Method and device for analyzing influence of lightning stroke on fan blade sensor and product

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of sensor detection, and discloses a method, a device and a product for analyzing the influence of lightning stroke on a fan blade sensor. Spatial distribution and a coupling path of lightning stroke electromagnetic pulses and local electromagnetic response of a core component of the sensor can be accurately captured; through combination of equivalent simplification and preset excitation boundaries, the modeling complexity of the PCB is reduced, and protection design failure caused by circuit model distortion is avoided. The field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB are coupled, and a field-circuit coupling equation set is established, so that the comprehensive influence of electromagnetic radiation and circuit conduction can be depicted at the same time. And finally, the multi-dimensional influence of the lightning stroke on the sensor can be quantified through a field-circuit coupling equation set, the fault probability of the sensor caused by the lightning stroke is reduced, and the stable operation of a wind power plant and the safety of power supply are guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of sensor detection technology, specifically to an analysis method, apparatus, and product for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors. Background Technology

[0002] The booming rise and rapid development of wind power generation, while providing society with clean and renewable energy, has also given rise to an increasingly prominent and unavoidable problem—the severe threat of lightning disasters. With the continuous expansion of wind farm construction, especially into remote, open areas prone to lightning activity, wind turbines, particularly their tall and exposed blades, have become primary targets of lightning strikes. Lightning not only affects the stable operation of wind farms and the security of power supply, but also damages the precision sensors installed in the wind turbine systems.

[0003] Normally, wind turbine blade sensors are not directly struck by lightning. However, when a large lightning current passes through the wind turbine's lightning arrester or lightning rod, the electromagnetic effects and lightning pulses can interfere with the signal and reduce its integrity, thus affecting the normal operation of the sensor's printed circuit board (PCB). Therefore, for wind turbine sensors whose blade surfaces are directly exposed to the natural environment, analyzing the internal operating conditions of the sensor when a large lightning current passes through the wind turbine's lightning rod is particularly crucial. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides an analysis method, device, and product for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes. It addresses the problem in the prior art that there is a lack of analysis of the internal working conditions of wind turbine sensors whose blade surfaces are directly exposed to the natural environment when a large lightning current passes through the wind turbine lightning rod. This leads to misjudgment of sensor damage risk, failure of protection design, and loopholes in lightning protection design, making it difficult to accurately assess the multi-dimensional impact of lightning strikes on sensors.

[0005] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors, the method comprising: The process involves obtaining the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor and the waveform relationship of the target lightning current for the wind turbine blade sensor. Based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the waveform relationship of the target lightning current, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and a field model is constructed. Using a preset equivalent simplification principle and a preset excitation boundary, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and an equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board is constructed. The field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board are coupled, and a set of field-circuit coupling equations is established. Based on the set of field-circuit coupling equations, the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor is analyzed, and the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor are obtained.

[0006] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention obtains a precise geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor and a lightning current formula suitable for the scenario. This provides fundamental data that closely matches the actual structure of the sensor and the actual lightning strike environment for subsequent analysis, avoiding analytical biases caused by model distortion or the generalization of lightning current parameters. Furthermore, by constructing a field model combining the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the waveform relationship of the target lightning current, it can accurately capture the spatial distribution, coupling path, and local electromagnetic response of the core components of the sensor, avoiding misjudgments of sensor damage risk due to inaccurate electromagnetic field simulation. Furthermore, by reducing the complexity of PCB board modeling through equivalent simplification, it balances computational efficiency and the realism of electrical characteristics. Simultaneously, by simulating the conduction effect of lightning strikes on the circuit through preset excitation boundaries, it solves the problems of difficult modeling and low computational efficiency caused by the complex structure of the PCB board, avoiding protection design failures due to circuit model distortion. Furthermore, by coupling the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, and establishing a set of field-circuit coupling equations, the synergistic correlation between the electromagnetic field and the circuit response is realized. This allows for the simultaneous characterization of the combined effects of electromagnetic radiation and circuit conduction, avoiding design flaws in lightning protection caused by missing analytical dimensions. Moreover, the field-circuit coupling equations quantify the multi-dimensional impact of lightning strikes on sensors, providing data for assessing sensor damage risk and optimizing lightning protection design. This reduces the probability of sensor failure due to lightning strikes, ensuring the stable operation of wind farms and the security of power supply.

