Vacuum cavity system integrating double particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer and method

Abstract

The invention discloses a vacuum cavity system integrating double particle beams and a velocity imaging spectrometer and a method. The system comprises a vacuum cavity main body, a nano-particle beam source, an atom and molecule beam source, a speed imaging spectrometer, a laser transmission assembly and a synchronous control assembly, the nano-particle beam source and the atom-molecule beam source are respectively arranged on the vacuum cavity main body, particle beam paths are oppositely collinear, the axis of the speed imaging spectrometer is perpendicular to the particle beam paths and the laser transmission path in pairs, and the laser transmission assembly can be compatible with various optical wavebands and ultrashort laser pulses with femtosecond to attosecond magnitude pulse widths. The synchronous control assembly achieves cooperative work of all the components. According to the invention, ultrafast dynamic research on two different-scale particles of nanoparticles and atoms and molecules can be realized on the same device, frequent replacement of the device is not needed, the experimental efficiency is improved, the research cost is reduced, the accuracy and reliability of experimental data are ensured, and a comprehensive and efficient experimental platform is provided for ultrafast dynamic research.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of ultrafast dynamics research or vacuum instrument technology, and specifically relates to a vacuum cavity system and method integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer. Background Technology

[0002] Ultrafast dynamics research is an important branch of cutting-edge science, and it is of great significance for revealing transient processes in materials, chemical, and biological systems. As a highly efficient detection tool, velocity imaging spectrometers can invert the time and energy information of ultrafast dynamic processes by measuring the momentum distribution of electrons and ions generated during photoionization or dissociation. They have been widely used in the study of atomic, molecular, and nanoparticle systems.

[0003] Existing velocity imaging detection systems typically include a vacuum cavity, a particle beam source, a laser introduction device, and a velocity imaging detector. The laser interacts with the particle beam in the vacuum cavity, and the resulting charged particles are captured by the detector under the influence of an electric field, thus obtaining momentum information. However, these systems generally suffer from the following limitations: First, most devices integrate only a single type of particle beam source, making it difficult for a single system to cover the research needs of particles at different scales, from atoms and molecules to nanoparticles. Researchers need to switch between different devices, resulting in high costs and low efficiency. Second, existing devices have poor compatibility with ultrashort pulse lasers; laser light is easily absorbed during transmission in air, affecting experimental accuracy and feasibility. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this application is to provide a vacuum cavity system and method integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer. This addresses the problems mentioned in the background art, where existing vacuum cavity systems integrating velocity imaging spectrometers only integrate a single particle beam source, resulting in limited research scope, insufficient compatibility with multi-wavelength bands and ultrashort laser pulses with pulse widths in the femtosecond to attosecond ranges, and difficulty in achieving multi-component collaborative operation to meet the needs of cross-scale particle ultrafast dynamics research.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this application adopts the following technical solution: In one aspect, a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer is provided, including a vacuum cavity body, a nanoparticle beam source, an atomic and molecular beam source, a velocity imaging spectrometer, a laser transmission component, and a synchronization control component; The nanoparticle beam source and the atomic and molecular beam source are respectively disposed on the main body of the vacuum cavity, and the particle beam paths emitted by the two are collinear and opposite to each other. The velocity imaging spectrometer is mounted on the main body of the vacuum cavity, and its axial direction is perpendicular to both the particle beam path and the laser transmission path. The laser transmission component is used to introduce ultrashort laser pulses into the vacuum cavity body and is compatible with various optical bands and ultrashort laser pulses with pulse widths in the femtosecond to attosecond range. The synchronization control component is communicatively connected to the nanoparticle beam source, atomic and molecular beam source, velocity imaging spectrometer, and laser transmission component, and is used to control the coordinated operation of each component to achieve ultrafast dynamics research on nanoparticles or atoms and molecules.

[0006] In one possible implementation, the nanoparticle beam source includes a feed end, a transmission tube, a first vacuum chamber, a second vacuum chamber, a first nozzle, a second nozzle, a left molecular pump interface, a right molecular pump interface, a first dry pump interface, and a second dry pump interface. The first vacuum chamber and the second vacuum chamber are connected by a flange seal to form a series structure; One end of the transmission tube is connected to the feed end, and the other end extends into the first vacuum chamber; The inlet end of the first nozzle is connected to the second vacuum chamber, the outlet end of the first nozzle is connected to the inlet end of the second nozzle, and the orifice diameter of the first nozzle is larger than that of the second nozzle, forming a focusing structure with progressively narrower diameters. The left molecular pump interface and the first dry pump interface are disposed on the side wall of the first vacuum chamber, and the right molecular pump interface and the second dry pump interface are disposed on the side wall of the second vacuum chamber. The left and right molecular pump interfaces are used to connect molecular pumps, and the first and second dry pump interfaces are used to connect dry pumps, so as to obtain and maintain the required vacuum level in the vacuum sub-cavity and the main body of the vacuum cavity by evacuating vacuum in stages through molecular pumps and dry pumps.

[0007] In one possible implementation, the nanoparticle beam source further includes at least three tube-shaped support pillars; One end of the tube support column is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the first vacuum chamber near the feeding unit, and the other end is detachably connected to the outer wall of the transmission component through a flexible connector. The transmission component is kept horizontal by the tube support column, and the axis of the transmission component is collinear with the center line connecting the first vacuum chamber and the second vacuum chamber.

[0008] In one possible implementation, the atomic and molecular beam source includes a sample supply unit, a nozzle, a strainer, a displacement adjustment unit, and a control element; The sample supply unit includes at least two feed inlets for conveying atomic and molecular samples; The displacement adjustment unit includes a three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage and a two-dimensional adjustable displacement stage, which are used to adjust the spatial positions of the nozzle and the strainer, respectively. The control element is used to adjust the pulse width, emission frequency, or heating temperature of the atomic and molecular beam source.

[0009] In one possible implementation, the atomic and molecular beam source further includes a beam source support column and a bellows. The beam source support column is used to fix the first-stage nozzle part of the nozzle and stably install it on the three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage. The bellows is used to connect the vacuum chamber body and the displacement adjustment unit to adapt to changes in spatial position during the displacement adjustment process.

