Compressing and reporting PRS / SRS measurements for LMF-side AI / ML positioning

Abstract

Aspects presented herein may improve the efficiency and performance of artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) positioning by enabling a user equipment (UE) to compress downlink (DL) reference signal measurements to reduce the reporting overhead of the DL reference signal measurements. In one aspect, a UE performs at least one channel impulse response (CIR) measurement or at least one channel frequency response (CFR) measurement for a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs). The UE compresses the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the set of PRSs. The UE reports, for a network entity, one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the set of PRSs.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Nonprovisional Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 320,918, filed May 19, 2023, entitled “COMPRESSING AND REPORTING PRS / SRS MEASUREMENTS FOR LMF-SIDED AI / ML POSITIONING”, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more specifically to wireless communication relating to positioning. Background Technology

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunications services, such as telephone, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at the city, national, regional, and even global levels. An example telecommunications standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the Continuous Evolution of Mobile Broadband (CEM) program issued by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT),) and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR can be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Further improvements to 5G NR technology are needed. Furthermore, these improvements can also be applied to other multiple access technologies and telecommunications standards that adopt these technologies. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The following is a simplified overview of one or more aspects to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This invention is not a comprehensive overview of all conceived aspects. It neither identifies key or essential elements of all aspects nor describes the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed descriptions that follow.

[0007] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method, computer-readable medium, and apparatus are provided. The apparatus performs at least one channel impulse response (CIR) measurement or at least one channel frequency response (CFR) measurement for a set of Position Reference Signals (PRS). The apparatus compresses the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set. The apparatus reports one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set to a network entity.

[0008] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method, computer-readable medium, and apparatus are provided. The apparatus transmits to a user equipment (UE) an indication of at least one or more compressed CIR measurements or at least one compressed CFR measurements for a PRS set. The apparatus receives from the UE the at least one or more compressed CIR measurements or at least one compressed CFR measurements for the PRS set.

[0009] To achieve the foregoing and related objectives, one or more aspects may include the features fully described below and specifically pointed out in the claims. The following description and drawings illustrate some exemplary features of one or more aspects in detail. However, these features indicate only a few of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed. Attached Figure Description

[0010] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0011] Figure 2A This is an illustration of an example of the first frame according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0012] Figure 2B This is a diagram illustrating examples of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2C This is an illustration of an example of a second frame according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0014] Figure 2D This is a diagram illustrating examples of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0015] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating examples of base stations and user equipment (UEs) in an access network.

[0016] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of UE positioning based on reference signal measurements.

[0017] Figure 5 This is an illustration of examples of UE-based localization, direct artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML), or AI / ML-assisted localization utilizing UE-side AI / ML models according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0018] Figure 6A This is an illustration of examples of UE-assisted / Location Management Function (LMF) positioning utilizing UE-side AI / ML models, and AI / ML-assisted positioning, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0019] Figure 6B The diagram illustrates examples of UE-assisted / LMF-based localization and direct AI / ML localization utilizing LMF-side models according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0020] Figure 7A This is an illustration of examples of network (e.g., next-generation (NG) radio access network (RAN) (NG-RAN)) node-assisted localization and AI / ML-assisted localization using various aspects of this disclosure.

[0021] Figure 7B This is a diagram illustrating examples of network (e.g., NG-RAN) node-assisted localization and direct AI / ML localization using various aspects of this disclosure, utilizing an LMF-side model.

[0022] Figure 8A This is an illustration of examples of direct AI / ML localization according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 8B This is an illustration illustrating examples of AI / ML-assisted localization according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating an example of DL positioning reference signal (PRS) (DL-PRS) resource priority ordering according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0025] Figure 10A This is a diagram illustrating examples of DL-PRS sent from multiple TRPs according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0026] Figure 10BThis is a diagram illustrating examples of UL probe reference signals (SRS) (UL-SRS) transmitted from a UE according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0027] Figure 11A This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0028] Figure 11B This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0029] Figure 12A This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] Figure 12B This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0031] Figure 13A This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0032] Figure 13B This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0033] Figure 14A This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0034] Figure 14B This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of DL-PRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0035] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating an example pattern of UL-SRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0036] Figure 16 This illustrates various aspects of the UE reporting according to this disclosure. or It is the channel frequency response (CFR) of a PRS resource and This is a diagram illustrating an example of compressing a set of channel impulse response (CIR) / CFR measurements using a sparse representation of PRS resources (received before channel estimation) received prior to the application of channel estimation.

[0037] Figure 17 This illustrates various aspects of the UE reported by the CIR according to this disclosure. of A diagram illustrating an example of using samples to compress a CIR / CFR measurement set, where Less than And it is selected based on at least one criterion.

[0038] Figure 18 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a UE transferring CIR / CFR measurements to an AI / ML model to perform compression of the CIR / CFR measurements according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0039] Figure 19 This is an illustration of an example list of compression methods that the LMF requests the UE to support according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0040] Figure 20 This is an illustration of an example of configuring one or more network nodes (e.g., base station / transmit / receive point (TRP)) to compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0041] Figure 21 This illustrates various aspects of base stations reported according to this disclosure. or It is a CFR of a PRS resource and This is a diagram illustrating an example of compressing an SRS-based CIR / CFR measurement set using a sparse representation of PRS resources (such as those received before channel estimation).

[0042] Figure 22 This is a diagram illustrating an example of one or more base stations, according to various aspects of this disclosure, passing CIR / CFR measurements to an AI / ML model for performing compression of the CIR / CFR measurements.

[0043] Figure 23 This is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0044] Figure 24 This is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0045] Figure 25 These are illustrations illustrating specific hardware implementations used for example devices and / or network entities.

[0046] Figure 26 This is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0047] Figure 27 This is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0048] Figure 28 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation used for an example network entity. Detailed Implementation

[0049] The aspects presented in this paper can improve the efficiency and performance of artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) localization by reducing the reporting overhead of downlink (DL) reference signal measurements. For example, the aspects presented in this paper can enable the UE to compress the reporting of channel impulse response (CIR) / channel frequency response (CFR) measurements using one or more compression methods, whereby the AI / ML model can use the compressed CIR / CFR reports to perform AI / ML inference and / or be trained efficiently and accurately. In other words, although reporting the entire CIR / CFR measurements of the AI / ML model (e.g., the LMF-side AI / ML model) may be inefficient due to high over-the-air (OTA) reporting overhead, one or more compression methods can be implemented at the UE to report CIR / CFR measurements more efficiently to the location management function (LMF), such as when the UE is configured to report multiple PRS resources.

[0050] The aspects presented in this paper can also improve the efficiency, accuracy, and performance of AI / ML positioning based on UL reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) measurements by reducing the reporting overhead of UL reference signal measurements. For example, the aspects presented in this paper can enable network nodes (e.g., NG-RAN nodes, base stations, transmit / receive points (TRPs), etc.) to compress the reporting of CIR / CFR measurements using one or more compression methods, where AI / ML models can use the compressed CIR / CFR reports to perform AI / ML inference and / or be trained efficiently and accurately. Although UL measurement reporting (e.g., in NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)) can occur over wired / fiber optic channels, seeking methods for compressing CIR / CFR measurements may still be appropriate, as they incur high reporting overhead as discussed above, especially when network nodes are configured to report multiple SRS resources.

[0051] The detailed descriptions following, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, describe various configurations and do not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. To provide a thorough understanding of the various concepts, the detailed descriptions include specific details. However, these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring these concepts.

[0052] Various apparatuses and methods are presented with reference to several aspects of a telecommunications system. These apparatuses and methods are described in detail below and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively, “elements”). These elements can be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether these elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0053] As an example, an element, any part of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a "processing system" including one or more processors. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform functions individually or in combination. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, system-on-a-chip (SoCs), baseband processors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gate logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionalities described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system can execute software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or other terms, software should be broadly interpreted as instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subroutines, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.

[0054] Therefore, in one or more example aspects, specific implementations, and / or use cases, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include computer storage media. Storage media can be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disc storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of these types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer-executable code in the form of instructions or data structures accessible by a computer.

[0055] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described herein by way of example, additional or different aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may arise in many different arrangements and scenarios. The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein can be implemented across many different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and package arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may arise via integrated chip implementations and other devices based on non-modular components (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, AI-enabled devices, etc.). While some examples may or may not be specific to a use case or application, the described examples may exhibit broad applicability. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases can range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations, and further to aggregated, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more of the technologies described herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating the described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the claimed and described aspects. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily involve multiple components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.). The techniques described herein can be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or decomposed components, end-user equipment, etc., of various sizes, shapes, and configurations.

[0056] Communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be deployed in various ways with a variety of components or parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, radio access network (RAN) nodes, core network nodes, network elements or network equipment (such as base stations (BS)) or one or more units (or components) performing base station functions can be implemented in aggregated or decomposed architectures. For example, BSs (such as Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP), transmit / receive point (TRP), or cell, etc.) can be implemented as aggregated base stations (also known as standalone BS or monolithic BS) or decomposed base stations.

[0057] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decentralized base stations can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some respects, the CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CUs, DUs, and RUs may be implemented as a virtual unit, namely a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0058] Base station operation or network design can take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be utilized in Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) networks, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN (such as network configurations initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or Virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRAN, also known as Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which enables flexibility in network design. The various units of a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one other unit.

[0059] Figure 1 Figure 100 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system and access network. The illustrated wireless communication system includes a decomposed base station architecture. The decomposed base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110, which may communicate directly with the core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 via one or more decomposed base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both. CUs 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via a corresponding midhaul link (such as an F1 interface). DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via a corresponding fronthaul link. RUs 140 may communicate with a corresponding UE 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 140.

[0060] Each of the units (i.e., CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO frame 105) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, these units may include wireless interfaces that may include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive signals via wireless transmission media or transmit signals to one or more other units, or both.

[0061] In some aspects, the CU 110 can host one or more higher-level control functions. Such control functions may include Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to signal to other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface such as an E1 interface. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130 for network control and signaling transmission as needed.

[0062] DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 140s. In some aspects, DU 130 may at least partially host one or more of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Media Access Control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) according to functional splits (such as those defined by 3GPP). In some aspects, DU 130 may also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 130 or with control functions hosted by CU 110.

[0063] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 140s. In some deployments, an RU140 controlled by a DU 130 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both, based at least in part on functional decomposition (such as lower-layer functional decomposition). In this architecture, the RU 140 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UE 104s. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 140 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration enables the implementation of the DU 130 and CU 110 in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

[0064] SMO framework 105 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 105 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces such as the O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 105 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 190 to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface such as the O2 interface. Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125. In some implementations, SMO framework 105 can communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN, such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, SMO framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RU 140s via the O1 interface. SMO framework 105 may also include a non-RT RIC 115 configured to support the functionality of SMO framework 105.

[0065] The non-RT RIC 115 can be configured to include logical functions enabling non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, including artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) workflows for model training and updates, or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 125. The non-RT RIC 115 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 125, such as via an A1 interface. The near-RT RIC 125 can be configured to include logical functions enabling near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via an interface, such as an E2 interface, connecting one or more CU 110s, one or more DU 130s, or both, and O-eNBs to the near-RT RIC 125.

[0066] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and can be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and use AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0067] At least one of CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 may be referred to as base station 102. Therefore, base station 102 may include one or more of CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 (each component is indicated by a dashed line to indicate that each component may or may not be included in base station 102). Base station 102 provides UE 104 with an access point to core network 120. Base station 102 may include macro cells (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cells (low-power cellular base stations). Small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cells and macro cells may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include an evolved home node B (eNB) (HeNB), which can provide service to a restricted group referred to as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication link between RU 140 and UE 104 may include uplink (UL) transmission (also known as reverse link) from UE 104 to RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) transmission (also known as forward link) transmission from RU 140 to UE 104. The communication link may utilize multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link may use one or more carriers. For each carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to Yx MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction, base station 102 / UE 104 may use a spectrum with a bandwidth of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz, 100MHz, 400MHz, etc.). Carriers may be adjacent to each other or may not be adjacent to each other. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to DL compared to UL). Component carriers may include primary component carriers and one or more secondary component carriers. The primary component carrier can be referred to as the primary cell (PCell) and the secondary component carrier can be referred to as the secondary cell (SCell).

[0068] Some UEs 104 can communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. D2D communication link 158 can use DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH), Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), and Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH). D2D communication can be performed through various wireless D2D communication systems, such as Bluetooth. ™ (Bluetooth is a trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), and is based on the IEEE 802.11 standard for Wi-Fi.) ™(Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance), LTE, or NR.

[0069] The wireless communication system may also include a Wi-Fi AP 150, which communicates with the UE 104 (also referred to as a Wi-Fi station (STA)) via a communication link 154, for example, in an unlicensed spectrum such as 5 GHz. When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the UE 104 / AP 150 may perform a free channel assessment (CCA) to determine whether a channel is available before communication.

[0070] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been designated as frequency ranges FR1 (410MHz-7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz-52.6GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6GHz" band. Similar naming issues sometimes occur with FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although this is distinct from the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (30GHz-300GHz) designated as "millimeter wave" by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0071] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified the operating bands used for these mid-band frequencies as the frequency range designation FR3 (7.125GHz-24.25GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 and / or FR2 characteristics, thus effectively extending the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as the frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6GHz-71GHz), FR4 (71GHz-114.25GHz), and FR5 (114.25GHz-300GHz). Each of these higher bands falls within the EHF band.

[0072] In view of the above, unless otherwise specifically stated, the term "below 6 GHz" as used herein can broadly refer to frequencies less than 6 GHz, within FR1, or including intermediate frequency band frequencies. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically stated, the term "millimeter wave" as used herein can broadly refer to frequencies that can include intermediate frequency band frequencies, within FR2, FR4, FR2-2 and / or FR5, or within the EHF band.

[0073] Base station 102 and UE 104 may each include multiple antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming. Base station 102 may transmit beamformed signals 182 to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. UE 104 may receive beamformed signals from base station 102 in one or more receive directions. UE 104 may also transmit beamformed signals 184 to base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. Base station 102 may receive beamformed signals from UE 104 in one or more receive directions. Base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beamforming training to determine the optimal receive and transmit directions for each of base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions of base station 102 may be the same or different. The transmit and receive directions of UE 104 may be the same or different.

[0074] Base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as gNB, Node B, eNB, access point, base transceiver, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, basic service set (BSS), extended service set (ESS), TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. Base station 102 may be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, relay node, sidelink node, aggregated (monolithic) base station with baseband units (BBU) (including CU and DU) and RU, or may be implemented as a decomposed base station including one or more of CU, DU, and / or RU. A collection of base stations that may include decomposed base stations and / or aggregated base stations may be referred to as Next Generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN).

[0075] The core network 120 may include Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, Session Management Function (SMF) 162, User Plane Function (UPF) 163, Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. AMF 161 is the control node that handles signaling between UE 104 and the core network 120. AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. UDM 164 supports authentication and key agreement (AKA) credential generation, user identity processing, access authorization, and subscription management. One or more location servers 168 are exemplified as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of GMLC 165, LMF 166, Position Determination Entity (PDE), Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC), Mobile Location Center (MPC), etc. GMLC 165 and LMF 166 support UE location services. GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE location information. LMF 166 receives measurement and auxiliary information from NG-RAN and UE 104 via AMF 161 to calculate the location of UE 104. NG-RAN may use one or more positioning methods to determine the location of UE 104. Positioning UE 104 may involve signal measurement, location estimation, and optional speed calculation based on these measurements. Signal measurement may be performed by UE 104 and / or base station 102 serving UE 104. The measured signals may be based on one or more of the following: Satellite Positioning System (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) or other satellite positioning / location systems), LTE signals, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, Terrestrial Beacon System (TBS), sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor), NR Enhanced Cell ID (NR E-CID) method, NR signals (e.g., multiple round-trip time (multiple RTT), DL departure angle (DL-AoD), DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and UL angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) and / or other systems / signals / sensors.

[0076] Examples of UE 104 include cellular phones, smartphones, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phones, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, GPS devices, multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players (e.g., MP3 players), cameras, game consoles, tablet devices, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electricity meters, air pumps, large or small kitchen appliances, healthcare devices, implants, sensors / actuators, displays, or any other similarly functional device. Some UEs in UE 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meters, air pumps, toasters, vehicles, heart monitors, etc.). UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, mobile station, subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, mobile phone, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also be applied to one or more companion devices, such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may access the network together and / or individually.

