Porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit and wave dissipation system construction method

Abstract

The application provides a porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit and a wave dissipation system construction method, and belongs to the technical field of hydraulic engineering of coastal engineering and ecological restoration. The energy dissipation unit body is a flat and long cube, three sides are provided with steel gauze, the back wave side is provided with an open hole plate, the bottom is closed, the top is provided with a detachable vegetation upper cover, and the inside is filled with coconut shell fiber with adjustable porosity. The back wave side recessed clamping groove can be clamped with a guide rail to realize vertical height adjustment, and the two side T-shaped grooves and tenons can be spliced into different arrays. The vegetation upper cover can construct an ecological wave dissipation belt with plants, and the unit reserves sensor installation space. Physical model test shows that the wave dissipation and flow stabilization effects are good. The energy dissipation unit structure can be applied to the construction of various wave dissipation systems, and specific adjustments can be made based on different scenes. The application has the characteristics of unitization and modularization, is suitable for multiple arrangement scenes, is convenient for construction and maintenance, and has the functions of wave dissipation and ecological restoration.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of water conservancy engineering technology of coastal engineering and ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a method for constructing a porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit and wave dissipation system. Background Technology

[0002] Coastal and nearshore areas are constantly subjected to the combined effects of complex hydrodynamic forces, including wind waves, swells, and long-period waves. When waves propagate in shallow waters, their energy attenuates slowly, often causing scouring, impacting, vibrating, and potentially resonating effects on shorelines, breakwaters, and coastal infrastructure, thus affecting structural safety and shoreline stability. To counteract these adverse effects, traditional engineering projects often employ rigid or semi-rigid structures such as riprap breakwaters, gravity concrete breakwaters, and wave-dissipating blocks. While these structures rely on mass or cross-section to resist wave loads and have relatively well-defined design theories, they generally suffer from large structural dimensions, high construction difficulty, insufficient adaptability, and significant disruption to the nearshore ecological environment.

[0003] In recent years, some research and engineering practices have attempted to employ permeable or eco-friendly structures to reduce reflected waves, improve the local hydrodynamic environment, and address ecological needs. For example, existing technologies have disclosed wave-damping structures with a certain permeability formed using hollow blocks, perforated components, and eco-bricks, thereby reducing wave run-up and impact pressure to some extent. However, these technologies still suffer from the following common shortcomings in practical application:

[0004] (1) The opening ratio is not adjustable. Existing permeable components usually have a fixed opening ratio and hole arrangement determined during the manufacturing stage. After installation, it is difficult to dynamically adjust the overall permeability according to wave conditions, which may lead to problems such as insufficient wave dissipation or enhanced reflection in sea areas with large periodic variations.

[0005] (2) The energy dissipation capacity of internal materials is limited. Some ecological revetment technologies introduce porous media or vegetation substrates, but their main function is mainly concentrated on surface slope stabilization or vegetation attachment. They do not make sufficient use of the energy dissipation mechanism after wave incidence, and have not yet formed a mature multi-stage energy dissipation mode of "internal seepage energy dissipation - perforated plate flow control - post-permeation turbulence".

[0006] (3) Modular underwater structure installation methods lack adjustability. Existing structures mostly rely on fixed anchorage, grouting bases or large prefabricated foundations. Once installed, their position and elevation are difficult to adjust, making them unsuitable for changes in bank erosion and siltation, tidal fluctuations or maintenance needs during operation;

[0007] (4) Low integration of ecological functions. Although some ecological revetment schemes have introduced vegetation modules or attached substrates, most structures still lack replaceable, maintainable, and independent vegetation unit designs, and have not formed an ecological hydraulic system that coordinates vegetation layer, disturbance layer, and seepage layer.

[0008] In summary, there is an urgent need for a new type of energy dissipation unit technology that is lightweight, easy to construct, adjustable and replaceable, has sufficient energy dissipation, and has significant ecological effects, in order to overcome the problems of static deployment, single energy dissipation mechanism, insufficient ecological integration, and inconvenient maintenance of existing technologies. Summary of the Invention

[0009] To address the aforementioned problems, the main objective of this invention is to provide a porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit and wave-dissipating method. This overcomes the shortcomings of existing wave-dissipating devices in terms of adaptability, ecological friendliness, and maintainability, achieving an organic combination of efficient wave dissipation and ecological restoration. Specifically, this invention aims to provide a modular unit structure internally filled with natural coconut shell fiber material. Through the step-by-step coupling of the disturbance, seepage, and stabilization processes of incident waves, a continuous and controllable multi-stage energy dissipation mechanism is formed. Simultaneously, the unit achieves flexible adjustment of unit elevation and array opening ratio through a back groove guide rail and a lateral T-shaped splicing structure, thereby adapting to different water depths and wave conditions, facilitating installation, maintenance, and long-term operational monitoring. Physical model experiments have verified that, under the action conditions of corresponding prototype short, medium, and long period waves (approximately 3.96–14.1 s), the energy dissipation unit and method of this invention exhibit excellent wave dissipation effect and stable energy dissipation performance.