[0010] In one possible implementation, the velocity imaging spectrometer includes an accelerating electric field electrode sheet, a microchannel plate, a fluorescent display screen, an integrated support structure, and a spectrometer mounting flange. The spectrometer fixing flange is connected and fixed to the vacuum chamber body; The accelerating electric field electrode sheet, microchannel plate, and fluorescent display screen are sequentially fixed by the integrated support structure and are all electrically connected to power interfaces at each level. The power interfaces are used to connect to a high-voltage power supply to provide the operating voltage.

[0011] In one possible implementation, the laser transmission component includes a laser inlet, a laser outlet, and a beam splitter. Both the laser inlet and the laser outlet are flanges with quartz windows, used for the introduction and export of laser light. When the wavelength of the ultrashort laser pulse is ultraviolet light or X-ray, or covers the characteristic absorption peaks of oxygen, water molecules, and carbon dioxide molecules in the air, the laser inlet is connected to an external laser through a vacuum-sealed interface to create a vacuum cavity, so as to avoid the laser being absorbed when it is transmitted in the air.

[0012] In one possible implementation, the synchronization control components include a synchronization signal generator, a photoelectric signal detector, an ultrafast camera, and an oscilloscope; The beam splitter reflects a portion of the laser light to a photoelectric signal detector, which receives the laser signal and generates a trigger signal. The synchronization signal generator synchronously controls the detection timing of the velocity imaging spectrometer, the image acquisition timing of the ultrafast camera, and the working timing of the selected particle beam source according to the trigger signal. The oscilloscope is used to receive and display the trigger signal and the mass spectrometry information transmitted by the velocity imaging spectrometer.

[0013] In one possible implementation, the vacuum chamber body is further provided with other mechanical interfaces, which are used to connect functional components such as vacuum detectors and observation windows to expand the system functions; The system also includes a vacuum acquisition component, which is a vacuum pump, used to achieve and maintain the high vacuum environment required for the experiment within the vacuum chamber.

[0014] Secondly, a method for using a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer is provided, comprising the following steps: S1: Activate the vacuum acquisition component to reduce the vacuum level inside the vacuum chamber to the predetermined high vacuum level; S2: Select the nanoparticle beam source or the atomic and molecular beam source to start according to the research object. If the nanoparticle beam source is started, then continuous nanoparticles are introduced and the vacuum degree of the cavity is maintained to meet the experimental requirements. S3: Introduce the ultrashort laser pulse into the vacuum cavity body through the laser inlet of the laser transmission component, adjust the laser focusing position to coincide with the particle focusing position of the selected particle beam source, and ensure that the coincidence point is located directly below the center of the fluorescence display screen of the velocity imaging spectrometer. S4: The laser trigger signal is obtained by the photoelectric signal detector of the synchronization control component. The synchronization signal generator synchronously triggers the laser, the selected particle beam source, the velocity imaging spectrometer and the ultrafast camera according to the signal. The ultrafast camera acquires the particle momentum distribution image generated by the interaction between the laser and the particles and transmits it to the computer for storage. S5: The time gating of the velocity imaging spectrometer is adjusted by a synchronous signal generator. Specific types of particles are selected based on their flight time, and the momentum distribution of these particles is clearly displayed on a fluorescent display screen. The corresponding images are then acquired by an ultrafast camera to complete the study of ultrafast dynamic processes.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, this application has the following beneficial effects: This application provides a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer. This system integrates a nanoparticle beam source and an atomic / molecular beam source within the same vacuum cavity body, ensuring that the particle beam paths are aligned and collinear. Simultaneously, the axis of the velocity imaging spectrometer is perpendicular to both the particle beam path and the laser transmission path. Coupled with transmission components and synchronization control components compatible with multi-wavelength lasers and femtosecond to attosecond pulse width lasers, this system overcomes the limitations of traditional single-particle beam source systems. It enables ultrafast dynamics studies of two different scale particles—nanoparticles and atoms / molecules—on the same device, eliminating the need for frequent equipment changes or adjustments to complex experimental environments. This significantly improves experimental efficiency, reduces research costs, and ensures the accuracy and reliability of experimental data through the collaborative design of multiple components. This provides a more comprehensive and efficient experimental platform for ultrafast dynamics research.

[0016] In one possible implementation, the nanoparticle beam source is connected in series with a first vacuum chamber and a second vacuum chamber, and equipped with a left molecular pump interface, a right molecular pump interface, and a corresponding dry pump interface. Combined with staged vacuuming, each chamber and the main body of the vacuum chamber can be quickly evacuated to the high vacuum required for the experiment, avoiding interference from air molecules with nanoparticle transmission. The first nozzle and the second nozzle have progressively smaller diameters, which, together with the transmission tube, enables directional transmission, maintaining the stable shape of the nanoparticle beam, reducing divergence, significantly improving the beam source transmission efficiency and focusing accuracy, providing a stable and reliable nanoparticle beam for ultrafast dynamics experiments, and ensuring the accuracy and repeatability of experimental data.

[0017] In one possible implementation, the atomic and molecular beam source achieves stable and precise sample delivery through a multi-inlet sample supply unit, with nozzles and strainers working together to ensure effective ejection and convergence of the atomic and molecular beam; three-dimensional and two-dimensional adjustable displacement stages precisely adjust the position of components to ensure the beam accurately reaches the laser action zone; control elements flexibly adjust pulse parameters and temperature to adapt to different sample characteristics, meet the needs of various atomic and molecular ultrafast dynamics research, improve system adaptability and flexibility, and provide reliable beam source support for diverse experiments.

