 1.4-1.5 g / cm < 3 >, the total porosity is improved to 45%-50% from 35%-40%, the content of organic matter in deep soil is improved to 1.5%-1.8% from 0.8%-1.0%, and good conditions are created for downward pricking of tea tree roots.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of tea garden soil improvement and fertilization technology, specifically a method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens. Background Technology

[0002] Tea (Camellia sinensis), a perennial deep-rooted economic crop, has a taproot that can reach a depth of 1-2 meters, with lateral roots concentrated in the 0-40 cm soil layer, forming a dense absorption network. The leathery nature of its leaves makes it extremely demanding in terms of the continuous and balanced supply of mineral nutrients, especially for the development of tender shoots, which requires a stable supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. The basic soil fertility of newly established tea gardens directly determines the survival rate of tea seedlings (target ≥90%), early growth rate (target height of 1-year-old tea seedlings ≥50 cm), and the formation cycle of the canopy framework (target shortened to 2-3 years). It also profoundly affects the tea yield (target ≥800 kg of fresh leaves per mu) and quality (tea polyphenol content ≥18%, amino acid content ≥3%) after the garden has matured (from the 4th year onwards).

[0003] Currently, tea garden development in my country has evolved from traditional newly established tea gardens and pollution-free tea gardens to organic tea gardens and ecological tea gardens. However, soil management in newly established tea gardens still faces three core challenges:

[0004] Deep soil degradation is severe: newly established tea gardens are mostly located in mountainous areas or idle farmland, and the bottom layer (below 40cm) soil is generally compacted (bulk density ≥1.4g / cm³). 3 ), lack of organic matter (content usually <1%), low microbial activity (number of actinomycetes <1×10⁻⁶) 6 The problem is that the depth of basal fertilizer application in existing fertilization methods (such as CN201510915115.8) is only 30-40cm, which cannot reach the key root extension layer of 50-60cm, resulting in shallow roots of tea trees (main root depth <40cm) and a significant decrease in drought resistance and stress resistance (wilt occurs after 7 consecutive days of drought).

[0005] Insufficient synergy between organic and inorganic nutrients: Although existing technologies mention "combining organic and inorganic fertilizers", they do not specify the degree of organic fertilizer decomposition (e.g., undecomposed straw can easily burn roots, while over-decomposition leads to nutrient loss) or the ratio of inorganic fertilizers (e.g., newly established tea gardens require high phosphorus levels to promote root growth, but blindly applying nitrogen fertilizer can easily lead to excessive vegetative growth). Furthermore, a layered release system of "straw-organic fertilizer-chemical fertilizer" has not been formed, resulting in insufficient nutrient supply in the early stage (yellowing due to nutrient deficiency within 2 months after tea seedlings are planted) and excessive supply in the later stage (soil nitrogen residue ≥150mg / kg, causing rampant weed growth).

[0006] Low utilization rate of agricultural solid waste: my country produces approximately 800 million tons of crop straw (such as rice and wheat straw) and 3.8 billion tons of livestock and poultry manure annually, of which only 30% is used for agricultural fertilization. The remainder is either burned (causing air pollution) or piled up (breeding pests and diseases). Existing tea garden fertilization techniques only utilize this type of solid waste at a "simple application" level, without considering the characteristics of tea tree root distribution in the design of the laying method. As a result, the soil improvement effect of solid waste (such as reducing soil bulk density and increasing porosity) can only be maintained for less than 6 months, failing to achieve long-term fertilization.

[0007] Furthermore, long-term intensive cultivation has led to soil acidification (pH < 4.0) and nutrient imbalance (available phosphorus content < 5 mg / kg, exchangeable calcium content < 500 mg / kg), further exacerbating the difficulty of establishing new tea gardens. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a base fertilizer application method that can achieve synergistic effects of "deep soil maturation - root induction - solid waste resource utilization - long-term nutrient supply" to promote the green and sustainable development of the tea industry. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art. This invention needs to solve the following key technical problems:

[0009] How to achieve soil maturation (organic matter content increased to over 1.5%) and root induction (main root depth ≥ 50cm) in the 50-60cm deep layer through deep application of base fertilizer and stratified design, and avoid shallow root system;

[0010] How to optimize the ratio and composting parameters of "straw-organic fertilizer-inorganic fertilizer" to achieve long-term nutrient release (fertilization cycle ≥ 12 months) and meet the growth needs of tea seedlings for 1-2 years after planting;

[0011] How to efficiently utilize agricultural solid waste such as crop straw and livestock manure to improve soil physical properties (soil bulk density ≤ 1.2 g / cm³) 3 While maintaining a total porosity of ≥45%, it also enhances soil microbial diversity (Bacillus count ≥5×10⁻⁶). 6 CFU / g (soil)

[0012] How to suppress soil acidification (maintain pH 4.5-5.5) through fertilization design, avoid the increased availability of heavy metals (such as lead and cadmium), and ensure the quality and safety of tea.

