Stropharia rugoso-annulata mushroom-vegetable rotation cultivation method
By using a crop rotation method between king oyster mushrooms and vegetables, and by improving the soil with biochar-based fertilizers and microbial agents, combined with LED lighting management, we have achieved efficient use of land resources, improved soil fertility and economic benefits, reduced pests and diseases, and enhanced the quality of agricultural products.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511507427.5
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
In existing agricultural planting models, the rotation of king oyster mushrooms and vegetables has not fully considered the complementary growth characteristics, resulting in decreased soil fertility, the proliferation of pests and diseases, and a decline in yield and quality, as well as low land utilization and economic benefits.
The soil is improved by a two-stage deep tillage method combined with farmyard manure, biochar-based fertilizer and superphosphate. Micro-arched beds are constructed, and a mixture of straw, wheat bran, gypsum, lime and biochar is used to ferment the culture medium. Layered sowing is carried out and the mushroom bed environment is managed by LED supplemental lighting. Combined with drip irrigation system and microbial agents, temperature and humidity are strictly controlled to achieve the rotation cultivation of king oyster mushrooms and vegetables.
It has increased land utilization by more than 50%, improved soil structure and fertility, reduced pests and diseases, increased the yield and variety of agricultural products, improved economic benefits by 60% to 80%, reduced the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and enhanced the safety of agricultural products.
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural planting technology, specifically to a method for crop rotation cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Background Technology
[0002] The giant king oyster mushroom, also known as the wine-red giant king oyster mushroom, is commonly called the kidney-benefiting mushroom or the thick-legged mushroom. It is one of the top ten mushrooms in the international mushroom trading market and one of the mushrooms recommended for cultivation by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to developing countries. The giant king oyster mushroom is rich in nutrients and has a delicious taste, making it very popular among consumers.
[0003] Meanwhile, vegetables are an indispensable part of people's daily diet. In traditional agricultural planting models, continuous planting of a single crop can easily lead to problems such as declining soil fertility and the breeding of pests and diseases, affecting crop yield and quality. Existing crop rotation models often do not fully consider the complementarity of the growth characteristics of giant king mushrooms and vegetables, and cannot effectively improve land utilization and economic benefits.
[0004] How to rationally utilize land resources to achieve efficient crop rotation between king oyster mushrooms and vegetables, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and increase yield per unit area is an urgent problem to be solved in the current agricultural planting field. Based on this, the present invention provides a method for crop rotation cultivation of king oyster mushrooms and vegetables to solve the above-mentioned technical problems. Summary of the Invention
[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for crop rotation cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, thereby solving the problems mentioned in the background section.
[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:
[0007] This invention proposes a method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa*, comprising the following steps:
[0008] S1. Soil was improved by combining two-stage deep plowing with 4000 kg / mu of farmyard manure, 60 kg / mu of superphosphate and 200 kg / mu of biochar-based fertilizer, and micro-arched beds were constructed and humidity sensors were pre-embedded.
[0009] S2. Based on the characteristics of biochar in step S1, a mixture of 77% straw, 15% wheat bran, 2% gypsum, 2% lime, and 4% biochar was fermented in stages, adjusting the moisture content to 68% and the pH to 7.8, while simultaneously activating the inoculum to a germination rate of 95%.
[0010] S3. In late September, lay the culture medium from step S2, sow the inoculum in layers, cover with a mixture of humus and rice husks, and install LED supplementary lights with 30% red light at 660nm.
[0011] S4. Based on the equipment in step S3, maintain the mushroom bed at 20±2℃, humidity at 88±2%, and CO2<800ppm. Detect mycelium every 7 days, and switch to blue light 450nm to induce primordia when the mycelium penetrates the middle layer.
[0012] S5. After the mycelium has fully covered the substrate, the temperature is gradually reduced to 16℃ for 3 days, the humidity is 93±2%, pulse spraying is implemented and full-spectrum LED is activated. Harvest when the substrate is 70% mature and inject KH2PO4-MgSO4 nutrient solution.
[0013] S6. After harvesting, till the residue and culture medium from step S5, apply 40 kg / mu of compound fertilizer and 2 kg / mu of Bacillus subtilis inoculant, divide the soil into ridges and irrigate to 70% of the water holding capacity.
[0014] S7. Install the drip irrigation system in conjunction with the microbial agent from step S6;
[0015] S8. Strictly follow the procedure from sowing before September 25th to stubble clearing before March 20th of the following year, to transplanting before April 10th, and harvesting vegetables by the end of July. During the fallow period, deep plow and expose to the sun for 15 days, spray with 300 times diluted EM bacterial solution, and cover with a degradation film for 30 days. Repeat step S1 in late August.
