Acaricidal composition and application thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses an acaricidal composition and application thereof, the composition takes ivermectin and amitraz as main effective components, the weight part ratio of the ivermectin to the amitraz is 5: 1-1: 60, and the weight percentage of the active components in the acaricidal composition is 3%-70%. The composition disclosed by the invention has relatively high activity on tetranychid, and particularly has a remarkable synergistic interaction performance on tetranychus urticae (Koch), panonychus citri (McGreen), panonychus ulmi (Koch) and tetranychus vienis (Zacher), so that the composition disclosed by the invention can be used for preventing and controlling the tetranychus urticae (Koch), the panonychus ulmi (Koch) and the tetranychus vienis (Zacher), and can be used for preventing and controlling the tetranychus urticae (Koch) and the tetranychus vienis (Zacher).

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of pesticides, and particularly relates to a miticidal composition containing ivermectin and amitraz and application thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Agricultural mites have the characteristics of small individual, fast reproduction, strong adaptability and easy resistance, etc. Since the 1970s, they have become important pests of fruit trees, vegetables and food crops. They destroy the normal physiological function of plants, cause defoliation, bud drop and fruit drop, and even transmit plant diseases, further aggravating the degree of harm to agricultural production and causing great losses to agricultural economy. Among them, spider mites are the largest group of agricultural mites. Most of them are polyphagous, and a few are oligophagous. In addition, they have strong environmental adaptability, which makes it difficult to control spider mites and becomes an important problem to be solved in agricultural production.

[0003] In current agricultural production, chemical control is still the main method for the control of spider mites, and biological control is auxiliary. Chemical miticides used in chemical control include organotin, amitraz, carbamate and the like. Chemical miticides have the disadvantages of high consumption of petroleum resources, high production conditions, danger in some reactions, serious resistance after long-term use, etc. Compared with chemical miticides, biological pesticides have gradually attracted attention in the application of spider mite control due to their unique action mechanism and environmental friendly characteristics, which mainly include biological agents, plant extracts and biological metabolites, etc. Among them, biological metabolites are usually not as active as chemical miticides in biological activity, but have the advantages of novel action mechanism, low target resistance, low extraction cost and physical and chemical stability, which provide a new direction for the control of spider mites in delaying the generation of resistance.

[0004] Ivermectin belongs to the class of macrolide biological miticides, is a typical biological metabolite of Streptomyces avermitilis, has all the advantages of biological metabolites, and has the characteristics of high speed and efficiency, but also has the disadvantages of short persistence period (3-7 days) and low control effect, which restricts the popularization and application of ivermectin preparation products in the market; amitraz belongs to the class of amitraz chemical miticides, has the advantages of high activity, long persistence period (40-50 days) and low price, but also has the shortcomings of chemical miticides, which makes the biological resistance increase year by year and the effective utilization rate decrease year by year.

[0005] The prior art CN101068470A discloses a combination of macrolides and amitine compounds for the control of parasites on livestock, poultry, productive livestock, breeding herds, and pets, especially ectoparasites (lice, dipterans, metaspirophora, mesophora, prospirophora, and aspirophora, preferably for the control of ticks, particularly tiny ticks). The target of this patent is animal parasites, which falls under the field of veterinary drugs, but it does not disclose the control effect of the combination of the two on agricultural spider mites.

[0006] Currently, to address plant diseases and other problems caused by agricultural mites in agricultural production, multiple applications and long-term, large-scale, single-use of chemical acaricides are required for controlling agricultural spider mites. However, this easily leads to pesticide resistance and affects the pesticide's lifespan. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new type of acaricide composition pesticide. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to provide an acaricidal composition that has a synergistic effect on the control of agricultural spider mites.

[0008] Another object of the present invention is to provide the composition for the prevention and control of agricultural spider mite diseases.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0010] The present invention provides an acaricide composition, wherein the active ingredients in the composition are ivermectin and amitraz, wherein the weight ratio of ivermectin to amitraz is 5:1 to 1:60, and the total weight percentage of the active ingredients is 3% to 70% of the total weight.