[0013] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this invention provides the following technical solution: a method for applying base fertilizer to newly built tea gardens. The technical solution of this invention is achieved through five steps: pretreatment, trenching, layered application, backfilling, and covering. The specific steps are as follows:

[0014] S1. Pre-processing

[0015] Straw composting treatment: Select rice, wheat, or corn straw, crush it into 5-10cm pieces, and mix it with a composting agent (such as Bacillus subtilis inoculant, added at 0.2% of the dry weight of the straw) and livestock manure (sheep manure or cow manure, straw to manure dry weight ratio 3:1), and compost it. Control the temperature at 55-65℃ during the composting process (maintain for 7-10 days to achieve harmlessness). The final composted straw should have a C / N ratio of 20-25:1 and a moisture content of 60%-65% (it should clump together when squeezed but not drip water, and crumble easily when released).

[0016] Fertilizer preparation: Organic fertilizer should be well-rotted sheep manure (rotation period ≥ 60 days, moisture content 50%~55%, organic matter content ≥ 30%); Phosphate fertilizer should be selected according to soil pH: calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (available P2O5 ≥ 12%) should be used for acidic soil (pH < 5.0), and superphosphate (available P2O5 ≥ 16%) should be used for neutral soil (pH 5.0~7.0); Compound fertilizer should be slow-release type, with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of N:P2O5:K2O = 1:2:1 (newly established tea gardens require high phosphorus to promote root development).

[0017] S2. Trenching

[0018] Based on the tea seedling planting row spacing (1.5~1.8m), dig a base fertilizer trench directly below the planting row: the trench should be 25~35cm wide and 50~60cm deep (to ensure that it reaches the deep soil maturation zone), the trench length should be the same as the planting row length, and the distance between adjacent trenches should be the same as the row spacing.

[0019] S3. Layered application of base fertilizer

[0020] First layer: Straw layer: Spread pre-treated and decomposed straw evenly at the bottom of the trench, with a thickness of 10-15cm (500-600kg per acre). This layer serves to loosen the deep soil, induce the taproot to grow deeper, and continuously release organic matter through microbial decomposition.

[0021] The second layer: thin soil layer: topsoil (0-20cm topsoil) is backfilled on top of the straw layer, with a thickness of 3-5cm, to avoid nutrient loss due to direct contact between subsequent fertilizers and straw, and to provide a transitional environment for microorganisms;

[0022] The third layer: Mixed fertilizer layer: Mix organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, compound fertilizer and topsoil in a weight ratio of 10:3:5:20, and apply evenly above the thin soil layer. The amount used per acre is 1000 kg of organic fertilizer, 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 50 kg of compound fertilizer. This layer provides the tea seedlings with the fast-acting nutrients needed in the early stage (3-6 months after planting), while the organic fertilizer continuously improves the soil.

[0023] S4. Backfill soil

[0024] Mix the remaining topsoil and subsoil (20-60cm soil layer) in a volume ratio of 7:3, and backfill the mixture until it is level with the soil surface in the fertilizer trench. After backfilling, lightly tamp and compact the mixture (to avoid gaps in the trench that could lead to water loss).

[0025] S5. Interline Coverage

[0026] After transplanting tea seedlings (7-10 days after backfilling, when soil moisture is 60%-70% of field capacity), lay mulch between the planting rows (between the two base fertilizer furrows): use rice straw, corn stalks, or green manure (such as milkvetch), with a mulch thickness of 5-8 cm and a dosage of 400-500 kg per acre. The mulch helps retain water and fertilizer (reducing evaporation by more than 30%), suppresses weeds (reducing weed coverage by more than 80%), and further replenishes soil organic matter after the mulch decomposes.

[0027] Compared with existing technologies, this method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens has the following beneficial effects:

[0028] I. By designing trenches 50-60cm deep and incorporating straw layers, the soil bulk density is reduced from 1.4-1.5g / cm³. 3 Reduced to 1.1~1.2 g / cm³ 3 The total porosity increased from 35%~40% to 45%~50%, and the organic matter content in the deep soil (50cm) increased from 0.8%~1.0% to 1.5%~1.8%, creating favorable conditions for the tea tree roots to grow deeper (main root depth ≥50cm);

[0029] Second, the survival rate of tea seedlings has been increased from 85%~90% under the existing technology to 95%~98%, the height of one-year-old tea seedlings has been increased from 40~45cm to 55~60cm, the fresh weight of roots has been increased from 15~20g / seedling to 30~35g / seedling, and the formation cycle of the tree crown framework has been shortened to 2 years (3 years under the existing technology).