[0016] Preferably, the implementation process of step S1 is as follows:
[0017] S1.1. Select a loamy plot with flat terrain, good drainage, and an organic matter content greater than 3%;
[0018] S1.2. Immediately after the previous crop is harvested, implement two-stage deep plowing: first deep plowing to 35 cm to break the plow pan, followed by a second rotary plowing to 20 cm after 7 days;
[0019] S1.3. During deep plowing, apply 4000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure, 60 kg of superphosphate, and 200 kg of biochar-based fertilizer per mu. The fertilizer is made from straw carbonization, with a pH of 8.2 and a porosity of 70%.
[0020] S1.4. After land preparation, construct a slightly arched bed 1.4 meters wide and 20 centimeters high, with a furrow width of 40 centimeters and a humidity sensor pre-embedded to ensure that the base fertilizer is fully mixed with the soil.
[0021] Preferably, the implementation process of step S2 is as follows:
[0022] S2.1. Based on the characteristics of the biochar-based fertilizer applied in step S1, prepare the culture medium: soak 12 cm long rice straw or corn stalks for 32 hours, and mix them in the following proportions: straw 77%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 2%, lime 2%, and biochar-based fertilizer 4%.
[0023] S2.2. A stepped fermentation process is adopted: the pile is heated to 65℃ and maintained for 48 hours, during which the pile is turned twice, and then cooled to 45℃ and kept at a constant temperature for 24 hours.
[0024] S2.3. Finally, adjust the moisture content of the culture medium to 68% and the pH value to 7.8;
[0025] S2.4. Synchronous activation of the inoculum: Place the solid inoculum in an environment of 18℃ and 85% humidity for 48 hours to pre-germinate. Once the mycelial germination rate reaches 95%, it can be put into use.
[0026] Preferably, the implementation process of step S3 is as follows:
[0027] S3.1. Based on the fermentation material parameters completed in step S2, a 25 cm layer of culture material was laid on the raised bed in late September, and the thickness was 20 cm after compaction;
[0028] S3.2. Use the layered sowing method: evenly sow 70% of the activated inoculum at a rate of 1.2 kg / m² in the bottom layer, cover with 5 cm of culture medium, and then sow the remaining 30% of the inoculum in the middle layer.
[0029] S3.3. Add a 3 cm thick layer of functional covering material to the surface, mix humus and rice husks in a 3:1 ratio, and install adjustable spectrum LED supplementary lights at a height of 80 cm from the bed surface, initially set to red light 660nm wavelength with 30% of the light.
[0030] Preferably, the implementation process of step S4 is as follows:
[0031] S4.1. Linkage step S3: Install LED equipment data to maintain mushroom bed temperature within the range of 20±2℃: During the day, turn on the supplemental light for 6 hours with a light intensity of 800 lux, and cover with insulation felt at night.
[0032] S4.2. The air humidity is controlled to 88±2% and the CO2 concentration is below 800ppm by the humidity sensor pre-buried in the furrows. Ventilation is carried out 3 times a day for 30 minutes each time.
[0033] S4.3. Every 7 days, the hyphal growth depth is detected using a non-destructive probe method. When the hyphae penetrate to the middle layer of the mycelium in step S3, the LED light is adjusted to 40% of the wavelength of blue light at 450nm to induce primordia differentiation.
[0034] Preferably, the implementation process of step S5 is as follows:
[0035] S5.1. Based on the mycelium detection results in step S4, start the fruiting program after the mycelium has fully covered the substrate: gradually reduce the temperature to 16℃ within 3 days, reduce the temperature by 2℃ every day, and increase the humidity to 93±2%.
[0036] S5.2. Implement a pulse spray system: spray water at 18℃ for 15 minutes daily from 10:00 to 12:00, and stop spraying and ventilate from 14:00 to 16:00.
[0037] S5.3. Synchronously adjust the LED to full-spectrum mode, with a red light to blue light ratio of 1:1, and increase the light intensity to 1200 lux;
[0038] S5.4. Harvest when the fruiting body is 70% mature, with the cap not yet opened and a diameter of 4-5 cm. Immediately after harvesting, inject a nutrient supplement solution containing 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.05% magnesium sulfate into the harvesting hole.
[0039] Preferably, the implementation process of step S6 is as follows:
[0040] S6.1. After the harvest of giant king mushrooms in March of the following year, the mushroom bed substrate and the residue of the nutrient supplement solution from step S5 are plowed into the soil to a depth of 30 cm.
[0041] S6.2. Apply 40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu and plant soil microbial inoculant with a Bacillus subtilis content of not less than 500 million CFU / g, at a rate of 2 kg / mu.
[0042] S6.3. After fine land preparation, divide the land into beds according to vegetable type: leafy vegetables are built into flat beds 1.2 meters wide, and solanaceous vegetables are built into raised beds 0.8 meters wide with furrows 15 centimeters deep;
[0043] S6.4. Three days before transplanting, thoroughly irrigate until the soil moisture content reaches 70%.