[0011] Furthermore, the weight ratio of ivermectin to amitraz is 1:5 to 1:50, and the total weight percentage of the active ingredients is 5% to 50% of the total weight.

[0012] Furthermore, the weight ratio of ivermectin to amitraz is 1:5 to 1:25, and the total weight percentage of the active ingredients is 5% to 25% of the total weight.

[0013] The acaricide composition provided by this invention can be formulated with appropriate excipients into any formulation usable in agriculture. Depending on factors such as the crop being controlled, the environmental conditions, the control method, and the control cost, the preferred formulations are wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, granules, tablets, emulsifiable concentrates, microemulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, suspensions, suspension emulsions, and dispersible oil suspensions.

[0014] The acaricide composition of the present invention also contains commonly used adjuvants required for the formulation of pesticide formulations, including dispersants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, defoamers, thickeners, complexing agents, stabilizers, pH adjusters, antifreeze agents, and fillers.

[0015] The wetting agent is selected from one or more of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty alcohol ethoxy compound, tallow ethoxy ammonium salt, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, and acyl glutamine salt.

[0016] The dispersant is selected from one or more of the following: condensed naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt of phenol sulfonic acid condensate, sodium formaldehyde condensate of methyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium lignin sulfonate, sodium methylene dinaphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt of acrylic acid homopolymer, sodium salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate, and sodium salt of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer.

[0017] The emulsifier is selected from one or more of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, castor oil ethylene oxide adduct and its derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl biphenyl ether sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether formaldehyde condensates, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers, alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensates, quaternary ammonium salts, tallow ethoxy ammonium salts, amino acids, amine oxides, betaine, and acylglutamates.

[0018] The present invention also provides the use of the acaricide composition in the control of agricultural mites, including those of the family Tetranychidae.

[0019] Furthermore, the spider mites are two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)), citrus spider mites (Panonychus citri (McGregor)), apple spider mites (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)), and hawthorn spider mites (Tetranychus viennensis (Zacher)).

[0020] The present invention also provides a method for controlling agricultural mites, comprising applying the above-mentioned acaricidal composition to plant propagation material and subsequently grown plant organs, cultivation media, materials or spaces at an agronomically effective and substantially non-phytotoxic dosage by means of seed treatment, soaking, dripping, watering, powdering, dispersing or other methods.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows:

[0022] This invention combines ivermectin, which has high fast-acting properties but a short-lasting effect, with amitraz, which has low fast-acting properties but a long-lasting effect. This combination compensates for the poor fast-acting properties of amitraz and solves the short-lasting effect of ivermectin, thereby improving the product's fast-acting properties and extending its effective period. The combined use of these two pesticides exhibits a good synergistic effect, increasing the utilization rate of the biological pesticide ivermectin, reducing the production, sales, and use of the chemical pesticide amitraz, indirectly reducing the consumption of petroleum resources, and reducing the occurrence of hazardous chemical reactions, thus meeting the development requirements of pesticide reduction and efficiency improvement. Furthermore, the combined use of these two pesticides with different mechanisms of action also helps to delay the development of drug resistance in target organisms, thereby effectively extending the pesticide's lifespan. Detailed Implementation

[0023] It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the invention should be included within the scope of protection of the invention. In these embodiments, unless otherwise stated, all percentages are weight percentages.

[0024] Formulation Excipient Examples

[0025] Example 1: 60% Ivermectin·Amitraz wettable powder (4:1)

[0026] 1.1 Formulation composition: 48.0% ivermectin, 12.0% amitraz, 1.0% D-425, 2.5% UNA, 0.5% 704, and kaolin (carrier) to make up to 100%.

[0027] 1.2 Preparation method: Ivermectin, amitraz, D-425, UNA, 704 and kaolin are put into a mixing vessel and mixed for 10 minutes. The above materials are then subjected to air jet milling until D90≤25 μm to obtain the finished product.