[0077] Refer again Figure 1 In some aspects, UE 104 may include a measurement compression component 198, which may be configured to: perform at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set; compress the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set; and report one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set to network entities. In some aspects, base station 102 may include an RS transmission component 199, which may be configured to transmit an RS set to UE 104 for performing location-related measurements.

[0078] In some aspects, one or more location servers 168 may include a measurement compression configuration component 197, which may be configured to: send an indication to the UE to report one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set; and receive from the UE the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set.

[0079] Figure 2A Figure 200 illustrates an example of the first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B Figure 230 illustrates an example of a DL channel within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2CFigure 250 is an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D Figure 280 illustrates an example of a UL channel within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) (where subframes within a specific set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) are dedicated to either DL or UL) or Time Division Duplex (TDD) (where subframes within a specific set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) are dedicated to both DL and UL). Figure 2A , Figure 2C In the provided example, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot format 28 (most of which are DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible and can be used between DL / UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot format 1 (all of which are UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown as having slot formats 1 and 28 respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are both DL and UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mixture of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. The slot format is configured for the UE via the received Slot Format Indicator (SFI) (dynamically configured via DL Control Information (DCI) or semi-statically / statically configured via Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling). Note that the following description also applies to the 5G NR frame structure as TDD.

[0080] Figures 2A to 2D The frame structure is illustrated, and aspects of this disclosure are applicable to other wireless communication technologies that may have different frame structures and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) can be divided into 10 equal-sized subframes (1 ms). Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include micro-time slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each time slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each time slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each time slot may include 12 symbols. Symbols on the DL may be CP Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. Symbols on the UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high-throughput scenarios) or Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Extended OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power-constrained scenarios; limited to single-stream transmission). The number of time slots within a subframe is based on the CP and a parameter set. The parameter set defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1). Symbol length / duration can be scaled by 1 / SCS.

[0081] µ SCS Cyclic prefix 0 15 normal 1 30 normal 2 60 Normal, Extended 3 120 normal 4 240 normal 5 480 normal 6 960 normal

[0082] Table 1: Parameter Set, SCS, and CP

[0083] For a normal CP (14 symbols / slot), different parameter sets µ 0 through 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. For an extended CP, parameter set 2 allows 4 slots per subframe. Therefore, for a normal CP and parameter set µ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2... µ One time slot / subframe. Subcarrier spacing can be equal to ,in The parameter sets are 0 to 4. Therefore, the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz for parameter set µ=0 and 240 kHz for parameter set µ=4. The symbol length / duration is negatively correlated with the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D Examples of a normal frequency division multiplexing (CP) with 14 symbols per time slot and a parameter set of µ=2 with 4 time slots per subframe are provided. The time slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within the frame set, there may be one or more distinct bandwidth portions (BWPs) of frequency division multiplexing (see [link to relevant documentation]). Figure 2B Each BWP can have a specific set of parameters and CP (normal or extended).

[0084] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot consists of a resource block (RB) extending for 12 consecutive subcarriers (also known as a physical RB (PRB)). The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0085] like Figure 2A As illustrated, some REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS), beam refinement RS (BRRS), and phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0086] Figure 2BExamples of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) carries the DCI within one or more Control Channel Elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), each CCE comprising six RE Groups (REGs), each REG comprising 12 consecutive REs in the OFDM symbol of the RB. A PDCCH within a BWP can be referred to as a Control Resource Set (CORESET). The UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in the PDCCH search space (e.g., the common search space, the UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring timing on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at higher and / or lower frequencies on the channel bandwidth. The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) may be located within symbol 2 of a specific subframe of the frame. The PSS is used by the UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and physical layer identification. The Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) may be located within symbol 4 of a specific subframe of the frame. The SSS is used by the UE to determine the Physical Layer Cell Identifier Group Number and radio frame timing. Based on the Physical Layer Identifier and the Physical Layer Cell Identifier Group Number, the UE can determine the Physical Cell Identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the location of the DM-RS. The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), carrying the Master Information Block (MIB), can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a Synchronization Signal (SS) / PBCH block (also known as an SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides the number of RBs in the system bandwidth and the System Frame Number (SFN). The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted via the PBCH (such as System Information Blocks (SIBs)), and paging messages.

[0087] like Figure 2C As illustrated, some REs in the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DM-RS for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be transmitted in the first or second symbol of the PUSCH. Depending on whether a short or long PUCCH is transmitted and depending on the specific PUCCH format used, the PUCCH DM-RS can be transmitted in different configurations. The UE can transmit a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). The SRS can be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and the UE can transmit the SRS on one of the comb teeth. The SRS can be used by the base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling of the UL.

[0088] Figure 2DExamples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, channel quality indicators (CQI), pre-decoding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (RI), and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUCCH carries data and may additionally be used to carry buffer status reports (BSR), power clearance reports (PHR), and / or UCIs.

[0089] Figure 3 This is a block diagram illustrating communication between base station 310 and UE 350 in the access network. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets can be provided to controller / processor 375. Controller / processor 375 implements Layer 3 and Layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, and Layer 2 includes the Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., MIB, SIB), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0090] Transmit (TX) processor 316 and receive (RX) processor 370 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1 (which includes the physical (PHY) layer) may include error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. TX processor 316 processes the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-order phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-order quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be divided into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to OFDM subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., a pilot) in the time and / or frequency domains, and subsequently combined using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimation from channel estimator 374 can be used to determine the decoding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimation can be derived from a reference signal transmitted by UE 350 and / or channel condition feedback. Each spatial stream can then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier for transmission.

[0091] At UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives signals via its corresponding antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides that information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and RX processor 356 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 350, the RX processor 356 can combine them into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal consists of a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, along with the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation point transmitted by base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on a channel estimate calculated by channel estimator 358. Subsequently, the soft decision is decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0092] The controller / processor 359 may be associated with at least one memory 360 storing program code and data. The at least one memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between transport and logical channels to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operation.

[0093] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with DL transmission performed by base station 310, controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connectivity, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU delivery, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0094] The TX processor 368 can use the channel estimate derived from the reference signal or feedback transmitted by the channel estimator 358 from the base station 310 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial stream generated by the TX processor 368 can be provided to different antennas 352 via individual transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate an RF carrier for transmission.

[0095] UL transmission is processed at base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives signals via its corresponding antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides that information to RX processor 370.

[0096] The controller / processor 375 may be associated with at least one memory 376 storing program code and data. The at least one memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets between transport and logical channels. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operation.

[0097] At least one of the TX processor 368, RX processor 356, and controller / processor 359 can be configured to combine Figure 1 The measurement compression component 198 is used to perform various aspects.

[0098] At least one of the TX processor 316, RX processor 370, and controller / processor 375 can be configured to combine Figure 1 The RS transmission component 199 performs various functions.

[0099] Figure 4 Figure 400 illustrates an example of UE positioning (which may also be referred to as "network-based positioning") based on reference signal measurements according to various aspects of this disclosure. UE 404 can [operate at time T]. SRS_TX Send UL-SRS 412 and at time T PRS_RX Receives the DL positioning reference signal (PRS) (DL-PRS) 410. TRP 406 can be used at time T. SRS_RX Receive UL-SRS 412 and at time T PRS_TX Send DL-PRS 410. UE 404 may receive DL-PRS 410 before sending UL-SRS 412, or may send UL-SRS 412 before receiving DL-PRS 410. In both cases, the location server (e.g., location server 168) or UE 404 may base its response on ||T SRS_RX - T PRS_TX | - |T SRS_TX - T PRS_RX || to determine RTT 414. Therefore, multi-RTT positioning can utilize the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement (i.e., |T) of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 and measured by UE 404. SRS_TX - T PRS_RX |) and DL-PRS reference signal received power (RSRP) (DL-PRS-RSRP), and the measured TRP Rx-Tx time difference measurement (i.e., |T) of the uplink signal transmitted from UE404 at multiple TRPs 402, 406. SRS_RX - T PRS_TX|) and UL-SRS-RSRP. UE 404 uses auxiliary data received from the location server to measure the UE Rx-Tx time difference (and / or the DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signal), and TRPs 402 and 406 use auxiliary data received from the location server to measure the gNB Rx-Tx time difference (and / or the UL-SRS-RSRP of the received signal). These measurements can be used at the location server or at UE 404 to determine the RTT, which is used to estimate the location of UE 404. Other methods for determining the RTT are possible, such as, for example, using DL-TDOA and / or UL-TDOA measurements.

[0100] PRS can be defined for network-based positioning (e.g., NR positioning) to enable the UE to detect and measure more neighboring transmit and receive points (TRPs), supporting various configurations for diverse deployments (e.g., indoor, outdoor, sub-6, mmW, etc.). Beam scanning can also be configured for PRS to support PRS beam operation. The UL positioning reference signal can be based on an enhanced / adjusted probe reference signal (SRS) for positioning purposes. In some examples, the UL-PRS may be referred to as "SRS for Positioning," and new information elements (IEs) can be configured for the SRS for positioning in RRC signaling.

[0101] DL PRS-RSRP can be defined as the linear average of the power contribution (in [W]) of a resource element carrying a DL PRS reference signal configured for RSRP measurement at an antenna port within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. In some examples, for FR1, the reference point for DL ​​PRS-RSRP can be the UE's antenna connector. For FR2, DL PRS-RSRP can be measured based on a combined signal from an antenna element corresponding to a given receiver branch. For FR1 and FR2, if the UE uses receiver diversity, the reported DL PRS-RSRP value can be no less than the corresponding DL PRS-RSRP of any individual receiver branch within the individual receiver branch. Similarly, UL SRS-RSRP can be defined as the linear average of the power contribution (in [W]) of a resource element carrying a probe reference signal (SRS). UL SRS-RSRP can be measured by a configured resource element within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth at a configured measurement time. In some examples, for FR1, the reference point for UL SRS-RSRP can be the antenna connector of a base station (e.g., gNB). For FR2, the UL SRS-RSRP can be measured based on the combined signal from the antenna element corresponding to a given receiver branch. For FR1 and FR2, if the base station uses receiver diversity, the reported UL SRS-RSRP value can be no less than the corresponding UL SRS-RSRP of any individual receiver branch within the individual receiver branches.

[0102] PRS-Path RSRP (PRS-RSRPP) can be defined as the power of the linear average of the channel response at the i-th path delay carrying the resource element configured for measurement of the DL PRS signal, where the DL PRS-RSRPP at the first path delay is the power contribution corresponding to the first detected path in time. In some examples, the PRS path phase measurement may refer to the phase associated with the i-th path of the channel derived using the PRS resource.

[0103] DL-AoD positioning utilizes the measured DL-PRS-RSRP of downlink signals received at UE 404 from multiple TRPs 402, 406. UE 404 uses auxiliary data received from the positioning server to measure the DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals, and the resulting measurement, along with the azimuth departure (A-AoD), zenith departure (Z-AoD), and other configuration information, is used to position UE 404 relative to adjacent TRPs 402, 406.

[0104] DL-TDOA positioning utilizes the DL Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) (and / or DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received at UE 404 from multiple TRPs 402, 406. UE 404 uses auxiliary data received from the positioning server to measure the DL RSTD (and / or DL-PRS-RSRP) of the received signals, and the resulting measurement, along with other configuration information, is used to position UE 404 relative to adjacent TRPs 402, 406.

[0105] UL-TDOA positioning utilizes the UL relative time of arrival (RTOA) (and / or UL-SRS-RSRP) of the uplink signal transmitted from UE 404 at multiple TRPs 402, 406. TRPs 402, 406 use auxiliary data received from the positioning server to measure the UL-RTOA (and / or UL-SRS-RSRP) of the received signal, and the resulting measurements, along with other configuration information, are used to estimate the location of UE 404.

[0106] UL-AoA positioning utilizes the measured azimuth (A-AoA) and zenith (Z-AoA) of the uplink signal transmitted from UE 404 at multiple TRPs 402, 406. TRPs 402, 406 use auxiliary data received from a positioning server to measure the A-AoA and Z-AoA of the received signal, and the resulting measurements, along with other configuration information, are used to estimate the position of UE 404. For the purposes of this disclosure, a positioning operation in which the UE provides measurements to a base station / positioning entity / server for calculating the UE's position can be described as "UE-assisted," "UE-assisted positioning," and / or "UE-assisted position calculation," while a positioning operation in which the UE measures and calculates its own position can be described as "UE-based," "UE-based positioning," and / or "UE-based position calculation."

[0107] Additional positioning methods can be used to estimate the location of UE 404, such as, for example, UE-side UL-AoD and / or DL-AoA. It should be noted that data / measurements from various technologies can be combined in various ways to increase accuracy, determine and / or enhance certainty, supplement / improve measurements, and / or replace / provide missing information.

[0108] It should be noted that the terms "location reference signal" and "PRS" generally refer to specific reference signals used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms "location reference signal" and "PRS" can also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as, but not limited to, PRS, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc., as defined in LTE and NR. Furthermore, the terms "location reference signal" and "PRS" can refer to downlink or uplink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise indicated by the context. To further distinguish the types of PRS, downlink positioning reference signals may be referred to as "DL PRS," and uplink positioning reference signals (e.g., SRS, PTRS used for positioning) may be referred to as "UL-PRS." Additionally, for signals that can be transmitted in both the uplink and downlink (e.g., DMRS, PTRS), these signals may be prefixed with "UL" or "DL" to distinguish the direction. For example, "UL-DMRS" can be distinguished from "DL-DMRS." Furthermore, the terms “location” and “positioning” are used interchangeably throughout the specification, and the term can refer to a specific geographical location or a relative location.

[0109] In some specific implementations, at least one artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model can be configured / implemented at the UE or at network entities / nodes (e.g., base stations, location servers, location management functions (LMFs), etc.) to assist the UE and / or network entities / nodes in UE localization. For example, the AI / ML model can be trained to determine the UE's localization based on DL-AoA, DL-TDOA, channel impulse response (CIR), radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting, etc. In most scenarios, using an AI / ML model can significantly improve UE localization latency, accuracy / reliability, and / or efficiency. For the purposes of this disclosure, the AI / ML model implemented on the UE side may be referred to as the "UE-side model" and / or the "UE-side AI / ML model." On the other hand, the AI / ML model implemented on the network side may be referred to as the "network-side model," the "network-side AI / ML model," and / or the (network name) side AI / ML model (e.g., base station-side AI / ML model, LMF-side AI / ML model, etc.).

[0110] Furthermore, location associated with a UE or network entity / node that uses an AI / ML model to determine the UE's location can be referred to as "direct AI / ML location," while location associated with a UE or network entity / node that uses an AI / ML model to perform location-related measurements (and sends the location-related measurements to another entity) to determine the UE's location can be referred to as "AI / ML-assisted location" and / or "assisted AI / ML location." Additionally, UE-based location using at least one UE-side AI / ML model (e.g., the UE determines its own location) can be referred to as "direct UE AI / ML location" and / or "UE direct AI / ML location," while UE-assisted location using at least one UE-side AI / ML model (e.g., the UE provides location measurements, and a network entity (such as an LMF) determines the UE's location based on the location measurements provided by the UE) can be referred to as "UE AI / ML-assisted location," "UE-assisted AI / ML location," "AI / ML-assisted UE location," and / or "AI / ML UE-assisted location," etc. Similarly, network-based localization using at least one network / LMF-side AI / ML model (e.g., network entities such as LMF determine the UE's localization) can be referred to as "direct network / LMF AI / ML localization" and / or "network / LMF direct AI / ML localization".

[0111] Figure 5 Figure 500 illustrates examples of UE-based positioning, direct AI / ML, or AI / ML-assisted positioning utilizing UE-side AI / ML models according to various aspects of this disclosure. In one embodiment, UE 502 may be associated with at least one AI / ML model 508, and UE 502 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to perform direct AI / ML positioning and / or assisted AI / ML positioning based on downlink (DL) reference signals such as positioning reference signals (PRS). For example, UE 502 may receive and measure a set of PRS transmitted from base station 506, such as measuring the reference signal received power (RSRP), channel impulse response (CIR), DL-AoA, and / or time of flight (ToF) of the PRS set, which may be collectively referred to as "PRS measurements" and / or "PRS-based measurements." In some examples, UE 502 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to measure the PRS set (e.g., for assisted AI / ML positioning). In some examples, based on PRS measurements, UE 502 can use at least one AI / ML model 508 to determine its localization (e.g., for direct AI / ML localization). It should be noted that in this assisted AI / ML localization example, UE 502 can use at least one AI / ML model 508 to perform PRS measurements, and UE 502 can determine its localization based on PRS measurements without the assistance of an AI / ML model.