[0044] Preferably, the implementation process of step S7 is as follows:
[0045] S7.1. Based on the characteristics of the microbial agent implanted in step S6, install a drip irrigation system;
[0046] S7.2. Implement dynamic nitrogen regulation for leafy vegetables: drip irrigation with 0.5% urea solution during the seedling stage, twice a week, and increase to 0.8% concentration three times a week during the growing season;
[0047] S7.3. For solanaceous crops, targeted fertilization is applied during the flowering and fruiting period: during the flowering period, drip irrigation is applied with a 0.3% phosphorus pentoxide solution, and during the fruiting period, the solution is switched to a mixture of 0.4% potassium oxide and 0.1% calcium chloride.
[0048] S7.4. Irrigation volume is adjusted by soil moisture meter to maintain root zone moisture content stable within the range of 60-65%.
[0049] Preferably, the implementation process of step S8 is as follows:
[0050] S8.1. Strictly follow the time nodes: for giant king mushrooms, complete step S3 sowing before September 25 and step S6 stubble clearing before March 20 of the following year; for vegetables, complete step S6 transplanting before April 10 and harvest by the end of July.
[0051] S8.2. Added fallow period treatment: After the vegetables are harvested, deep plow and expose to the sun for 15 days, spray EM bacterial solution diluted 300 times per mu, with the ratio of aerobic bacteria to anaerobic bacteria 3:1, and cover with biodegradable mulch film for 30 days.
[0052] After the membrane is removed in late August, the project will re-enter the S1 land improvement stage, completing the annual cycle.
[0053] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
[0054] This invention utilizes crop rotation of king oyster mushrooms and vegetables to fully leverage the idle time of land in different seasons, resulting in more efficient land use. Compared to monoculture, land utilization is increased by over 50%. The substrate from the harvested king oyster mushrooms is tilled into the soil, providing abundant organic fertilizer for vegetable growth, increasing soil organic matter content, improving soil structure and fertility, and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Simultaneously, the absorption and utilization of soil nutrients during vegetable cultivation helps regulate soil nutrient balance, promoting the growth of king oyster mushrooms in the following season. Crop rotation of king oyster mushrooms and vegetables alters the soil microbial community structure and the survival environment of pests and diseases, disrupting their life cycles, reducing their accumulation in the soil, lowering the probability of pest and disease occurrence, reducing pesticide use, and improving the safety of agricultural products. Given the high market demand for king oyster mushrooms and vegetables, crop rotation achieves two harvests per year, increasing the yield and variety of agricultural products and improving economic benefits per unit area compared to monoculture. Detailed Implementation
[0055] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0056] Example 1: This invention proposes a method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa*, comprising the following steps:
[0057] S1. Soil was improved by combining two-stage deep plowing with 4000 kg / mu of farmyard manure, 60 kg / mu of superphosphate and 200 kg / mu of biochar-based fertilizer, and micro-arched beds were constructed and humidity sensors were pre-embedded.
[0058] S2. Based on the characteristics of biochar in step S1, a mixture of 77% straw, 15% wheat bran, 2% gypsum, 2% lime, and 4% biochar was fermented in stages, adjusting the moisture content to 68% and the pH to 7.8, while simultaneously activating the inoculum to a germination rate of 95%.
[0059] S3. In late September, lay the culture medium from step S2, sow the inoculum in layers, cover with a mixture of humus and rice husks, and install LED supplementary lights with 30% red light at 660nm.
[0060] S4. Based on the equipment in step S3, maintain the mushroom bed at 20±2℃, humidity at 88±2%, and CO2<800ppm. Detect mycelium every 7 days, and switch to blue light 450nm to induce primordia when the mycelium penetrates the middle layer.
[0061] S5. After the mycelium has fully covered the substrate, the temperature is gradually reduced to 16℃ for 3 days, the humidity is 93±2%, pulse spraying is implemented and full-spectrum LED is activated. Harvest when the substrate is 70% mature and inject KH2PO4-MgSO4 nutrient solution.
[0062] S6. After harvesting, till the residue and culture medium from step S5, apply 40 kg / mu of compound fertilizer and 2 kg / mu of Bacillus subtilis inoculant, divide the soil into ridges and irrigate to 70% of the water holding capacity.
[0063] S7. Install the drip irrigation system in conjunction with the microbial agent from step S6;
[0064] S8. Strictly follow the procedure from sowing before September 25th to stubble clearing before March 20th of the following year, to transplanting before April 10th, and harvesting vegetables by the end of July. During the fallow period, deep plow and expose to the sun for 15 days, spray with 300 times diluted EM bacterial solution, and cover with a degradation film for 30 days. Repeat step S1 in late August.