[0028] 1.3 Test data: The test results showed that the ivermectin content of this product was 48.15%, the amitraz content was 12.09%, and other indicators met the requirements of conventional wettable powders.

[0029] Example 2: 6% Everest-Amitraz microemulsion (1:1)

[0030] 2.1 Formula composition: 3.0% ivermectin, 3.0% amitraz, 15.0% cyclohexanone, 10.0% 601, 12.0% ethanol, deionized water to 100%.

[0031] 2.2 Preparation method: Mix ivermectin, amitraz and cyclohexanone, heat to 40-50 ℃ and stir for 20 min until clear and transparent, then add 601 and ethanol and stir evenly, and finally add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain the finished product.

[0032] 2.3 Test data: The product was tested and found to contain 3.04% ivermectin and 3.11% amitraz. The emulsification stability was qualified, and other indicators met the requirements of conventional microemulsions.

[0033] Example 3: 12% ivermectin·amycin emulsifiable concentrate (1:5)

[0034] 3.1 Formulation composition: 2.0% ivermectin, 10.0% amitraz, 4.0% A-145, 20.0% cyclohexanone, 8.0% 601, 7.0% calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 1.0% BY-110, S-150 to 100%.

[0035] 3.2 Preparation method: Mix ivermectin, amitraz, cyclohexanone, A-145 and S-150 and heat to 40-50 ℃ (maintain this temperature for 10 min), stir for 20 min until clear and transparent, then add 601, calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and BY-110 and stir evenly to obtain the finished product.

[0036] 3.3 Test data: The product was tested and found to contain 2.03% ivermectin and 10.21% amitraz. The emulsification stability was qualified and other indicators met the requirements of conventional emulsifiable concentrates.

[0037] Example 4: 22% ivermectin·amycin suspension (1:10)

[0038] 4.1 Formulation composition: 2.0% ivermectin, 20.0% amitraz, 4.0% DS505, 1.0% EFW, 4.0% ethylene glycol, 0.3% SAG-1522, 1.5% magnesium aluminum silicate, 0.2% xanthan gum, deionized water to 100%.

[0039] 4.2 Preparation method: Mix DS505, EFW and ethylene glycol for 5 min, add deionized water and SAG-1522 and stir evenly, add ivermectin, amitraz and magnesium aluminum silicate, and shear with a high-speed shear machine (speed set to 6000 r / min) for 3 min, grind with a sand mill, and discharge the material when the particle size D90 < 5μm. Shear the pre-soaked 2% xanthan gum aqueous solution into the material to obtain the finished product.

[0040] 4.3 Test data: The test results showed that the ivermectin content of this product was 2.12%, the suspension rate was 98.8%, the amitraz content was 20.17%, the suspension rate was 98.4%, and other indicators met the requirements of conventional suspension concentrates.

[0041] Example 5: 16% ivermectin·amycin dispersible oil suspension (1:15)

[0042] 5.1 Formula composition: 1.0% ivermectin, 15.0% amitraz, 4.0% FLK, 1.0% 500LQ, 25.0% soybean oil emulsifier, 1.5% bentonite, 0.75% silica A200, and soybean oil to make up to 100%.

[0043] 5.2 Preparation method: Mix FLK, 500LQ, soybean oil emulsifier and soybean oil for 5 min, add bentonite and fumed silica A200 and mix evenly, add ivermectin and amitraz and shear with a high-speed shear machine (speed set to 6000 r / min) for 3 min, and grind with a sand mill. When the particle size D90 < 5μm, the finished product is obtained.

[0044] 5.3 Test data: The product was tested and found to contain 1.08% ivermectin and 14.89% amitraz. The emulsification stability was qualified and other indicators met the requirements of conventional dispersible oil suspensions.

[0045] Example 6: 13% ivermectin·amidine water emulsion (1:25)

[0046] 6.1 Formula composition: 0.5% ivermectin, 12.5% ​​amitraz, 6.0% EL-40, 20.0% cyclohexanone, 0.3% SAG-1522, 4.0% ethylene glycol, deionized water to 100%.