[0018] A method for integrating a dual-particle beam and velocity imaging spectrometer vacuum cavity system is presented. This method establishes a complete, standardized, and efficient experimental procedure by sequentially activating the vacuum acquisition component, selecting a suitable particle beam source, precisely adjusting the focusing positions of the laser and particle beams, achieving time synchronization of multiple components using a synchronization control component, and selecting specific particles through time gating. This method allows for flexible selection of particle beam sources based on different research objects, ensuring the relevance of the experiment. Precise alignment of the laser and particle beam focusing positions and time synchronization of multiple components ensure the effectiveness of light-particle interactions and the accuracy of experimental data. The time-gating step for selecting specific particles eliminates the influence of interfering particles on the experimental results, improving the purity and reliability of the data. Ultimately, this provides a scientific and efficient path for studying ultrafast dynamic processes, assisting researchers in deeply exploring the ultrafast physicochemical phenomena of nanoparticles or atoms and molecules. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the overall structure of a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer provided in this application; Figure 2 A top view of a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer provided for this application; Figure 3 for Figure 2 A sectional view.

[0020] The diagram shows the following labels: A, laser beam splitter; B, photoelectric signal detector; C, synchronization signal generator; D, computer; E, oscilloscope; F, laser input port; G, laser output port; H, vacuum pump; I, ​​ultrafast camera; 1. Nanoparticle beam source; 1.1, left molecular pump interface; 1.2, right molecular pump interface; 2. Atomic and molecular beam source; 3. Velocity imaging spectrometer; 3.1, power supply interfaces at each stage; 3.2, spectrometer mounting flange; 1.3, first vacuum chamber; 1.4, second vacuum chamber; 1.5, first nozzle; 1.6, second nozzle; 1.7... 1.8 Transfer tube; 1.9 Tube support column; 1.10 First dry pump interface; 1.11 Second dry pump interface; 2.1 Nozzle; 2.2 Strainer; 2.3 Zero-stage feed inlet; 2.4 First-stage feed inlet; 2.5 Three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage; 2.6 Two-dimensional adjustable displacement stage; 2.7 Beam source support column; 2.8 Corrugated tube; 2.9 Control element; 3.3 Accelerating electric field electrode sheet; 3.4 Microchannel plate; 3.5 Fluorescent display screen; 3.6 Integrated support column; 6 Vacuum chamber body; 7 Other mechanical interfaces. Detailed Implementation

[0021] In the following description, only certain exemplary embodiments are briefly described. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the described embodiments can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit or scope. Therefore, the drawings and description are considered to be exemplary in nature and not restrictive.

[0022] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

[0023] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0024] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," and "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, or a communication connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0025] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can include direct contact between the first and second features, or contact between the first and second features through another feature between them. Furthermore, "above," "over," and "on top" of the second feature includes the first feature being directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature includes the first feature being directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0026] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0027] like Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, this application discloses a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer. The system may include a vacuum cavity body 6, a nanoparticle beam source 1, an atomic and molecular beam source 2, a velocity imaging spectrometer 3, a laser transmission component, and a synchronization control component.

[0028] The main body of the vacuum chamber 6 is made of stainless steel. Its internal cavity volume is designed to facilitate the full interaction between the particle beam and the laser. The overall structure has good sealing performance to ensure a stable vacuum environment.

[0029] The nanoparticle beam source 1 and the atomic and molecular beam source 2 are respectively disposed on the main body 6 of the vacuum cavity, and the particle beam paths emitted by the two are collinear and opposite to each other.

[0030] Specifically, the nanoparticle beam source 1 is a continuous nanoparticle beam source, and the atomic and molecular beam source 2 is a pulsed atomic and molecular beam source.

[0031] Optionally, the nanoparticle beam source 1 is fixed to the left side wall of the vacuum chamber body 6 via a flange, while the atomic and molecular beam source 2 is fixed to the right side wall of the vacuum chamber body 6 via another set of flanges. The exit ports of the two are arranged facing each other to ensure that the nanoparticle beam emitted from the nanoparticle beam source 1 and the atomic and molecular beam emitted from the atomic and molecular beam source 2 are aligned and collinear.

[0032] The velocity imaging spectrometer 3 is mounted on the vacuum chamber body 6, and its axis is perpendicular to both the particle beam path and the laser transmission path.

[0033] The velocity imaging spectrometer 3 is mounted on the top of the vacuum chamber body 6 via the spectrometer fixing flange 3.2. Its axis is vertically downward, while the particle beam path is horizontal and the laser transmission path is in the front-back direction. The three are perpendicular to each other, which allows the laser to precisely interact with the particle beam in the central region inside the vacuum chamber body 6.

[0034] The laser transmission component is used to introduce ultrashort laser pulses into the vacuum cavity body 6 and is compatible with various optical bands and ultrashort laser pulses with pulse widths in the femtosecond to attosecond range.

[0035] The laser transmission component includes a laser inlet F, a laser outlet G, and a beam splitter. The laser inlet F and the laser outlet G are respectively located on the front and rear side walls of the vacuum cavity body 6. The beam splitter is located between the laser inlet F and the central working area of ​​the cavity. This component can introduce ultrashort laser pulses with wavelengths covering 2nm-2μm and can be adapted to lasers with pulse widths ranging from tens of attoseconds to hundreds of femtoseconds.

[0036] The synchronization control component is communicatively connected to the nanoparticle beam source 1, the atomic and molecular beam source 2, the velocity imaging spectrometer 3, and the laser transmission component, and is used to control the coordinated operation of each component to achieve ultrafast dynamics research on nanoparticles or atoms and molecules.

[0037] Optionally, the synchronization control component includes a synchronization signal generator C, a photoelectric signal detector B, an ultrafast camera I, and an oscilloscope E. The synchronization signal generator C is connected to the control module of the nanoparticle beam source 1, the drive module of the atomic and molecular beam source 2, the power control unit of the velocity imaging spectrometer 3, and the laser trigger module of the laser transmission component via cables to realize the timing synchronization control of each component.

[0038] In this embodiment, the vacuum cavity system integrates the nanoparticle beam source 1 and the atomic and molecular beam source 2 into the same vacuum cavity body 6, ensuring that the particle beam paths are aligned and collinear. Simultaneously, the axis of the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 is perpendicular to both the particle beam path and the laser transmission path. Combined with transmission components and synchronization control components compatible with multi-wavelength lasers and femtosecond to attosecond pulse width lasers, this system breaks through the limitations of traditional single particle beam source systems. It enables ultrafast dynamics research on two different scale particles—nanoparticles and atoms / molecules—on the same device, eliminating the need for frequent equipment changes or adjustments to complex experimental environments. This significantly improves experimental efficiency, reduces research costs, and ensures the accuracy and reliability of experimental data through the collaborative design of multiple components. This provides a more comprehensive and efficient experimental platform for ultrafast dynamics research.