[0112] Figure 6A Figure 600A illustrates examples of UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning and AI / ML-assisted positioning utilizing UE-side AI / ML models according to various aspects of this disclosure. In another specific embodiment, UE 502 may be associated with at least one AI / ML model 508, and UE 502 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to perform or assist in the measurement of DL reference signals. For example, UE 502 may receive and measure a set of PRS transmitted from base station 506 with the assistance of at least one AI / ML model 508, which may be referred to as "PRS-based measurements". UE 502 may then send the PRS-based measurements to a location server 504, such as an LMF. In response, location server 504 may determine the location of UE 502 (with or without using an AI / ML model) based on the PRS-based measurements.

[0113] Figure 6B Figure 600B illustrates examples of UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning and direct AI / ML positioning utilizing LMF-side AI / ML models according to various aspects of this disclosure. In another embodiment, UE 502 may not include a UE-side AI / ML model, and location server 504 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to determine the location of UE 502. For example, UE 502 may receive and measure a PRS set transmitted from base station 506, and UE 502 may send PRS-based measurements to location server 504, such as an LMF. In response, location server 504 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to determine the location of UE 502 based on the PRS-based measurements from UE 502.

[0114] Figure 7AFigure 700A illustrates examples of network (e.g., NG-RAN) node-assisted localization and AI / ML-assisted localization utilizing gNB-side AI / ML models according to various aspects of this disclosure. In another specific embodiment, a network node (such as base station 506) may be associated with at least one AI / ML model 508, and base station 506 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to assist in the measurement of uplink (UL) reference signals (such as sounding reference signals (SRS)). For example, UE 502 may send an SRS set to base station 506, and base station 506 may receive and measure the SRS set (which may be referred to as "SRS-based measurement") with the assistance of at least one AI / ML model 508. Base station 506 may then send the SRS-based measurement to location server 504, such as LMF. In response, location server 504 may determine the location of UE 502 (with or without using an AI / ML model) based on the SRS-based measurement from base station 506.

[0115] Figure 7B Figure 700B illustrates examples of network (e.g., NG-RAN) node-assisted localization and direct AI / ML localization utilizing LMF-side AI / ML models according to various aspects of this disclosure. In another specific embodiment, network nodes (such as base station 506) may not include AI / ML models, and location server 504 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to determine the location of UE 502. For example, UE 502 may send an SRS set to base station 506, and base station 506 may receive and measure the SRS set. Base station 506 may then send the SRS-based measurements to location server 504, such as an LMF. Based on the SRS-based measurements from base station 506, location server 504 may use at least one AI / ML model 508 to determine the location of UE 502. For the purposes of this disclosure, in conjunction with Figure 5 , Figure 6A and Figure 6B The described localization can be referred to as AI / ML localization based on DL reference signals, and combined with Figure 7A and Figure 7B The described positioning can be referred to as AI / ML positioning based on UL reference signals.

[0116] Figure 8A Figure 800A is an illustration of examples of direct AI / ML localization according to various aspects of this disclosure. (As in conjunction with...) Figure 5 , Figure 6B and Figure 7BAs described, for direct AI / ML positioning, network entities (e.g., UE, location server, LMF, etc.) can use at least one AI / ML model (e.g., at least one AI / ML model 508) to determine the location of the UE or target. For example, the UE can receive and measure PRS transmitted from one or more base stations, and the UE can use an AI / ML model based on the PRS measurement to determine its location. In another example, the LMF can receive PRS measurements from the UE or SRS measurements from a base station, and the LMF can use an AI / ML model based on the PRS / SRS measurements to determine the UE's location.

[0117] Figure 8B Figure 800B is an illustration of examples of AI / ML-assisted localization according to various aspects of this disclosure. (As in conjunction with...) Figure 5 , Figure 6A and Figure 7A As described, for AI / ML-assisted localization, network nodes / entities (e.g., UE, base stations, etc.) can use at least one AI / ML model (e.g., at least one AI / ML model 508) to assist in the measurement of reference signals (e.g., PRS, SRS, etc.). The network nodes / entities can then send the reference signal measurements to a location server, such as an LMF. In response, the location server can determine the UE's location based on a non-AI / ML mechanism / algorithm or based on determining the UE's location using an AI / ML model. For example, the UE can receive and measure PRS transmitted from one or more base stations, and the UE can send the PRS measurements to the LMF. PRS measurements may include intermediate measurements, such as the timing and / or angle of the PRS, whether the PRS was received under line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, etc. The LMF can then determine the UE's location based on the PRS measurements (e.g., intermediate measurements) with or without using an AI / ML model. Similarly, a base station can receive and measure SRS transmitted from the UE, and the base station can send the SRS measurements to the LMF. Then, LMF can determine the UE's location based on SRS measurements (e.g., intermediate measurements) with or without using an AI / ML model.

[0118] A Positioning Frequency Layer (PFL) (or "Frequency Layer" in some examples) can refer to a collection of one or more PRS resource sets with the same values ​​for certain parameters across one or more TRPs. A PFL may include one or more TRPs, and each of those TRPs may include one or more resource sets, and each of those resource sets may include one or more PRs resources, etc. In some examples, the collection of PRS resource sets may have the same subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., meaning that all parameter sets supported for PDSCH are also supported for PRS), the same downlink PRS bandwidth value, the same starting PRB (and center frequency), and / or the same comb size, etc. In some examples, the downlink PRS bandwidth may have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24 PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. In other examples, up to four frequency layers can be configured, and up to two PRS resource sets can be configured per frequency layer per TRP.

[0119] In some implementations, the concept of a PFL can be similar to that of a component carrier (CC) and a base station (BWP), where a CC and BWP can be used by a single base station (or a macro cell base station and a small cell base station) to transmit data channels, while a PFL can be used by multiple (e.g., three or more) base stations to transmit a positioning service (PRS). The UE can indicate the number of PFLs it can support when transmitting its positioning capabilities to the network (such as during a positioning protocol session). For example, the UE can indicate whether it can support one, two, three, or four PFLs.

[0120] In some scenarios, a UE may receive multiple PRS resources from multiple TRPs via one or more PFLs, where the UE may not have the capability to process all of the multiple PRS resources. Therefore, the UE can apply predefined priority ordering rules to prioritize the measurement of PRS resources. Based on the predefined priority ordering rules, the UE can measure a subset of multiple PRS resources, and the UE can skip measuring another subset of multiple PRS resources.

[0121] Figure 9This is a diagram 900 illustrating example DL PRS resource priority ordering according to various aspects of this disclosure. A UE may be configured with multiple PRS resources in the auxiliary data of a positioning session, where the number of PRS resources the UE needs to process may exceed the UE's processing capacity. In one example, the UE may assume that the DL PRS resources in the auxiliary data are ordered in descending order of measurement priority. For example, if the UE is configured to receive or measure DL PRS resources via multiple frequency layers (e.g., PFLs), where each PFL may include PRS resources transmitted from multiple TRPs, the UE may measure the DL PRS resources based on priorities associated with the multiple frequency layers (e.g., from the first frequency layer to the last frequency layer), priorities associated with the TRPs in each PFL (e.g., from the first TRP in the PFL to the last TRP), priorities associated with the RPS resource sets associated with each TRP (e.g., from the first PRS resource set in the TRP to the last TRP resource set), and priorities associated with the RPS resources within each PRS resource set (e.g., from the first PRS resource in the resource set to the last PRS resource).

[0122] For example, as shown in Figure 900, the UE can be configured to receive DL PRS from a first frequency layer 902 (PFL 1) and a second frequency layer 904 (PFL 2). The first frequency layer 902 may include DL PRS transmitted from a first TRP 906 and a second TRP 908, wherein the first TRP 906 may use first PRS resources 916 and 918 in a first PRS resource set 910 and first PRS resources 920 and 922 in a second PRS resource set 912 to transmit PRS, and the second TRP 908 may use first PRS resources 924 and 926 in a first PRS resource set 914 to transmit PRS. Similarly, the UE may also receive DL PRS from the second frequency layer 904 via multiple TRPs, PRS resource sets, and / or PRS resources.

[0123] In one example, if the UE does not have the capability to process all configured PRS resources, the UE can be configured to receive or measure the PRS received from the first frequency layer 902 before processing the PRS in the second frequency layer 904. Similarly, if a third frequency layer (PFL 3) and a fourth frequency layer (PFL 4) also exist, the UE can be configured to first receive or measure the PRS received from the first frequency layer 902, then the PRS received from the second frequency layer 904, then the PRS received from the third frequency layer, and then the PRS received from the fourth frequency layer (e.g., PRS is processed / measured based on PFL 1>PFL 2>PFL 3>PFL 4). If the UE does not have the capability to process / measure the PRS in a frequency layer, the UE can skip measuring the PRS in that frequency layer. For example, if the UE is configured to receive PRS via the first frequency layer 902 and the second frequency layer 904, but the UE just happens to be able to process / measure the PRS in the first frequency layer 902, the UE can skip the PRS measurement for the second frequency layer 904.

[0124] Similarly, within a frequency layer, if the UE does not have the capability to process all PRSs in the frequency layer, the UE can prioritize its PRS measurements based on the priority associated with the TRP. For example, the UE can be configured to receive or measure the PRS received from the first TRP 906 before processing the PRS from the second TRP 908. Similarly, if a third TRP (TRP 3) and a fourth TRP (TRP 4) also exist, the UE can be configured to receive or measure the PRS received from the first TRP 906, then receive or measure the PRS from the second TRP 908, then receive or measure the PRS from the third TRP, and then receive or measure the PRS from the fourth TRP (e.g., PRS are processed / measured based on the frequency layer order TRP 1 > TRP 2 > TRP 3 > TRP 4). If the UE does not have the capability to process / measure the PRS from a TRP, the UE can skip measuring the PRS in that TRP. For example, if the UE is configured to receive PRS via the first frequency layer 902 through the first TRP 906 and the second TRP 908, but the UE is just able to process / measure the PRS in the first TRP 906, then the UE can skip the PRS measurement for the second TRP 908.

[0125] Furthermore, within a TRP, if the UE does not have the capability to process all PRSs within that TRP, the UE can prioritize its PRS measurements based on the priority associated with the PRS resource set. For example, the UE can be configured to receive or measure PRS received from the first PRS resource set 910 before processing PRS from the second PRS resource set 912. Similarly, if a third PRS resource set (PRS resource set 3) and a fourth PRS resource set (PRS resource set 4) also exist, the UE can be configured to first receive or measure PRS received from the first PRS resource set 910, then PRS received from the second PRS resource set 912, then PRS received from the third PRS resource set, and then PRS received from the fourth PRS resource set (e.g., PRS are processed / measured based on PRS resource set 1 > PRS resource set 2 > PRS dataset 3 > PRS information set 4 with the TRP). If the UE does not have the capability to process / measure PRS in a PRS resource set, the UE can skip measuring PRS in that PRS resource set. For example, if the UE is configured to receive PRS from the first TRP 906 via the first PRS resource set 910 and the second PRS resource set 912, but the UE is just able to process / measure the PRS in the first PRS resource set 910, then the UE can skip the PRS measurement for the second PRS resource set 912.

[0126] Finally, within a PRS resource set, if the UE does not have the capability to process all PRS in that PRS resource set, the UE can prioritize its PRS measurements based on the priority associated with the PRS resource. For example, the UE can be configured to receive or measure PRS received from the first PRS resource 916 before processing PRS from the second PRS resource 918. Similarly, if a third PRS resource (PRS resource 3) and a fourth PRS resource (PRS resource 4) also exist, the UE can be configured to first receive or measure PRS received from the first PRS resource 916, then from the second PRS resource 918, then from the third PRS resource, and then from the fourth PRS resource (e.g., PRS are processed / measured based on the PRS resource set PRS resource 1 > PRS resource 2 > PRS resource 3 > PRS resource 4). If the UE does not have the capability to process / measure PRS in a PRS resource, the UE can skip measuring PRS in that PRS resource. For example, if the UE is configured to receive PRS via the first PRS resource 916 and the second PRS resource 918 in the first PRS resource set 910, but the UE is just able to process / measure the PRS in the first PRS resource 916, then the UE can skip the PRS measurement for the second PRS resource 918.

[0127] Therefore, if the UE is configured with multiple PRS resources via multiple frequency layers, multiple TRPs, multiple PRS resource sets and / or multiple PRS resources, the UE can sort the frequency layers according to priority (e.g., up to four frequency layers), sort the TRPs per frequency layer according to priority (e.g., up to sixty-four (64) TRPs per frequency layer), sort the PRS resource sets per TRP according to priority (e.g., up to two resource sets per TRP), and / or sort the PRS resources per PRS resource set (e.g., up to sixty-four (64) PRS resources per PRS resource set). In other words, within the positioning frequency layer, DL PRS resources can be sorted in descending order of the priority of the measurement performed by the UE, with the reference indicated by nr-DL-PRS-ReferenceInfo as the highest priority of the measurement, and assuming the following priorities: (1) up to 64 dl-PRS-IDs per frequency layer are sorted according to priority; and (2) up to 2 DL PRS resource sets per dl-PRS-ID per frequency layer are sorted according to priority.

[0128] Figure 10A Figure 1000A illustrates examples of DL-PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs according to various aspects of this disclosure. In one example, the serving base station or location server may configure DL-PRS to be transmitted from one or more TRPs within a single time slot or across multiple time slots. If DL-PRS is configured to be transmitted within a single time slot, the serving base station may configure the starting resource element from each of the one or more TRPs in terms of time and frequency. If DL-PRS is configured to be transmitted across multiple time slots, the serving base station may configure the gap between DL-PRS time slots, the periodicity of DL-PRS, and / or the density of DL-PRS within a time period. The serving base station may also configure DL-PRS to begin at any physical resource block (PRB) in the system bandwidth. In one example, the system bandwidth may range from 24 to 276 PRBs in steps of 4 PRBs (e.g., 24, 28, 32, 36, etc.). The serving base station can transmit DL-PRS within a PRS beam, where the PRS beam can be referred to as a "PRS resource," and the complete set of PRS beams transmitted from the TRP on the same frequency can be referred to as a "PRS resource set" or "PRS resource set," such as when combined. Figure 9 As described. Figure 10A As shown, DL-PRS transmitted from different TRPs and / or from different PRS beams can be multiplexed across symbols or time slots.

[0129] In some examples, each symbol of the DL-PRS can be configured with a comb structure on the frequency, where the DL-PRS from the base station's TRP can occupy every Nth subcarrier. The comb tooth value N can be configured to be 2, 4, 6, or 12. The length of the PRS within a time slot can be a multiple of N symbols, and the position of the first symbol within the time slot can be flexible, as long as the time slot consists of at least N PRS symbols. Figure 1000A shows an example of a comb-6 DL-PRS configuration, where the pattern for the DL-PRS from different TRPs can be repeated after six (6) symbols.

[0130] Figure 10B Figure 1000B illustrates examples of UL-SRS transmitted from a UE according to various aspects of this disclosure. In one example, the UL-SRS from the UE may be configured with a comb-4 pattern, wherein the pattern for the UL-SRS may be repeated after four (4) symbols. Similarly, the UL-SRS may be configured in an SRS resource within an SRS resource set, wherein each SRS resource may correspond to an SRS beam, and the SRS resource set may correspond to a set of SRS resources (e.g., beams) configured for TRP. In some examples, the SRS resource may span 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 consecutive OFDM symbols. In other examples, the comb size for the UL-SRS may be configured to 2, 4, or 8.

[0131] Figure 11A , Figure 11B , Figure 12A , Figure 12B , Figure 13A , Figure 13B , Figure 14A and Figure 14B The figures 1100A, 1100B, 1200A, 1200B, 1300A, 1300B, 1400A, and 1400B are example modes illustrating DL-PRS resources within time slots according to various aspects of this disclosure. DL-PRS resources can span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols with fully frequency-domain interleaved modes within a time slot. DL-PRS resources can be configured in DL or FL symbols configured at higher layers of the time slot. Furthermore, all REs for a given DL-PRS resource can have a constant energy per resource element (EPRE).