[0010] The first aspect of the present invention provides a porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit, comprising a flat elongated cubic unit body, wherein the wave-facing side and two adjacent sidewalls of the unit body are steel mesh, and the wave-repellent side is provided with an open plate, wherein a plurality of through holes are uniformly arranged on the open plate; the bottom of the unit body is provided with a closed bottom plate, and the top is provided with a detachable planted top cover.

[0011] The main body of the unit is filled with coconut shell fiber filling material, which is arranged in a loose or semi-compact manner to keep the internal porosity within a reasonable range for the corresponding scenario.

[0012] The main body of the unit is provided with a grooved slide rail joint for installation, which is used to form a slidable connection with the convex guide rail pre-embedded in the inner surface of the mounting base.

[0013] Preferably, the main body of the unit is provided with a T-slot structure and a T-plug structure on both sides, which are used to connect with the adjacent energy dissipation unit in a splicing manner and are locked by a pin, fastener or snap-fit.

[0014] Preferably, the coconut shell fiber filling material is composed of fiber bundles, flocculent fibers, or graded mixed fibers, and its filling density is adjusted by the degree of compaction to change the damping effect and energy dissipation capacity inside the structure.

[0015] Preferably, the internal porosity is in the range of 70% to 85%.

[0016] Preferably, the vegetation cover has a shallow basin-shaped structure, which can hold substrate soil and plant coastal plants, and the vegetation cover can be detachably connected to the unit body by bolts, buckles or slots.

[0017] Preferably, the main body of the unit has a pre-reserved sensor mounting cavity for arranging wave pressure, flow velocity, water quality or ecological monitoring sensors.

[0018] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for constructing a wave-dissipating system, using a porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit as described in the first aspect, and comprising the following processes:

[0019] Step 1: Based on the long-term or design wave data of the sea area where the target revetment is located, determine the dominant wave conditions of the sea area, including representative wave period, wave height and wave energy level, and divide the water area in front of the revetment into low-energy wave zone, medium-energy wave zone or strong-energy wave zone accordingly.

[0020] In practical applications, based on long-term or design wave data of the sea area where the revetment is located, and based on representative significant wave heights and dominant wave periods, the waters in front of the revetment can be divided into low-energy wave zones, medium-energy wave zones, or high-energy wave zones. Specifically, low-energy wave zones typically correspond to conditions where significant wave heights are no greater than approximately 0.5 m and dominant wave periods are relatively short, generally no greater than 6 s; medium-energy wave zones correspond to conditions where significant wave heights are approximately 0.5–1.5 m and dominant wave periods are in the medium range, generally 6–10 s; and high-energy wave zones correspond to conditions where significant wave heights are greater than approximately 1.5 m and are often accompanied by longer-period waves, with dominant wave periods typically no less than 10 s.

[0021] For different wave energy levels, targeted wave dissipation control can be achieved by adjusting the number of energy dissipation unit layers, the arrangement method, the overall array porosity, and the coconut shell fiber filling porosity.

[0022] Step 2: Based on the wave conditions and revetment structure determined in Step 1, fix and install convex guide rails along the predetermined layout direction on the bank slope, vertical revetment, stepped revetment or ancillary structures. The guide rails are fixed to concrete foundations, steel structures or pile foundation components.

[0023] Step 3: Install the energy dissipation unit based on the guide rail, so that the energy dissipation unit and the guide rail form a slidable connection, and adjust the installation elevation and front and rear position of the energy dissipation unit through the limiting structure to form a continuous or segmented energy dissipation unit array.

[0024] Step 4: Based on the wave energy level and wave characteristics, select the deployment method of single-layer deployment, multi-layer stacking, or hierarchical combination:

[0025] In low-energy wave zones, it is preferable to use single-layer or few-layer energy dissipation units to balance wave dissipation and water exchange.

[0026] In the medium-energy wave zone, multiple rows or staggered arrangements are used to enhance wave disturbance and internal energy dissipation.

[0027] In areas with strong waves, multi-layer stacking or combined deployment methods are used to improve the overall damping and wave dissipation capacity of the structure.