[0039] In one possible embodiment, the nanoparticle beam source 1 includes a feed end 1.8, a transmission tube 1.7, a first vacuum chamber 1.3, a second vacuum chamber 1.4, a first nozzle 1.5, a second nozzle 1.6, a left molecular pump interface 1.1, a right molecular pump interface 1.2, a first dry pump interface 1.10, and a second dry pump interface 1.11.

[0040] Specifically, the feed end 1.8 of the nanoparticle beam source 1 is a polytetrafluoroethylene funnel structure, which facilitates the addition of nanoparticle samples and avoids adhesion.

[0041] The transmission tube 1.7 is made of quartz, with an inner diameter of 5mm and a length of 200mm. One end of it is tightly connected to the feed end 1.8, and the other end extends horizontally into the first vacuum chamber 1.3.

[0042] The first vacuum chamber, with a volume of 1.3, can be designed as follows: The second vacuum chamber with a volume of 1.4 can be designed as follows: The two are connected by a CF63 flange to ensure a vacuum seal after being connected in series.

[0043] Both the first nozzle 1.5 and the second nozzle 1.6 are made of copper, and their inner walls are polished to reduce particle adhesion. The first nozzle 1.5 has an inlet diameter of 3 mm and an outlet diameter of 2 mm, while the second nozzle 1.6 has an inlet diameter of 2 mm and an outlet diameter of 1 mm. The two nozzles are coaxially connected to form a progressively narrowing diameter structure. The inlet end of the first nozzle 1.5 is connected to the bottom of the second vacuum chamber 1.4, and the outlet end of the second nozzle 1.6 is aligned with the particle-laser interaction area inside the main body of the vacuum chamber 6.

[0044] The upper part of the side wall of the first vacuum chamber 1.3 has a KF25 specification first dry pump interface 1.10, and the lower part has a CF35 specification left molecular pump interface 1.1. The corresponding positions on the side wall of the second vacuum chamber 1.4 have a second dry pump interface 1.11 and a right molecular pump interface 1.2 of the same specification. In use, the first dry pump interface 1.10 and the second dry pump interface 1.11 are connected to dry pumps, and the left molecular pump interface 1.1 and the right molecular pump interface 1.2 are connected to molecular pumps, enabling staged pumping from rough vacuum to high vacuum, and maintaining a stable vacuum level of 10 in the first vacuum chamber 1.3, the second vacuum chamber 1.4, and the main body of the vacuum chamber 6. -6 Pa level.

[0045] In this embodiment, the nanoparticle beam source 1 is connected in series through a first vacuum chamber 1.3 and a second vacuum chamber 1.4, and is equipped with a left molecular pump interface 1.1, a right molecular pump interface 1.2 and a corresponding dry pump interface. Combined with staged vacuuming, each chamber and the main body of the vacuum chamber 6 can be quickly evacuated to the high vacuum required for the experiment, avoiding interference from air molecules with the transmission of nanoparticles. The first nozzle 1.5 and the second nozzle 1.6 have progressively smaller diameters, which, combined with the directional transmission tube 1.7, can maintain the stable shape of the nanoparticle beam, reduce divergence, significantly improve the beam source transmission efficiency and focusing accuracy, provide a stable and reliable nanoparticle beam for ultrafast dynamics experiments, and ensure the accuracy and repeatability of experimental data.

[0046] In one possible embodiment, the nanoparticle beam source also includes at least three tube support pillars.

[0047] Specifically, the 1.9-meter pipe support column is made of 304 stainless steel.

[0048] One end of the tube support column is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the first vacuum chamber near the feeding unit, and the other end is detachably connected to the outer wall of the transmission component through a flexible connector.

[0049] One end of the tube support column 1.9 is fixedly connected to the pre-set threaded hole on the front outer wall of the first vacuum chamber 1.3 by an M6 hexagon socket bolt. The connection position is located on the side of the first vacuum chamber 1.3 near the feeding unit 1.8, and the two support columns are symmetrically distributed along the axis of the transmission component 1.7.

[0050] The transmission component is kept horizontal by the tube support column, and the axis of the transmission component is collinear with the center line connecting the first vacuum chamber and the second vacuum chamber.

[0051] The flexible connector is made of polytetrafluoroethylene and is a split clamp. The inner diameter of the clamp is adapted to the outer diameter of the transmission component of 1.7 mm, and a 0.5 mm thick silicone rubber buffer layer is embedded on the inside.

[0052] The clamp is detachably connected to the connecting lug at the other end of the pipe support column 1.9 by two M3 stainless steel bolts. When the bolts are tightened, the elastic deformation of the silicone rubber buffer layer achieves flexible clamping of the transmission component 1.7.

[0053] In this embodiment, the tube support column 1.9 provides stable support for the transmission component 1.7 through symmetrical fixation, and the flexible connector absorbs vibration and thermal stress, effectively protecting the quartz transmission tube; the collinear design of the transmission component 1.7 and the vacuum cavity ensures the precision of the nanoparticle transmission path, reduces collision loss, improves transmission efficiency, and ensures the stability of laser action and high repeatability of experimental data.

[0054] In one possible embodiment, the atomic and molecular beam source 2 includes a sample supply unit, a nozzle 2.1, a strainer 2.2, a displacement adjustment unit, and a control element 2.9.

[0055] Optionally, the sample supply unit of the atomic and molecular beam source 2 includes a zero-stage feed port 2.3 and a primary feed port 2.4, both made of stainless steel. The zero-stage feed port 2.3 has an inner diameter of 10 mm and is used to add solid or liquid atomic and molecular sample raw materials. The primary feed port 2.4 has an inner diameter of 5 mm and is connected to the zero-stage feed port 2.3 through a thin metal tube to achieve precise sample delivery.