[0007] In one optional implementation, obtaining a first sensor three-dimensional geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor includes: The three-dimensional geometric model and material property parameter set of the second sensor of the wind turbine blade sensor are obtained; based on the material property parameter set, multiple electromagnetic material parameters of the wind turbine blade sensor are determined; the multiple electromagnetic material parameters are associated with the three-dimensional geometric model of the second sensor to obtain the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor.

[0008] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention avoids electromagnetic response simulation distortion caused by a lack of material information by acquiring basic geometric structure and material parameters, thus ensuring the model's accuracy in reproducing the actual sensor structure. Furthermore, by extracting key electromagnetic parameters, the characteristics of the material's interaction with the electromagnetic field are further determined, ensuring the accurate characterization of the material's electromagnetic effects in subsequent field model calculations and improving the reliability of the analysis results. Moreover, by associating multiple electromagnetic material parameters with the three-dimensional geometric model of the second sensor, precise binding of material electromagnetic parameters and geometric structure is achieved, enabling the model to possess realistic electromagnetic response characteristics. This ensures that the subsequent field model can accurately reflect the electromagnetic behavior of different components under lightning strikes, further enhancing the authenticity and reference value of the analysis results.

[0009] In one optional implementation, obtaining the target lightning current waveform relationship includes: Obtain historical lightning strike datasets and initial lightning current waveform formulas for wind farms; based on the historical lightning strike datasets, process the initial lightning current waveform formulas and determine multiple parameter values; input the multiple parameter values ​​into the initial lightning current waveform formulas to obtain the target lightning current waveform formulas.

[0010] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention avoids analytical biases caused by lightning current parameters deviating from actual scenarios by acquiring scenario-specific historical lightning strike data and general formulas. Furthermore, by correcting the parameters of the general formula using historical data, lightning current parameters that closely match the target wind farm are obtained, ensuring that the lightning current waveform accurately reflects the lightning strike intensity and variation patterns of the target wind farm. Moreover, by inputting multiple parameter values ​​into the initial lightning current waveform relationship and generating a lightning current waveform formula adapted to the target wind farm, the accuracy of the lightning electromagnetic effect simulation is ensured, providing a reliable excitation input for sensor lightning strike risk assessment.

[0011] In one optional implementation, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed according to the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform, and a field model is constructed, including: Based on the characteristics of the electromagnetic field of lightning strikes, the boundary conditions and boundary parameter set are determined. The boundary conditions and boundary parameter set are input into the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor to obtain the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor. The three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor is meshed to obtain the discrete sensor three-dimensional geometric model. Based on the waveform relationship of the target lightning current, multiple lightning current values ​​are calculated. Using the interpolation method, the multiple lightning current values ​​are mapped to the excitation elements of the lightning conductor cross section of the discrete sensor three-dimensional geometric model, and a field model is constructed.

[0012] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention avoids unbounded domain calculation divergence by determining boundary conditions adapted to the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field, ensuring accurate simulation of the propagation characteristics of the electromagnetic field in open space. Furthermore, by inputting the boundary conditions and boundary parameter set into the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor, the model accurately reflects the electromagnetic environment of the sensor in an open lightning strike environment, ensuring reasonable characterization of boundary effects during subsequent mesh generation and electromagnetic field calculation, thus improving the realism of the electromagnetic response analysis. By meshing the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor, the complex model is discretized into tiny units, reducing the difficulty of solving the electromagnetic field equations while balancing computational accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, by calculating lightning current data at different time points, the method ensures the capture of the electromagnetic influence of lightning on the sensor at different stages of the strike, improving the temporal completeness of the analysis. Finally, by using interpolation, multiple lightning current values ​​were mapped to the excitation elements of the lightning conductor cross-section of the discrete sensor three-dimensional geometric model. This achieved a precise match between the lightning current excitation and the lightning conductor structure of the model, providing a realistic lightning excitation input for the field model. This ensured that subsequent electromagnetic field calculations could accurately reflect the electromagnetic radiation effect when the lightning conductor conducts lightning current, and helped improve the excitation realism of the field model.

[0013] In one optional implementation, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed using a preset equivalent simplification principle and a preset excitation boundary, and an equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board is constructed, including: Using the preset equivalent simplification principle, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is simplified by equivalent processing, and an initial PCB board equivalent circuit model is constructed. Based on the preset excitation boundary, surface excitation is added to the initial PCB board equivalent circuit model to obtain the target PCB board equivalent circuit model.