[0047] 6.2 Preparation method: Mix ivermectin, amitraz, EL-40 and cyclohexanone, heat to 40-50 ℃ and stir for 30 min until clear and transparent to obtain the oil phase. Add SAG1522 and ethylene glycol to deionized water and stir for 5 min to obtain the aqueous phase. Use a high-speed shearing machine to slowly shear the aqueous phase into the oil phase. After shearing evenly, stir for another 30 min to obtain the finished product.

[0048] 6.3 Test data: The product was tested and found to contain 0.53% ivermectin and 12.57% amitraz. The emulsification stability was qualified, and other indicators met the requirements of conventional water-in-oil emulsions.

[0049] Example 7: 50% ivermectin·amycin water-dispersible granules (1:49)

[0050] 7.1 Formulation composition: 1.0% ivermectin, 49.0% amitraz, 6.0% D-425, 2.0% EFW, 20% ammonium sulfate, 15.0% deionized water (<3.0% after drying), corn starch (carrier) to 100%.

[0051] 7.2 Preparation method: Mix ivermectin, amitraz, D-425, EFW and corn starch for 10 min, then air-jet pulverize until D90 < 20 μm, add 15% water and knead, granulate with a rotary granulator, and then dry in a 54 ℃ oven for 30 min. If the moisture content is < 3.0%, the finished product is obtained.

[0052] 7.3 Test data: The test results showed that the ivermectin content of this product was 1.01%, the amitraz content was 49.08%, and other indicators met the requirements of conventional water-dispersible granules.

[0053] Indoor toxicity test

[0054] Experimental objective: To determine the combined toxicity of ivermectin and amitraz against citrus red spider mites;

[0055] Test target: Citrus red spider mite (collected from the citrus orchard of the Mountain Experiment Station of Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Toutuo Town, Huangyan District, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province).

[0056] Rearing conditions: Collect relatively flat citrus leaves that have not been treated with pesticides, take the middle part, and attach it to a foam plastic sheet covered with black cloth. Then place the foam plastic sheet in a long ceramic dish, with 9 citrus leaves in each dish. Add water to the dish to keep the citrus leaves moist and prevent mites from escaping, for indoor rearing of citrus red spider mites. Then use the tip of a paintbrush to transfer the female adult citrus red spider mites to detached citrus leaves for rearing, about 50 mites per leaf. Keep them indoors at (26±1)℃ and RH 85%. Before the experiment, check each mite, remove dead mites, weak mites, and mites of other life stages, and use the remaining female adult mites for the experiment.

[0057] Experimental apparatus: electronic balance, petri dishes, conical flasks, pipettes, incubator;

[0058] Experimental Methods: Each test agent was dissolved in a suitable small amount of solvent, then diluted with 0.1% Tween-80 aqueous solution. Six to seven series of concentration levels were set according to the active ingredient, with a blank control included. Each treatment was repeated four times, and the mortality rate of female adult mites at each concentration was measured. Before the experiment, a preliminary test was conducted to determine the agent concentration range for corrected mortality rates of female adult mites at different application levels, between 10% and 95%. The prepared drug solution was prepared using the immersion method (referring to NY / T 1154.12-2008 Agricultural Indoor Bioassay Test Guidelines, Insecticides, Part 12: Tetranychus Slide Immersion Method). The immersion time was until the leaves were thoroughly moistened. Excess drug solution in droplets was absorbed from the citrus leaves after immersion using absorbent cotton. The mortality rate and corrected mortality rate of the treated female adult mites were checked after 24 hours of rearing.

[0059] Experimental investigation and calculation methods:

[0060] Drug formulation: Five ratios were designed for the mixture, with ivermectin to amitraz ratios of 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:25, and 1:50, respectively. Each ratio was set with 6 to 7 series of concentration levels based on the active ingredient.