[0132] The modes illustrated in Figures 1100A, 1100B, 1200A, 1200B, 1300A, 1300B, 1400A, and 1400B can be referred to as "interleaved modes" or "frequency-domain interleaved modes," in which resource elements transmitting DL-PRS can be interleaved in the frequency domain of a given bandwidth, such that these resource elements are not adjacent to each other in two consecutive resource elements over a given bandwidth. Furthermore, although resource elements transmitting DL-PRS can be interleaved over multiple symbols, if the resource elements are deinterleaved, the resource elements can occupy the entire bandwidth. For example, Figure 11A Figure 1100A illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-2 mode with two symbols, where for two occupied symbols, there is one PRS resource element for every two subcarriers in the frequency domain, as shown at 1102. Furthermore, a set of frequency offsets can be applied to the PRS resource elements of each occupied symbol. For example, a frequency offset of {0, 1} can be applied to a comb-2 mode with two symbols, where the PRS resource element on the first occupied symbol can be transmitted with an offset of zero (0), and the PRS resource element on the second occupied symbol can be transmitted with an offset of one (1). Therefore, the PRS resource elements may also not be adjacent to each other in the time domain. As shown at 1104, although the PRS resource elements can be interleaved in a given bandwidth (and also in a given time domain), the UE can still receive the full bandwidth of the PRS after receiving these PRS resource elements; this can be referred to as deinterleaving the interleaved mode or converting the interleaved mode to a non-interleaved mode.

[0133] Similarly, Figure 11B Figure 1100B illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-4 mode with 4 symbols, wherein for four occupied symbols, there is one PRS resource element for every four subcarriers in the frequency domain, and the mode may include frequency offsets of {0, 2, 1, 3}. Figure 12A Figure 1200A illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-2 mode with 12 symbols, wherein for twelve occupied symbols, there is one PRS resource element for every two subcarriers in the frequency domain, and the mode may include frequency offsets of {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}. Figure 12B Figure 1200B illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-4 mode with 12 symbols, wherein for twelve occupied symbols, there is one PRS resource element for every four subcarriers in the frequency domain, and the mode may include frequency offsets of {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}. Figure 13AFigure 1300A illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-6 mode with 6 symbols, wherein for six occupied symbols, there is one PRS resource element for every six subcarriers in the frequency domain, and the mode may include frequency offsets of {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}. Figure 13B Figure 1300B illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-12 pattern with 12 symbols, wherein for twelve occupied symbols, there is one PRS resource element for every twelve subcarriers in the frequency domain, and the pattern may include frequency offsets of {0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11}. Figure 14A Figure 1400A illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-2 mode with 6 symbols, where there is one PRS resource element for every two subcarriers in the frequency domain for the six occupied symbols, and the mode may include a frequency offset of {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}. Figure 14B Figure 1400B illustrates an example DL-PRS resource based on a comb-6 mode with 12 symbols, where there is one PRS resource element for every six subcarriers in the frequency domain for twelve occupied symbols, and the mode may include frequency offsets of {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}.

[0134] Interleaved patterns can also be applied to UL-SRS. For example, Figure 15 Figure 1500 illustrates an example pattern of UL-SRS resources within a time slot according to various aspects of this disclosure. The following can be a frequency offset from symbol to symbol over 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 symbols, with comb sizes of 2, 4, and 8. 1-symbol comb tooth-2: {0}; 2-symbol comb tooth-2: {0, 1}; 2-symbol comb tooth-2: {0, 1}; 4-symbol comb tooth-2: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 2-symbol comb tooth-4: {0, 2}; 4-symbol comb tooth-4: {0, 2, 1, 3}; 8-symbol comb tooth-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 12-symbol comb tooth-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 4-symbol comb tooth-8: {0, 4, 2, 6}; 8-symbol comb tooth-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7}; and 12-symbol comb tooth-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1,} 5, 3, 7, 0, 4, 2, 6, etc.

[0135] like Figure 11A , Figure 11B , Figure 12A , Figure 12B , Figure 13A, Figure 13B , Figure 14A , Figure 14B and Figure 15 As shown, in some examples, both the DL-RPS and UL-SRS used for localization can include specific resource element mapping patterns. For comb patterns in the frequency domain, the power of each resource element can be increased for higher localization coverage / range, and the comb size (e.g., the density of REs) can be configurable, such as comb-2, comb-4, comb-6, and comb-12. Interleaved comb offsets can be applied across symbols, allowing the energy of multiple symbols to be combined for higher coverage / range after deinterleaving. In some examples, after deinterleaving, the combined symbols can also become comb-1, such as... Figure 11A As shown in 1104, this can provide a higher positioning range (e.g., by avoiding spatial aliasing).

[0136] Such as combination Figure 5 , Figure 6A and Figure 6B As described, AI / ML positioning (direct and assisted) based on DL reference signals can specify the channel between a measurement target (e.g., UE 502) and one or more network / RAN nodes (e.g., base station 506, gNB / TRP, etc.). This can be achieved by transmitting reference signals (e.g., PRS, SSB, CSI-RS, etc.) and measuring those reference signals at data collection / inference entities (e.g., UE, Positioning Reference Unit (PRU), etc.). Examples of DL reference signal measurements used as input to AI / ML positioning models may include channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received path power (RSRPP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), time of arrival (TOA), reference signal time difference (RSTD), and / or angle of departure (AoD), etc.

[0137] For combination Figure 6BThe described network node-assisted localization using an LMF-side model allows the LMF (e.g., location server 504) to be configured to run a direct AI / ML localization model with UE assistance, where the UE (e.g., UE 502) can be configured to provide AI / ML model input. In some scenarios, this configuration has proven to produce excellent performance when the AI / ML model input is based on CIR / CFR measurements of a DL reference signal (such as PRS). However, most / current network-specific implementations (e.g., LTE Localization Protocol (LPP) or LPP A (LPPa)) do not support / enable the UE to report complex I / Q samples (e.g., for CIR and / or CFR) because this could specify very high over-the-air (OTA) reporting overhead. As an example, for 100MHz with a 30kHz subcarrier spacing, the UE could specify reporting N complex values ​​for a PRS resource, where N corresponds to the number of subcarriers (e.g., approximately 3300 complex values ​​in this example). When the UE is configured to report additional PRS resources (e.g., approximately 6600 complex values ​​for two PRS resources, approximately 9900 complex values ​​for three PRS resources, etc.), the reporting overhead can scale linearly. Therefore, reporting CIR / CFR measurements used for AI / ML positioning can consume very high resource overhead.

[0138] The aspects presented in this paper can improve the efficiency and performance of AI / ML positioning by reducing the reporting overhead of DL reference signal measurements, such as Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) measurements. For example, the aspects presented in this paper can enable the UE to compress the reporting of CIR / CFR measurements using one or more compression methods, wherein the compressed CIR / CFR measurement reports can still be used by the AI / ML model to perform AI / ML inference and / or be trained efficiently and accurately. In other words, although reporting the entire CIR / CFR measurements of the AI / ML model (e.g., the LMF-side AI / ML model) may be inefficient due to high OTA reporting overhead, one or more compression methods can be implemented at the UE for efficient reporting of CIR / CFR to the LMF, especially when the UE is configured to report multiple PRS resources.

[0139] In one aspect, the UE can be configured by the LMF or a location server to run at least one compression method (e.g., as part of an auxiliary data (AD) exchange process, a location information process, and / or a location broadcast process, etc.). For example, let These are PRS resources (including unused subcarriers) received before channel estimation is applied (e.g., This can correspond to the set of tones representing PRS, where It is the number of OFDM symbols (note: depends on the PRS comb structure, It can be 2, 4, 6, or 12 symbols, such as in combination. Figure 11A , Figure 11B , Figure 12A , Figure 12B , Figure 13A , Figure 13B , Figure 14A and Figure 14B (as described above). Furthermore, let It is the channel frequency response of a PRS resource, where This is the number of complex I / Q samples corresponding to the subcarriers of the PRS resource. In some configurations, the UE can be configured to report multiple PRS resources as part of different resource sets and physical frequency layers (PFLs), such as combining... Figure 9 As described. Therefore, up to [number] UE reports can be specified. One PRS resource, of which It is the number of PRS resources in each set. It is the number of resource sets, and This refers to the number of PFLs. Then, the UE calculates / measures the CIR. For example, by applying a size of to the CFR The discrete Fourier inverse transform (e.g., ).

[0140] In one aspect of this disclosure, the UE can be configured to report or (For example, It is a CFR of a PRS resource and This is a sparse representation of PRS resources (such as those received before channel estimation), where the UE can consider / apply the sparse pattern of the estimated PRS resources. For example, the UE can be configured to report... Each of the occupied subcarriers in Each subcarrier. In some examples, the UE can also be configured to report. A sparse representation of unoccupied subcarriers (if any). For example, the UE can be configured to report... Each of the first Unoccupied subcarriers (if available). LMF can use this report to estimate the SNR (of the channel between the UE and the base station) and use it as additional input for AI / ML learning / training / inference. Sampling parameters and It can be configured by the LMF or pre-configured at the UE.

[0141] Figure 16 This illustrates various aspects of the UE reporting r, according to this disclosure. or It is a CFR of a PRS resource and Figure 1600 is an example of compressing a set of CIR / CFR measurements using a sparse representation of PRS resources (such as those received before channel estimation). The numbers associated with communication figure 1600 do not specify a particular time order and are used only as a reference for figure 1600. For the purposes of this disclosure, CIR / CFR measurements performed by the UE based on PRS may be referred to as PRS-based CIR / CFR measurements, while CIR / CFR measurements performed by network nodes (such as base stations / TRPs) based on SRS may be referred to as SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements.

[0142] As shown at 1610, UE 1602 can receive a set of reference signals (RS) 1608 (e.g., DL RS, PRS, etc.) from one or more base stations 1606 (e.g., which may be referred to as network nodes). Then, as shown at 1612, UE 1602 can perform channel impulse response (CIR) measurements and / or channel frequency response (CFR) measurements against the RS set 1608, such as combining... Figure 5 , Figure 6A and Figure 6B As described.

[0143] At 1614, UE 1602 can report CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., / The sparse representation of ) is used to compress CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608, where UE 1602 can be configured to report Each of the occupied subcarriers in Subcarriers. For example, as shown at 1616, UE 1602 can be configured to report. The fourth subcarrier in the list of occupied subcarriers. In some examples, such as shown at 1618, UE 1602 can also be configured to report. The sparse representation of unoccupied subcarriers (if any) in the data, which LMF 1604 can use to estimate the SNR (of the channel between UE 1602 and one or more base stations 1606) and use it as additional input for AI / ML learning / training / inference. For example, UE 1602 can be configured to report the first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to an occupied subcarrier (e.g., q=4 with zero offset). In some examples, sampling parameters... and It can be configured by LMF 1604 or pre-configured at UE 1602. In other words, UE 1602 can receive the configuration for compressed CIR / CFR measurements from LMF 1604.

[0144] At 1620, based on the applied compression method, UE 1602 can report compressed CIR / CFR measurements to LMF 1604. In some examples, compressed CIR / CFR measurements may include: the absolute value of the compressed CIR / CFR measurement, the complex value of the compressed CIR / CFR measurement, and / or the timing / frequency indication of the compressed CIR / CFR measurement. Therefore, the reporting overhead of CIR / CFR measurements can be greatly reduced. For example, if... (For example, UE 1602 report) If the report overhead for CIR / CFR measurements is reduced by approximately 75% for every 4th subcarrier in the occupied subcarriers.

[0145] In another aspect of this disclosure, the UE can be configured to report CIR. of 1 sample, of which Each sample can correspond to the strongest power sample, or it can be selected based on the following: One sample:

[0146] (1) The first sample in the middle has exceeded the threshold (The threshold can be set in dB relative to the maximum value of CIR) before the amplitude. A continuous sample,

[0147] (2) The UE finds its amplitude in The sample with the maximum value is in the middle, and the sample before the maximum value is reported. After the consecutive samples and the largest sample 10 consecutive samples (including the maximum value), of which , and / or

[0148] (3) The UE can report The front of the middle One peak.

[0149] Similarly, parameters , , , and It can be configured by the LMF or pre-configured at the UE.

[0150] Figure 17 This illustrates various aspects of the UE reported by the CIR according to this disclosure. of Figure 1700 shows an example of a sample used to compress a CIR / CFR measurement set, in which... Less than And it is selected based on at least one criterion. The number associated with communication diagram 1700 does not specify a particular time sequence and is only used as a reference for diagram 1700.

[0151] Such as combination Figure 16 As described, at locations 1610 and 1612, UE 1602 can receive RS set 1608 (e.g., DL RS, PRS, etc.) from one or more base stations 1606. UE 1602 can then perform CIR measurements and / or CFR measurements for RS set 1608, such as combining... Figure 5 , Figure 6A and Figure 6B As described.

[0152] At 1614, UE 1602 can report CIR. of A sample is used to compress CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608. In one example, Each sample can correspond to The first sample in the middle has exceeded the threshold (The threshold can be set in dB relative to the maximum value of CIR) before the amplitude. Continuous samples. For example, as shown at 1702, UE1602 can be configured to report amplitudes exceeding a threshold. The thirty (30) consecutive samples following the first sample (e.g., =30). If the threshold It was set to approximately 0.57 dB and had a threshold. If the first sample of the amplitude is the 116th sample, then UE 1602 can be configured to report samples 116 to 145 to LMF 1604.

[0153] In another example, UE 1602 can be configured to find its magnitude in The sample with the maximum value is in the middle, and the sample before the maximum value is reported. After the consecutive samples and the largest sample 10 consecutive samples (including the maximum value), of which For example, as shown at 1704, if the sample with the largest amplitude is the 134th sample, then UE1602 can be configured to report samples prior to the 134th sample to LMF 1604. The first sample (as shown at position 1706) and the samples after the 134th sample 1708 samples (as shown at 1708). Therefore, the total number of samples reported by UE 1602 is 1708. One sample.

[0154] In another example, UE 1602 can be configured to report. The front of the middle A number of peaks (e.g., the N' samples corresponding to the first N' peaks) or The highest power One sample. For example, as shown at 1710, if UE 1602 is configured to report If the first four (4) peaks in the sample data correspond to samples 112, 119, 134, and 141, then UE 1602 can report samples 112, 119, 134, and 141 to LMF 1604. Therefore, UE 1602 reports approximately 2.8% (4 / 145) of the samples.

[0155] LMF 1604 can be configured to combine Figure 17 Parameters described for UE 1602 , , , and / or One or more parameters in the UE 1602, and / or one or more of these parameters may be pre-configured at UE 1602 (e.g., defined by the specification).

[0156] At 1620, based on the applied compression method, UE 1602 can report compressed CIR / CFR measurements to LMF 1604. In some examples, compressed CIR / CFR measurements may include: the absolute value of the compressed CIR / CFR measurement, the complex value of the compressed CIR / CFR measurement, and / or the timing / frequency indication of the compressed CIR / CFR measurement. Therefore, the reporting overhead of CIR / CFR measurements can be greatly reduced.

[0157] In another aspect of this disclosure, in order to compress CIR / CFR measurement reports, UE 1602 may be configured to report CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608 that satisfy at least one predefined condition and / or some characteristic for different resource sets and / or physical frequency layers. For example, UE 1602 may be configured to report samples that have: (1) above a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. The SNR (2) is higher than the reference signal received power (RSRP) threshold. RSRP, (3) is higher or lower than the delay spread threshold The delay spread and / or (4) is above or below the Rice factor threshold Rice factor, etc.

[0158] In some examples, besides combining Figure 16 and Figure 17In addition to the aspects described, these predefined conditions and / or characteristics can also be applied by UE 1602. For example, UE 1602 can be configured to report amplitudes exceeding a threshold. (For example, such as combination) Figure 17 (as described in 1702) and the SNR is also higher than the SNR threshold for the first sample followed by thirty (30) consecutive samples (e.g., =30). Similarly, LMF 1604 can configure the SNR threshold for UE 1602. RSRP threshold Delay expansion threshold and / or Rice factor threshold One or more of these thresholds, and / or one or more of these thresholds, may be preconfigured at UE 1602 (e.g., as defined by the specification).

[0159] In another aspect of this disclosure, in order to compress CIR / CFR measurement reports, UE 1602 can be configured to report prior to RS set 1608. A set of CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608, where the radio characteristics of the RS set are the highest for different resource sets and / or physical frequency layers. These radio characteristics may include SNR, RSRP, delay spread, and / or Rice factor, etc. For example, UE 1602 can be configured to report the top ten CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608, where the SNR of the RS set is the highest for different resource sets and / or physical frequency layers.

[0160] In some examples, besides combining Figure 16 and Figure 17 In addition to the aspects described, this configuration can also be applied by UE 1602. For example, UE 1602 can be configured to report amplitudes exceeding a threshold. (For example, such as combination) Figure 17 (as described in 1702) and its SNR is also for the first sample after the largest of different resource sets and / or physical frequency layers, thirty (30) consecutive samples (e.g., =30). LMF 1604 can configure parameters for UE 1602. And / or parameters It can be pre-configured at UE 1602 (e.g., as defined by the specification).