[0056] The three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage 2.5 of the displacement adjustment unit is electrically controlled with an accuracy of 0.01mm. It is used to fix and adjust the spatial position of the nozzle 2.1 and can move in the X, Y, and Z directions. The two-dimensional adjustable displacement stage 2.6 is also electrically controlled with an accuracy of 0.01mm. It is used to fix and adjust the spatial position of the strainer 2.2 and can move in the X and Y directions.

[0057] The nozzle 2.1 is made of stainless steel with an orifice diameter of 0.5 mm. It is installed at the end of the sample supply unit and is used to eject atomic and molecular beams.

[0058] The strainer 2.2 is made of nickel alloy and has a conical structure. It is located below the nozzle 2.1 and has an opening diameter of 3mm. It is used to filter and gather atomic and molecular beams.

[0059] The control element 2.9 is an integrated control panel that is connected to the heating module and pulse drive module of the atomic and molecular beam source 2 via wires. The pulse width can be adjusted to 10-100μs, the emission frequency can be adjusted to 10-500Hz, and the heating temperature can be adjusted to room temperature to 300℃ to adapt to the characteristics of different atomic and molecular samples.

[0060] In this embodiment, the atomic and molecular beam source 2 achieves stable and precise sample delivery through a multi-inlet sample supply unit. The nozzle 2.1 and the strainer 2.2 work together to ensure effective ejection and convergence of the atomic and molecular beam. The three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage 2.5 and the two-dimensional adjustable displacement stage 2.6 precisely adjust the position of the components to ensure that the beam accurately reaches the laser action area. The control element 2.9 flexibly adjusts the pulse parameters and temperature to adapt to different sample characteristics, meet the needs of various atomic and molecular ultrafast dynamics research, improve the system's adaptability and flexibility, and provide reliable beam source support for diverse experiments.

[0061] In one possible embodiment, the atomic and molecular beam source 2 further includes a beam source support column 2.7 and a bellows 2.8.

[0062] Specifically, the beam source support column 2.7 of the atomic and molecular beam source 2 is made of copper alloy, has a cylindrical structure, a length of 80 mm, and a radius of 10 mm.

[0063] One end of the beam source support column 2.7 is fixed to the worktable of the three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage 2.5 by bolts, and the other end is fixed to the first-stage nozzle 2.1 part of the nozzle 2.1 by a clamping structure. A flexible buffer pad is provided on the inner side of the clamping structure to avoid damage to the nozzle 2.1, while ensuring that the first-stage nozzle 2.1 part is stable and does not shift.

[0064] The bellows 2.8 is made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 200mm and a length of 150mm. One end of the bellows is connected to the side wall of the vacuum chamber body 6 through a flange, and the other end is connected to the outer shell of the displacement adjustment unit through a flange. The expansion and contraction of the bellows 2.8 can meet the maximum movement requirement of the displacement adjustment unit in the X, Y, and Z directions of 50mm, and can maintain good sealing during the expansion and contraction process to prevent the vacuum environment inside the vacuum chamber body 6 from being damaged.

[0065] In this embodiment, the beam source support column 2.7 can stably fix the first-stage nozzle portion of the nozzle 2.1 to the three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage 2.5, preventing it from loosening or shifting during adjustment or operation, and ensuring stable emission of the atomic and molecular beam; the bellows 2.8 realizes the flexible connection between the vacuum chamber body 6 and the displacement adjustment unit, and can adapt to changes in the position of the components by stretching and compressing, while maintaining good sealing performance, ensuring that the high vacuum environment of the chamber is not affected, thus ensuring both adjustment flexibility and maintaining experimental vacuum conditions, and improving the practicality and reliability of the atomic and molecular beam source 2.

[0066] In one possible embodiment, the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 includes an accelerating electric field electrode sheet 3.3, a microchannel plate 3.4, a fluorescent display screen 3.5, an integrated support structure, and a spectrometer fixing flange 3.2; Specifically, the spectrometer mounting flange 3.2 of the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 is made of stainless steel with a specification of CF100. It is connected to the top opening of the vacuum chamber body 6 by bolts to ensure a stable connection and good sealing between the spectrometer and the chamber.

[0067] The accelerating electric field electrode 3.3 is made of aluminum alloy and consists of 11 pieces. The bottom piece is 2mm thick, and the remaining pieces are 1mm thick and 80mm in diameter. Except for the bottom piece, the remaining electrode pieces have a central hole with a diameter of 50mm. The 11 electrode pieces are arranged in parallel with a spacing of 6mm.

[0068] The microchannel plate 3.4 is a dual-plate stacked structure with an effective detection area diameter of 70 mm and a gain of up to 10^6. It is located above the accelerating electric field electrode plate 3.3.

[0069] The fluorescent display screen 3.5 is made of zinc sulfide and has an effective display area diameter of 90mm. It is located above the microchannel plate 3.4.

[0070] The integrated support structure is a stainless steel bracket with multiple slots and bolt holes for fixing. The accelerating electric field electrode 3.3, microchannel plate 3.4, and fluorescent display screen 3.5 are fixed to the integrated support structure by the slots and bolts, and the central axis of the three is coincident with the central axis of the spectrometer fixing flange 3.2.

[0071] The power interfaces 3.1 at each level are located on the outside of the spectrometer mounting flange 3.2, and there are three in total. They are connected to the accelerating electric field electrode 3.3, the microchannel plate 3.4, and the fluorescent display screen 3.5 respectively through wires. Each power interface 3.1 can be connected to a high-voltage power supply with an output voltage range of 0-10kV to provide the required operating voltage for each component.

[0072] In this embodiment, the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 is securely and sealed to the vacuum chamber body 6 via the spectrometer fixing flange 3.2, ensuring the stability of the spectrometer's working environment. The accelerating electric field electrode 3.3, microchannel plate 3.4, and fluorescent display screen 3.5 are sequentially fixed by an integrated support structure, ensuring precise positioning and center alignment of the three components, providing a stable structural foundation for particle acceleration, detection, and imaging. The connection of each power interface 3.1 to the high-voltage power supply provides suitable operating voltages for each component, ensuring stable accelerating electric field, efficient detection by the microchannel plate 3.4, and clear imaging by the fluorescent display screen 3.5. This ensures that the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 can accurately acquire particle momentum distribution information, providing high-quality detection data for ultrafast dynamics research and improving the accuracy and reliability of experimental results.