[0014] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention simplifies the PCB board structure while preserving core electrical characteristics, thereby reducing modeling and computational complexity and improving analysis efficiency. Simultaneously, it ensures consistency between the equivalent model and the original PCB board's electrical characteristics. Furthermore, it adds simulated lightning radiation coupling excitation to the equivalent circuit, enabling the model to reflect the conducted impact of lightning strikes on the PCB board circuitry.

[0015] In one optional implementation, the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board are coupled, and a set of field-circuit coupling equations is established, including: Obtain Maxwell's equations, Kirchhoff's current law, and Kirchhoff's voltage law; use Maxwell's equations and the field model to establish the field model equations; based on Kirchhoff's current law, Kirchhoff's voltage law, and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, establish the circuit model equations; couple the field model equations and the circuit model equations to obtain the field-circuit coupled equation set.

[0016] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention transforms the field model into solvable mathematical equations by combining Maxwell's equations, enabling quantitative calculation of the electromagnetic field of lightning strikes and ensuring accurate quantification of electromagnetic effects. Furthermore, by transforming the equivalent circuit model into mathematical equations, it enables quantitative calculation of the PCB board circuit response, ensuring accurate assessment of circuit damage risk. Moreover, by coupling the field model equations and the circuit model equations and establishing a unified set of equations relating the field and circuit, it continuously reflects the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the circuit, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of the combined impact of lightning strikes on the sensor and avoiding misjudgments due to neglecting field-circuit interactions.

[0017] In one optional implementation, based on the field-circuit coupling equations, the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor is analyzed to obtain the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor, including: The field-circuit coupling equations are solved to obtain the magnetic induction intensity distribution dataset and the magnetic field intensity distribution dataset. Based on the magnetic induction intensity distribution dataset and the magnetic field intensity distribution dataset, the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor is analyzed, and the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor are obtained.

[0018] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided by this invention quantifies the electromagnetic intensity distribution of various parts of the sensor by solving the field-circuit coupling equations. This allows for the identification of severely affected areas and intensities of electromagnetic interference, providing data for assessing the risk of damage to sensitive components and optimizing electromagnetic shielding design, thereby reducing the probability of sensor failures caused by electromagnetic interference. Furthermore, by combining magnetic induction intensity distribution datasets and magnetic field intensity distribution datasets, the weak areas and risk levels of the sensor affected by lightning strikes can be identified. This provides targeted guidance for optimizing sensor lightning protection design, helping to improve the sensor's lightning protection capability, reducing the risk of wind farm downtime due to lightning strikes, and ensuring stable power supply.

[0019] Secondly, the present invention provides an analysis device for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors, the device comprising: The system comprises the following modules: an acquisition module for acquiring the first sensor's three-dimensional geometric model and the target lightning current waveform relationship; a first construction module for processing the first sensor's three-dimensional geometric model and constructing a field model based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the target lightning current waveform relationship; a second construction module for processing the PCB board structure in the first sensor's three-dimensional geometric model using preset equivalent simplification principles and preset excitation boundaries, and constructing an equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board; an establishment module for coupling the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, and establishing a set of field-circuit coupling equations; and an analysis module for analyzing the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor based on the set of field-circuit coupling equations, and obtaining the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0020] Thirdly, the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing a computer to execute the analysis method for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes according to the first aspect or any corresponding embodiment described above.

[0021] Fourthly, the present invention provides a computer program product, including computer instructions, which are used to cause the computer to execute the analysis method for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes according to the first aspect or any corresponding embodiment described above. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of an application scenario according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic flowchart of the first method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 This is a 3D electromagnetic field modeling diagram of a sensor subjected to a lightning strike according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the magnetic induction intensity of a PCB at 30µs according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the magnetic flux density at the 20µs half-peak lightning current moment of the PCB according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6This is a schematic diagram of the magnetic flux density at the moment of the 8µs peak lightning strike current of the PCB according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between the magnitude of the electromagnetic force on the plate and time, and the height of the lightning protection wire, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between the magnitude of the induced voltage within the board and time, and the height of the lightning protection wire, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 9 This is a structural block diagram of an analysis device for the effect of lightning strike on wind turbine blade sensors according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the hardware structure of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0025] It is understood that before using the technical solutions disclosed in the various embodiments of the present invention, users should be informed of the types, scope of use, and usage scenarios of the personal information involved in the present invention and their authorization should be obtained in accordance with relevant laws and regulations through appropriate means.

