A catalyst with a Turing structure, its preparation method and application

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of catalyst technology, and in particular to a catalyst with a Turing structure, its preparation method, and its applications. The method involves dispersing MXene in deionized water and sonicating it at 0-60°C for 0.5-5 hours to obtain an MXene precursor solution. A noble metal precursor and an organic solvent are added, and the mixture is heated and stirred or sonicated to obtain a mixed solution. This solution is then subjected to hydrothermal reaction in a high-pressure reactor, and the precipitate is collected by centrifugation. After washing, the precipitate is calcined or Joule-heated, naturally cooled, and then ground to obtain the catalyst with a Turing structure. This invention uses any MXene that can be exfoliated into few-layer or monolayer structures as a sacrificial template to prepare a highly efficient doped catalyst with a Turing structure through hydrothermal reaction and calcination. This catalyst exhibits high-density nanotwins, lattice strain, and doping effects, demonstrating excellent activity and stability in energy conversion, wastewater treatment, environmental remediation, and chemical synthesis.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of catalyst technology, and in particular to a catalyst with a Turing structure, its preparation method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of modern industry and agriculture, large quantities of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage containing recalcitrant organic pollutants are being discharged. Traditional physical and biological treatment methods often have limited efficiency in treating these high-concentration, highly toxic, and bioinhibitory pollutants (such as antibiotics, dyes, and phenolic compounds), and may even fail to effectively degrade them. Advanced oxidation technologies, especially semiconductor photocatalysis, are considered a promising green wastewater treatment technology because they can utilize solar energy to drive the generation of highly oxidizing reactive species (such as ·OH hydroxyl radicals), thereby completely mineralizing organic pollutants into CO2 and H2O.

[0003] High-performance catalysts are central to the development of sustainable energy technologies. Turing structures, as an emerging nanostructure, exhibit great potential in catalysis due to their unique labyrinthine or dot-like patterns, high-density crystal defects, and interface effects. However, existing methods for preparing Turing structures (such as solution immersion and physical vapor deposition) are often costly, complex, energy-intensive, and difficult to scale up. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, possess high conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, and abundant tunable termination groups, making them ideal template materials. In recent years, MXenes have been used in the preparation of various composite materials, but research utilizing them as sacrificial templates to guide Turing structure formation and achieve in-situ doping has not yet been reported. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a catalyst with a Turing structure, its preparation method, and its application. The catalyst has high-density nanotwins, lattice strain, and doping effects, and exhibits excellent activity and stability in photocatalytic wastewater treatment, oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis, hydrogen evolution reaction in water electrolysis, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells, hydrogen oxidation reaction in fuel cells, and organic electrosynthesis.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1. Disperse MXene in deionized water and sonicate at 0-60℃ for 0.5-5h to obtain MXene precursor solution;

[0007] S2. Add a noble metal precursor and an organic solvent to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, and heat and stir or sonicate to obtain a mixed solution.

[0008] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor and react at 100-250℃ for 24-72 hours. Centrifuge to collect the precipitate.

[0009] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 is washed with deionized water and ethanol, then calcined or heated by Joule heating, naturally cooled, and ground to obtain a catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0010] Preferably, in S1, MXene includes Ti2CT. x Ti3C2T x V2CT x Nb2CT x Ta2CT x Mo2CT x and Cr2CT x One or more of the following;

[0011] Where T x To indicate the surface termination group, T x Including one or more of -OH, -O, -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I.

[0012] Preferably, in S2, the noble metal precursor includes one or more of the following: chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, acetylacetonates, ammonium compounds, and organometallic compounds of ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, and silver.

[0013] Preferably, in S2, the organic solvent includes one or more of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0014] Preferably, in S2, the volume ratio of deionized water to organic solvent in the MXene precursor solution is 1:0.5-1:10.

[0015] Preferably, in S2, the heating and stirring temperature is 40-60℃, the heating and stirring time is 2-6h, and the heating and stirring speed is 400-800rpm.