[0065] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S1 is as follows:
[0066] S1.1. Select a loamy plot with flat terrain, good drainage, and an organic matter content greater than 3%;
[0067] S1.2. Immediately after the previous crop is harvested, implement two-stage deep plowing: first deep plowing to 35 cm to break the plow pan, followed by a second rotary plowing to 20 cm after 7 days;
[0068] S1.3. During deep plowing, apply 4000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure, 60 kg of superphosphate, and 200 kg of biochar-based fertilizer per mu. The fertilizer is made from straw carbonization, with a pH of 8.2 and a porosity of 70%.
[0069] S1.4. After land preparation, construct a slightly arched bed 1.4 meters wide and 20 centimeters high, with a furrow width of 40 centimeters and a humidity sensor pre-embedded to ensure that the base fertilizer is fully mixed with the soil.
[0070] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S2 is as follows:
[0071] S2.1. Based on the characteristics of the biochar-based fertilizer applied in step S1, prepare the culture medium: soak 12 cm long rice straw or corn stalks for 32 hours, and mix them in the following proportions: straw 77%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 2%, lime 2%, and biochar-based fertilizer 4%.
[0072] S2.2. A stepped fermentation process is adopted: the pile is heated to 65℃ and maintained for 48 hours, during which the pile is turned twice, and then cooled to 45℃ and kept at a constant temperature for 24 hours.
[0073] S2.3. Finally, adjust the moisture content of the culture medium to 68% and the pH value to 7.8;
[0074] S2.4. Synchronous activation of the inoculum: Place the solid inoculum in an environment of 18℃ and 85% humidity for 48 hours to pre-germinate. Once the mycelial germination rate reaches 95%, it can be put into use.
[0075] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S3 is as follows:
[0076] S3.1. Based on the fermentation material parameters completed in step S2, a 25 cm layer of culture material was laid on the raised bed in late September, and the thickness was 20 cm after compaction;
[0077] S3.2. Use the layered sowing method: evenly sow 70% of the activated inoculum at a rate of 1.2 kg / m² in the bottom layer, cover with 5 cm of culture medium, and then sow the remaining 30% of the inoculum in the middle layer.
[0078] S3.3. Add a 3 cm thick layer of functional covering material to the surface, mix humus and rice husks in a 3:1 ratio, and install adjustable spectrum LED supplementary lights at a height of 80 cm from the bed surface, initially set to red light 660nm wavelength with 30% of the light.
[0079] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S4 is as follows:
[0080] S4.1. Linkage step S3: Install LED equipment data to maintain mushroom bed temperature within the range of 20±2℃: During the day, turn on the supplemental light for 6 hours with a light intensity of 800 lux, and cover with insulation felt at night.
[0081] S4.2. The air humidity is controlled to 88±2% and the CO2 concentration is below 800ppm by the humidity sensor pre-buried in the furrows. Ventilation is carried out 3 times a day for 30 minutes each time.
[0082] S4.3. Every 7 days, the hyphal growth depth is detected using a non-destructive probe method. When the hyphae penetrate to the middle layer of the mycelium in step S3, the LED light is adjusted to 40% of the wavelength of blue light at 450nm to induce primordia differentiation.
[0083] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S5 is as follows:
[0084] S5.1. Based on the mycelium detection results in step S4, start the fruiting program after the mycelium has fully covered the substrate: gradually reduce the temperature to 16℃ within 3 days, reduce the temperature by 2℃ every day, and increase the humidity to 93±2%.
[0085] S5.2. Implement a pulse spray system: spray water at 18℃ for 15 minutes daily from 10:00 to 12:00, and stop spraying and ventilate from 14:00 to 16:00.
[0086] S5.3. Synchronously adjust the LED to full-spectrum mode, with a red light to blue light ratio of 1:1, and increase the light intensity to 1200 lux;
[0087] S5.4. Harvest when the fruiting body is 70% mature, with the cap not yet opened and a diameter of 4-5 cm. Immediately after harvesting, inject a nutrient supplement solution containing 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.05% magnesium sulfate into the harvesting hole.
[0088] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S6 is as follows:
[0089] S6.1. After the harvest of giant king mushrooms in March of the following year, the mushroom bed substrate and the residue of the nutrient supplement solution from step S5 are plowed into the soil to a depth of 30 cm.
[0090] S6.2. Apply 40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu and plant soil microbial inoculant with a Bacillus subtilis content of not less than 500 million CFU / g, at a rate of 2 kg / mu.
[0091] S6.3. After fine land preparation, divide the land into beds according to vegetable type: leafy vegetables are built into flat beds 1.2 meters wide, and solanaceous vegetables are built into raised beds 0.8 meters wide with furrows 15 centimeters deep;
[0092] S6.4. Three days before transplanting, thoroughly irrigate until the soil moisture content reaches 70%.