[0028] Step 5: Adjust the spacing, arrangement and array combination of the energy dissipation units according to the wave dissipation effect required by the target revetment to obtain the predetermined overall porosity; at the same time, adjust the filling method and compaction degree of coconut shell fiber to make the porosity inside the energy dissipation unit in different working ranges.

[0029] Preferably, it also includes elevation and stability control: during the deployment process, the installation elevation, stacking height and bottom fixing method of the energy dissipation unit array are controlled by comprehensively considering the wave action range and the bank protection requirements, so that it can maintain stable operation and continuously play a wave dissipation role under the target wave conditions.

[0030] Preferably, the process also includes array fixing and operation confirmation: after the energy dissipation unit array is installed and the parameters are adjusted, the guide rail connection, unit splicing and locking components are fixed, and the overall structural stability, water flow performance and wave dissipation effect of the array are checked and confirmed.

[0031] Preferably, when the wave dissipation system is applied to a vertical wharf revetment scenario, the porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation units are arranged along the wave-facing facade of the wharf revetment, and the convex guide rails are set vertically along the revetment facade or inclined towards the wave-facing direction, so that multiple energy dissipation units form a continuous or semi-continuous vertical layered array in the water depth direction.

[0032] In this process, by controlling the overlap ratio or spacing of adjacent energy dissipation units in the vertical direction, a multi-level energy dissipation zone with a certain thickness is formed at the front of the revetment. In terms of array configuration, the overall porosity is controlled within the range of 10%–18%, and the porosity of coconut shell fiber filling is controlled within the range of 70%–75%. This enhances the disturbance, seepage, and reflection energy dissipation of incident waves in front of the revetment, thereby weakening the intensity of reflected waves in front of the vertical revetment and suppressing the formation of standing waves.

[0033] Preferably, when the wave-dissipating system is applied to a pile-based permeable breakwater scenario, the porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit is set between the piles on the wave-facing side of the breakwater, in front of the piles, or in the water flow channel between the piles and the superstructure, and is connected to the piles, beams, or auxiliary connecting components via guide rails.

[0034] The energy dissipation unit array is arranged in the same direction as the pile column or at a preset angle, so that the waves change their flow direction multiple times when passing through the open area of ​​the pile foundation. The array configuration controls the overall open area ratio within the range of 18%–30% and the coconut shell fiber filling porosity within the range of 80%–85%. This enhances the disturbance, seepage and internal energy dissipation of waves in the pile channel while maintaining the overall openness and water exchange capacity of the breakwater, thereby reducing the energy of transmitted waves and improving the hydrodynamic conditions of the water area behind the breakwater.

[0035] Preferably, when the wave dissipation system is applied to a stepped revetment scenario, the porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation units are arranged step by step along the revetment steps, so that the energy dissipation units located at different elevations correspond to the wave breaking zone, rising zone or falling zone respectively.

[0036] Specifically, in the stepped positions near the water surface or mainly affected by incident waves, the overall opening ratio of the energy dissipation unit array is controlled within the range of 20%–30%, and the porosity of the coconut shell fiber filling is controlled within the range of 80%–85% to mitigate wave impact and promote water exchange; in the stepped positions near the bottom or where the receding water flow is concentrated, the overall opening ratio of the energy dissipation unit array is controlled within the range of 10%–18%, and the porosity of the coconut shell fiber filling is controlled within the range of 70%–75% to enhance the energy dissipation effect on the rising water and receding water flow, thereby enabling the waves to gradually reduce energy and lower wave rise as they propagate along the steps.

[0037] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following innovative features:

[0038] 1. Modular and modular design for flexible deployment and maintenance: The energy dissipation structure adopts an independent modular design, which can be freely added, removed, or combined according to the protection range. Multiple units are spliced ​​together by T-slots and T-joints on both sides to form a whole, allowing for flexible deployment as a linear strip, area array, or localized reinforced zone along the shoreline. When a unit needs to be replaced due to aging or damage, it can be disassembled and replaced individually without affecting the operation of the remaining units, significantly reducing maintenance costs.

[0039] 2. Highly Efficient Wave Dissipation Performance Through Multi-Process Superposition: This invention does not rely solely on the energy dissipation of a single component, but achieves highly efficient wave dissipation through the superposition of continuous processes, including the primary disturbance of the steel mesh on the wave-facing side, the seepage energy dissipation of the porous coconut shell fiber filling layer, and the flow stabilization and discharge control of the perforated plate on the wave-repelling side. When waves are incident on the sidewall of the steel mesh, the water is forced through the fine mesh, generating jet contraction and shear layers, dividing the incident wave surface and triggering primary turbulence; after entering the interior, the water flows around, collides, and permeates in the porous coconut shell fiber network. The high specific surface area of ​​the fiber surface and the multi-scale pores generate significant viscous friction and eddy current dissipation. At the same time, the fibers have a certain degree of elasticity, absorbing some energy through slight bending deformation; when the residual water reaches the perforated plate on the wave-repelling side, it is ejected through the through holes. The through-hole array acts as a "filter" for large-scale vortices, forming a low-speed stable flow zone behind the perforated plate, further weakening the kinetic energy. The physical model test results show that, under the action of short, medium and long period regular waves with corresponding prototype periods of about 3.96–14.1 s, the array structure formed by splicing multiple units can control the transmission coefficient within the range of about 0.04–0.36, verifying the effectiveness of the above-mentioned multi-process superposition energy dissipation mechanism.