[0016] Preferably, in S4, the calcination atmosphere is one or more of air and oxygen atmospheres, the calcination temperature is 300-1000℃, and the calcination time is 0.5-10h.

[0017] Preferably, in S4, Joule heating is performed in an air atmosphere by using capacitor discharge or a DC power supply to provide a large instantaneous current, rapidly heating to 1300-1500°C within 1-5ms and then rapidly cooling, repeating 10-20 times.

[0018] The catalyst with a Turing structure was prepared according to the above-described method, and the catalyst size with the Turing structure is 20-50 nm.

[0019] The above-mentioned catalyst with a Turing structure is applied to water electrolysis for oxygen evolution, water electrolysis for hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide electroreduction, fuel cell oxygen reduction, fuel cell hydrogen oxidation, organic electrosynthesis, chemical catalysis, photocatalytic wastewater treatment, or photoelectrocatalysis.

[0020] Therefore, the present invention employs the above-mentioned catalyst with a Turing structure, its preparation method, and its application, and its beneficial effects are as follows:

[0021] 1. The high-density nanotwin boundaries and lattice strain of the Turing structure can significantly modulate the energy level structure of the catalyst, reduce the catalyst band gap and improve the migration rate of electrons and other charge carriers, thereby enhancing catalytic performance. At the same time, doping elements can also significantly modulate the electronic structure of the catalyst and improve the adsorption and desorption kinetics of key intermediates in the catalytic reaction. In addition, the labyrinthine micromorphology of the Turing structure catalyst can increase the specific surface area and enhance the adsorption capacity of the Turing structure catalyst for reactants.

[0022] 2. The preparation method provided by the present invention uses any MXene that can be peeled into few layers or a single layer as a sacrificial template, utilizes its surface termination groups to adsorb noble metal precursor ions, and after hydrothermal reaction and calcination treatment, the template is removed while inducing the formation of Turing structure, and the metal elements in MXene are used to dope noble metal oxides in situ, and finally the Turing structure doped catalyst is obtained.

[0023] 3. The catalyst with Turing structure provided by the present invention has high-density nanotwins, lattice strain and doping effect, and exhibits excellent activity and stability in photocatalytic wastewater treatment, water electrolysis oxygen evolution reaction, water electrolysis hydrogen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction, fuel cell hydrogen oxidation reaction and organic electrosynthesis.

[0024] 4. The preparation method provided by this invention uses a wide range of raw materials, covering all MXenes that can be exfoliated into few-layer or single-layer forms, as well as a variety of noble metal precursors. This provides great flexibility in material selection, flexible and controllable process, and diverse application fields, providing a new strategy for the large-scale, low-energy-consumption preparation of high-performance catalysts.

[0025] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a transmission electron microscope image of the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with a Turing structure in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 These are catalytic performance diagrams of the catalysts in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer.

[0028] Figure 3 This is a particle size distribution diagram of the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with a Turing structure in Example 1 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this invention should be understood in their ordinary sense by those skilled in the art. The features mentioned above or in the specific examples mentioned in this invention can be combined arbitrarily, and these specific embodiments are only used to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0030] This invention provides a method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure, comprising the following steps:

[0031] S1. Disperse MXene in deionized water and sonicate at 0-60℃ for 0.5-5h to obtain MXene precursor solution;

[0032] S2. Add a noble metal precursor and an organic solvent to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, and heat and stir or sonicate to obtain a mixed solution.

[0033] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor and react at 100-250℃ for 24-72 hours to promote the initial formation of Turing patterns. Collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0034] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 is washed with deionized water and ethanol, then calcined or heated by Joule heating, naturally cooled, and ground to obtain a catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0035] In some embodiments of the present invention, in S1, MXene includes Ti2CT. x Ti3C2T x V2CT x Nb2CT x Ta2CT x Mo2CT x and Cr2CT x One or more of them, wherein T x To indicate the surface termination group, T xIncluding one or more of -OH, -O, -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I. This invention can use MXene obtained through various preparation processes in the prior art. The terminating groups on the surface of MXene have the ability to adsorb noble metal ions. Through the MXene template method, the morphology, composition, and electronic structure of the catalyst can be precisely controlled, thereby optimizing catalytic performance.