[0026] The terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0027] As an optional application scenario of this invention, the specific application environment architecture or specific hardware architecture on which the analysis method for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors depends is described here. For example... Figure 1 As shown, the architecture system may include at least one terminal device and at least one server. Figure 1 The system is illustrated in the example, which includes a computer 101, a mobile terminal 102, and a server 103, and the terminal devices such as the computer 101 and the mobile terminal 102 are connected to the server 103 through a network 110.

[0028] Specifically, the terminal device can be a smartphone, tablet, laptop, PDA, desktop computer, game console, smart TV, smart wearable device, in-vehicle terminal, VR (Virtual Reality) device, AR (Augmented Reality) device, etc. Server 103 can be a standalone physical server, a server cluster, a distributed system, or a cloud server providing cloud services. Network 110 can be a wired or wireless network, examples of which include, but are not limited to, the Internet, corporate intranet, local area network, wide area network, mobile communication network, and combinations thereof.

[0029] For surface sensors on general wind turbine blades, such as icing sensors, vibration sensors, and smart coating sensors, the sensor elements are more susceptible to lightning strikes when a large lightning current passes through the lightning rod and blades.

[0030] The main components of a sensor include a wireless communication module, sensing elements, a housing, and other sophisticated electronic components. Key components such as sensing elements (e.g., pressure sensors, icing sensors), the wireless communication module, and the power management system are integrated and mounted on a PCB (printed circuit board). Through the wiring and circuit design within the PCB, the various components are connected via precise electrical connections to achieve signal transmission and data processing, ultimately forming the complete sensor body. The PCB housing serves a protective function, ensuring stable operation of the sensor in harsh environments and preventing external physical damage or environmental factors (such as humidity and temperature changes) from affecting the internal electronic components. The design and layout of the entire sensor system consider efficient signal transmission, low power consumption, and reliability to ensure high performance in various application scenarios.

[0031] This invention provides an analytical method for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors. A field-circuit coupling equation set is established, realizing the synergistic correlation between the electromagnetic field and circuit response. This allows for the simultaneous characterization of the combined effects of electromagnetic radiation and circuit conduction, avoiding design flaws in lightning protection due to missing analytical dimensions. Furthermore, the field-circuit coupling equation set quantifies the multi-dimensional impact of lightning strikes on sensors, providing data for assessing sensor damage risk and optimizing lightning protection design. This reduces the probability of sensor failure due to lightning strikes, ensuring the stable operation of wind farms and the security of power supply.

[0032] According to an embodiment of the present invention, an analysis method for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors is provided. It should be noted that the steps shown in the flowchart in the accompanying drawings can be executed in a computer system such as a set of computer-executable instructions. Furthermore, although a logical order is shown in the flowchart, in some cases, the steps shown or described may be executed in a different order than that shown here.

[0033] This embodiment provides an analysis method for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors, which can be used in the aforementioned mobile terminals, such as mobile phones, tablets, etc. (the executing entity is described in conjunction with the actual situation). Figure 2 This is a flowchart of an analysis method for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 2 As shown, the process includes the following steps: Step S201: Obtain the first sensor three-dimensional geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform.

[0034] Among them, wind turbine blade sensors refer to electronic devices installed on or inside the surface of wind turbine blades to monitor the operating status of the blades.

[0035] Furthermore, the first sensor's three-dimensional geometric model represents a refined three-dimensional model that binds the electromagnetic properties of the material to the basic geometric structure of the wind turbine blade sensor, which can realistically reflect the sensor's structural form and electromagnetic characteristics.

[0036] Furthermore, the target lightning current waveform relationship is expressed as a mathematical expression of transient lightning current that is adapted to the lightning strike characteristics of the target wind farm and is based on the formula correction.

[0037] Step S202: Based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and a field model is constructed.

[0038] Among them, the characteristics of the electromagnetic field of lightning strikes refer to the inherent physical characteristics of the transient electromagnetic field formed in the surrounding space when lightning current passes through the lightning rod / lightning arrester of a wind turbine. These characteristics may include non-periodicity and transientity, unbounded propagation characteristics, and strong coupling.

[0039] Furthermore, the field model represents a distributed parameter model based on Maxwell's equations, characterizing the interaction between the transient electromagnetic field of a lightning strike and the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0040] In one optional embodiment, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor can be processed by defining boundary conditions and optimizing the solution region based on the inherent physical characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field. Furthermore, the target lightning current waveform relationship is transformed into the lightning current excitation source of the field model, and finally, a field model capable of quantifying and analyzing the lightning electromagnetic response is constructed.