[0093] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S7 is as follows:
[0094] S7.1. Based on the characteristics of the microbial agent implanted in step S6, install a drip irrigation system;
[0095] S7.2. Implement dynamic nitrogen regulation for leafy vegetables: drip irrigation with 0.5% urea solution during the seedling stage, twice a week, and increase to 0.8% concentration three times a week during the growing season;
[0096] S7.3. For solanaceous crops, targeted fertilization is applied during the flowering and fruiting period: during the flowering period, drip irrigation is applied with a 0.3% phosphorus pentoxide solution, and during the fruiting period, the solution is switched to a mixture of 0.4% potassium oxide and 0.1% calcium chloride.
[0097] S7.4. Irrigation volume is adjusted by soil moisture meter to maintain root zone moisture content stable within the range of 60-65%.
[0098] In this embodiment, it should also be noted that the implementation process of step S8 is as follows:
[0099] S8.1. Strictly follow the time nodes: for giant king mushrooms, complete step S3 sowing before September 25 and step S6 stubble clearing before March 20 of the following year; for vegetables, complete step S6 transplanting before April 10 and harvest by the end of July.
[0100] S8.2. Added fallow period treatment: After the vegetables are harvested, deep plow and expose to the sun for 15 days, spray EM bacterial solution diluted 300 times per mu, with the ratio of aerobic bacteria to anaerobic bacteria 3:1, and cover with biodegradable mulch film for 30 days.
[0101] After the membrane is removed in late August, the project will re-enter the S1 land improvement stage, completing the annual cycle.
[0102] Example 2: In practical application, the present invention provides a method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* fungi, specifically comprising the following steps:
[0103] (1). Site selection and processing:
[0104] Choose a plot of land that is flat, well-drained, with fertile soil that is rich in organic matter and well-aerated;
[0105] Before planting, the land should be deeply tilled to a depth of 25-35 cm to break up the plow pan, improve soil structure, and enhance the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity.
[0106] Apply 3,000-4,000 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure and 50-60 kg of superphosphate per mu. Then harrow the land to mix the fertilizer with the soil thoroughly. Level the land and make beds 1.2-1.5 meters wide and 15-20 centimeters high, with a bed spacing of 30-40 centimeters to facilitate drainage and agricultural operations.
[0107] (2). Cultivation of Giant King Mushrooms:
[0108] Culture medium preparation: The culture medium is prepared using rice straw, corn stalks, wheat bran, gypsum, and lime as the main raw materials;
[0109] Cut rice straw and corn stalks into 10-15 cm pieces and soak them in water for 24-36 hours to allow them to fully absorb water. After draining, mix them evenly with rice straw or corn stalks in a ratio of 70-80%, wheat bran 10-15%, gypsum 1-2%, and lime 1-2%. Adjust the moisture content of the substrate to 65-70% and the pH value to 7-8.
[0110] Sowing: Sowing is carried out in September or October. The prepared culture medium is spread on the bed surface to a thickness of 20-25 cm. Then, the spawn of *Stropharia macrocarpa* is evenly scattered on the surface of the culture medium at a rate of 1-1.5 kg per square meter. After sowing, cover with another 3-5 cm thick layer of culture medium and gently compact it to ensure that the spawn and the culture medium are in full contact.
[0111] Mycelium growth management: After inoculation, maintain the temperature of the mushroom bed at 15-25℃ and the relative humidity at 85-90%, and ventilate regularly to promote mycelial growth;
[0112] During the mycelium growth period, avoid direct sunlight on the mushroom bed; a shade net can be placed over the bed surface.
[0113] Fruiting management: 40-50 days after sowing, when the mycelium has fully colonized the substrate, fruiting management should begin.
[0114] Lower the mushroom bed temperature to 12-20℃, increase the relative humidity to 90-95%, and enhance ventilation and diffused light to stimulate primordia formation.
[0115] Harvest the fruiting bodies when they are 70-80% mature. After harvesting, clean the mushroom bed, add an appropriate amount of water, and promote the growth of the next flush of mushrooms.
[0116] The harvesting period for giant king oyster mushrooms can last until March or April of the following year;
[0117] (3) Vegetable cultivation:
[0118] Variety selection: Select suitable vegetable varieties based on local climate conditions and market demand;
[0119] After the harvest of giant king mushrooms, you can choose to plant leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, and romaine lettuce, or solanaceous vegetables such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers.