[0036] In some embodiments of the present invention, in S2, the noble metal precursor includes one or more of the following: chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, acetylacetonates, ammonium compounds, or organometallic compounds of ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, and silver. The noble metal precursor is the core active component of the catalytic reaction; its ions can be fixed by adsorption of MXene surface termination groups and subsequently converted into catalytically active oxides.

[0037] In some embodiments of the present invention, in step S2, the organic solvent includes one or more of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The organic solvent can adjust the polarity and viscosity of the mixture, promote the dissolution and dispersion of noble metal precursor ions, and facilitate their efficient binding with the MXene surface termination groups.

[0038] In some embodiments of the present invention, in S2, the volume ratio of deionized water to organic solvent in the MXene precursor solution is 1:0.5-1:10. This ensures the dispersion stability of MXene while providing a suitable environment for the adsorption of noble metal ions, avoiding aggregation or insufficient adsorption.

[0039] In some embodiments of the present invention, in step S2, the heating and stirring temperature is 40-60°C, the heating and stirring time is 2-6 hours, and the heating and stirring speed is 400-800 rpm. This promotes the diffusion of noble metal precursor ions, enhances their interaction with the MXene surface termination groups, and achieves uniform and sufficient adsorption.

[0040] In some embodiments of the present invention, in step S4, the calcination atmosphere is one or more of air and oxygen atmospheres, the calcination temperature is 300-1000℃, and the calcination time is 0.5-10h. This allows for the oxidation and removal of the MXene template, while simultaneously promoting the crystallization of noble metal oxides and in-situ doping of metal elements in MXene, forming a stable Turing structure. The calcination process is mature and stable, easy to scale up for production, and can achieve uniform heat treatment effects, making it of significant value in large-scale preparation.

[0041] In some embodiments of the present invention, in S4, Joule heating is performed in an air atmosphere using capacitor discharge or a DC power supply to provide a large instantaneous current, rapidly heating to 1300-1500°C within 1-5 ms and then rapidly cooling, repeating this process 10-20 times. By achieving millisecond-level ultrafast heat treatment, ultrafast heating and cooling can be realized, avoiding the growth of structural grains and the formation of metastable structures and high-density defects, thus providing a new technical path for improving catalyst performance.

[0042] The catalyst with a Turing structure, prepared according to the above-described method, has a size of 20-50 nm. Nanoscale Turing-structured catalysts expose more active sites and possess higher surface energy, which contributes to improved catalytic efficiency.

[0043] The above-mentioned catalyst with a Turing structure is applied to water electrolysis for oxygen evolution, water electrolysis for hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide electroreduction, fuel cell oxygen reduction, fuel cell hydrogen oxidation, organic electrosynthesis, chemical catalysis, photocatalytic wastewater treatment, or photoelectrocatalysis.

[0044] Example 1

[0045] S1, 40mg of few-slice Ti2CT x (T) x The MXene precursor solution was obtained by dispersing (-OH, -O and -Cl) in 40 mL of deionized water and sonicating at 0 °C for 2 h.

[0046] S2. Add 40 mg of the noble metal precursor ruthenium trichloride and 40 mL of ethylene glycol to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, heat at 50 °C, and magnetically stir at 500 rpm for 4 h to allow ruthenium ions to be fully adsorbed onto Ti2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0047] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and react at 100°C for 48 hours. Collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0048] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. After washing, it was calcined at 300°C for 10 h in air atmosphere, and then ground after natural cooling to obtain the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with Turing structure.

[0049] Example 2

[0050] S1, 80mg of few-slice Ti2CT x (T) x The MXene precursor solution was obtained by dispersing (-OH, -O, -F and -Cl) in 40 mL of deionized water and sonicating at room temperature for 2 h.