[0040] 3. Significant Eco-Friendliness and Restoration Function: This invention uses natural coconut fiber as the filling material. Coconut fiber is environmentally friendly, releases no harmful substances, and is biodegradable at the end of its lifespan, preventing secondary solid waste pollution. The vegetation cover provides a carrier for plant growth, allowing for the selection of salt marsh plants, mangrove seedlings, or other salt-tolerant coastal vegetation depending on the sea area, forming a strip-shaped "ecological green belt" or "floating garden" to improve the nearshore landscape. Plant roots can partially extend into the coconut fiber layer, further stabilizing the filling material and absorbing nutrients from the water, helping to improve water quality and biodiversity, and achieving an organic integration of the engineering structure and the ecosystem.

[0041] 4. Adjustable installation, improved environmental adaptability: Through the structural design of the concave groove on the back and the "U-shaped" guide rail, the energy dissipation unit can slide vertically along the guide rail after installation, achieving adjustable and precise control of the elevation. During construction, only standard guide rails need to be pre-laid, and the immersion depth of the unit can be adjusted later according to changes in tide level, bank erosion and siltation, or structural settlement, without the need for large-scale demolition and reconstruction. Compared to traditional rigid anchoring methods, the installation method of this invention significantly improves the structure's adaptability to long-term environmental evolution.

[0042] 5. The overall open area ratio and the porosity of the coconut shell fiber filling are synergistically adjustable to adapt to various wave conditions: In this invention, the geometric open area characteristics and the internal coconut shell fiber filling state of a single energy dissipation unit can be adjusted within a certain range, and comprehensive control at the engineering scale can be achieved through array-level deployment. Specifically, by adjusting the splicing method, splicing density, number of rows and columns, and arrangement of the units, different overall open areas can be formed in the energy dissipation unit array; at the same time, by changing the filling method and compaction degree of the coconut shell fiber, the porosity inside the unit can be adjusted within a preset range, thereby changing the seepage resistance and energy dissipation intensity.

[0043] In strong wave or long-period wave conditions, a multi-row, tightly spliced ​​array can be used, filled with coconut fiber with low porosity, so that the array as a whole has a low porosity and high internal damping, thereby enhancing the energy dissipation capacity for large-amplitude incident waves. In medium and small wave conditions or in application scenarios that need to take into account water exchange and ecological connectivity, a single-row or staggered array can be used, filled with coconut fiber with high porosity, to improve the structure's water permeability and wave transmission capacity, thereby maintaining good water exchange conditions while ensuring wave dissipation effect.

[0044] By synergistically controlling the overall porosity of the array and the filling porosity of the coconut shell fiber, this invention can achieve flexible configuration according to different wave conditions, thus achieving an optimal balance between material utilization efficiency and wave dissipation effect. Attached Figure Description

[0045] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of the porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit of the present invention;

[0046] Among them, 1. Unit body, 2. Steel mesh, 3. Perforated plate, 4. Closed bottom plate, 5. Planted top cover, 6. Coconut shell fiber filling material, 7. Grooved slide rail joint, 8. T-shaped guide rail, 9a. T-slot structure, 9b. T-type plug-in structure.

[0047] Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a detachable vegetation roof.

[0048] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of the present invention in a vertical wharf revetment scenario.

[0049] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of the present invention in a pile-foundation permeable breakwater scenario.

[0050] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of the present invention in a stepped revetment scenario.

[0051] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the linear arrangement of the units of the present invention.

[0052] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the rectangular arrangement of the units of the present invention.

[0053] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the staggered arrangement of the units of the present invention.

[0054] Figure 9 This is a graph showing the variation of the wave transmission coefficient Kt of the energy dissipation unit of the present invention with the prototype wave period. Detailed Implementation

[0055] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0056] Example 1:

[0057] This embodiment provides a porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit, the overall structure of which is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the unit body 1 is a flat, elongated cube (length-width-height ratio of approximately 4:1:3.5). The wave-facing side and two adjacent sidewalls of the unit body 1 are made of steel mesh 2, and the wave-repellent side is provided with a perforated plate 3. Multiple through holes are evenly arranged on the perforated plate 3. The bottom of the unit body is provided with a closed bottom 4, and the top is provided with a detachable vegetation cover 5.