[0120] Land preparation and fertilization: After the harvest of giant king mushrooms, the culture medium from the mushroom bed is turned into the soil on the spot as base fertilizer for vegetable planting;
[0121] Then apply 30-40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu, carry out fine land preparation, and make beds suitable for vegetable planting;
[0122] Sowing or transplanting: Leafy vegetables are generally sown directly, either by broadcasting or by row sowing at an appropriate sowing density; Solanaceous vegetables are transplanted from seedlings, and transplanted when the seedlings have grown to 4-6 true leaves, with the transplanting density depending on the vegetable variety.
[0123] Field management: Watering, fertilizing, weeding, and pest and disease control should be carried out in a reasonable manner according to the growth stages of vegetables;
[0124] During the growth period of leafy vegetables, keep the soil moist and apply a diluted, fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer every 7 to 10 days; during the fruiting period of solanaceous vegetables, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer heavily, and at the same time pay attention to pruning, thinning flowers and fruits to improve vegetable yield and quality.
[0125] (4) Rotation cycle arrangement: The rotation cycle is carried out according to the following cycle: sowing of king oyster mushrooms in September to October and harvesting in March to April of the following year; sowing or planting of vegetables in April to May and harvesting in July to August. One king oyster mushroom and vegetable rotation cycle is completed in one year.
[0126] Example 3: In practical application, the present invention provides a method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* fungi, specifically comprising the following steps:
[0127] 1. Site selection and preparation: Select a site in Yangfang Village, Huangyang Town, Liangzhou District, Wuwei City, Gansu Province that is flat, well-drained, and has fertile soil;
[0128] Deep plowing is carried out in late August to a depth of 30 cm. 3500 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure and 55 kg of superphosphate are applied per mu. After harrowing, beds are made 1.3 meters wide and 18 cm high, with a bed spacing of 35 cm.
[0129] 2. Cultivation of Giant King Mushrooms:
[0130] Preparation of substrate: In mid-September, cut rice straw into 12 cm sections, soak for 30 hours, drain the water, and mix evenly with rice straw, wheat bran, gypsum and lime in a ratio of 75%, wheat bran 12%, gypsum 1.5% and lime 1.5%, and adjust the moisture content to 68% and the pH value to 7.5.
[0131] Sowing: On September 20, spread the substrate on the raised bed to a thickness of 22 cm, and sow the large-cap mushroom spawn at a rate of 1.2 kg per square meter, then cover with a 4 cm thick layer of substrate;
[0132] Mycelium growth management: After sowing, maintain the temperature of the mushroom bed at 18-22℃ and the relative humidity at 88% by setting up a shade shed and ventilating in a timely manner;
[0133] Mushroom management: In late October, after the mycelium has fully colonized the substrate, lower the temperature to 15-18℃, increase the relative humidity to 92%, and strengthen ventilation and diffused light.
[0134] Harvesting begins in early November and ends in mid-March of the following year;
[0135] 3. Vegetable cultivation:
[0136] Variety selection: Choose to grow lettuce;
[0137] Land preparation and fertilization: After the harvest of giant king mushrooms, turn the culture medium into the soil, apply 35 kg of compound fertilizer per acre, and make beds 1.2 meters wide.
[0138] Sowing or transplanting: Direct sowing on April 10th, using 500 grams of seeds per acre;
[0139] Field management: Keep the soil moist and apply a diluted urea solution every 8 days;
[0140] Harvesting begins in mid-June and ends in early July.
[0141] Example 4: In practical application, the present invention provides a method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* fungi, specifically comprising the following steps:
[0142] 1. Site selection and treatment: Select a suitable site in the greenhouse of the experimental base of Gansu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Engineering Technology. Deep plow to 32 cm in mid-August, apply 3800 kg of farmyard manure and 58 kg of superphosphate per mu, and make beds 1.4 meters wide and 19 cm high with a bed spacing of 38 cm.
[0143] 2. Cultivation of Giant King Mushrooms:
[0144] Culture medium preparation: On September 10, corn stalks were cut into 13 cm sections, soaked for 32 hours, and mixed with 78% corn stalks, 13% wheat bran, 1.2% gypsum and 1.8% lime. The moisture content was adjusted to 67% and the pH value was 7.6.
[0145] Sowing: Sow on September 18th, with a substrate thickness of 23 cm and a sowing rate of 1.3 kg per square meter;
[0146] Mycelium growth and fruiting management: Following the management method in Example 1, fruiting began on October 25 and was completed by late March of the following year;
[0147] 3. Vegetable cultivation:
[0148] Variety selection: Choose to plant tomatoes;
[0149] Land preparation and fertilization: Post-harvest treatment of *Stropharia macrocarpa* is the same as in Example 1;
[0150] Sowing or transplanting: Tomato seedlings are raised in early March and transplanted on April 20 when the seedlings have grown to 5 true leaves, with a plant spacing of 40 cm × 50 cm.