[0030] Third, each mu (unit of land area) can consume 900-1100 kg of crop straw and 330-350 kg of livestock and poultry manure, with a solid waste resource utilization rate of over 85%, reducing incineration pollution while lowering fertilizer costs (saving 20%-25% of fertilizer usage per mu).

[0031] IV. Through the synergistic effect of organic fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (acidic soil), the soil pH is maintained in the suitable range of 4.5-5.5 from below 4.0, and the exchangeable calcium content is increased from 400-450 mg / kg to 600-650 mg / kg, effectively reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium (the effective cadmium content is reduced by 30%-35%).

[0032] Fifth, the slow-release compound fertilizer in the mixed fertilizer layer and the slow decomposition of the straw layer form a "fast-acting + long-acting" nutrient supply system with a fertilization cycle of up to 12-15 months, which avoids nutrient deficiency and yellowing of tea seedlings after transplanting, and at the same time reduces the number of topdressings in the later stage (from 4-5 times in the existing technology to 2-3 times). Attached Figure Description

[0033] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative effort.

[0034] Figure 1 A step-by-step diagram illustrating the application method of base fertilizer for newly established tea gardens. Detailed Implementation

[0035] To further illustrate the technical means and effects of the present invention in achieving its intended purpose, the following detailed description of the specific implementation methods, structures, features, and effects of the present invention, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, is provided below.

[0036] Example 1: New tea garden in hilly acidic soil (pH 4.0~4.5):

[0037] Pretreatment: Rice straw is crushed to 5-8cm and mixed with Bacillus subtilis inoculant (0.2% dry weight) and sheep manure (straw: sheep manure = 3:1) for composting. The mixture is kept at 55-60℃ for 8 days. After composting, the C / N ratio is 22:1 and the moisture content is 62%. The organic fertilizer is composted sheep manure (32% organic matter, 52% moisture content), the phosphate fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (13% effective P2O5), and the compound fertilizer has an N:P2O5:K2O ratio of 1:2:1.

[0038] Trenching: Planting row spacing 1.6m, trench width 30cm, depth 55cm;

[0039] Layered laying: Lay straw at the bottom of the trench (12cm thick, 550kg per mu) → Backfill with a thin layer of soil (4cm) → Apply mixed fertilizer (1000kg organic fertilizer + 30kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer + 50kg compound fertilizer, mixed with soil).

[0040] Backfill: Topsoil: Subsoil = 7:3 mixture for backfilling and compaction;

[0041] Covering: After the tea seedlings are planted, spread straw between the rows (6cm thick, 450kg per mu).

[0042] Results: 12 months after planting, the soil organic matter content at 50cm depth was 1.7%, the bulk density was 1.15g / cm³, the survival rate of tea seedlings was 97%, the plant height was 58cm, the root depth was 52cm, and the soil pH was 5.1.

[0043] Example 2: New tea garden in neutral soil in a plain (pH 5.5~6.0):

[0044] Pretreatment: Corn stalks are crushed to 8-10cm and mixed with composting agent (0.2% dry weight) and cow manure (stalk:cow manure = 3:1) and composted at 60-65℃ for 7 days. After composting, the C / N ratio is 24:1 and the moisture content is 64%. The organic fertilizer is composted cow manure (28% organic matter, 54% moisture content), the phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate (17% available P2O5), and the compound fertilizer has an N:P2O5:K2O ratio of 1:2:1.

[0045] Trenching: Planting row spacing 1.8m, trench width 35cm, depth 60cm;

[0046] Layered laying: Lay straw at the bottom of the trench (15cm thick, 600kg per mu) → Backfill with a thin layer of soil (5cm) → Apply mixed fertilizer (1000kg organic fertilizer + 30kg superphosphate + 50kg compound fertilizer, mixed with soil).

[0047] Backfill: Topsoil: Subsoil = 7:3 mixture for backfilling and compaction;

[0048] Covering: After the tea seedlings are planted, spread corn stalks between the rows (8cm thick, 500kg per mu).

[0049] Results: 12 months after planting, the organic matter content at 50cm depth was 1.6%, the bulk density was 1.18g / cm³, the survival rate of tea seedlings was 96%, the plant height was 56cm, the root depth was 55cm, and the soil pH was 5.4.