[0061] Data Processing: Based on the survey results, calculate the corrected mortality rate for each treatment. And calculate the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC value) of the mixture using Sun Yunpei's method: P1 = (P... t -P0) / (1-P0)*100(P1-corrected mortality rate; P t - Treatment mortality rate; P0 - Blank control mortality rate)

[0062] The analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. The corrected mortality rate was converted into a probability value, the logarithm of the drug concentration was added by 3, and the toxicity regression equation and LC were calculated. 50 95% confidence interval and correlation coefficient.

[0063] The co-toxicity coefficient of the mixture is calculated using the following formula:

[0064] ATI = S / M * 100 (ATI - measured toxicity index of the mixture; S - LC50 of the standard insecticide) 50 LC50 of M-mixture (mg / L) 50 (mg / L)

[0065] TTI = TIA * PA + TIB * PB (TTI - Theoretical toxicity index of the mixture; TIA - Toxicity index of agent A; PA - Percentage content of agent A in the mixture, %; TIB - Toxicity index of agent B; PB - Percentage content of agent B in the mixture, %)

[0066] CTC = ATI / TTI*100 (CTC - co-toxicity coefficient; ATI - measured toxicity index of the mixture; TTI - theoretical toxicity index of the mixture). A co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) ≥ 120 for compound preparations indicates a synergistic effect; CTC ≤ 80 indicates an antagonistic effect; and 80 < CTC < 120 indicates an additive effect.

[0067] Example of indoor toxicity testing:

[0068] Dilution concentration settings: 92% ivermectin dilution concentration gradients are 16, 4, 1, 0.25, 0.0625, and 0.015625 mg / L; 98% amitraz dilution concentration gradients are 800, 320, 200, 50, 12.5, 3.125, and 0.78 mg / L.

[0069] Table 1. Results of toxicity assays for single-dose ivermectin and amitraz.

[0070]

[0071] Experimental results: The indoor toxicity of ivermectin to citrus psyllid was 0.01867 mg / L, while that of amitraz was 40.89 mg / L.

[0072] Table 2. Results of combined toxicity assays for ivermectin and amitraz.

[0073]

[0074] The combined toxicity assay results of ivermectin and amitraz (Table 2) showed that the combination of ivermectin and amitraz, after 24 h of treatment, had a synergistic effect on adult female citrus red spider mites at active ingredient ratios of 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:25, with co-toxicity coefficients of 132.12, 149.60, 131.40, and 123.46, respectively. The active ingredient ratio of 1:50 had an additive effect on adult female citrus red spider mites.

[0075] In summary, ivermectin and amitraz have a synergistic effect. Their combined use can delay the development of drug resistance in citrus parchoides, improve control efficacy, reduce environmental pollution, save resources, and lower application costs.

[0076] Field trials: Efficacy trials of ivermectin and amitraz against citrus parvum mite

[0077] 1. Experimental objective: To investigate the field control effect of different ratios of ivermectin and amitraz on citrus pterostilbene.

[0078] 2. Target for prevention: Citrus paronychia.

[0079] 3. Application method and dosage: Foliar spray, 100L / 667m² 2 .

[0080] 4. Community Design: Randomly arranged, with each community area set at 300 m². 2 Repeat 5 times.

[0081] 5. Survey and Calculation Methods:

[0082] 5.1 Survey time: Survey the insect population before pesticide application, and conduct surveys once each at 1, 5 and 7 days after pesticide application.

[0083] 5.2 Survey Method: A fixed-point survey method was adopted. Two citrus trees were surveyed in each plot. Five points were marked on each tree: east, south, west, north, and center. Five leaves were collected from one branch at each point, for a total of 50 leaves per plot. The number of live mites on the leaves was checked and recorded (the standard was that they did not move when touched by an insect needle, avoiding excessive movement that could shake them off).

[0084] 5.3 Formula for Calculating Drug Efficacy

[0085]

[0086]

[0087] Example of field efficacy trial: Field efficacy trial of pesticide for controlling citrus paronychia (Lijiang City, Yunnan Province)

[0088] This experiment was conducted in Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, where approximately 500 mu (about 33 hectares) of citrus trees were grown in the open field. Irrigation and drainage conditions were normal, and management was routine. 8-10 pesticide applications were made annually to control citrus red spider mites, but occurrences remained at a low level. The planting size within each plot was 4.0m × 4.0m per tree.