[0041] Step S203: Using the preset equivalent simplification principle and preset excitation boundary, process the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor and construct the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board.

[0042] Among them, the preset equivalent simplification principle refers to the standardized rules for simplifying the PCB board structure while retaining the core electrical characteristics, taking into account the characteristics of dense components, fine wiring and large amount of direct modeling calculation on the PCB board of wind turbine blade sensor. This is used to balance modeling efficiency and analysis accuracy, and to avoid simulation lag or failure due to excessive model complexity.

[0043] Furthermore, the preset excitation boundary represents the standardized excitation constraint conditions for simulating the impact of lightning electromagnetic pulses on the PCB board through radiation coupling / conduction coupling. This is used to provide excitation inputs that fit the actual lightning strike scenario for the equivalent circuit model of the PCB board, avoiding one-sided circuit response analysis due to lack of excitation.

[0044] Furthermore, the PCB board represents a thin substrate that integrates key electronic components of the wind turbine blade sensor and enables signal transmission and data processing.

[0045] In one alternative embodiment, the complexity of PCB board modeling is reduced by standardizing equivalent simplification rules, and excitation constraints are set in combination with lightning strike scenarios. This enables the construction of an equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board that can be used to analyze the response of lightning strike circuits, thus solving the problem of complex sensor PCB board structure and difficulty in direct modeling.

[0046] Step S204: Couple the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, and establish a set of field-circuit coupling equations.

[0047] In one optional embodiment, the field model that characterizes the transient electromagnetic field distribution of lightning strikes and the electromagnetic response of sensors, and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board that reflects the transient process of the PCB board circuit, are associated and fused through a specific coupling mechanism. This can ultimately construct a unified set of mathematical equations that can simultaneously describe the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the circuit, namely the field-circuit coupling equation set.

[0048] Step S205: Based on the field-circuit coupling equation set, analyze the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor and obtain the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0049] In one optional embodiment, the established field-circuit coupling equations are used as a calculation tool. By solving the equations, multi-dimensional response data of the sensor during the lightning strike process are obtained. Based on these data, the impact of the lightning strike on the sensor is evaluated, weak links are identified, and finally, lightning strike impact analysis results that can guide lightning protection design are formed.

[0050] The method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors provided in this embodiment obtains a precise geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor and a lightning current formula suitable for the scenario. This provides fundamental data that closely matches the actual structure of the sensor and the actual lightning strike environment for subsequent analysis, avoiding analytical biases caused by model distortion or the generalization of lightning current parameters. Furthermore, by constructing a field model combining the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the waveform relationship of the target lightning current, it can accurately capture the spatial distribution, coupling path, and local electromagnetic response of the core components of the sensor, avoiding misjudgments of sensor damage risk due to inaccurate electromagnetic field simulation. Furthermore, by reducing the complexity of PCB board modeling through equivalent simplification, it balances computational efficiency and the realism of electrical characteristics. Simultaneously, by simulating the conduction effect of lightning strikes on the circuit through preset excitation boundaries, it solves the problems of difficult modeling and low computational efficiency caused by the complex structure of the PCB board, avoiding protection design failures due to circuit model distortion. Furthermore, by coupling the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, and establishing a set of field-circuit coupling equations, the synergistic correlation between the electromagnetic field and the circuit response is realized. This allows for the simultaneous characterization of the combined effects of electromagnetic radiation and circuit conduction, avoiding design flaws in lightning protection caused by missing analytical dimensions. Moreover, the field-circuit coupling equations quantify the multi-dimensional impact of lightning strikes on sensors, providing data for assessing sensor damage risk and optimizing lightning protection design. This reduces the probability of sensor failure due to lightning strikes, ensuring the stable operation of wind farms and the security of power supply.

[0051] In some optional implementations, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor in step S201 above is obtained through the following steps: Step a1: Obtain the three-dimensional geometric model and material property parameter set of the second sensor of the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0052] The second sensor's three-dimensional geometric model represents a basic three-dimensional model that only includes the physical structure of the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0053] Furthermore, the material property parameter set represents a set of parameters describing the physical properties and specifications of the materials used in each structural unit of the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0054] In one optional embodiment, by obtaining the accurate geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor and the lightning current formula for the appropriate scenario, the analysis deviation caused by model distortion or generalization of lightning current parameters can be avoided.