[0058] The main body 1 is filled with coconut shell fiber filling material 6, which is arranged in a loose or semi-compacted manner to keep the internal porosity within a reasonable range for the corresponding scenario (internal porosity within the range of 70% to 85%). A grooved slide rail joint 7 is provided on the back side of the main body 1 for installation, forming a slidable connection with a convex guide rail 8 pre-embedded in the inner surface of the mounting base. T-shaped groove structures 9a and T-shaped plug-in structures 9b are respectively provided on both sides of the main body 1 for splicing connections with adjacent energy dissipation units, and are locked by pins, fasteners, or snap-fit ​​components. The coconut shell fiber filling material 6 is composed of fiber bundles, flocculent fibers, or graded mixed fibers, and its filling density is adjusted by the degree of compaction to change the damping effect and energy dissipation capacity within the structure.

[0059] The key features of this invention are: (1) a three-sided permeable disturbance structure; (2) a high-porosity coconut fiber internal energy dissipation layer; (3) a back-wave side through-hole flow stabilization and discharge control structure; (4) an array-level collaborative energy dissipation mechanism; (5) an adjustable sliding rail installation system; (6) a plantable ecological restoration component; and (7) an integrated system of functions such as a monitoring unit reserved module.

[0060] Firstly, in terms of structural composition, steel mesh 2 is used on the wave-facing side and both sides, with the aperture size selectable from 5–20 mm depending on engineering conditions (actual scaling needs to be adjusted accordingly). When waves incident on the mesh surface, the water body contracts through the mesh openings, forming a jet effect, thereby generating primary turbulence and shear separation, which divides the originally coherent regular or irregular wave surface into multiple smaller local flow streams. Since the left and right sides also have an open steel mesh structure, water body can enter the unit through three sides, making the flow inside the unit more dispersed, effectively avoiding local erosion caused by unidirectional strong flow around the unit, and enhancing the unit's adaptability to three-dimensional hydrodynamics.

[0061] Secondly, regarding internal energy dissipation, the coconut fiber filling layer occupies most of the unit volume, with an initial porosity of 70%–85% (which can be controlled by loose filling or layered compaction). Coconut fibers have characteristics such as flexible fiber bundles, rough surfaces, multi-scale pores, and compressibility. After water flows into the fiber layer, it will undergo the following energy dissipation processes: (1) viscous frictional dissipation caused by flow around pores; (2) dissipation caused by the fragmentation of small-scale vortices generated by repeated collisions and flow around the fibers; (3) energy dissipation caused by deformation due to compression and rebound of the fiber bundles; and (4) energy loss caused by friction and compression between fibers. The superposition of the above multiple energy dissipation mechanisms enables the material to maintain strong energy dissipation capacity under long-period waves and is particularly suitable for situations with large incident flow amplitudes.

[0062] Secondly, regarding flow stabilization and discharge control on the back-wave side, the perforated plate is equipped with 16–25 evenly distributed through holes, with an overall perforation rate preferably of 15%–25%. When the water flows from the fiber layer to the perforated plate, large-scale vortices are compressed in front of the plate, while small-scale streams are discharged from the through holes in the form of jets. In the back-water side region of the perforated plate, the jets diffuse rapidly, the flow velocity decreases, forming a low-turbulence, stable flow release zone, achieving secondary energy attenuation. For array deployment, the gaps between the perforated plate and the array will further generate a reflection-transmission coupling effect, causing the array as a whole to produce a cyclical energy reduction effect of repeated disturbance-stabilization.

[0063] Regarding array functionality, this invention utilizes a T-slot / T-plug structure to allow units to be spliced ​​in linear, rectangular, or intersecting patterns. Different splicing methods correspond to different overall aperture ratios. For example, when closely arranged, the array aperture ratio can be reduced to 10–12%, suitable for short-period and medium-energy waves; when staggered or intersecting, the overall aperture ratio can be increased to 18–25%, suitable for long-period waves to avoid reflection superposition. By adjusting the array splicing method, modular wave-damping layouts can be formed for different wavelengths and water depths.