[0161] In another aspect of this disclosure, the UE can measure CFR (e.g., CFR or And / or CIR measurements (e.g., CIR r) are passed to the AI / ML model (which may or may not be co-located with the UE). In response, the AI / ML model can, for example, use a combination of Figure 16 and Figure 17 The described aspects compress CIR / CFR measurements, and AI / ML can send the compressed latent representation of CIR / CFR to LMF. Such a configuration is suitable for UEs with lower processing power and / or for scenarios where standard AI / ML models are used for multiple UEs, etc.

[0162] Figure 18 Figure 1800 illustrates an example of a UE transmitting CIR / CFR measurements to an AI / ML model for performing compression of the CIR / CFR measurements, according to various aspects of this disclosure. The numbers associated with the communication figure 1800 do not specify a particular time sequence and are used only as a reference for the figure 1800.

[0163] Such as combination Figure 16 As described, at locations 1610 and 1612, UE 1602 can receive RS set 1608 (e.g., DL RS, PRS, etc.) from one or more base stations 1606. UE 1602 can then perform CIR measurements (e.g., r) and / or CFR measurements (e.g., r) against RS set 1608. or ), such as combination Figure 5 , Figure 6A and Figure 6B As described.

[0164] At 1614, UE 1602 can use AI / ML model 1802 to compress CIR / CFR measurements. For example, as shown at 1804, UE 1602 can compress CIR / CFR measurements. (or ) send, input, and / or transmit to a compressed potential representation capable of producing a CFR (for the purposes of this disclosure, which may be generated by AI / ML model 1802 (e.g., encoder, PRS CIR measurement encoder model, etc.) and / or UE 1602 can send, input, and / or pass CIR r to a compressed latent representation capable of generating CIR (for the purposes of this disclosure, it can be generated by...). The AI / ML model 1802 (e.g., an encoder, a PRS CFR measurement encoder model, etc.) can be located with the UE 1602 or not. For example, if the AI / ML model 1802 is not located with the UE 1602, the UE can (e.g., via signaling or a dedicated message) display the CFR... (or And / or CFR r is sent to AI / ML model 1802. On the other hand, if AI / ML model 1802 is located together with UE 1602, the UE can (e.g., via internal transmission) send CFR (or And / or CIR r input / pass to AI / ML model 1802.

[0165] Upon receiving CIR / CFR measurements, AI / ML model 1802 can apply one or more compression methods to the CIR / CFR measurements, such as combining... Figure 16 and Figure 17 As described. For example, AI / ML model 1802 can be used for reporting by selecting every Kth occupied subcarrier and / or by selecting CIR. of A sample is used for reporting to compress CIR / CFR measurements, where selection is based on the following factors: One sample: (1) The first sample in the middle has exceeded the threshold (The threshold can be set in dB relative to the maximum value of CIR) before the amplitude. (2) Its amplitude is a continuous sample; The sample with the maximum value and the samples before the maximum value. After the consecutive samples and the largest sample 10 consecutive samples (including the maximum value), of which ; and / or (3) The front of the middle Peak values, etc. In some examples, the AI / ML model 1802 can also select values ​​above or below the SNR threshold. RSRP threshold Delay expansion threshold and / or Rice factor threshold CIR / CFR measurements, or by selecting the previous CFR / CIR measurements are compressed to compress CIR / CFR measurements. Depending on the specific implementation, AI / ML model 1802 can be a standard model, a model provided to UE 1602 by LMF 1604, a UE-specific model (e.g., which can work when the UE's encoder is shared across multiple UEs from the same vendor), or a combination thereof.

[0166] As shown at 1806, after compressing the CFR / CIR measurements, the AI / ML model 1802 can compress the latent representation of the CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., and / or ) is sent to UE 1602. In some examples, AI / ML model 1802 can be configured to compress multiple CFRs (from the same / different resource sets and physical frequency layers) or and / or multiple CIRs ( ), and generate CFR and / or CIR The compressed latent representation. Then, at 1620, UE 1602 can perform compressed CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., / and / or / Send / forward to LMF 1604.

[0167] In some configurations, reported CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., from UE 1602) and / or reported compressed CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., from UE 1602 and / or AI / ML model 1802) may also be differentially encoded. For example, UE 1602 and / or AI / ML model 1802 may be configured to report the value of the maximum element (e.g., 2 dB) and the incremental values ​​of other elements relative to the maximum element (e.g., -0.3 dB, +0.7 dB, 0 dB, -0.01 dB, etc.). This can further reduce the reporting overhead of UE 1602 and / or AI / ML model 1802.

[0168] In another aspect of this disclosure, the LMF may request the UE or target to indicate whether it has the capability to report CIR / CFR measurements and request a list of compression methods supported by the UE / target (e.g., as discussed above). In response, the UE / target may request the LMF to provide a list of supported compression methods, and the LMF may provide the UE / target with appropriate / suitable configurations for the compression methods.

[0169] Figure 19 Figure 1900 is an example of a list illustrating a compression method for which the LMF requests support from the UE according to various aspects of this disclosure. The numbers associated with communication figure 1900 do not specify a particular time order and are used only as a reference for figure 1900.

[0170] As shown at 1902, in some implementations, LMF 1604 may request UE 1602 to indicate whether UE 1602 has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., with or without using an AI / ML model), it may also request a list of supported compression methods (e.g., as discussed above). Then, as shown at 1904, in response to the request from LMF 1604, UE 1602 may indicate to LMF 1604 whether it has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements, it may provide a list of supported compression methods.

[0171] In one configuration, request and response messages may be exchanged between UE 1602 and LMF 1604 as part of an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) or LPP A (LPPa) capability exchange procedure (or using an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) or LPP A (LPPa) capability exchange procedure). Furthermore, indications of supported compression methods may be based on a list of bitmaps (e.g., if they are defined / set in the specification). For example, bitmap

[0000] may correspond to a first compression method (e.g., reporting every kth occupied subcarrier), and bitmap

[0001] may correspond to a second compression method (e.g., reporting...). The first sample in the middle has exceeded the threshold The amplitude before (a series of consecutive samples), and the bitmap

[0010] may correspond to a third compression method (e.g., reporting the first L CFR measurements), etc. In some examples, UE 1602 may also indicate whether it is able to report complex values ​​of CIR / CFR, amplitude of CIR / CFR, and / or timing / frequency indication of CIR / CFR. In another example, for where UE 1602 is combined with, for example, a combination of Figure 18 In the specific implementation associated with the described AI / ML encoder model (e.g., AI / ML model 1802), UE 1602 can also indicate information about the AI / ML encoder model to the LMF. For example, if UE 1602 supports more than one type of AI / ML model, UE 1602 can indicate to the LMF whether UE 1602 supports UE-proprietary AI / ML models, standard AI / ML models, network (NW) AI / ML models, NW-developed AI / ML models, or combinations thereof.

[0172] In another aspect of this disclosure, LMF 1604 may also configure UE 1602 to have at least one CIR / CFR compression method (e.g., one of the compression methods discussed above) and parameters to be applied to the compression method. In some specific implementations, UE 1602 may also request LMF 1604 to configure the compression method for UE 1602, and / or request additional / further assistance to configure the parameters of the compression method.

[0173] For example, as shown at 1906, LMF 1604 may instruct / configure UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. UE 1602 may also request LMF 1604 to configure a specified compression method for UE 1602 (e.g., UE 1602 selects a compression method instead of LMF1604), and / or request additional / further assistance to configure parameters of the compression method selected by UE 1602, etc. In one example, request, response, and configuration messages (e.g., as discussed in conjunction with 1902, 1904, and 1906) may be exchanged between UE 1602 and LMF 1604 as part of (or using) the LPP capability exchange procedure and / or LPP location information transfer procedure. In another example, the LMF 1604 can be configured to advertise the configuration and method for CIR / CFR compression as part of a location broadcast process, for example, running on NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa), where the LMF can use NRPPa to transmit the configuration to network nodes (e.g., NG-RAN nodes), and the network nodes can then use a Positioning System Information Block (posSIB) to transmit / forward the configuration to the UE. Furthermore, for a specific implementation where the UE 1602 is associated with using an AI / ML encoder model provided by the LMF 1604, the LMF 1604 can send information / details for downloading the AI / ML encoder model, such as via the LPP Capability Exchange process, the LPP Location Information Transmission process, and / or the location broadcast process.

[0174] In some examples, such as at 1908, LMF 1604 may also send an indication to UE 1602 to request UE 1602 to compress CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., using a configured compression method). This indication may be sent as a separate signaling from the configuration at 1906, or implicitly implied based on the configuration used for compression.

[0175] In some examples, the configuration from LMF 1604 (e.g., at 1906) may also indicate periodicity and / or one or more conditions for UE 1602 to report RS measurements (e.g., measurements for RS set 1608, PRS, etc., such as CIF / CFR). For example, LMF 1604 may configure UE 1602 to perform PRS measurements (e.g., including scheduling of PRS resources), and UE 1602 may report compressed CIR / CFR measurements to LMF 1604 (as configured), such as combined Figures 16 to 18 As described. In response, the LMF 1604 can input compressed measurements into an AI / ML model to infer the location of the UE 1602, such as by combining... Figure 6B As described.

[0176] Such as combination Figure 7A and Figure 7B As described, AI / ML positioning (direct and assisted) can also be based on uplink (UL) reference signals, such as probe reference signals transmitted from the UE. For example, the UE (e.g., UE 502) can transmit an SRS set to a set of base stations / TRPs (e.g., base station 506), which, for illustrative purposes, may also be referred to as a network node. The base station / TRP set can measure the SRS set (which may be referred to as "SRS-based measurement") with the assistance of at least one AI / ML model (e.g., AI / ML model 508). The base station / TRP set can then transmit the SRS-based measurement to a location server (e.g., location server 504, LMF, etc.). In response, the location server can determine the UE's location based on the SRS-based measurement from the base station / TRP set. Examples of UL reference signal measurements used as input to the AI / ML positioning model may include CIR, CFR, RSSI, RSRP, RSRPP, RSRQ, and / or relative time of arrival (RTOA), etc.

[0177] For the purposes of this disclosure, the RSRP of the UL reference signal (which may be referred to as “SRS-RSRP” and / or “UL SRS-RSRP”) can be defined as the linear average of the power contribution (in [W]) of the resource element carrying the probe reference signal (SRS). The UL SRS-RSRP can be measured by the configured resource element within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth, at the configured measurement timing. In one configuration, the reference point for the UL SRS-RSRP can be: (1) for a Type 1-C base station: Rx antenna connector; (2) for a Type 1-O or 2-O base station: based on a combined signal from an antenna element corresponding to a given receiver branch; and (3) for a Type 1-H base station: Rx transceiver array boundary connector. For frequency range 1 and frequency range 2 (e.g., FR1 and FR2), if the gNB uses receiver diversity, the reported UL SRS-RSRP value may not be less than the corresponding UL SRS-RSRP of any individual receiver branch in the individual receiver branch.

[0178] The RTOA of the UL reference signal (which may be referred to as "UL RTOA" and is defined by "T") UL-RTOA The term "" can refer to the start of subframe i of the SRS received at receiver point (RP) j relative to the RTOA reference time. In one configuration, the UL RTOA reference time can be defined as... ,in The nominal start time of SFN 0 is provided by the SFN initialization time, and ,in and These are the system frame number and subframe number of the SRS, respectively. Multiple SRS resources can be used to determine the start of a subframe of the SRS received at the RP. UL-RTOA The reference point can be: (1) for type 1-C base station: Rx antenna connector; (2) for type 1-O or 2-O base station: Rx antenna (e.g., the center of the radiation area of ​​the Rx antenna); and (3) for type 1-H base station: Rx transceiver array boundary connector.

[0179] The RSRPP of the UL reference signal (which may be referred to as "SRS-RSRPP" and / or "UL SRS-RSRPP") can be defined as the power of the linear average of the channel response at the i-th path delay of the resource element carrying the received UL SRS signal configured for measurement, where the UL SRS-RSRPP at the 1-th path delay is the power contribution corresponding to the first detected path in time. In one configuration, the reference point of the UL SRS-RSRPP may be: (1) for a type 1-C base station: Rx antenna connector; (2) for a type 1-O or 2-O base station: based on the combined signal from the antenna element corresponding to a given receiver branch; and (3) for a type 1-H base station: Rx transceiver array boundary connector. For frequency range 1 and frequency range 2, if the gNB uses receiver diversity for UL SRS-RSRPP measurements: the reported UL SRS-RSRPP values ​​for the first path and the additional path can be provided for the same receiver branch as applied to the UL SRS-RSRP measurement, or the reported UL SRS-RSRPP value for the first path can be no less than the corresponding UL SRS-RSRPP for the first path of any individual receiver branch, and the reported UL SRS-RSRPP for the additional path can be provided for the same receiver branch as the applied UL SRS-RSRPP for the first path.

[0180] The UE can be configured with multiple SRS resource sets, and each SRS resource set can have up to K SRS resources (e.g., K=16), such as Figure 15 As shown. For example, in some implementations, the UE can be configured with one or more SRS resource sets configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-ResourceSet or SRS-PosResourceSet. For each SRS resource set configured by SRS-ResourceSet, the UE can be configured with K ≥ 1 SRS resources (higher-layer parameter SRS-Resource), where the maximum value of K is indicated by the UE capability. When the SRS resource set is configured with the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResourceSet, the UE can be configured with K ≥ 1 SRS resources (higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource), where the maximum value of K is 16. The applicability of the SRS resource set is configured by the higher-layer parameter usage in SRS-ResourceSet. When the higher-layer parameter usage is set to "beam management", only one SRS resource from each of the multiple SRS resource sets can be transmitted at a given time, but SRS resources from different SRS resource sets with the same temporal behavior in the same BWP can be transmitted simultaneously.

[0181] In some examples, the UE can be configured with an N-occupancy parameter by the higher-level parameter resourceMapping in SRS-Resource. s The SRS resource is defined as ∈{1, 2, 4} adjacent OFDM symbols, located within the last 6 symbols of the time slot, or at any symbol location within the time slot if resourceMapping-r16 is provided according to the UE capability, wherein all antenna ports of the SRS resource are mapped to each symbol of the resource. When the SRS is configured with the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResourceSet, the higher-layer parameter resourceMapping-r16 in SRS-PosResource indicates the location of the SRS resource within the time slot. Adjacent symbols. When the SRS is configured with the higher-level parameter SRS-ResourceSet, the higher-level parameter resourceMapping-r17 in SRS-Resource indicates any location within the SRS resource occupancy slot. Adjacent symbols.

[0182] In some examples, for a UE configured with one or more SRS resource configurations, and when the higher-layer parameter resourceType in SRS-Resource or SRS-PosResource is set to "Periodic". For a UE configured with one or more SRS resource configurations, and when the higher-layer parameter resourceType in SRS-Resource or SRS-PosResource is set to "Semi-persistent". If the UE has an active semi-persistent SRS resource configuration and has not received a deactivation command, the semi-persistent SRS configuration is considered active in the active UL BWP; otherwise, it is considered suspended. For a UE configured with one or more SRS resource configurations, and when the higher-layer parameter resourceType in SRS-Resource or SRS-PosResource is set to "Aperiodic".

[0183] In some implementations, when the SRS is configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource, and if the higher-layer parameter spatialRelationInfoPos is configured, it contains the ID of the configuration field of the reference RS. The reference RS can be an SRS, CSI-RS, SS / PBCH block, or DL ​​PRS configured on the serving cell, or SS / PBCH block or DL ​​PRS configured on a non-serving cell, configured by the higher-layer parameters SRS-Resource or SRS-PosResource. If the UE is configured to transmit SRS-PosResource in RRC_INACTIVE mode, the configured spatialRelationInfoPos also applies. It may not be desirable for the UE to transmit multiple SRS resources with different spatial relationships in the same OFDM symbol. If the UE is not configured with the higher-layer parameter spatialRelationInfoPos, the UE can transmit the SRS configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource across multiple SRS resources using a fixed spatial domain transmission filter, or it can use different spatial domain transmission filters across multiple SRS resources. It may be expected that the UE transmits SRS configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource within the UE's active UL BWP. When SRS configuration is done by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource, the UE may be provided with only a single RS source in spatialRelationInfoPos for each SRS resource used for positioning. For operation on the same carrier, if the SRS configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource conflicts with a scheduled PUSCH, the SRS is dropped in the conflicting symbol. It may not be expected that the UE be configured with SRS-PosResource on carriers of serving cells with a slot format consisting of DL symbols and UL symbols that are not configured for PUSCH / PUCCH transmission.

