Improved tree shape of pear tree and its cultivation method

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a continuous trunk improved pear tree shape and a cultivation method thereof. Specifically, for the mature pear tree with open heart-shaped training, the vertical branch in the middle of the inner cavity of the tree body is selected as the stock after being short-cut and grafted with pollination branches to be the central trunk; the following year, the central trunk is short-cut in the middle in winter; in the third year, the central trunk plays the role of pollination in the flowering period and the inflorescences are removed after flowering; the main branches on the top of the central trunk are pulled to form a "tree on tree" shape; in the fourth year, the central trunk plays the role of pollination in the flowering period and the inflorescences are removed after flowering or the fruits are left after flowering, and the strong branches are removed; in the fourth winter, the main branches of the central trunk are removed to leave the weak and curved branches, and the side branches are removed to leave the strong and vigorous branches. The method can reduce the germination rate of the vertical overgrowth branches on the main branches of the original tree by more than 40%, significantly saving the nutrients of the tree body, increasing the average fruit setting rate of the inflorescences, and significantly improving the single fruit weight of the fruits due to the pollen collective effect, and increasing the orchard output value.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a improved pear tree shape with a continuous trunk and a cultivation method thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Pear tree is the third largest fruit tree cultivation species in China, ranking second only to apple and citrus. Different tree shapes of pear tree have a great influence on its tree vigor and fruit quality. In production, the cultivation tree shape of pear tree is significantly different in north and south China. In the north, the tree shape with obvious central trunk (such as sparse layered shape) is mainly used, while in the south, the dwarf open heart shape without central trunk and the shed frame pear without central trunk are mainly used. Pear tree has the biological characteristics of strong trunk and obvious polarity. The tree shape with trunk is in line with its growth characteristics. In the south, the dwarf cultivation without central trunk is adopted to reduce the damage of typhoon due to the typhoon climate in the fruiting period of pear tree. The disadvantages of this tree shape are: a large number of back branches are easily grown on the main branches, and if the management such as summer pruning and pinching is not timely, these back branches will grow excessively, consume a large amount of nutrients, and make the tree cavity dense, which disturbs the tree shape. In addition, the management of tree shape without central trunk weakens the overall growth vigor of pear tree to a certain extent. Although the growth of main branches is promoted, the strength of the "skeleton" of the tree and the ability to store nutrients in the medium and long term are weaker than those of the tree shape with central trunk. If the management is not good, the tree vigor will decline prematurely.

[0003] Pear tree is a plant with cross-pollination and seed setting. In production, pollination is usually achieved by planting pollination trees, artificial pollination, and mechanical powder spraying. The disadvantages of planting pollination trees are: the cultivation ratio of pollination trees to main cultivation varieties is generally 3-4:1, the economic benefit of pollination varieties is usually lower than that of main cultivation varieties, the configuration of pollination varieties will affect the output per unit area of the orchard, secondly, the planting location of pollination trees is not uniform, and the fruit setting amount of each main cultivation tree is quite different. If the fruit setting amount is not controlled properly in the later period, the tree vigor in the orchard will have obvious differences. In addition, due to the small amount of pollen received by the flower stigma in the orchard with pollination trees, the seed development of the fruit is often poor, and the fruit is small. Artificial pollination can effectively control the fruit setting amount and make the fruit setting amount of pear trees in the orchard balanced. The fruit size under this pollination method is larger, but the pollination period is short and requires a large amount of labor, which brings the problem of labor shortage to the pear orchard. The effect of mechanical powder spraying is relatively ideal, but most fruit farmers do not know the liquid formula for powder spraying. In addition, powder spraying requires a large amount of pollen, which increases the production cost for ordinary fruit farmers. The continuous trunk improvement technology can effectively improve the fruit setting rate of pear trees and increase the yield per unit cultivation area. SUMMARY

[0004] The application aims to provide a method for cultivating improved pear trees with a trunk, which can reduce the vertical branch germination rate on the trunk by more than 40%, significantly saving the nutrients of the tree body, increase the average flower cluster fruit setting rate, and promote more seeds to mature due to the pollen collective effect, and significantly improve the single fruit weight of the fruit, thereby increasing the orchard yield.

[0005] The application aims to provide a method for cultivating improved pear trees with a trunk, which can reduce the vertical branch germination rate on the trunk by more than 40%, significantly saving the nutrients of the tree body, increase the average flower cluster fruit setting rate, and promote more seeds to mature due to the pollen collective effect, and significantly improve the single fruit weight of the fruit, thereby increasing the orchard yield.

[0006] The application aims to provide a method for cultivating improved pear trees with a trunk, which can reduce the vertical branch germination rate on the trunk by more than 40%, significantly saving the nutrients of the tree body, increase the average flower cluster fruit setting rate, and promote more seeds to mature due to the pollen collective effect, and significantly improve the single fruit weight of the fruit, thereby increasing the orchard yield.