[0064] The installation method of this invention uses a bottom grooved slide rail joint in conjunction with a pre-set convex guide rail. The installation process includes the following steps: (1) laying a chute along the design direction on the bank slope, pile foundation, or foundation in front of the dike; (2) aligning the bottom slide rail joint of the unit with the opening of the chute and sliding it in; (3) moving the unit along the direction of the chute for horizontal positioning; (4) adjusting the elevation by adjusting the height of the chute; (5) fixing the unit in the chute using locking components; (6) readjusting or replacing the unit as needed. The above-mentioned chute installation method reduces the requirements for precise positioning on site, enabling the structure to adapt to external conditions such as bank slope settlement and tidal changes.

[0065] The present invention also includes a detachable vegetation cover, constituting an ecological restoration component. The vegetation cover 5 has a shallow basin-shaped structure, which can hold substrate soil and plant coastal plants. The vegetation cover 5 is detachably connected to the unit body 1 by bolts, buckles or slots. Figure 2 The diagram illustrates the basin-shaped structure of the vegetation cover, its bottom drainage holes, lateral snap-fit ​​or bolted connections, and its connection method to the main unit 1, demonstrating the replaceability and ecological vegetation planting function of the vegetation cover. The interior of the vegetation cover can be filled with substrate soil and planted with coastal vegetation, such as mangrove seedlings and saline-alkali grasses. The vegetation improves local ecological conditions and enhances the structure's ecological function through transpiration, root penetration, and substrate fixation. When the vegetation system needs updating or maintenance, only the cover needs to be removed for replacement.

[0066] Furthermore, this invention includes a pre-installed sensor cavity within the unit, which can be used to install wave pressure gauges, flow meters, water quality sensors, or ecological monitoring probes for long-term monitoring of the structure's operational status and environmental parameters. This monitoring mechanism helps assess structural stress, wave dissipation effectiveness, and ecological improvement, thereby enhancing the structure's level of intelligence.

[0067] Example 2:

[0068] Wave dissipation methods in the scenario of vertical wharf revetment:

[0069] When this invention is applied to a vertical wharf revetment scenario, the energy dissipation units are mainly deployed at the wharf's front edge or the wave-facing area of ​​the revetment facade, and are arranged in layers along the water depth direction to cover the design water level variation range. In this scenario, waves are mainly reflection-enhanced, easily forming standing waves or local energy concentrations in front of the wharf. In this scenario, it is preferable to use coconut fiber with medium to low porosity, for example, controlling the internal porosity of the unit to 70%–75%, to enhance internal seepage resistance and suppress reflected wave energy. When the array is deployed, the energy dissipation units should be arranged in a close linear pattern with small spacing between adjacent units, so that the overall array opening rate is controlled within the range of 10%–15%, thereby forming a strong positive energy dissipation barrier. Through the above deployment method, the incident waves are first disturbed by the steel mesh in front of the revetment and enter the coconut fiber energy dissipation layer, and then stably discharged through the perforated plate on the wave-repellent side, effectively reducing reflected energy and improving the hydrodynamic environment in front of the wharf, reducing the adverse effects of wave reflection on the safety of port operations.

[0070] Figure 3 The display shows that the energy dissipation units are arranged along the edge of the wharf to form a spliced ​​array structure; the installation method of sliding rails adapts to different tide levels and revetment elevations, and demonstrates the energy dissipation mechanism inside the coconut shell fiber and the back wave side flow control effect.

[0071] Wave dissipation methods in the scenario of pile-foundation permeable breakwater:

[0072] When this invention is applied to a pile-foundation permeable breakwater scenario, the energy dissipation units are typically arranged on the wave-facing side of the breakwater or between the piles, forming a composite permeable protection system with the pile structure. This type of scenario primarily aims at controlling transmission and dissipating energy from long-period waves. In this scenario, coconut shell fiber with high porosity is preferred as filling, for example, controlling the internal porosity to 80%–85% to ensure overall structural permeability and avoid adverse effects on the original breakwater's water exchange capacity. During array arrangement, staggered or cross-arrangement can be used, with appropriately increased unit spacing to control the overall array open area ratio within the range of 18%–25%. Through this arrangement, long-period waves undergo repeated disturbance-seepage-stabilization processes within multiple rows of energy dissipation units when passing through the pile area, achieving multi-stage energy dissipation while maintaining the original permeability of the breakwater, thereby improving overall wave-dissipation performance without significantly increasing the structure's water-blocking effect.

[0073] Figure 4 The diagram shows energy dissipation units arranged in the gaps between piles, forming an overall open protective zone through splicing and assembly; it also demonstrates an adaptive arrangement of rectangular arrays (or partial arc arrays) to improve the wave resistance and ecological benefits of the pile foundation structure.