[0051] S2. Add 40 mg of the noble metal precursor ruthenium trichloride and 40 mL of ethylene glycol to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, heat at 50 °C, and magnetically stir at 500 rpm for 4 h to allow ruthenium ions to be fully adsorbed onto Ti2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0052] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180°C for 24 hours, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0053] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. After washing, it was calcined at 600℃ for 3 hours in air atmosphere, and then ground after natural cooling to obtain the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with Turing structure.

[0054] Example 3

[0055] S1, 100mg of few-layer Nb2CT x (T) x The MXene precursor solution was obtained by dispersing (-OH, -O, -Br and -Cl) in 50 mL of deionized water and sonicating at 40 °C for 1 h.

[0056] S2. Add 50 mg of the noble metal precursor iridium chlorate and 50 mL of ethylenediamine to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, and sonicate at 300 W for 3 h at 40 °C to allow iridium ions to be fully adsorbed onto Nb2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0057] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with para-polyphenol, react at 200°C for 18 hours, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0058] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. After washing, it was calcined at 1000℃ for 0.5h in air atmosphere, and then ground after natural cooling to obtain an IrO2-Nb doped catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0059] Example 4

[0060] S1, 6.5mg of few-layer Cr2CT x (T) x The MXene precursor solution was dispersed in 65 mL of deionized water and sonicated at room temperature for 2 h to obtain a uniformly dispersed MXene precursor solution.

[0061] S2. Add 130 mg of the noble metal precursor ruthenium trichloride and 65 mL of diethylenetriamine to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, and sonicate at 35°C and 450 W for 2.5 h to allow ruthenium ions to be fully adsorbed onto Cr2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0062] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with para-polyphenol, react at 210°C for 15 h, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0063] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol, pressed into sheets, loaded onto a carbon fiber paper substrate, and then placed in a Joule heating device. Under air atmosphere, a DC power supply was used to provide an instantaneous pulse power supply to heat it to 1420℃ within 2.5ms and then rapidly cooled it. This process was repeated 18 times to obtain a RuO2-Cr doped catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0064] Example 5

[0065] S1, 100mg of few-slice Ta2CT x (T) x The MXene precursor solution was obtained by dispersing (-OH, -O and -Cl) in 50 mL of deionized water and sonicating at room temperature for 1 h.

[0066] S2. Add 70 mg of noble metal precursor (50 mg rhodium acetylacetone and 20 mg silver acetylacetone) and 50 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1. Sonicate at 50°C and 400 W for 4 hours to allow rhodium and silver ions to be fully adsorbed onto Ta2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0067] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with para-polyphenol, react at 220°C for 12 h, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0068] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. The washed solid powder was loaded onto a carbon cloth substrate and then placed in a Joule heating device. Under air atmosphere, a DC power supply was used to provide an instantaneous pulse power supply to heat it to 1350℃ within 3ms and then rapidly cooled. This process was repeated 15 times to obtain a (RhAg)2O3-Ta doped catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0069] Example 6

[0070] S1, 25mg less-slice V2CT x (T) xThe MXene precursor solution was dispersed in 75 mL of deionized water and sonicated at 0 °C for 2.5 h to obtain a uniformly dispersed MXene precursor solution.

[0071] S2. Add 150 mg of the noble metal precursor iridium chloride and 75 mL of propylene glycol to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1. Stir magnetically at 700 rpm for 3.5 h at 55 °C to allow iridium ions to be fully adsorbed onto V2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0072] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 190°C for 30 h, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0073] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. After washing, it was calcined at 850°C for 4 hours in air atmosphere, and then ground after natural cooling to obtain the IrO2-V doped catalyst with Turing structure.

[0074] Example 7

[0075] S1, 150mg of few-layer Mo2CT x (T) x The MXene precursor solution was obtained by dispersing (-OH, -O, -Br and -Cl) in 75 mL of deionized water and sonicating at 0 °C for 2 h.