[0007] The application aims to provide a method for cultivating improved pear trees with a trunk, which can reduce the vertical branch germination rate on the trunk by more than 40%, significantly saving the nutrients of the tree body, increase the average flower cluster fruit setting rate, and promote more seeds to mature due to the pollen collective effect, and significantly improve the single fruit weight of the fruit, thereby increasing the orchard yield.

[0008] (1) selecting a mature pear tree with an open heart-shaped training, the trunk being 0.6-0.7 m high and being provided with 3-4 main branches without a central trunk;

[0009] (2) selecting a vigorous vertical branch in the middle of the inner cavity of the pear tree selected in step (1) to be short-cut as a stock (or referred to as a rootstock), and grafting a pollination variety as a scion to make the vertical branch grow vertically and extend the trunk to become a central trunk, i.e. a trunk extension;

[0010] (3) in the next winter pruning, the central trunk grafted in step (2) is short-cut at 1.2-1.5 m to promote the growth of branches;

[0011] (4) in the third growing season, the central trunk plays a pollination role; after flowering, the flower clusters of the central trunk are removed; 3-4 main branches at the top of the central trunk are selected and treated by branch pulling, and the side shoots below the main branches are removed; in the third winter pruning, the main branches at the top of the central trunk are short-cut at 0.4-0.7 m, and the side branches below the main branches of the central trunk are all removed from the base, so that the whole pear tree forms a "tree on tree" shape, the main branches of the central trunk form a trunk extension main branch layer, and the trunk extension main branch layer is 1.2-1.5 m higher than the main branch layer of the original tree.

[0012] (5) in the fourth growing season, the trunk extension main branches play a pollination role; the flower clusters of the trunk extension main branches are removed after flowering or fruit is left after flowering; the trunk extension main branches are treated by removing the strong branches; in the fourth winter pruning, the trunk extension main branches are treated by removing the strong branches and leaving the weak and curved branches, the strong branches on the side branches of the trunk extension main branches are removed, 7-10 moderate branches are left on each trunk extension main branch, and the crown diameter of the trunk extension main branch layer is 1.0-1.4 m;

[0013] Preferably, the crown diameter is controlled to be 1.2 m.

[0014] , the operation of step (5) is repeated every year thereafter.

[0015] Preferably, the grafting in step (2) is hard grafting, and the grafting mode is subcutaneous grafting or wedge grafting; the grafting time is from late October to early November, and if the grafting does not survive, the grafting is performed in time from late February to early March of the next year;

[0016] Preferably, when the grafting in step (2) is performed, the selection of the scion variety should follow the matching principle of the pollination variety, that is, the flowering period of the scion variety is basically consistent with that of the stock variety, the pollen activity is high, and the affinity is strong; the scion variety is preferably a variety with weak shoot growth; when the stock variety is a late-maturing variety, the scion variety is preferably an early-maturing variety with a maturity period of more than 40 days different from that of the stock variety.

[0017] Preferably, in step (4), when the branch pulling treatment is performed, the base angle reaches 75-80 degrees, and the growth direction of the main branch of the scion is offset from the growth direction of the main branch of the stock; further preferably, the branch pulling treatment is performed in May.

[0018] Preferably, in step (5), the crown width of the main branch layer of the scion is controlled to be 1m-1.4m through pruning measures such as pinching, thinning, removing strong branches and leaving weak branches, and replacing heads.

[0019] Preferably, the specific treatment mode of removing inflorescences after flowering or leaving fruits after flowering of the main branch of the scion in step (5) is as follows: if the stock variety is an early-maturing variety and the scion variety is a late-maturing variety, or the maturity periods of the two varieties are similar, the inflorescences are removed after flowering; if the stock variety is a late-maturing variety and the scion variety matures more than 40 days earlier than the stock variety, the fruits are left after flowering.

[0020] Preferably, in the fruit leaving treatment after flowering in step (5), one fruit is left every 15cm-20cm.

[0021] Through the pear tree cultivation method for improving the scion, the main branch of the stock, the main branch of the scion, and the scion form a "tree on tree" shape, the main stem is 0.6m-0.7m high, the main branch on the main stem is 3-4 branches, the scion is 1.2m-1.5m high, the main branch of the scion is 3-4 branches, and the crown diameter of the main branch layer of the scion is 1m-1.4m.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the pear tree cultivation method for improving the scion has the following beneficial effects:

[0023] 1. After the pear tree cultivation method for improving the scion is adopted, the straight branch emergence rate on the main stem can be reduced by more than 40% compared with the open heart tree shape without grafting, and the tree nutrients are significantly saved.