[0151] Field management: Apply heavy application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during the fruiting period, and prune and thin out flowers and fruits in a timely manner;
[0152] Harvesting begins in late July and ends in mid-August;
[0153] Through the above steps, this invention fully utilizes the idle time of land in different seasons by rotating king oyster mushrooms and vegetables, making land use more efficient. Compared with monoculture, land utilization rate is increased by more than 50%. The culture medium after king oyster mushroom harvesting is tilled into the soil, providing abundant organic fertilizer for vegetable growth, increasing soil organic matter content, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility, and reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer used. Simultaneously, the absorption and utilization of soil nutrients during vegetable cultivation also helps regulate soil nutrient balance and promotes the growth of king oyster mushrooms in the next season. The rotation of king oyster mushrooms and vegetables alters the soil microbial community structure and the survival environment of pests and diseases, breaking the life cycle of pests and diseases, reducing their accumulation in the soil, lowering the probability of their occurrence, reducing pesticide use, and improving the safety of agricultural products. With high market demand for king oyster mushrooms and vegetables, crop rotation achieves two harvests a year, increasing the yield and variety of agricultural products, and improving the economic benefits per unit area. Compared with monoculture, economic benefits are increased by 60% to 80%.
[0154] In summary, the method for crop rotation of *Stropharia matsutake* and vegetables of the present invention achieves good growth of both *Stropharia matsutake* and vegetables, effectively improves land utilization and economic benefits, and at the same time improves the soil environment and reduces the occurrence of pests and diseases.
[0155] In the description of this specification, the references to "an embodiment," "example," and "specific example" indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.
[0156] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and effects.
Claims
1. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa*, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Soil was improved by combining two-stage deep plowing with 4000 kg / mu of farmyard manure, 60 kg / mu of superphosphate and 200 kg / mu of biochar-based fertilizer, and micro-arched beds were constructed and humidity sensors were pre-embedded. S2. Based on the characteristics of biochar in step S1, a mixture of 77% straw, 15% wheat bran, 2% gypsum, 2% lime, and 4% biochar was fermented in stages, adjusting the moisture content to 68% and the pH to 7.8, while simultaneously activating the inoculum to a germination rate of 95%. S3. In late September, lay the culture medium from step S2, sow the inoculum in layers, cover with a mixture of humus and rice husks, and install LED supplementary lights with 30% red light at 660nm. S4. Based on the equipment in step S3, maintain the mushroom bed at 20±2℃, humidity at 88±2%, and CO2<800ppm. Detect mycelium every 7 days, and switch to blue light 450nm to induce primordia when the mycelium penetrates the middle layer. S5. After the mycelium has fully covered the substrate, the temperature is gradually reduced to 16℃ for 3 days, the humidity is 93±2%, pulse spraying is implemented and full-spectrum LED is activated. Harvest when the substrate is 70% mature and inject KH2PO4-MgSO4 nutrient solution. S6. After harvesting, till the residue and culture medium from step S5, apply 40 kg / mu of compound fertilizer and 2 kg / mu of Bacillus subtilis inoculant, divide the soil into ridges and irrigate to 70% of the water holding capacity. S7. Install the drip irrigation system in conjunction with the microbial agent from step S6; S8. Strictly follow the procedure from sowing before September 25th to stubble clearing before March 20th of the following year, to transplanting before April 10th, and harvesting vegetables by the end of July. During the fallow period, deep plow and expose to the sun for 15 days, spray with 300 times diluted EM bacterial solution, and cover with a degradation film for 30 days. Repeat step S1 in late August.
2. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 1, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S1 is as follows: S1.
1. Select a loamy plot with flat terrain, good drainage, and an organic matter content greater than 3%; S1.
2. Immediately after the previous crop is harvested, implement two-stage deep plowing: first deep plowing to 35 cm to break the plow pan, followed by a second rotary plowing to 20 cm after 7 days; S1.
3. During deep plowing, apply 4000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure, 60 kg of superphosphate, and 200 kg of biochar-based fertilizer per mu. The fertilizer is made from straw carbonization, with a pH of 8.2 and a porosity of 70%. S1.
4. After land preparation, construct a slightly arched bed 1.4 meters wide and 20 centimeters high, with a furrow width of 40 centimeters and a humidity sensor pre-embedded to ensure that the base fertilizer is fully mixed with the soil.
3. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 2, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S2 is as follows: S2.
1. Based on the characteristics of the biochar-based fertilizer applied in step S1, prepare the culture medium: soak 12 cm long rice straw or corn stalks for 32 hours, and mix them in the following proportions: straw 77%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 2%, lime 2%, and biochar-based fertilizer 4%. S2.
2. A stepped fermentation process is adopted: the pile is heated to 65℃ and maintained for 48 hours, during which the pile is turned twice, and then cooled to 45℃ and kept at a constant temperature for 24 hours. S2.