[0074] Wave dissipation methods in stepped revetment scenarios:

[0075] When this invention is applied to stepped revetment scenarios, energy dissipation units are deployed step-by-step along the revetment steps. Each unit's elevation is adjusted via a sliding rail system to match the stepped terrain and varying water levels. In such scenarios, waves exhibit a clear breaking-reflection-climbing coupling characteristic. In this scenario, energy dissipation units at different step heights can be configured with differentiated parameters: upper units near the water surface should be filled with higher porosity (e.g., 80%–85%) to mitigate wave impact and promote water exchange; lower units near the bottom should be filled with medium porosity (e.g., 70%–75%) to enhance energy dissipation of climbing and receding water. The array can be arranged using a combination of segmented linear arrangement and locally staggered arrangement, ensuring that waves continuously encounter new disturbances and energy dissipation units as they propagate along the steps, achieving gradual energy attenuation, thereby reducing wave climb and improving revetment stability.

[0076] Figure 5 The energy dissipation units are arranged in stages according to the elevation difference of the stepped slope. The slide rail joints and slide grooves allow the units to make fine adjustments in height on different stepped platforms to adapt to changes in tidal range and local scouring and silting.

[0077] Figure 6 The image shows a linear array structure formed by sequentially splicing multiple units through T-slot structure 9a and T-plug structure 9b. Its overall porosity is low and its permeability is weak, making it suitable for protection against short-period or high-energy nearshore waves.

[0078] Figure 7 The unit is arranged in rows and columns to form a rectangular array. The row and column spacing can be adjusted according to different working conditions to make the overall transparency reach the preset value. It is suitable for large-area protection needs in multi-directional wave arrival or near-shore engineering.

[0079] Figure 8 The splicing connectors allow the units to be arranged in a staggered or cross pattern, improving the overall structure's energy dissipation efficiency for long-period waves; the overall opening ratio is high and the flow permeability is strong, making it suitable for long-period swells or energy dissipation needs within the harbor.

[0080] To verify the wave-damping performance of the structure of this invention, physical model tests were conducted under regular wave conditions. The tests used a scaled-down model with a geometric similarity ratio of approximately 1:50. The wave period of the model ranged from 0.56 to 2.00 s, corresponding to a prototype wave period range of approximately 3.96 to 14.1 s. The test periods covered the range of common short, medium, and long-period waves. Four wave height meters were placed before and after the unit to measure the incident and transmitted waves. Figure 9As shown, the experimental results indicate that when the overall array aperture ratio is approximately 18%, the transmission coefficient Kt can be maintained in the range of approximately 0.04–0.36, indicating that the wave dissipation effect can reach 64% to 96%. With increasing wave period, the energy dissipation within the coconut fiber and the stabilizing effect on the back side of the wave become more significant, and the energy dissipation effect on long-period waves is more prominent. The seepage resistance can be further improved by adjusting the coconut fiber filling density. Increasing the number of unit rows or adopting a cross-layout method can also enhance the array's collaborative energy dissipation capability. The experimental results verify the stable energy dissipation performance of this invention under short-period, medium-period, and long-period wave conditions.

[0081] In summary, this invention achieves integrated performance of structural energy dissipation, ecological restoration, construction convenience, and intelligent monitoring through a multi-level mechanism of "primary disturbance of steel mesh - energy dissipation of porous coconut fiber - flow stabilization and drainage of perforated back plate - coordinated energy dissipation of array," combined with adjustable sliding rail installation and ecological vegetation system. It is applicable to various coastal protection and ecological engineering scenarios.

[0082] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and is not intended to limit this application. Various modifications and variations can be made to this application by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this application should be included within the protection scope of this application.

[0083] While the specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, they are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications or variations that can be made by those skilled in the art without creative effort based on the technical solutions of the present invention are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit, characterized in that: The unit body (1) is a flat, elongated cube. The wave-facing side and two adjacent sidewalls of the unit body (1) are made of steel mesh (2), and the wave-repellent side is provided with a perforated plate (3). The perforated plate (3) is provided with multiple through holes evenly distributed. The bottom of the unit body is provided with a closed bottom plate (4), and the top is provided with a detachable planted top cover (5). The unit body (1) is filled with coconut shell fiber filling material (6), which is arranged in a loose or semi-compacted manner so that the internal porosity is within a reasonable range for the corresponding scenario, that is, the internal porosity is within the range of 70% to 85%. The unit body (1) is provided with a grooved slide rail joint (7) for installation on the back wave side, which is used to form a slidable connection with the convex guide rail (8) pre-embedded in the inner surface of the mounting base.

2. The porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The main body of the unit (1) is provided with a T-shaped groove structure (9a) and a T-shaped plug structure (9b) on both sides, which are used to connect with the adjacent energy dissipation unit in a splicing manner and are locked by a pin, fastener or snap-fit.