[0024] 2、 The pollination branch grafting is carried out in the application, and the average flower cluster fruit setting rate can be increased by more than 1 times compared with the pollination mode of planting pollination trees, and the pollen collective effect promotes more seeds to mature, and the fruit single fruit weight is also significantly increased, which can reach the fruit single fruit weight of artificial auxiliary pollination.

[0025] 3、 The pollination branch grafting is carried out in the application, and the average flower cluster fruit setting rate can be increased by more than 1 times compared with the pollination mode of planting pollination trees, and the pollen collective effect promotes more seeds to mature, and the fruit single fruit weight is also significantly increased, which can reach the fruit single fruit weight of artificial auxiliary pollination. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 It is a schematic view of the formed tree structure in Example 1, wherein a is a front view of the tree body, and b is a top view of the main branch.

[0027] Figure 2 It is a schematic view of the key steps in the tree shaping process in Example 1, wherein a is a schematic view of the grafting position, b is a diagram of the continuation trunk setting, and c is a diagram of the continuation trunk main branch setting. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The application will be further described below in combination with examples:

[0029] Example 1: Taking 10-year-old 'Cui Guan' open center pear trees as examples, experiments were carried out in orchards in Songjiang District, Shanghai.

[0030] In November of the first year, a straight branch with vigorous growth was selected in the middle of the inner cavity of the open center 'Cui Guan' (early-maturing variety) pear tree, and was short-cut after stumping to serve as a rootstock. 'Qingxiang' (late-maturing variety, pollination variety of 'Cui Guan') was grafted by split grafting, and its straight growth was cultivated as a central trunk.

[0031] In December of the second year, the central trunk ('Qingxiang') was medium-short-cut at 1.2-1.5 m.

[0032] In late March to mid-May of the third year, the central trunk ('Qingxiang') played a pollination role, and the inflorescences on 'Qingxiang' were removed after flowering; in May, 3-4 main branches at the top of the central trunk were selected and left for branch pulling treatment with a base angle of 75-80 degrees, and the side shoots below the main branches were removed; in December, each main branch at the top of the central trunk was short-cut at a length of about 0.5-0.6 m, and all the side branches below the main branches were removed from the base, and the whole pear tree formed a "tree on tree" shape.

[0033] In late March of the fourth year, the continuation trunk main branch played a pollination role; the inflorescences were removed after flowering; in May, the strong branches on the continuation trunk main branch were pinched; in December, the continuation trunk main branch was bent and changed to a weak and curved head, and the strong and vigorous branches on the side branches of the continuation trunk main branch were removed, 7-10 moderate branches were left on each main branch, and the crown diameter of the continuation trunk main branch was controlled at 1.2 m.

[0034] The operation of the 4th year is repeated every year thereafter.

[0035] Example 2, with 13-year-old 'Huanghua' open center pear trees as an example, was carried out in an orchard in Songjiang District, Shanghai.

[0036] In November of the first year, straight branches with vigorous growth were selected in the middle of the trunk cavity of the open center 'Huanghua' pear tree, and were short-cut after stumping to serve as the stock. 'Cui Guan' (an early-ripening variety, the pollinating variety of 'Huanghua') was grafted using the wedge grafting method, and was cultivated to grow straight as the central trunk.

[0037] In December of the second year, the central trunk ('Cui Guan') was short-cut at a height of 1.2-1.5 m.

[0038] In late March to mid-April of the third year, the central trunk ('Cui Guan') played a pollinating role, and the inflorescences on 'Cui Guan' were removed after flowering. In May, 3-4 main branches at the top of the central trunk were selected and treated by pulling the branches at an angle of 75-80 degrees, and the lateral shoots below the main branches were removed. In December, the main branches of the central trunk were short-cut at a height of 0.5-0.6 m, and the lateral branches below the main branches were removed from the base, forming a "tree on tree" shape for the entire pear tree.

[0039] In late March, the central trunk of the fourth year flowered, and the main branches of the central trunk played a pollinating role. 6-7 fruits were left on each main branch of the central trunk. In May, the strong branches on the main branches of the central trunk were pinched. In December, the main branches of the central trunk were bent and replaced, and the strong branches were removed, leaving 7-10 moderate branches on each main branch. The crown diameter of the main branches of the central trunk was controlled to be 1.2 m.

[0040] The operation of the 4th year is repeated every year thereafter.

[0041] Effect data:

[0042] 1) After the 'Qingxiang' was grafted onto the 'Cui Guan' open center pear tree using the method of Example 1, the fifth year investigation and statistics showed that the average number of straight branches on each main branch of the open center 'Cui Guan' without a central trunk was 15.2, of which the average number of straight branches with a diameter of 0.8 cm or more (which are vigorous straight branches with few or no flower buds, waste nutrients, and are generally removed during winter pruning) was 10.5. The average number of straight branches on each main branch of the improved 'Cui Guan' pear tree was 8.1, which was 46.7% less than that of the open center tree shape, and the average number of straight branches with a diameter of 0.8 cm or more was 3.5, which was 66.7% less than that of the open center tree shape, greatly saving the nutrients of the tree.