3. Finally, adjust the moisture content of the culture medium to 68% and the pH value to 7.8; S2.
4. Synchronous activation of the inoculum: Place the solid inoculum in an environment of 18℃ and 85% humidity for 48 hours to pre-germinate. Once the mycelial germination rate reaches 95%, it can be put into use.
4. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 3, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S3 is as follows: S3.
1. Based on the fermentation material parameters completed in step S2, a 25 cm layer of culture material was laid on the raised bed in late September, and the thickness was 20 cm after compaction; S3.
2. Use the layered sowing method: evenly sow 70% of the activated inoculum at a rate of 1.2 kg / m² in the bottom layer, cover with 5 cm of culture medium, and then sow the remaining 30% of the inoculum in the middle layer. S3.
3. Add a 3 cm thick layer of functional covering material to the surface, mix humus and rice husks in a 3:1 ratio, and install adjustable spectrum LED supplementary lights at a height of 80 cm from the bed surface, initially set to red light 660nm wavelength with 30% of the light.
5. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 4, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S4 is as follows: S4.
1. Linkage step S3: Install LED equipment data to maintain mushroom bed temperature within the range of 20±2℃: During the day, turn on the supplemental light for 6 hours with a light intensity of 800 lux, and cover with insulation felt at night. S4.
2. The air humidity is controlled to 88±2% and the CO2 concentration is below 800ppm by the humidity sensor pre-buried in the furrows. Ventilation is carried out 3 times a day for 30 minutes each time. S4.
3. Every 7 days, the hyphal growth depth is detected using a non-destructive probe method. When the hyphae penetrate to the middle layer of the mycelium in step S3, the LED light is adjusted to 40% of the wavelength of blue light at 450nm to induce primordia differentiation.
6. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 5, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S5 is as follows: S5.
1. Based on the mycelium detection results in step S4, start the fruiting program after the mycelium has fully covered the substrate: gradually reduce the temperature to 16℃ within 3 days, reduce the temperature by 2℃ every day, and increase the humidity to 93±2%. S5.
2. Implement a pulse spray system: spray water at 18℃ for 15 minutes daily from 10:00 to 12:00, and stop spraying and ventilate from 14:00 to 16:
00. S5.
3. Synchronously adjust the LED to full-spectrum mode, with a red light to blue light ratio of 1:1, and increase the light intensity to 1200 lux; S5.
4. Harvest when the fruiting body is 70% mature, with the cap not yet opened and a diameter of 4-5 cm. Immediately after harvesting, inject a nutrient supplement solution containing 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.05% magnesium sulfate into the harvesting hole.
7. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 6, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S6 is as follows: S6.
1. After the harvest of giant king mushrooms in March of the following year, the mushroom bed substrate and the residue of the nutrient supplement solution from step S5 are plowed into the soil to a depth of 30 cm. S6.
2. Apply 40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu and plant soil microbial inoculant with a Bacillus subtilis content of not less than 500 million CFU / g, at a rate of 2 kg / mu. S6.
3. After fine land preparation, divide the land into beds according to vegetable type: leafy vegetables are built into flat beds 1.2 meters wide, and solanaceous vegetables are built into raised beds 0.8 meters wide with furrows 15 centimeters deep; S6.
4. Three days before transplanting, thoroughly irrigate until the soil moisture content reaches 70%.
8. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 7, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S7 is as follows: S7.
1. Based on the characteristics of the microbial agent implanted in step S6, install a drip irrigation system; S7.
2. Implement dynamic nitrogen regulation for leafy vegetables: drip irrigation with 0.5% urea solution during the seedling stage, twice a week, and increase to 0.8% concentration three times a week during the growing season; S7.
3. For solanaceous crops, targeted fertilization is applied during the flowering and fruiting period: during the flowering period, drip irrigation is applied with a 0.3% phosphorus pentoxide solution, and during the fruiting period, the solution is switched to a mixture of 0.4% potassium oxide and 0.1% calcium chloride. S7.
4. Irrigation volume is adjusted by soil moisture meter to maintain root zone moisture content stable within the range of 60-65%.
9. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Agaricus macrocarpa* according to claim 8, characterized in that, The implementation process of step S8 is as follows: S8.
1. Strictly follow the time nodes: for giant king mushrooms, complete step S3 sowing before September 25 and step S6 stubble clearing before March 20 of the following year; for vegetables, complete step S6 transplanting before April 10 and harvest by the end of July. S8.
2. Added fallow period treatment: After the vegetables are harvested, deep plow and expose to the sun for 15 days, spray EM bacterial solution diluted 300 times per mu, with the ratio of aerobic bacteria to anaerobic bacteria 3:1, and cover with biodegradable mulch film for 30 days. After the membrane is removed in late August, the project will re-enter the S1 land improvement stage, completing the annual cycle.