[0076] S2. Add 75 mg of the noble metal precursor palladium chloride and 75 mL of propylene glycol to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1. Stir magnetically at 800 rpm for 5 h at 60 °C to allow palladium ions to be fully adsorbed onto Mo2CT. x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0077] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 160°C for 36 hours, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0078] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. The washed solid was pressed into a sheet and loaded onto a graphite substrate, then placed in a Joule heating device. Under air atmosphere, a large instantaneous current was provided by capacitor discharge to heat to 1400℃ within 2ms and then rapidly cooled. This process was repeated 10 times to obtain a PdO-Mo doped catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0079] Example 8

[0080] S1, 500mg of few-layer Ti3C2T x (T) xThe MXene precursor solution was obtained by dispersing (-OH, -O, -I and -Cl) in 75 mL of deionized water and sonicating at room temperature for 2 h.

[0081] S2. Add 25 mg of the noble metal precursor ruthenium trichloride and 75 mL of ethylene glycol to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1. Stir magnetically at 700 rpm for 6 h at 50 °C to allow ruthenium ions to be fully adsorbed onto Ti3C2T x The surface yields a mixed solution.

[0082] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180°C for 24 hours, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0083] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. The washed solid was pressed into a sheet and loaded onto a graphite substrate, then placed in a Joule heating device. Under air atmosphere, a large instantaneous current was provided by capacitor discharge to heat to 1500℃ within 5ms and then rapidly cooled. This process was repeated 10 times to obtain a TiO2-Ru doped catalyst with a Turing structure.

[0084] Comparative Example 1

[0085] S1. Disperse 50 mg of nano TiO2 (P25) in 75 mL of deionized water and sonicate at room temperature for 5 h to obtain a uniformly dispersed TiO2 dispersion.

[0086] S2. Add 150 mg of the noble metal precursor ruthenium trichloride and 75 mL of propylene glycol to the TiO2 dispersion obtained in S1, heat at 55 °C, and magnetically stir at 700 rpm for 3.5 h to allow ruthenium ions to be fully adsorbed on the TiO2 surface, thus obtaining a mixed solution.

[0087] S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 150°C for 24 hours, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation.

[0088] S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 was washed with deionized water and ethanol. After washing, it was calcined at 550°C for 4 hours in air atmosphere, and then ground after natural cooling to obtain a RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with a non-Turing structure.

[0089] Test case

[0090] a. Transmission electron microscopy and particle size distribution

[0091] The RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with a Turing structure prepared in Example 1 was subjected to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and the results are as follows: Figure 1As shown in the figure, the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst in Example 1 exhibits a Turing structure. The particle size distribution of the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with a Turing structure prepared in Example 1 is shown in the figure. Figure 3 As shown, the size of the RuO2-Ti doped catalyst with the Turing structure is 20-50 nm.

[0092] b. Add 50 mg of the Turing-structured TiO2-Ru-doped catalyst prepared in Example 8 to 200 mL of a 10 ppm Rhodamine B solution. Disperse the solution ultrasonically in the dark for 10 min. Transfer the reaction solution to a photocatalytic chamber and stir for 30 min until adsorption-desorption equilibrium is reached. Turn on the light source (a 300 W xenon lamp with a wavelength range of 400–800 nm). Take samples of the reaction solution every 30 min, centrifuge at high speed, and measure the peak value at 554 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Calculate the degradation rate using the following formula:

[0093] ;

[0094] in, The peak value of the initial solution at a wavelength of 554 nm. The peak values ​​at 554 nm are for solutions with different degradation times.

[0095] Calculations showed that the Turing-structured TiO2-Ru-doped catalyst prepared in Example 8 exhibited a degradation rate of 77.8% for Rhodamine B after 90 min, and this rate continued to increase over time. This indicates that the Turing-structured TiO2-Ru-doped catalyst prepared in Example 8 has promising application prospects for photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

[0096] c. The catalytic performance of the catalysts prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Example 1 was tested when they were used in the anode of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. The catalysts were tested at 80°C and 1 A / cm². 2 Under industrial-grade operating conditions, such as Figure 2 As shown, the initial cell voltage and the voltage increase after 100 hours of continuous operation of the catalysts prepared in Examples 1-4 were significantly lower than those in Comparative Example 1.