3. The porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The coconut shell fiber filling material (6) is composed of fiber bundles, flocculent fibers or graded mixed fibers, and its filling density is adjusted by the degree of compaction to change the damping effect and energy dissipation capacity inside the structure.

4. The porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The vegetation cover (5) is a shallow basin-shaped structure that can hold substrate soil and plant coastal plants. The vegetation cover (5) can be detachably connected to the unit body (1) by bolts, buckles or slots.

5. The porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The main body (1) of the unit has a reserved sensor installation cavity (10) for arranging wave pressure, flow velocity, water quality or ecological monitoring sensors.

6. A method for constructing a wave-damping system, characterized in that: Using the porous coconut husk fiber energy dissipation unit as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, and comprising the following process: Step 1: Based on the long-term or design wave data of the sea area where the target revetment is located, determine the dominant wave conditions of the sea area, including representative wave period, wave height and wave energy level, and divide the water area in front of the revetment into low-energy wave zone, medium-energy wave zone or strong-energy wave zone. Step 2: Based on the wave conditions and revetment structure determined in Step 1, fix and install convex guide rails along the predetermined layout direction on the bank slope, vertical revetment, stepped revetment or ancillary structures. The guide rails are fixed to the concrete foundation, steel structure or pile foundation components. Step 3: Install the energy dissipation unit based on the guide rail, so that the energy dissipation unit and the guide rail form a slidable connection, and adjust the installation elevation and front and rear position of the energy dissipation unit through the limiting structure to form a continuous or segmented energy dissipation unit array. Step 4: In the low-energy wave zone, use a single layer or a few layers of energy dissipation units; in the medium-energy wave zone, use multiple rows or staggered arrangements; in the high-energy wave zone, use multi-layer stacking or combined arrangements. Step 5: Adjust the spacing, arrangement and array combination of the energy dissipation units according to the wave dissipation effect required by the target revetment to obtain the predetermined overall porosity; at the same time, adjust the filling method and compaction degree of coconut shell fiber to make the porosity inside the energy dissipation unit in different working ranges.

7. The wave-damping system construction method as described in claim 6, characterized in that: When the wave dissipation system is applied to a vertical wharf revetment, porous coconut fiber energy dissipation units are arranged along the wave-facing facade of the wharf revetment. The convex guide rails are set vertically along the revetment facade or inclined towards the wave-facing direction, so that multiple energy dissipation units form a continuous or semi-continuous vertical layered array in the water depth direction. In particular, by controlling the overlap ratio or spacing of adjacent layers of energy dissipation units in the vertical direction, a multi-level energy dissipation zone with a certain thickness is formed at the front edge of the revetment. In terms of array configuration, the overall porosity is controlled within the range of 10%–18%, and the porosity of coconut fiber filling is controlled within the range of 70%–75%, so as to enhance the disturbance, seepage and reflection energy dissipation of incident waves in front of the revetment.

8. The method for constructing a wave-damping system as described in claim 6, characterized in that: When the wave dissipation system is applied to the scenario of a pile-based permeable breakwater, the porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation unit is set between the piles on the wave-facing side of the breakwater, in front of the piles, or in the water flow channel between the piles and the superstructure, and is connected to the piles, beams or auxiliary connecting components through guide rails. The energy dissipation unit array is arranged in the same direction as the pile column or at a preset angle, so that the waves change their flow direction multiple times when passing through the open area of ​​the pile foundation. The array configuration controls the overall opening rate within the range of 18%–30% and the coconut shell fiber filling porosity within the range of 80%–85%, so as to enhance the disturbance, seepage and internal energy dissipation of waves in the pile channel while maintaining the overall openness and water exchange capacity of the breakwater.

9. A method for constructing a wave-damping system as described in claim 6, characterized in that: When the wave dissipation system is applied to a stepped revetment scenario, the porous coconut shell fiber energy dissipation units are arranged step by step along the revetment steps, so that the energy dissipation units located at different elevations correspond to the breaking zone, rising zone or receding zone of the waves respectively. Specifically, in the stepped positions near the water surface or mainly affected by incident waves, the overall open area ratio of the energy dissipation unit array is controlled within the range of 20%–30%, and the porosity of the coconut shell fiber filling is controlled within the range of 80%–85% to mitigate wave impact and promote water exchange; in the stepped positions near the bottom or where the receding water flow is concentrated, the overall open area ratio of the energy dissipation unit array is controlled within the range of 10%–18%, and the porosity of the coconut shell fiber filling is controlled within the range of 70%–75% to enhance the energy dissipation effect on the rising water and receding water flow.

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