[0184] In some examples, depending on UE capabilities, the UE can be configured to report UE Timing Error Groups (TEGs), where a UE-side TEG can be defined as: a UE Tx TEG associated with the transmission of one or more UL SRS resources for positioning purposes, which have a Tx timing error difference within a certain margin. The UE can be configured to report, via the higher-layer parameter nr-UE-RxTxTEG-Request or ue-TxTEG-RequestUL-TDOA-Config, association information between transmitted SRS resources configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource and UE Tx TEGs via the higher-layer parameters nr-SRS-TxTEG-Set or ue-TxTEG-AssociationList, based on UE capabilities. The UE can report the UE Tx TEG timing error margin value for all UE Tx TEGs within a UEPositioningAssistanceInfo via the higher-layer parameter ue-TxTEG-TimingErrorMarginValue. If the UE reports a UE Tx TEG ID with UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement, the UE can report the association information between the transmitted SRS resources configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource and the UE Tx TEG ID. If the UE is configured with SRS resources configured by the higher-layer parameter SRS-PosResource in multiple CCs, the UE can report the carrierFreq or servCellId of the SRS resources when reporting UE Tx TEG associations. If the UE reports a UE RxTx TEG ID with UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement, the UE can report the UE Tx TEG ID. If the UE reports a UE Tx TEG ID with UERx-Tx time difference measurement, the UE can report the UE Tx TEG timing error margin value for all UE Tx TEGs within an NR-Multi-RTT-SignalMeasurementInformation via the higher-layer parameter nr-UE-TxTEG-TimingErrorMargin.

[0185] Depending on the UE capabilities, the UE may be configured with location-specific SRS resources associated with the initial UL BWP, and these SRS resources are transmitted within the initial UL BWP during RRC_INACTIVE mode with the same CP and subcarrier spacing as those configured for the initial UL BWP. Depending on the UE capabilities, the UE may also be configured with location-specific SRS resources outside the initial BWP, including the frequency location and bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, and CP length for transmitting SRS in RRC_INACTIVE mode. If, according to the UE capabilities, the transmission of location-specific SRS outside the initial BWP in unpaired spectrum during RRC_INACTIVE mode and at the handover time indicated in the higher-layer parameter switchingTimeSRS-TX-OtherTX conflicts in the time domain with other DL signals or channels or UL signals or channels, the location-specific SRS transmission is dropped in the symbol where the conflict occurred. If, depending on the UE's capabilities, in RRC_INACTIVE mode and at the handover time indicated in the higher-layer parameter switchingTimeSRS-TX-OtherTX, the location-related SRS transmission outside the initial BWP in the paired spectrum or SUL band conflicts in the time domain with a UL signal or channel on the same carrier, the location-related SRS transmission is dropped in the conflicting symbols. In RRC_INACTIVE mode, the location-related SRS resources outside the initial BWP are configured in the same frequency band and CC as the initial UL BWP. If the UE in RRC_INACTIVE mode determines that it cannot accurately measure the DL RS configured in SRS-SpatialRelationInfoPos for the location-related SRS resources, where the DL RS is semi-persistent or periodic, the UE stops transmitting the location-related SRS resources.

[0186] AI / ML localization based on UL reference signals can specify the measurement of the UL channel between the UE / target and one or more network nodes (e.g., NG-RAN nodes, gNBs, base stations, TRPs, etc.). This can be achieved by having the UE / target transmit a reference signal (e.g., SRS) and measuring that reference signal at the data collection / inference entity (e.g., NG-RAN nodes, base stations, gNBs, TRPs, etc.). For combinations Figure 7BThe described network node-assisted localization using an LMF-side model allows the LMF (e.g., location server 504) to run a direct AI / ML localization model under network node assistance (e.g., NG-RAN node assistance), where network nodes (e.g., base station 506) are configured to report SRS measurements to the LMF. The LMF can then input the reported SRS measurements. In some examples, the AI / ML localization model may be capable of accepting different UL-based input types, including CIR, CFR, RSSI, RSRP, RSRPP, RSRQ, RToA, and / or AoA for SRS resources. In some scenarios, it has been shown that training the AI / ML model for the LMF using SRS-based CIR / CFR can exhibit superior performance. However, most current network implementations do not support / enable network nodes to report CIR / CFR, such as via NR Location Protocol A (NRPPa).

[0187] The aspects presented in this paper can improve the efficiency, accuracy, and performance of AI / ML positioning based on UL reference signal (e.g., SRS) measurements by reducing the reporting overhead of UL reference signal measurements. For example, the aspects presented in this paper can enable network nodes (e.g., NG-RAN nodes, base stations / TRPs, etc.) to compress CIR / CFR reports using one or more compression methods, wherein the compressed CIR / CFR reports can still be used by AI / ML models to perform AI / ML inference and / or be trained efficiently and accurately. Although UL measurement reporting (e.g., in NRPPa) can occur over wired / fiber channels, it is appropriate to seek methods for compressing CIR / CFR because they incur high reporting overhead as discussed above, especially when network nodes are configured to report multiple SRS resources.

[0188] Figure 20 This is an illustration 2000 illustrating an example of configuring one or more network nodes (e.g., base stations / TRPs) to compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements using an LMF according to various aspects of this disclosure. The numbers associated with the communication illustration 2000 do not specify a particular time order and are used only as a reference for the illustration 2000.

[0189] At 2010, the LMF 2004 (or location server / network entity) can send a configuration set to one or more base stations 2006 (e.g., NG-RAN nodes, gNBs, TRPs, etc.) for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. This configuration set specifies / instructs one or more base stations 2006 how to compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements before reporting them back to the LMF 2004 (or another network entity). In some examples, if one or more base stations 2006 already have the configuration set, the LMF 2004 can also send instructions / requests to one or more base stations 2006 to compress and report SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements (using one or more compression methods).

[0190] In one example, as shown in 2012, LMF 2004 may send an initial request to one or more base stations 2006 that requests / demands one or more base stations 2006 to specify / provide a list of methods for supporting compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements.

[0191] At 2014, in response to the initial request, one or more base stations 2006 may transmit an initial response to / to LMF 2004, which includes a list of supported methods for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements (example compression methods are discussed below). In some implementations, one or more base stations 2006 may also be configured to send a message indicating a list of supported methods for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., information carried in the initial response) without an initial request (e.g., without a plea / request from LMF 2004). In some examples, as shown at 2028, the initial request and initial response (e.g., at 2012 and 2014) may be exchanged between LMF 2004 and one or more base stations 2006 as part of the NRPPa TRP location information exchange process.

[0192] In another example, as shown at 2016, one or more base stations 2006 may send a request to / to the LMF requesting the LMF 2004 to transmit a configuration set for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. Then, at 2010, in response, one or more base stations 2006 may receive the configuration set for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements from the LMF 2004. In other words, one or more base stations 2006 may receive a response from the LMF 2004, wherein the response includes the configuration. Similarly, in some specific implementations, one or more base stations 2006 may receive a response (e.g., a configuration set for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements) without transmitting a request (e.g., without the request shown at 2016). In some examples, such as at 2030, requests and corresponding responses (including the configuration set) for the configuration set used to compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements can be exchanged between LMF 2004 and one or more base stations 2006 as part of the NRPPa measurement pre-configuration process and / or the NRPPa auxiliary information transmission process.

[0193] The configuration set for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements may indicate at least one compression method for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements, and also indicate relevant parameters associated with the at least one compression method. Furthermore, the configuration set may indicate the AI / ML model to be used for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. In some examples, the configuration set may also include information regarding the delivery of the AI / ML model to one or more base stations 2006. For example, if the AI / ML model is provided by LMF 2004, LMF 2004 may send the AI / ML model to one or more base stations 2006, instruct one or more base stations 2006 to download the AI / ML model from a server, and / or, if one or more base stations 2006 already have the AI / ML model (along with other AI / ML models), indicate which AI / ML model to use.

[0194] In some implementations, the configuration set may indicate the periodicity of reporting compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. For example, the configuration set may instruct one or more base stations 2006 to report compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements periodically (e.g., every Xms) or semi-periodically. In another example, the configuration set may instruct one or more base stations 2006 to report compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements based on events (e.g., based on one or more triggering conditions, such as when channel traffic between LMF 2004 and one or more base stations 2006 exceeds a traffic threshold, when a specified AI / ML model is being trained, etc.). In some implementations, the configuration set may indicate the SRS resources (e.g., resource sets, resource IDs, etc.) to which it reports compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements.

[0195] In 2018, LMF 2004 can configure SRS resources and AI / ML positioning methods for UE 2002 (e.g., target) and one or more base stations 2006, such as combining Figure 7A and Figure 7B As described. At 2020, based on the SRS resources configured for UE2002, UE 2002 can send SRS set 2008 to one or more base stations 2006.

[0196] At 2022, one or more base stations 2006 may perform CIR / CFR measurements for the SRS set 2008 received from UE 2002, and one or more base stations 2006 may compress these SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements based on (e.g., received at 2010) a configuration set for compressing SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. Then, at 2024, one or more base stations 2006 may report the compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements to LMF 2004. In some examples, as shown at 2032, one or more base stations 2006 may report the compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements as part of the NRPPa measurement information transmission process.

[0197] At 2026, LMF 2004 can use the AI / ML positioning model to estimate the location of UE 2002 based on compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements reported from one or more base stations 2006.

[0198] In one aspect of this disclosure, one or more base stations 2006 may (e.g., by LMF 2004) be configured to apply one or more compression methods for SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements, the compression methods being similar to a combination of Figures 16 to 19The described compression method for SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. For example, let... This refers to SRS resources (including unused subcarriers) received before channel estimation is applied (e.g., (This can correspond to the set of tones representing SRS), where This is the number of OFDM symbols. Furthermore, let... It is the channel frequency response of an SRS resource, where This is the number of complex I / Q samples corresponding to the subcarriers of the SRS resource. In some configurations, each of one or more base stations 2006 can be configured to report multiple SRS resources as part of different resource sets and / or TRPs. In some examples, additional network nodes (e.g., base stations, NG-RAN nodes, TRPs, etc.) can also be configured to participate in CIR / CFR measurements.

[0199] Figure 21 This illustrates various aspects of base stations reported according to this disclosure. or It is a CFR of an SRS resource and Figure 2100 illustrates an example of compressing an SRS-based CIR / CFR measurement set using a sparse representation of SRS resources (such as those received before channel estimation). In one example, one or more base stations 2006 may be configured to report... or (For example, It is a CFR of an SRS resource and This is a sparse representation of SRS resources (such as those received before channel estimation) received, where one or more base stations 2006 may consider / apply the sparse pattern of the estimated SRS resources. For example, one or more base stations 2006 may be configured to report a subset of subcarriers, such as... Each of the occupied subcarriers in Subcarriers. For example, as shown in Figure 2100, if k=4, one or more base stations 2006 can be configured to report every 4th subcarrier. Therefore, the reporting overhead for SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements can be reduced by approximately 75%. In some examples, the sparse pattern of SRS to be reported by one or more base stations 2006 can be configured by LMF 2004 (e.g., via the NRPPa procedure) or pre-configured at one or more base stations 2006 (e.g., based on the NRPPa specification).

[0200] In another aspect of this disclosure, such as in combination Figure 17 As described, one or more base stations 2006 can be configured to calculate SRS-based CIR. For example, by applying a size of to the CFR Discrete Fourier inverse transform Then, LMF 2004 can configure one or more base stations 2006 to report SRS-based CIRs. A compact version. For example, LMF 2004 can configure one or more base stations 2006 to report CIR. of 1 sample, of which The sample is The strongest power sample in the sample, or selected based on the following: One sample:

[0201] (1) The first sample in the middle has exceeded the threshold (The threshold can be set in dB relative to the maximum value of CIR) before the amplitude. A continuous sample,

[0202] (2) One or more base stations found their amplitude in 2006 The sample with the maximum value is in the middle, and the sample before the maximum value is reported. After the consecutive samples and the largest sample 10 consecutive samples (including the maximum value), of which , and / or

[0203] (3) One or more base stations can report in 2006 The front of the middle One peak.

[0204] Similarly, parameters , , , and It can be configured by LMF 2004 or pre-configured at one or more base stations 2006.

[0205] In some examples, compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements may include: the absolute value of the compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurement and / or the complex value of the compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurement. Therefore, the reporting overhead of CIR / CFR measurements can be significantly reduced.

[0206] In another aspect of this disclosure, in order to compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurement reports, one or more base stations 2006 may be configured to report CIR / CFR measurements for an SRS set 2008 that satisfy at least one predefined condition and / or some characteristic for different SRS resources and / or TRPs. For example, one or more base stations 2006 may be configured to report samples that have: (1) a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold above or below a certain threshold. (2) The SNR is higher or lower than the reference signal received power (RSRP) threshold. RSRP, (3) is higher or lower than the delay spread threshold The delay spread and / or (4) is above or below the Rice factor threshold Rice factor, etc.

[0207] In some examples, in addition to the compression methods described above, these predefined conditions and / or characteristics can also be applied by one or more base stations 2006. For example, one or more base stations 2006 can be configured to report amplitude exceeding a threshold. Furthermore, the SNR is also higher than the SNR threshold for the following thirty (30) consecutive samples (e.g., =30). Similarly, LMF2004 can configure SNR thresholds for one or more base stations 2006. RSRP threshold Delay expansion threshold and / or Rice factor threshold One or more of these thresholds (e.g., via the NRPPa process), and / or one or more of these thresholds may be pre-configured at one or more base stations 2006 (e.g., defined by a specification such as the NRPPa specification).

[0208] In another aspect of this disclosure, in order to compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurement reports, one or more base stations 2006 may be configured to report prior to the SRS set 2008. A set of SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements, wherein the radio characteristics of the SRS set are maximized for different SRS resources and / or TRP, wherein the radio characteristics may include SNR, RSRP, delay spread, and / or Rice factor, etc. For example, one or more base stations 2006 may be configured to report the top ten SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements for the SRS set 2008, wherein the SNR of the SRS set is maximized for different SRS resources and / or TRP.

[0209] In some examples, in addition to the compression method described above, this configuration can also be applied by one or more base stations 2006. For example, one or more base stations 2006 can be configured to report amplitude exceeding a threshold. Furthermore, its SNR also applies to the thirty (30) consecutive samples following the first sample with the largest SRS resource and / or TRP (e.g., =30). LMF 2004 can configure parameters for one or more base stations 2006. (e.g., via the NRPPa process), and / or parameters It can be pre-configured at one or more base stations 2006 (e.g., defined by specifications such as NRPPa specifications).

[0210] In another aspect of this disclosure, the base station can measure CFR (e.g., CFR or And / or CIR measurements (e.g., CIR r) are passed to the AI / ML model (which may or may not be co-located with the base station). In response, the AI / ML model can compress the CIR / CFR measurements using compression methods such as those described above, and the AI / ML can send the compressed latent representation of the CIR / CFR to the LMF. This configuration may be appropriate if a standard AI / ML model is used for multiple base stations.

[0211] Figure 22 Figure 2200 illustrates an example of one or more base stations transmitting CIR / CFR measurements to an AI / ML model for compression of the CIR / CFR measurements according to various aspects of this disclosure. The numbers associated with communication figure 2200 do not specify a particular time order and are used only as a reference to figure 2200.

[0212] Such as combination Figure 20 As described, at locations 2008 and 2022, one or more base stations 2006 can receive SRS set 2008 from UE 2002. Then, one or more base stations 2006 can perform CIR measurements (e.g., r) and / or CFR measurements (e.g., r) for the SRS set 2008. or ), such as combination Figure 7A and Figure 7B As described. Then, one or more base stations 2006 can use AI / ML model 2202 to compress CIR / CFR measurements. For example, as shown at 2204, one or more base stations 2006 can compress CIR / CFR measurements. (or Send to a compressed latent representation capable of producing a CFR (for the purposes of this disclosure, which may be generated by...). AI / ML model 2202 (e.g., encoder, SRS CIR measurement encoder model, etc.) and / or one or more base stations 2006 can send CIR r to a compressed latent representation capable of generating CIR (for the purposes of this disclosure, it can be generated by...) AI / ML model 2202 (e.g., encoder, SRS CFR measurement encoder model, etc.) (represented by).