[0073] In one possible embodiment, the laser transmission assembly includes a laser inlet port F, a laser outlet port G, and a beam splitter.

[0074] Specifically, the laser inlet F and laser outlet G of the laser transmission component both use CF63 flanges. A quartz window is installed at the center of the flange. The thickness of the quartz window is 1mm and the light transmittance is over 90%, which can effectively reduce the energy loss of the laser.

[0075] The beam splitter is a semi-transparent and semi-reflective type, made of optical glass with anti-reflection and reflective coatings on its surface. It can transmit 99% of the energy of the incident laser and guide it to the central working area of ​​the cavity, while reflecting 1% of the energy to the photoelectric signal detector B. The beam splitter is installed between the laser inlet F and the central working area of ​​the cavity via an adjustable angle bracket. The bracket can adjust the angle of the beam splitter to precisely control the propagation direction of the laser.

[0076] When using a 100nm ultraviolet laser, the laser inlet F connects to an external ultraviolet laser-generated vacuum cavity via a KF40 specification vacuum-sealed interface. The volume of this external vacuum cavity is... It is equipped with an internal laser transmission optical path to ensure that the ultraviolet laser is transmitted from the external laser generation cavity to the vacuum cavity body 6 of this system in a vacuum environment, and to avoid absorption when transmitted in the air.

[0077] In this embodiment, the laser inlet F and laser outlet G of the laser transmission component adopt flanges with quartz windows, which can effectively introduce and export the laser while ensuring the airtightness of the vacuum chamber body 6. The beam splitter can reflect part of the laser to the photoelectric signal detector B, providing a trigger signal for synchronous control, while ensuring that most of the laser energy is used to interact with particles. When the laser is ultraviolet light, X-ray, or covers specific molecular characteristic absorption peaks, the laser inlet F connects to the external laser to generate a vacuum chamber, which can avoid energy attenuation and waveform distortion caused by absorption when the laser is transmitted in the air, ensuring that the laser reaches the interaction area with stable energy and waveform, ensuring the effectiveness and stability of the light-particle interaction, thereby improving the accuracy of experimental data and expanding the system's adaptability to different wavelengths of laser.

[0078] In one possible embodiment, the synchronization control component includes a synchronization signal generator C, a photodetector B, an ultrafast camera I, and an oscilloscope E.

[0079] Specifically, the synchronization signal generator C of the synchronization control component is a high-precision model with a time resolution of up to 1ps and has a multi-channel signal output function, capable of outputting 6 control signals simultaneously.

[0080] The photoelectric signal detector B is a photodiode type with a response time of less than 1 ns and a detection wavelength range covering 200 nm-1100 nm. It can quickly receive the laser signal reflected by the beam splitter and convert it into an electrical trigger signal, which is then transmitted to the synchronization signal generator C via a coaxial cable.

[0081] The ultrafast camera I is a CMOS type with a pixel resolution of 1024×1024. It is connected to the synchronization signal generator C via a data cable and receives the acquisition control signal sent by the synchronization signal generator C to capture the particle momentum distribution image on the fluorescent display screen 3.5.

[0082] The oscilloscope E is a digital storage type with a bandwidth of 1GHz and a sampling rate of 5GSa / s. It is connected to the photodetector B and the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 via cables. It can display the trigger signal waveform transmitted by the photodetector B in real time, and can also receive and display the mass spectrometry information curve transmitted by the velocity imaging spectrometer 3.

[0083] When the beam splitter reflects 1% of the laser light to the photoelectric signal detector B, the detector generates a trigger signal and transmits it to the synchronization signal generator C. After a delay of 10 ns, the synchronization signal generator C sends a detection start signal to the velocity imaging spectrometer 3, an image acquisition signal to the ultrafast camera I, and a beam stabilization signal to the selected nanoparticle beam source 1, respectively, to achieve time synchronization of the three. At the same time, the oscilloscope E displays the trigger signal and mass spectrometry information in real time.

[0084] In this embodiment, the synchronization control component generates a trigger signal by reflecting the laser beam to the photoelectric signal detector B through a beam splitter, providing a precise reference for the timing synchronization of the entire system. The synchronization signal generator C controls the timing of the velocity imaging spectrometer 3, the ultrafast camera I, and the selected particle beam source according to the trigger signal, ensuring that the laser-particle interaction, particle detection, and image acquisition processes are precisely matched in time, avoiding experimental data loss or inaccuracy due to timing deviations. The oscilloscope E displays the trigger signal and mass spectrometry information in real time, facilitating real-time monitoring of the system's operating status by experimental personnel, timely detection and adjustment of abnormal situations, ensuring the stability and controllability of the experimental process, further improving the experimental accuracy and reliability of the entire system, and providing precise timing control and real-time monitoring support for ultrafast dynamics research.

[0085] In one possible embodiment, the vacuum chamber body 6 is also provided with other mechanical interfaces 7, which are used to connect functional components such as vacuum detectors and observation windows to expand the system functions.

[0086] The system also includes a vacuum acquisition component, which is a vacuum pump H, used to achieve and maintain the high vacuum environment required for the experiment within the vacuum chamber body 6.

[0087] Specifically, the main body 6 of the vacuum chamber is equipped with two other mechanical interfaces 7, both of which are KF25 flange interfaces. One of the interfaces is connected to a vacuum detector via bolts. This vacuum detector is an ionization vacuum gauge with a measurement range of 10. -1 -10 -8 Pa can monitor the vacuum level inside the main body 6 of the vacuum chamber in real time.

[0088] Another interface connects to an observation window, which is made of quartz glass, 5mm thick and 50mm in diameter, and is fixed by a flange seal. Experimenters can observe the interaction between particles and laser inside the cavity through the observation window.