[0097] Of particular note is that although Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 have the same catalyst elemental composition, the initial cell voltage of Example 1 is only 1.63V, and the cell voltage increases by only 0.01V after 100 hours. In contrast, the initial cell voltage of Comparative Example 1 is as high as 1.73V, and the cell voltage increases by 0.52V after 100 hours. This result fully demonstrates that the Turing structure catalyst prepared in this invention, through the in-situ doping effect induced by the MXene template, forms a high-density lattice defect, a controllable strain field, and a unique stress distribution structure, thereby optimizing the catalytic interface properties at the molecular scale. This becomes the key structural basis for improving the intrinsic activity and long-term operational stability of the catalyst.

[0098] Therefore, the present invention employs a catalyst with a Turing structure, its preparation method, and its application. The catalyst exhibits high-density nanotwins, lattice strain, and doping effects, and demonstrates excellent activity and stability in photocatalytic wastewater treatment, oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis, hydrogen evolution reaction in water electrolysis, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells, hydrogen oxidation reaction in fuel cells, and organic electrosynthesis.

[0099] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent substitutions cannot cause the modified technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure, characterized in that: Includes the following steps, S1. Disperse MXene in deionized water and sonicate at 0-60℃ for 0.5-5h to obtain MXene precursor solution; In S1, MXene includes Ti2CT x Ti3C2T x V2CT x Nb2CT x Ta2CT x Mo2CT x and Cr2CT x One or more of the following; Where T x T is a surface terminating group. x Including one or more of -OH, -O, -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I; S2. Add a noble metal precursor and an organic solvent to the MXene precursor solution obtained in S1, and heat and stir or sonicate to obtain a mixed solution. S3. Place the mixed solution obtained in S2 into a high-pressure reactor and react at 100-250℃ for 24-72 hours. Centrifuge to collect the precipitate. S4. The precipitate obtained in S3 is washed with deionized water and ethanol. After washing, it is calcined or heated by Joule heating, cooled naturally, and then ground to obtain a catalyst with a Turing structure. In S4, the calcination atmosphere is one or more of air and oxygen atmospheres, the calcination temperature is 300-1000℃, and the calcination time is 0.5-10h; In S4, Joule heating is performed in an air atmosphere by using capacitor discharge or DC power supply to provide a large instantaneous current, rapidly heating to 1300-1500℃ within 1-5ms and then rapidly cooling, repeating 10-20 times. Using MXene, which can be stripped into few layers or a single layer, as a sacrificial template, noble metal precursor ions are adsorbed by its surface termination groups. After hydrothermal reaction and calcination, the template is removed while the formation of Turing structure is induced, and the metal elements in MXene are used to dope noble metal oxides in situ, finally obtaining the Turing structure doped catalyst.

2. The method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, the noble metal precursor includes one or more of the following: chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, acetylacetonates, or ammonium compounds of ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, and silver.

3. The method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, the organic solvent includes one or more of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

4. The method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, the volume ratio of deionized water to organic solvent in the MXene precursor solution is 1:0.5-1:

10.

5. The method for preparing a catalyst with a Turing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, the heating and stirring temperature is 40-60℃, the heating and stirring time is 2-6h, and the heating and stirring speed is 400-800rpm.

6. A catalyst having a Turing structure, characterized in that: The catalyst with a Turing structure is prepared according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the catalyst with a Turing structure has a size of 20-50 nm.

7. The application of a catalyst with a Turing structure, characterized in that: The catalyst with a Turing structure according to claim 6 can be used in water electrolysis for oxygen evolution, water electrolysis for hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide electroreduction, fuel cell oxygen reduction, fuel cell hydrogen oxidation, or photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

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