[0050] Comparative Example: Using the method in CN201510915115.8:

[0051] Fertilization: Dig trenches 40cm deep, apply oilseed cake (200kg per mu) + farmyard manure (800kg per mu) to the bottom of the trenches, and apply nitrogen fertilizer 3 times;

[0052] Other operations: Same as in Example 1.

[0053] Results: 12 months after planting, the soil organic matter content at 50cm depth was 1.0%, the bulk density was 1.35g / cm³, the survival rate of tea seedlings was 88%, the plant height was 43cm, the root depth was 38cm, and the soil pH was 4.3.

[0054] By designing trenches 50-60cm deep and incorporating straw layers, the soil bulk density is reduced from 1.4-1.5g / cm³. 3Reduced to 1.1~1.2 g / cm³ 3 The total porosity increased from 35%~40% to 45%~50%, and the organic matter content in the deep soil (50cm) increased from 0.8%~1.0% to 1.5%~1.8%, creating favorable conditions for the tea tree roots to grow deeper (main root depth ≥50cm);

[0055] The survival rate of tea seedlings has been increased from 85%~90% under the current technology to 95%~98%, the height of one-year-old tea seedlings has been increased from 40~45cm to 55~60cm, the fresh weight of roots has been increased from 15~20g / seedling to 30~35g / seedling, and the formation cycle of the tree crown framework has been shortened to 2 years (3 years under the current technology).

[0056] Each mu (unit of land area) consumes 900-1100 kg of crop straw and 330-350 kg of livestock and poultry manure, achieving a solid waste resource utilization rate of over 85%, reducing incineration pollution while lowering fertilizer costs (saving 20%-25% of fertilizer usage per mu).

[0057] Through the synergistic effect of organic fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (acidic soil), the soil pH is maintained in the suitable range of 4.5-5.5 from below 4.0, and the exchangeable calcium content is increased from 400-450 mg / kg to 600-650 mg / kg, effectively reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium (the effective cadmium content is reduced by 30%-35%).

[0058] The slow-release compound fertilizer in the mixed fertilizer layer and the slow decomposition of the straw layer form a "fast-acting + long-lasting" nutrient supply system with a fertilization cycle of up to 12-15 months, which avoids nutrient deficiency and yellowing of tea seedlings after transplanting, and at the same time reduces the number of topdressings in the later stage (from 4-5 times in the existing technology to 2-3 times).

[0059] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can make some modifications or alterations to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1, Pre-treatment: Crush crop straw and mix it with composting agent and livestock manure for composting to obtain composted straw; prepare organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer; Step S2, trenching: Dig base fertilizer trenches along the tea seedling planting rows, with a trench width of 25-35cm and a trench depth of 50-60cm; Step S3, layered base fertilizer: lay 10-15cm thick layer of decomposed straw at the bottom of the trench, then backfill with 3-5cm thick layer of topsoil, and then apply a mixture of organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, compound fertilizer and topsoil. Step S4: Backfill soil: Mix topsoil and subsoil by volume in a ratio of 7:3 and backfill until level with the ground surface, then compact. Step S5, inter-row covering: After the tea seedlings are planted, lay a 5-8cm thick covering between the planting rows.

2. The method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the crop straw is rice straw, wheat straw or corn straw, and the length after crushing is 5~10cm; the temperature of composting is controlled at 55~65℃ and maintained for 7~10 days, the C / N ratio of the composted straw is 20~25:1, and the moisture content is 60%~65%.

3. The method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the organic fertilizer is well-rotted sheep manure or well-rotted cow manure, with a rotten period of ≥60 days, a moisture content of 50%~55%, and an organic matter content of ≥28%; the phosphate fertilizer is selected according to the soil pH: calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is selected when the soil pH is <5.0, and superphosphate is selected when the soil pH is 5.0~7.0; the compound fertilizer is a slow-release type, with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio of N:P2O5:K2O=1:2:

1.

4. The method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the row spacing for planting tea seedlings is 1.5~1.8m, the spacing of the base fertilizer trench is the same as the row spacing, and the length of the trench is the same as the length of the planting row.

5. The method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the amount of decomposed straw used per mu is 500-600 kg; the amount of organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and compound fertilizer used per mu are 1000 kg, 30 kg, and 50 kg, respectively; in the mixture, the weight ratio of organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, compound fertilizer, and topsoil is 10:3:5:

20.

6. The method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 5, the covering material is rice straw, corn stalks, or green manure, and the amount used is 400-500 kg per acre.

7. The method for applying base fertilizer to newly established tea gardens according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 4, the backfilling of soil is carried out immediately after step S3; in step S5, the tea seedlings are planted 7-10 days after backfilling the soil, at which time the soil moisture content is 60%-70% of field capacity.

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