[0213] Upon receiving CIR / CFR measurements, the AI / ML model 2202 can apply one or more compression methods to the CIR / CFR measurements, as described above. For example, the AI / ML model 2202 can do so by selecting every kth occupied subcarrier for reporting and / or by selecting CIR... of A sample is used for reporting to compress CIR / CFR measurements, where selection is based on the following factors: One sample: (1) The first sample in the middle has exceeded the threshold (The threshold can be set in dB relative to the maximum value of CIR) before the amplitude. (2) Its amplitude is a continuous sample; The sample with the maximum value and the samples before the maximum value. After the consecutive samples and the largest sample 10 consecutive samples (including the maximum value), of which ; and / or (3) The front of the middle Peak values, etc. In some examples, the AI / ML model 2202 can also select values ​​above or below the SNR threshold. RSRP threshold Delay expansion threshold and / or Rice factor threshold CIR / CFR measurements, or by selecting the previous CFR / CIR measurements are compressed using CIR / CFR measurements, etc. Depending on the specific implementation, AI / ML model 2202 can be a standard model, a model provided by LMF 2004 to one or more base stations 2006, a base station-specific model (the LMF trained with this model can assume that it will remain fixed for a long time), or a combination thereof.

[0214] As shown at 2206, after compressing the CFR / CIR measurements, the AI / ML model 2202 can compress the latent representation of the CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., and / or The AI / ML model 2202 is sent to one or more base stations 2006. In some examples, the AI / ML model 2202 can be configured to compress multiple CFRs from the same / different TRPs. or and / or multiple CIRs ( ), and generate CFR and / or CIR The compressed latent representation. Then, at 2206, one or more base stations 2006 can perform compressed CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., / and / or / Send / forward to LMF 2004.

[0215] In some configurations, reported SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., from one or more base stations 2006) and / or reported compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., from one or more base stations 2006 and / or AI / ML model 2202) may also be differentially encoded. For example, one or more base stations 2006 and / or AI / ML model 2202 may be configured to report the value of the maximum element (e.g., 2 dB) and the incremental values ​​of other elements relative to the maximum element (e.g., -0.3 dB, +0.7 dB, 0 dB, -0.01 dB, etc.). This can further reduce the reporting overhead of one or more base stations 2006 and / or AI / ML model 2202.

[0216] The aspects presented in this paper can improve the efficiency, accuracy, and / or performance of UE positioning by reducing the reporting overhead of PRS-based / SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. In one aspect, the LMF can request the target (e.g., the UE whose positioning is being determined) to indicate whether it has the capability to report CIR / CFR, and require the target to list supported compression methods; the target can also indicate its capabilities and any supported compression methods. This exchange can occur during the LPP capability exchange process. In another aspect, the target can be configured by the LMF to report a sparse subset of received PRS resources based on sampling parameters provided by the LMF or the standard, and / or to report a set of selected resource samples based on a threshold CIR amplitude. In one example, N consecutive samples following the first sample exceeding the threshold can be selected. In another example, samples adjacent to the sample with the largest amplitude can be selected. Reported samples that satisfy certain criteria (such as SNR, RSRP, delay spread, and / or Rice factor values) can be considered. On one hand, the target can pass the CFR to an AI / ML model (e.g., an encoder), which produces a compressed latent representation of the PRS-based CFR that the UE reports back to the LMF. The AI / ML model can be a standard model, a model provided by the LMF, or a UE-specific model.

[0217] In AI / ML-based UL positioning scenarios, a more efficient method than current wired / fiber optic channels can be used to report SRS-based measurements, such as CFR / CIR, from NG-RAN nodes to the LMF. This paper presents various aspects of a compression method for reporting such measurements via NRPPa. In one aspect, the NG-RAN node receives a set of configurations from the network entity (LMF) specifying how the NG-RAN can compress SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements. The configuration may include the compression method and / or AI / ML model to be used. The NG-RAN node can measure the SRS from the target, compress the SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements, and report them to the network entity. In another aspect, requests and responses between the NG-RAN node and the network entity can be transmitted as part of an NRPPa measurement pre-configuration process, an NRPPa auxiliary information transmission process, or an NRPPa TRP location information exchange process. The compressed SRS-based CIR / CFR measurements can be transmitted as part of the NRPPa measurement information transmission process. On one hand, NG-RAN nodes can be configured by the LMF via the NRPPa specification to report a sparse subset of received SRS resources belonging to different resource sets / TRPs, or to report a compact version of the SRS-based CIR based on a threshold amplitude of the sample CIR. In one example, the top N samples exceeding the threshold can be reported. In another example, samples before and after the sample with the maximum amplitude can be reported. NG-RAN nodes can also be configured to report SRS-based CFR / CIR measurements that satisfy certain criteria (such as SNR, RSRP, RSRPP, delay spread, Rice factor, etc.). On the other hand, NG-RAN nodes can pass the CFR / CIR to an AI / ML model (e.g., an encoder), which produces a compressed latent representation of the SRS-based CFR / CIR that the NG-RAN node reports back to the LMF.

[0218] Figure 23 This is a flowchart 2300 of a wireless communication method. This method can be performed by a UE (e.g., UE 104, 404, 502, 1602, 2002; device 2504). This method enables the UE to compress DL reference signal measurements to reduce the reporting overhead of DL reference signal measurements, thereby improving the efficiency and performance of AI / ML positioning.

[0219] At 2308, the UE can perform at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as combining Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16At point 1612, UE 1602 can perform channel impulse response (CIR) measurements and / or channel frequency response (CFR) measurements for RS set 1608. At least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement can be performed by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0220] At 2310, the UE can compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as combining Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At position 1614, LMF 1604 can compress CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608, which can be performed by UE 1602. Compression of at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement can be achieved by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0221] In one example, at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement may include at least one of the following: at least one absolute value of a compressed CIR measurement, at least one absolute value of a compressed CFR measurement, at least one complex value of a compressed CIR measurement, at least one complex value of a compressed CFR measurement, at least one timing indication of a compressed CIR measurement, or at least one frequency indication of a compressed CFR measurement.

[0222] In another example, to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE can select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set, the UE can select every kth subcarrier among the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer. In some examples, the UE can select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected kth subcarrier.

[0223] In another example, to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE can select a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement to report one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, to select a subset of samples from at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, the UE can select the top N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; select a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or select the top M peaks in the CIR measurement or CFR measurement.

[0224] In another example, to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE may select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than an SNR threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold. In some specific implementations, the PRS subset may correspond to the top L PRSs that have the highest measurement among at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0225] In another example, in order to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE can provide at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set to the AI / ML model, and receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0226] In another example, the UE may receive from a network entity a request indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement; and the UE may, based on this request, send to the network entity an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE, such as combining Figure 19As described. For example, at 1902, LMF 1604 may request UE 1602 to indicate whether UE 1602 has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., with or without using an AI / ML model), it also requests a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602 (e.g., as discussed above). Then, as shown at 1904, in response to the request from LMF 1604, UE 1602 may indicate to LMF 1604 whether it has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements, it can provide a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602. Receipt of the request and / or transmission of the capability indication may be by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0227] In another example, the UE can receive configuration from a network entity for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, such as combining... Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1906, LMF 1604 can instruct / configure UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. Reception of the configuration can be, for example, by... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0228] In another example, the UE can receive a set of PRS from at least one network node, such as a combination Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At location 1610, UE 1602 can receive RS set 1608 (e.g., DL RS, PRS, etc.) from one or more base stations 1606. Reception of the PRS set can be achieved by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0229] At 2312, the UE can report one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set for network entities, such as combining... Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16At position 1620, UE 1602 can report compressed CIR / CFR measurements to LMF 1604. The report can be generated by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0230] Figure 24 This is a flowchart 2400 of a wireless communication method. This method can be performed by a UE (e.g., UE 104, 404, 502, 1602, 2002; device 2504). This method enables the UE to compress DL reference signal measurements to reduce the reporting overhead of DL reference signal measurements, thereby improving the efficiency and performance of AI / ML positioning.

[0231] At 2402, the UE can receive from the network entity a request indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement; and the UE can, based on this request, send to the network entity an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE, such as combining Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1902, LMF 1604 may request UE 1602 to indicate whether UE 1602 has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., with or without using an AI / ML model), it also requests a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602 (e.g., as discussed above). Then, as shown at 1904, in response to the request from LMF 1604, UE 1602 may indicate to LMF 1604 whether it has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements, it can provide a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602. Receipt of the request and / or transmission of the capability indication may be by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0232] At 2404, the UE can receive configuration from the network entity for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, such as combining... Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1906, LMF 1604 can instruct / configure UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. Reception of the configuration can be, for example, by... Figure 25The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0233] At 2406, the UE can receive a PRS set from at least one network node, such as a combination of Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At location 1610, UE 1602 can receive RS set 1608 (e.g., DLRS, PRS, etc.) from one or more base stations 1606. Reception of the PRS set can be achieved by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0234] At 2408, the UE can perform at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as combining Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At point 1612, UE 1602 can perform channel impulse response (CIR) measurements and / or channel frequency response (CFR) measurements for RS set 1608. At least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement can be performed by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0235] At 2410, the UE can compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as combining Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At position 1614, LMF 1604 can compress CIR / CFR measurements for RS set 1608, which can be performed by UE 1602. Compression of at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement can be achieved by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0236] In one example, at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement may include at least one of the following: an absolute value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, an absolute value of at least one compressed CFR measurement, a complex value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a complex value of at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0237] In another example, to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE can select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set, the UE can select every kth subcarrier among the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer. In some examples, the UE can select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected kth subcarrier.

[0238] In another example, to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE can select a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement to report one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, to select a subset of samples from at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, the UE can select the top N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; select a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or select the top M peaks in the CIR measurement or CFR measurement.

[0239] In another example, to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE may select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than an SNR threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold. In some specific implementations, the PRS subset may correspond to the top L PRSs that have the highest measurement among at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0240] In another example, in order to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set, the UE can provide at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set to the AI / ML model, and receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0241] At 2412, the UE can report one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set for a network entity, such as combining... Figures 16 to 19As described. For example, in Figure 16 At position 1620, UE 1602 can report compressed CIR / CFR measurements to LMF 1604. The report can be generated by, for example... Figure 25 The measurement compression assembly 198, transceiver 2522, cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506 in the device 2504 are used to perform the measurement.

[0242] Figure 25Figure 2500 illustrates an example of a hardware implementation for device 2504. Device 2504 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or implement UE functionality. In some aspects, device 2504 may include at least one cellular baseband processor 2524 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2522 (e.g., cellular RF transceivers). Cellular baseband processor 2524 may include at least one on-chip memory 2524'. In some aspects, device 2504 may also include one or more Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards 2520 and at least one application processor 2506 coupled to a Secure Digital Card (SD) card 2508 and a screen 2510. Application processor 2506 may include on-chip memory 2506'. In some aspects, device 2504 may also include a Bluetooth module 2512, a WLAN module 2514, an SPS module 2516 (e.g., a GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 2518 (e.g., an atmospheric pressure sensor / altimeter; ultra-wideband (UWB) sensors, motion sensors such as inertial measurement units (IMUs), gyroscopes and / or accelerometers; light detection and ranging (LIDAR), radio-assisted detection and ranging (RADAR), sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), magnetometers, audio and / or other technologies for positioning), an additional memory module 2526, a power source 2530, and / or a camera 2532. Bluetooth module 2512, WLAN module 2514, and SPS module 2516 may include on-chip transceivers (TRX) (or in some cases, only receivers (RX)). Bluetooth module 2512, WLAN module 2514, and SPS module 2516 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or communicate using antenna 2580. Cellular baseband processor 2524 communicates with UE 104 and / or RU associated with network entity 2502 via transceiver 2522 through one or more antennas 2580. Cellular baseband processor 2524 and application processor 2506 may each include computer-readable media / memory 2524', 2506'. Additional memory module 2526 may also be considered as computer-readable media / memory. Each computer-readable media / memory 2524', 2506', 2526 may be non-transitory. Cellular baseband processor 2524 and application processor 2506 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable media / memory. When executed by cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506, the software causes cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506 to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable media / memory can also be used to store data manipulated by cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506 during software execution.Cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506 may be a component of UE 350 and may include at least one of memory 360 and / or TX processor 368, RX processor 356 and controller / processor 359. In one configuration, device 2504 may be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and may only include cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506, while in another configuration, device 2504 may be the entire UE (see, for example). Figure 3 The UE 350 includes an additional module of the device 2504.

[0243] As discussed above, measurement compression component 198 can be configured to perform at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set. Measurement compression component 198 can also be configured to compress at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set. Measurement compression component 198 can also be configured to report one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set to network entities. Measurement compression component 198 can be within cellular baseband processor 2524, application processor 2506, or both cellular baseband processor 2524 and application processor 2506. Measurement compression component 198 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to execute the stated process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to execute the stated process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination of the foregoing. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors can execute the stated process / algorithm individually or in combination. As shown, apparatus 2504 can include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, device 2504 (and particularly cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or application processor 2506) may include components for performing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set. Device 2504 may also include components for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set. Device 2504 may also include components for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set to network entities.

[0244] In one configuration, at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement may include at least one of the following: an absolute value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, an absolute value of at least one compressed CFR measurement, a complex value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a complex value of at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0245] In another configuration, the components for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set may include configuring the device 2504 to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, or to report one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some embodiments, the device 2504 may also include components for selecting every kth subcarrier among the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer. In some configurations, the device 2504 may also include components for selecting each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected kth subcarrier.

[0246] In another configuration, the components for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set may include configuring device 2504 to select a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific embodiments, in order to select a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, device 2504 may further include: components for selecting the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; components for selecting a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or components for selecting the first M peaks in the CIR measurement or CFR measurement.

[0247] In another configuration, the components for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for a PRS set may include configuring device 2504 to select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than an SNR threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold. In some specific implementations, the PRS subset may correspond to the top L PRSs that have the highest measurement among at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0248] In another configuration, the component for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set may include configuring the device 2504 to: provide at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set to the AI / ML model; and receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0249] In another configuration, apparatus 2504 may further include: components for receiving from a network entity a request indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement; and components for sending to the network entity, based on the request, an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE.

[0250] In another configuration, the device 2504 may also include components for receiving from a network entity a configuration for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0251] In another configuration, the device 2504 may also include components for receiving a set of PRS from at least one network node.

[0252] The component may be the measurement compression assembly 198 of device 2504 configured to perform the functions described therein. As described above, device 2504 may include a TX processor 368, an RX processor 356, and a controller / processor 359. Therefore, in one configuration, the component may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions described therein.

[0253] Figure 26 This is a flowchart 2600 of a wireless communication method. This method can be performed by a network entity (e.g., one or more location servers 168; location server 504; LMF 1604, 2004; network entity 2860). This method enables the network entity to configure the UE to compress DL reference signal measurements to reduce the reporting overhead of DL reference signal measurements, thereby improving the efficiency and performance of AI / ML positioning.

[0254] At 2608, the network entity can send a report to the UE indicating one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as combining Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1906, LMF 1604 can instruct UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. The transmission of the instruction can be, for example, by Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0255] In one example, at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement may include at least one of the following: an absolute value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, an absolute value of at least one compressed CFR measurement, a complex value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a complex value of at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0256] At 2610, the network entity can receive from the UE one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as a combination Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At position 1620, LMF 1604 can receive compressed CIR / CFR measurements from UE 1602. Reception of one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement can be achieved by, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0257] In one example, a network entity may send a request to the UE indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement; and based on this request, receive from the UE an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE, such as combining Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1902, LMF 1604 may request UE 1602 to indicate whether UE 1602 has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., with or without using an AI / ML model), it also requests a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602 (e.g., as discussed above). Then, as shown at 1904, in response to the request from LMF 1604, UE 1602 may indicate to LMF 1604 whether it has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements, a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602. The sending of the request and / or the receiving of the capability indication may be by, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0258] In another example, a network entity can configure at least one network node to send a set of PRS to the UE. The configuration can be, for example... Figure 28The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0259] In another example, the network entity may send a configuration to the UE for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, such as combining... Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1906, LMF 1604 can configure UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. The transmission of the configuration can be, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0260] In another example, the configuration may allow the UE to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some implementations, the configuration may further allow the UE to select every kth subcarrier from the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer. In some implementations, the configuration may further allow the UE to select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to every selected kth subcarrier.

[0261] In another example, the configuration may allow the UE to select a subset of samples from at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, the configuration may further configure the UE to select the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; select a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or select the first M peaks among the CIR measurements or CFR measurements.