[0043] 2) According to the statistics, the average fruit setting rate of the flower clusters of 'Cuiguan' pear is 33.6% when 'Qingxiang' pear is planted as pollination tree at a ratio of 3:1 in the production garden; the fruit setting rate is improved after the branch is extended by the method of the present embodiment, and the average fruit setting rate of the flower clusters is 65.7%; there is a significant difference in the single fruit weight of the fruit, and the average single fruit weight of 'Cuiguan' pear is 304.7g when the pollination tree is planted, and the average single fruit weight is 349.1g when the method of the present embodiment is used, which has no significant difference with the single fruit weight of the fruit pollinated artificially.

[0044] 3) According to the market price of 10 yuan per kilogram of 'Cuiguan' pear, the commercial fruit rate of 80%, 56 pear trees per mu, and 100 fruits per tree, the method of the present embodiment 1 can increase the income by about 2000 yuan per mu (ignoring the labor amount of saving the labor of pruning the vertical branches in winter and artificial pollination in the flowering period, and only calculating the increase in the single fruit weight of the fruit (the formula is (349.1-304.7) x 100 x 56 x 80% x 0.001 x 10); the method of the present embodiment 2, only the main branch layer is extended, and the total number of fruits is 20 (the formula is 349.1 x 20 x 56 x 80% x 0.001 x 10), which can increase the income by about 3000 yuan per mu.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating improved pear trees through trunk propagation, characterized in that... The succession training and management of core staff includes the following steps: (1) Select mature pear trees with open-center pruning, with a trunk height of 0.6m-0.7m, 3-4 main branches, and no central trunk; (2) In step (1), in the middle of the pear tree, select a vigorous upright branch and cut it short as the original tree. Use its pollinating variety as the scion for grafting, so that the scion grows upright and continues to become the central trunk, that is, the continuation trunk. (3) In the winter pruning of the following year, the central stem grafted in step (2) is cut short at 1.2m-1.5m to promote branching; (4) During the third growing season, the central trunk plays a pollination role; after flowering, the inflorescences of the central trunk are removed; 3-4 main branches at the top of the central trunk are selected and trained, and the lateral shoots below the main branches are removed; during the third winter pruning, each main branch at the top of the central trunk is shortened at 0.4m-0.7m, and all lateral branches below the main branches on the central trunk are removed from the base, so that the whole pear tree forms a "tree on a tree" shape, and the main branches of the central trunk form a continuous trunk main branch layer, which is 1.2m-1.5m higher than the original tree main branch layer; (5) During the fourth growing season, the main branches play a pollination role; remove the inflorescences or leave the fruits after flowering on the main branches; pinch the strong branches on the main branches; in the fourth winter pruning, remove the strong branches and leave the weak branches on the main branches, and remove the strong branches on the main branches. Leave 7-10 moderate branches on each main branch, and the crown diameter of the main branches is 1.0m-1.4m. (6) Repeat step (5) every year thereafter; When grafting in step (2), the selection of the regrowth variety should follow the matching principle of pollinating varieties. The flowering period of the regrowth variety should be basically the same as that of the original tree variety, and the pollen activity should be high and the affinity should be strong. The regrowth variety should be a variety with weak branching ability. When the original tree variety is a late-maturing variety, the regrowth variety should be an early-maturing variety with a maturity period more than 40 days different from its maturity period. The specific treatment methods for removing inflorescences or leaving fruits after flowering in step (5) are as follows: if the original tree variety is an early-maturing variety and the subsequent tree variety is a late-maturing variety, or if the original tree variety and the subsequent tree variety have similar maturity periods, then the method of removing inflorescences after flowering is adopted; if the original tree variety is a late-maturing variety and the subsequent tree variety matures more than 40 days earlier, then the method of leaving fruits after flowering is adopted. The tree shape obtained by the above-mentioned method of improving pear tree cultivation by continuing the trunk forms a "tree on a tree" shape with the original trunk, main branches on the trunk, and continuing trunk and main branches on the continuing trunk. The trunk height is 0.6m-0.7m, with 3-4 main branches on the trunk. The continuing trunk height is 1.2m-1.5m, with 3-4 main branches on the continuing trunk. The crown diameter of the continuing trunk and main branch layer is 1m-1.4m.

2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The grafting in step (2) is hardwood grafting, and the grafting method is either bark grafting or cleft grafting.

3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), when the branches are pulled, the base angle reaches 75-80 degrees, and the growth direction of the main branch is misaligned with the growth direction of the original tree.

4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), after flowering, one fruit is left on each branch every 15-20 cm.

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