[0089] The vacuum acquisition assembly includes a dry pump and a molecular pump. The dry pump has a pumping speed of 50 L / s and is used to initially evacuate the vacuum chamber body 6, reducing the pressure to 10 Pa. The molecular pump has a pumping speed of 800 L / s and further evacuates the vacuum chamber body 6 based on the dry pump's evacuation, reducing the vacuum level to 10 Pa. -6 It operates below Pa and continues to work during the experiment to maintain a high vacuum environment inside the cavity.

[0090] In this embodiment, the other mechanical interfaces 7 provided on the vacuum chamber body 6 can be flexibly connected to functional components such as vacuum detectors and observation windows, enabling real-time monitoring of the vacuum level inside the chamber and visual observation of the experimental process. This expands the system's functionality and improves the convenience and controllability of experimental operations. The vacuum acquisition component uses a combination of a dry pump and a molecular pump, which can quickly achieve initial vacuuming of the chamber and raise the vacuum level to the high vacuum state required for the experiment and maintain it continuously. This effectively avoids interference from air molecules on particle beam transmission, laser-particle interaction, and the detection process, ensuring that the experiment is conducted in a stable high vacuum environment. This provides crucial environmental protection for obtaining accurate and reliable experimental data.

[0091] In one possible embodiment, a method is provided for a vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer, comprising the following steps: S1: Start the dry pump in the vacuum acquisition component to evacuate the vacuum chamber body 6. After 30 minutes, the chamber pressure drops to 10 Pa. Then, start the molecular pump to continue evacuating. After 36 hours, the vacuum level inside the vacuum chamber body 6 drops to 10 Pa. -6 Pa, to achieve the predetermined high vacuum level.

[0092] S2: Since the research object is nanoparticles, nanoparticle beam source 1 is activated, and silica nanoparticles with a particle size of 50nm are added from the feed end 1.8. The nanoparticles enter the vacuum chamber body 6 through the transfer tube 1.7, the vacuum sub-chamber, and the focusing nozzle 2.1. At the same time, the vacuum level of the chamber displayed by the vacuum detector is monitored to ensure that it is maintained at 10.-6 The pressure is around 100 Pa, which meets the experimental requirements.

[0093] S3: An ultrashort laser pulse with a wavelength of 800nm ​​and a pulse width of 100femtoseconds is introduced through the laser inlet F of the laser transmission component. The propagation direction of the laser and the position of the focusing lens are adjusted using the laser adjustment bracket so that the laser focusing position coincides with the focusing position of the nanoparticle beam emitted from the nanoparticle beam source 1. The coincidence point is confirmed to be located directly below the center of the fluorescence display screen 3.5 of the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 through the observation window.

[0094] S4: During laser transmission, the beam splitter reflects 1% of the laser light to the photoelectric signal detector B of the synchronization control component. The detector generates a trigger signal and transmits it to the synchronization signal generator C. After a 5ns delay, the synchronization signal generator C simultaneously sends a beam stabilization signal to the nanoparticle beam source 1, a detection start signal to the velocity imaging spectrometer 3, and an image acquisition signal to the ultrafast camera I. The ultrafast camera I acquires the particle momentum distribution image generated by the interaction between the laser and the nanoparticles and transmits it to the computer D for storage in real time via a data cable.

[0095] S5: The time gate of the velocity imaging spectrometer 3 is adjusted to 20ns by the synchronous signal generator C. Electrons or other anions in a specific flight time interval are screened according to the flight time. The momentum distribution of such particles is clearly displayed on the fluorescent display screen 3.5. The ultrafast camera I acquires and saves the image at this time. By analyzing the saved image, the study of the ultrafast dynamics of photoionization of nanoparticles is completed.

[0096] In this embodiment, the method establishes a complete, standardized, and efficient experimental procedure by sequentially activating the vacuum acquisition component, selecting a suitable particle beam source, precisely adjusting the focusing positions of the laser and particle beam, utilizing a synchronization control component to achieve time synchronization of multiple components, and using time-gated screening of specific particles. This method allows for flexible selection of particle beam sources based on different research objects, ensuring the relevance of the experiment. The precise alignment of the laser and particle beam focusing positions and the time synchronization of multiple components ensure the effectiveness of light-particle interaction and the accuracy of experimental data. The time-gated screening of specific particles eliminates the influence of interfering particles on the experimental results, improving the purity and reliability of the data. Ultimately, this provides a scientific and efficient path for the study of ultrafast dynamic processes, assisting researchers in deeply exploring the ultrafast physicochemical phenomena of nanoparticles or atoms and molecules.

[0097] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them; although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions for some or all of the technical features, do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A vacuum cavity system integrating a dual-particle beam and a velocity imaging spectrometer, characterized in that, It includes a vacuum chamber body (6), a nanoparticle beam source (1), an atomic and molecular beam source (2), a velocity imaging spectrometer (3), a laser transmission component, and a synchronization control component; The nanoparticle beam source (1) and the atomic and molecular beam source (2) are respectively disposed on the vacuum cavity body (6), and the particle beam paths emitted by the two are collinear and opposite to each other; The velocity imaging spectrometer (3) is mounted on the vacuum cavity body (6), and its axial direction is perpendicular to both the particle beam path and the laser transmission path; The laser transmission component is used to introduce ultrashort laser pulses into the vacuum cavity body (6) and is compatible with various optical bands and ultrashort laser pulses with pulse widths in the femtosecond to attosecond range; The synchronization control component is communicatively connected to the nanoparticle beam source (1), the atomic and molecular beam source (2), the velocity imaging spectrometer (3), and the laser transmission component, and is used to control the coordinated operation of each component to achieve ultrafast dynamics research on nanoparticles or atomic molecules.

2. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nanoparticle beam source (1) includes a feed end (1.8), a transmission tube (1.7), a first vacuum chamber (1.3), a second vacuum chamber (1.4), a first nozzle (1.5), a second nozzle (1.6), a left molecular pump interface (1.1), a right molecular pump interface (1.2), a first dry pump interface (1.10), and a second dry pump interface (1.11). The first vacuum chamber (1.3) and the second vacuum chamber (1.4) are connected by a flange seal to form a series structure; One end of the transmission tube (1.7) is connected to the feed end (1.8), and the other end extends into the first vacuum chamber (1.3); The inlet end of the first nozzle (1.5) is connected to the second vacuum chamber (1.4), the outlet end of the first nozzle (1.5) is connected to the inlet end of the second nozzle (1.6), and the aperture of the first nozzle (1.5) is larger than the aperture of the second nozzle (1.6), forming a focusing structure with progressively narrowing diameters; The left molecular pump interface (1.1) and the first dry pump interface (1.10) are disposed on the side wall of the first vacuum chamber (1.3), and the right molecular pump interface (1.2) and the second dry pump interface (1.11) are disposed on the side wall of the second vacuum chamber (1.4). The left molecular pump interface (1.1) and the right molecular pump interface (1.2) are used to connect the molecular pump, and the first dry pump interface (1.10) and the second dry pump interface (1.11) are used to connect the dry pump, so as to obtain and maintain the required vacuum level in the vacuum sub-cavity and the vacuum cavity body (6) by evacuating the vacuum in stages through the molecular pump and the dry pump.

3. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 2, characterized in that, The nanoparticle beam source (1) also includes at least three tube support columns (1.9); One end of the tube support column (1.9) is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the first vacuum chamber (1.3) near the feeding unit (1.8), and the other end is detachably connected to the outer wall of the transmission component (1.7) through a flexible connector; The transmission component (1.7) is kept horizontal by the tube support column (1.9), and the axis of the transmission component (1.7) is collinear with the center line connecting the first vacuum chamber (1.3) and the second vacuum chamber (1.4).

4. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The atomic and molecular beam source (2) includes a sample supply unit, a nozzle (2.1), a strainer (2.2), a displacement adjustment unit, and a control element (2.9); The sample supply unit includes at least two feed inlets for conveying atomic and molecular samples; The displacement adjustment unit includes a three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage (2.5) and a two-dimensional adjustable displacement stage (2.6), which are used to adjust the spatial positions of the nozzle (2.1) and the strainer (2.2), respectively. The control element (2.9) is used to adjust the pulse width, emission frequency, or heating temperature of the atomic and molecular beam source (2).

5. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 4, characterized in that, The atomic and molecular beam source (2) also includes a beam source support column (2.7) and a bellows (2.8); The beam source support column (2.7) is used to fix the first-stage nozzle (2.1) part of the nozzle (2.1) and stably install it on the three-dimensional adjustable displacement stage (2.5); The bellows (2.8) is used to connect the vacuum chamber body (6) and the displacement adjustment unit to adapt to the spatial position changes during the displacement adjustment process.

6. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The velocity imaging spectrometer (3) includes an accelerating electric field electrode sheet (3.3), a microchannel plate (3.4), a fluorescent display screen (3.5), an integrated support structure, and a spectrometer fixing flange (3.2); The spectrometer fixing flange (3.2) is connected and fixed to the vacuum chamber body (6); The accelerating electric field electrode sheet (3.3), microchannel plate (3.4), and fluorescent display screen (3.5) are fixed in sequence by the integrated support structure and are all electrically connected to power interfaces (3.1) at each level. The power interfaces at each level are used to connect to a high-voltage power supply to provide the working voltage.

7. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The laser transmission component includes a laser inlet (F), a laser outlet (G), and a beam splitter; Both the laser inlet (F) and the laser outlet (G) are flanges with quartz windows, used for the introduction and export of laser light. When the wavelength of the ultrashort laser pulse is ultraviolet light or X-ray, or covers the characteristic absorption peaks of oxygen, water molecules, and carbon dioxide molecules in the air, the laser inlet (F) is connected to an external laser through a vacuum-sealed interface to generate a vacuum cavity, so as to avoid the laser being absorbed when it is transmitted in the air.

8. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The synchronization control components include a synchronization signal generator (C), a photoelectric signal detector (B), an ultrafast camera (I), and an oscilloscope (E); The beam splitter reflects a portion of the laser light to a photodetector (B), which receives the laser signal and generates a trigger signal. The synchronization signal generator (C) synchronously controls the detection timing of the velocity imaging spectrometer (3), the image acquisition timing of the ultrafast camera (I), and the working timing of the selected particle beam source according to the trigger signal; The oscilloscope (E) is used to receive and display the trigger signal and the mass spectrometry information transmitted by the velocity imaging spectrometer (3).

9. The vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vacuum chamber body (6) is also provided with other mechanical interfaces (7), which are used to connect functional components such as vacuum detectors and observation windows to expand the system functions; The system also includes a vacuum acquisition component, which is a vacuum pump (H), used to achieve and maintain the high vacuum environment required for the experiment within the vacuum chamber body (6).

10. A method of using the vacuum cavity system integrating dual particle beams and velocity imaging spectrometer as described in any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Activate the vacuum acquisition component to reduce the vacuum level inside the vacuum chamber body (6) to a predetermined high vacuum level; S2: Select to start the nanoparticle beam source (1) or the atomic and molecular beam source (2) according to the research object. If the nanoparticle beam source (1) is started, continuous nanoparticles are introduced and the vacuum degree of the cavity is maintained to meet the experimental requirements. S3: Introduce the ultrashort laser pulse into the vacuum cavity body (6) through the laser inlet (F) of the laser transmission component, adjust the laser focusing position to coincide with the particle focusing position of the selected particle beam source, and ensure that the coincidence point is located directly below the center of the fluorescent display screen (3.5) of the velocity imaging spectrometer (3); S4: The laser trigger signal is obtained by the photoelectric signal detector (B) of the synchronization control component. The synchronization signal generator (C) synchronously triggers the laser, the selected particle beam source, the velocity imaging spectrometer (3) and the ultrafast camera (I) according to the signal. The ultrafast camera (I) collects the particle momentum distribution image generated by the interaction between the laser and the particles and transmits it to the computer (D) for storage. S5: Adjust the time gating of the velocity imaging spectrometer (3) by the synchronous signal generator (C), select specific types of particles according to the particle flight time, and make the momentum distribution of such particles clearly displayed on the fluorescent display screen (3.5). The corresponding image is acquired by the ultrafast camera (I) to complete the study of ultrafast dynamics.

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