[0262] In another example, the configuration may allow the UE to select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold. In some specific implementations, the PRS subset may correspond to the top L PRSs that have the highest measurement among at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0263] In another example, the configuration can be configured to: provide the AI / ML model with at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set; and receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0264] Figure 27 This is a flowchart 2700 of a wireless communication method. This method can be performed by a network entity (e.g., one or more location servers 168; location server 504; LMF 1604, 2004; network entity 2860). This method enables the network entity to configure the UE to compress DL reference signal measurements to reduce the reporting overhead of DL reference signal measurements, thereby improving the efficiency and performance of AI / ML positioning.

[0265] At 2702, the network entity may send a request to the UE indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement; and based on the request, receive from the UE an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE, such as combining Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1902, LMF 1604 may request UE 1602 to indicate whether UE 1602 has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements (e.g., with or without using an AI / ML model), it also requests a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602 (e.g., as discussed above). Then, as shown at 1904, in response to the request from LMF 1604, UE 1602 may indicate to LMF 1604 whether it has the capability to report / compress CIR / CFR measurements, and if UE 1602 has the capability to compress CIR / CFR measurements, a list of compression methods supported by UE 1602. The sending of the request and / or the receiving of the capability indication may be by, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0266] At 2704, a network entity can configure at least one network node to send a PRS set to the UE. The configuration can be, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0267] At 2706, the network entity can send a configuration to the UE for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, such as combining... Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1906, LMF 1604 can configure UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. The transmission of the configuration can be, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0268] In one example, the configuration may allow the UE to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some implementations, the configuration may further allow the UE to select every kth subcarrier from the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer. In some implementations, the configuration may further allow the UE to select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to every selected kth subcarrier.

[0269] In another example, the configuration may allow the UE to select a subset of samples from at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, the configuration may further configure the UE to select the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; select a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or select the first M peaks among the CIR measurements or CFR measurements.

[0270] In another example, the configuration may allow the UE to select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold. In some specific implementations, the PRS subset may correspond to the top L PRSs that have the highest measurement among at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0271] In another example, the configuration can be configured to: provide the AI / ML model with at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set; and receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0272] At 2708, the network entity can send a report to the UE indicating one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as combining Figure 19 As described. For example, at 1906, LMF 1604 can instruct UE 1602 to apply at least one compression method for CIR / CFR measurements, and also apply relevant parameters to be applied to the indicated / configured compression method. The transmission of the instruction can be, for example, by Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0273] In one example, at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement may include at least one of the following: an absolute value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, an absolute value of at least one compressed CFR measurement, a complex value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a complex value of at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0274] At 2710, the network entity can receive from the UE one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set, such as a combination Figures 16 to 19 As described. For example, in Figure 16 At position 1620, LMF 1604 can receive compressed CIR / CFR measurements from UE 1602. Reception of one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement can be achieved by, for example... Figure 28 The measurement compression configuration component 197, network processor 2812 and / or network interface 2880 of the network entity 2860 are used to perform this.

[0275] Figure 28Figure 2800 illustrates an example of a hardware implementation for network entity 2860. In one example, network entity 2860 may be within core network 120. Network entity 2860 may include at least one network processor 2812. Network processor 2812 may include on-chip memory 2812'. In some aspects, network entity 2860 may also include additional memory module 2814. Network entity 2860 communicates with CU 2802 directly (e.g., via a backhaul link) or indirectly (e.g., via RIC) through network interface 2880. On-chip memory 2812' and additional memory module 2814 may each be considered as computer-readable media / memory. Each computer-readable media / memory may be non-transitory. Network processor 2812 is responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable media / memory. When executed by a corresponding processor, the software causes that processor to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable media / memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the processor while executing the software.

[0276] As discussed above, the measurement compression configuration component 197 can be configured to send an indication to the UE of one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set. The measurement compression configuration component 197 can also be configured to receive from the UE one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set. The measurement compression configuration component 197 can be within the network processor 2812. The measurement compression configuration component 197 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to execute the stated process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to execute the stated process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors can execute the stated process / algorithm individually or in combination. Network entity 2860 can include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 2860 may include components for sending an indication to the UE of at least one or more of a compressed CIR measurement or a compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set. Network entity 2860 may also include components for receiving from the UE at least one or more of a compressed CIR measurement or a compressed CFR measurement for a PRS set.

[0277] In one configuration, at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement may include at least one of the following: an absolute value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, an absolute value of at least one compressed CFR measurement, a complex value of at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a complex value of at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0278] In another configuration, network entity 2860 may further include: a component for sending a request to the UE indicating whether the UE is able to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement; and a component for receiving from the UE, based on the request, an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE.

[0279] In another configuration, network entity 2860 may also include components for configuring at least one network node to send a PRS set to the UE.

[0280] In another configuration, network entity 2860 may also include components for transmitting a configuration for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the UE.

[0281] In another configuration, the UE can be configured to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some implementations, the UE can be further configured to select every kth subcarrier in the occupied subcarriers of the PRS set, where k is an integer. In some implementations, the UE can be further configured to select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to every selected kth subcarrier.

[0282] In another configuration, the UE can be configured to select a subset of samples from at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement. In some specific implementations, the configuration can further configure the UE to select the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; select a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or select the first M peaks among the CIR measurements or CFR measurements.

[0283] In another configuration, the UE can be configured to select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than an SNR threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold. In some specific implementations, the PRS subset may correspond to the top L PRSs that have the highest measurement in at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

[0284] In another configuration, the UE can be configured to: provide at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set to the AI / ML model; and receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0285] The component may be a measurement compression configuration component 197 of network entity 2860 configured to perform the functions described by the component.

[0286] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the boxes in the disclosed process / flowcharts is merely an example of the exemplary method. It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the boxes in the process / flowcharts may be rearranged based on design preferences. Furthermore, some boxes may be combined or omitted. The appended method claims present the elements of various boxes in a sample order, but are not limited to the given specific order or hierarchy.

[0287] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein but should be given the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Unless specifically stated otherwise, references to elements in the singular form do not mean “one and only one” but rather “one or more.” Terms such as “if,” “when,” and “simultaneously” do not imply a direct temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, such as “when…”, do not imply an immediate action in response to the occurrence of an action or during the occurrence of an action, but simply suggest that if a condition is met, then the action will occur, without requiring a specific or immediate time limit for the occurrence of the action. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or superior to other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", "at least one of A, B, and C", "one or more of A, B, and C", and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof" include any combination of A, B, and / or C, which may include multiple A, multiple B, or multiple C. Specifically, combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", "at least one of A, B, and C", "one or more of A, B, and C", and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof" can be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combination may contain one or more members of A, B, or C. A set should be interpreted as a collection of elements, where the number of elements is one or more. Therefore, for a set of X, X will include one or more elements. When at least one processor is configured to execute a set of functions, the at least one processor is configured to execute the set of functions individually or in any combination. Therefore, each of the at least one processor can be configured to execute a specific subset of the set of functions, wherein the subset is the complete set, a suitable subset of the set, or an empty subset of the set. If the first device receives data from or sends data to the second device, data can be received / sent directly between the first and second devices, or indirectly between the first and second devices through a set of devices. A device configured to “output” data (such as transmission, signal, or message) can, for example, transmit the data using a transceiver, or can transmit the data to the device that sent the data.A device configured to "acquire" data (such as, transmit, signal, or message) may, for example, receive the data using a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents of the elements throughout the various aspects described herein that are known to those skilled in the art or will later be known are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be offered to the public, whether or not such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words "module," "mechanism," "element," "device," etc., cannot replace the word "component." Therefore, no claim element will be construed as a component plus function unless the element is explicitly recited using the phrase "component for..."

[0288] As used in this article, the phrase “based on” should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, etc. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” can be information, conditions, factors, etc.) should be interpreted as “based on at least A”, unless specifically stated differently.

[0289] The following aspects are merely illustrative and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein without limitation.

[0290] Aspect 1 is a method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: performing at least one channel impulse response (CIR) measurement or at least one channel frequency response (CFR) measurement for a set of positioning reference signals (PRS); compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the set of PRS; and reporting to a network entity one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the set of PRS.

[0291] Aspect 2 is the method according to aspect 1, wherein the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement includes at least one of the following: the absolute value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, the absolute value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement, the complex value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, or the complex value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0292] Aspect 3 is the method according to aspect 1 or aspect 2, the method further comprising: receiving from the network entity a configuration for compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement.

[0293] Aspect 4 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, the method further comprising: receiving the PRS set from at least one network node.

[0294] Aspect 5 is a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set comprises: selecting a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0295] Aspect 6 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein selecting the small subset of PRS from the PRS set comprises: selecting every kth subcarrier among the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer.

[0296] Aspect 7 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, the method further comprising: selecting each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected kth subcarrier.

[0297] Aspect 8 is the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set comprises: selecting a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0298] Aspect 9 is a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein selecting the portion of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement includes at least one of the following: selecting the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; selecting a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or selecting the first M peaks in the CIR measurement or the CFR measurement.

[0299] Aspect 10 is a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set comprises: selecting a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold.

[0300] Aspect 11 is the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein the subset of PRS corresponds to the top L PRS having the highest measurement in the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement.

[0301] Aspect 12 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set comprises: providing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set to an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) model; and receiving the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0302] Aspect 13 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, the method further comprising: receiving from the network entity a request indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement; and, based on the request, sending to the network entity an indication of the UE's ability to report the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE.

[0303] Aspect 14 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor being configured individually or in any combination to implement any one of aspects 1 to 13.

[0304] Aspect 15 is the apparatus according to aspect 14, the apparatus further comprising at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.

[0305] Aspect 16 is an apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus including components for implementing any one of aspects 1 to 13.

[0306] Aspect 17 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any one of aspects 1 to 13.

[0307] Aspect 18 is a method for wireless communication at a network entity, the method comprising: sending to a user equipment (UE) an indication of at least one or more of a Compressed Channel Impulse Response (CIR) measurement or a Compressed Channel Frequency Response (CFR) measurement for a set of Positioning Reference Signals (PRS); and receiving from the UE the at least one or more of the at least one Compressed Channel Impulse Response (CIR) measurement or the at least one Compressed Channel Frequency Response (CFR) measurement for the set of PRS.

[0308] Aspect 19 is the method according to aspect 18, wherein the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement comprises at least one of the following: the absolute value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, the absolute value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement, the complex value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, or the complex value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0309] Aspect 20 is the method according to aspect 18 or aspect 19, the method further comprising: configuring at least one network node to send the PRS set to the UE.

[0310] Aspect 21 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 20, the method further comprising: sending a configuration for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement to the UE.

[0311] Aspect 22 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 21, wherein the configuration configures the UE to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0312] Aspect 23 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 22, wherein the configuration further configures the UE to select every kth subcarrier among the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer.

[0313] Aspect 24 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 23, wherein the configuration further configures the UE to select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected kth subcarrier.

[0314] Aspect 25 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 24, wherein the configuration configures the UE to select a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

[0315] Aspect 26 is a method according to any one of Aspects 18 to 25, wherein the configuration further configures the UE to: select the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; select a set of samples whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or select the first M peaks of the CIR measurement or the CFR measurement.

[0316] Aspect 27 is a method according to any one of Aspects 18 to 26, wherein the configuration configures the UE to select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: the PRS subset has an SNR higher than or lower than a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold, the PRS subset has a delay spread higher than or lower than a delay spread threshold, or the PRS subset has a Rice factor higher than or lower than a Rice factor threshold.

[0317] Aspect 28 is the method according to any one of aspects 18 to 27, wherein the subset of PRS corresponds to the top L PRS having the highest measurement in the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement.

[0318] Aspect 29 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 28, wherein the configuration configures the UE to: provide the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set to an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) model; and receive the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

[0319] Aspect 30 is a method according to any one of aspects 18 to 29, the method further comprising: sending to the UE a request indicating whether the UE is capable of reporting the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement; and receiving from the UE, based on the request, an indication of the UE's ability to report the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE.

[0320] Aspect 31 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor being configured individually or in any combination to implement any one of aspects 18 to 30.

[0321] Aspect 32 is the apparatus according to aspect 31, the apparatus further comprising at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.

[0322] Aspect 33 is a device for wireless communication, the device including components for implementing any one of aspects 18 to 30.

[0323] Aspect 34 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) that stores computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any one of aspects 18 to 30.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory, and configured individually or in any combination, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, to: Perform at least one channel impulse response (CIR) measurement or at least one channel frequency response (CFR) measurement for the set of positioning reference signals (PRS); Compression of at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set; and The network entity reports one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement comprises at least one of the following: the absolute value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, the absolute value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement, the complex value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, the complex value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement, a timing indicator of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a frequency indicator of the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: Receive configuration from the network entity for compressing the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: The PRS set is received from at least one network node.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, in order to compress the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: Select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein, in order to select the small subset of PRS from the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: Select the kth subcarrier from the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: Select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected k-th subcarrier.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, in order to compress the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: A subset of samples is selected from the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein, in order to select the portion of the sample from the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: Select the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds the amplitude threshold, where N is an integer; Select a sample set whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement; or Select the first M peaks from the CIR measurement or the CFR measurement.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, in order to compress the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: A subset of PRS is selected from the PRS set to report one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: The PRS subset has an SNR higher than the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. The PRS subset has a delay spread that is higher or lower than the delay spread threshold, or The PRS subset has a Rice factor that is either higher or lower than the Rice factor threshold.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the subset of PRS corresponds to the top L PRS having the highest measurement in the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, in order to compress the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: Provide at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set for the artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) model; and Receive at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: Receive from the network entity a request indicating whether the UE is able to report the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement; and Based on the request, the network entity is sent an indication of the UE's ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, in order to report one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to: The transceiver reports one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set.

15. A method for conducting wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Perform at least one channel impulse response (CIR) measurement or at least one channel frequency response (CFR) measurement for the set of positioning reference signals (PRS); Compression of at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set; and The network entity reports one or more of at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set.

16. An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, the apparatus comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory, and configured individually or in any combination, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, to: The system sends a report to the user equipment (UE) indicating at least one or more of the following: a Compressed Channel Impulse Response (CIR) measurement or a Compressed Channel Frequency Response (CFR) measurement. as well as The UE receives one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement comprises at least one of the following: the absolute value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, the absolute value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement, the complex value of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, the complex value of the at least one compressed CFR measurement, a timing indicator of the at least one compressed CIR measurement, or a frequency indicator of the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: At least one network node is configured to send the PRS set to the UE.

19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: The UE is sent a configuration for compressing at least one CIR measurement or at least one CFR measurement.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the configuration configures the UE to select a small subset of PRS from the PRS set for the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement, or for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the configuration further configures the UE to select every kth subcarrier among the occupied subcarriers in the PRS set, where k is an integer.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the configuration further configures the UE to select each first unoccupied subcarrier adjacent to each selected k-th subcarrier.

23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the configuration configures the UE to select a subset of samples from the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the configuration further configures the UE to: select the first N consecutive samples whose amplitude exceeds an amplitude threshold, where N is an integer. Select a sample set whose amplitude is associated with the maximum CIR measurement or the maximum CFR measurement, or Select the first M peaks from the CIR measurement or the CFR measurement.

25. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the configuration configures the UE to select a subset of PRS from the PRS set for reporting one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement based on at least one of the following: The PRS subset has an SNR higher than the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. The PRS subset has a delay spread that is higher or lower than the delay spread threshold, or The PRS subset has a Rice factor that is either higher or lower than the Rice factor threshold.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the subset of PRS corresponds to the top L PRS having the highest measurement in the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement.

27. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the configuration configures the UE to: provide the at least one CIR measurement or the at least one CFR measurement for the PRS set to an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) model; and receive the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set from the AI / ML model.

28. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured, alone or in any combination, to: Send a request to the UE indicating whether the UE is able to report the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement; and Based on the request, the UE receives an indication of its ability to report at least one compressed CIR measurement or at least one compressed CFR measurement and at least one compression method supported by the UE.

29. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, in order to transmit the indication, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to transmit the indication via the transceiver, and wherein, in order to receive one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set, the at least one processor is configured individually or in any combination to receive one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set via the transceiver.

30. A method for wireless communication at a network entity, the method comprising: The system sends a report to the user equipment (UE) indicating at least one or more of the following: a Compressed Channel Impulse Response (CIR) measurement or a Compressed Channel Frequency Response (CFR) measurement. as well as The UE receives one or more of the at least one compressed CIR measurement or the at least one compressed CFR measurement for the PRS set.

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