[0089] The experiment was conducted on 5-year-old Wogan mandarin trees during the spring shoot emergence period. No other acaricides were applied for 22 days prior to and during the experiment. Based on the above experimental survey and calculation methods, the inventors designed the experimental scheme, statistically analyzed the mite population reduction rate, and assessed the control effect.

[0090] Table 3: Field efficacy trial design and results of *Pseudomonas citrus*

[0091]

[0092] Table 3 shows that when the concentration of the active ingredient is 30 mg / L, the field control efficacy of different ratios of ivermectin and amitraz mixtures against citrus pseudococcus is comparable to or better than that of single-agent (ivermectin or amitraz) products. Among them, formulation example 5 showed the best control efficacy, with 86.03% efficacy 7 days after application. Formulation examples 3 and 4 were next, with 81.43% and 82.29% efficacy 7 days after application, respectively. These are significantly better than the 61.41% efficacy of 5% ivermectin ME single agent and the 69.47% efficacy of 20% amitraz EC single agent. This demonstrates the significant synergistic effect of the ivermectin and amitraz combination.

[0093] At an active ingredient concentration of 25 mg / L, formulation example 5 showed the best efficacy, with a control efficacy of 78.33% after 7 days. Formulation examples 3 and 4 were next, with control efficacies of 75.67% and 75.45% respectively after 7 days. This still shows a certain advantage compared to the 61.41% efficacy of 5% ivermectin ME alone and the 69.47% efficacy of 20% amitraz EC alone (both with an active ingredient concentration of 30 mg / L). This demonstrates that the combination of ivermectin and amitraz can significantly reduce pesticide application rates.

[0094] In summary, the combination of ivermectin and amitraz exhibits significant synergistic effects within a specific ratio range, effectively reducing the amount of chemical pesticides used, which aligns with the national policy of reducing pesticide use while increasing efficiency. Ivermectin has good rapid-acting properties, and combining ivermectin and amitraz can enhance the product's rapid-acting properties. Amitraz has a long-lasting effect, and combining ivermectin and amitraz significantly extends the product's duration of effectiveness.

Claims

1. A mite-killing composition, characterized in that, The active ingredients in the composition consist of ivermectin and amitraz, wherein the weight ratio of ivermectin to amitraz is 5:1 to 1:60, and the total weight percentage of the active ingredients is 3% to 70% of the total weight.

2. The acaricide composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The weight ratio of ivermectin to amitraz is 1:5 to 1:50, and the total weight percentage of the active ingredients is 5% to 50% of the total weight.

3. The acaricide composition according to claim 2, characterized in that, The weight ratio of ivermectin to amitraz is 1:5 to 1:25, and the total weight percentage of the active ingredients is 5% to 25% of the total weight.

4. The acaricide composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The composition, when combined with appropriate excipients, can be formulated into agriculturally usable solid and liquid formulations.

5. The acaricide composition according to claim 4, characterized in that, The solid dosage forms are wettable powders, water-dispersible granules, pellets, and tablets; the liquid dosage forms are emulsifiable concentrates, microemulsions, water-emulsions, suspensions, suspension emulsions, and dispersible oil suspensions.

6. The use of the acaricidal composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5 in the control of agricultural mites, characterized in that, The agricultural pests mentioned include the family Tetranychidae.

7. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that, The spider mites mentioned are two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychusurticae (Koch)), citrus spider mite (Panonychus citri (McGregor)), apple spider mite (Panonychusulmi (Koch)), and hawthorn spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis (Zacher)).

8. A method for controlling agricultural mites, characterized in that, This includes applying the acaricide composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5 to plant propagation material and subsequently grown plant organs, cultivation media, materials or spaces in an agronomically effective and substantially non-phytotoxic amount by means of seed treatment, soaking, dripping, pouring, dusting, dispersing or other methods.

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