[0055] For example, the design drawings of the wind turbine blade sensor are obtained. Furthermore, if the drawings are missing, a 3D scan of the physical sensor is performed to ensure that the structural dimensions match the actual dimensions. The design drawings may include 2D part drawings, 3D assembly drawings, etc.

[0056] Furthermore, the structure of the wind turbine blade sensor can be reconstructed at a 1:1 scale using finite element simulation software. This software can include ANSYS DesignModeler, COMSOL Geometry, etc. Specifically, the outer contour is first drawn, and then the internal structure is refined. This can include drawing the PCB board inside the outer shell, marking the positions of the wireless communication module and icing sensing element on the board, and drawing the internal copper wires, etc.

[0057] Furthermore, minor structures that do not affect electromagnetic analysis are deleted, and only the core electromagnetic conduction structure is retained to avoid redundancy in subsequent mesh generation, thereby generating a second sensor three-dimensional geometric model that only contains the physical structure of the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0058] Furthermore, material information for each structural unit in the wind turbine blade sensor can be extracted from the material specifications of the wind turbine blade sensor, and the material information can be organized in the format of "structural unit-material name-material specification" to form a corresponding set of material property parameters. Among them, the material name can include ABS plastic, T2 copper, FR-4, brass H62, etc.; the material specification can include model, insulation class, conductivity, dielectric loss, etc.

[0059] Step a2: Determine multiple electromagnetic material parameters of the wind turbine blade sensor based on the material property parameter set.

[0060] Among them, multiple electromagnetic material parameters are used to quantify the electromagnetic response characteristics of the material, which may include relative permeability describing the material's ability to conduct magnetic fields, conductivity describing the material's ability to conduct electric current, and dielectric constant describing the material's polarization ability in an electric field.

[0061] In one alternative embodiment, multiple electromagnetic material parameters can be directly extracted from the material property parameter set.

[0062] Furthermore, if the material property parameters are not directly provided in the standard, they can be obtained by querying industry standards or authoritative material databases, or through experimental measurements.

[0063] Step a3: Associate multiple electromagnetic material parameters with the three-dimensional geometric model of the second sensor to obtain the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor.

[0064] In an optional embodiment, binding the obtained multiple electromagnetic material parameters to the corresponding structural units of the three-dimensional geometric model of the second sensor can enable the obtained three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor to possess real electromagnetic properties that can be used for electromagnetic finite element analysis.

[0065] For example, the three-dimensional geometric model of the second sensor can be imported into the finite element simulation software, and each structural unit of the model can be selected individually.

[0066] Furthermore, in the material properties module of the finite element simulation software, a new material entry can be created for each material and corresponding electromagnetic material parameters can be added.

[0067] Furthermore, each structural unit of the second sensor's three-dimensional geometric model can be associated with the corresponding material item in the finite element simulation software. After the association is completed, the corresponding three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor, which includes the basic geometric structure of the wind turbine blade sensor and the electromagnetic properties of the material, can be obtained.

[0068] In some optional implementations, the target lightning current waveform relationship in step S201 above is obtained through the following steps: Step b1: Obtain the historical lightning strike dataset and the initial lightning current waveform relationship of the wind farm.

[0069] Among them, the historical lightning strike dataset of wind farms represents a structured data set of key parameters of actual lightning strike events that have occurred since the wind farm was built and put into operation. It is used to reflect the real lightning strike characteristics of the target wind farm and may include peak lightning current, lightning current waveform time parameters, lightning strike time and location, etc.

[0070] Furthermore, the peak lightning current represents the maximum current value passing through the wind turbine's lightning rod / lightning arrester during each lightning strike event; the lightning current waveform time parameters can include the wavefront time for the current to rise from 0 to the peak value and the wavetail time for the current to fall back from the peak value to 50% of the peak value; the lightning strike time and location are used to filter lightning strike events related to the target wind turbine blade sensor.

[0071] Furthermore, the initial lightning current waveform relationship is a general mathematical expression based on lightning protection standards that describes the change of lightning current over time. It is used to provide the basic mathematical framework for the lightning current waveform and is expressed as the following relationship (1): (1) In the formula: express The instantaneous value of the lightning current at a given moment; This represents the peak value of the lightning current, with a common range of 10kA-200kA. This represents the waveform correction coefficient, used to correct the deviation between the double exponential waveform and the actual lightning strike waveform; This represents the wavefront attenuation coefficient, used to determine the steepness of the current rise phase; This represents the wave tail attenuation coefficient, used to determine the smoothness of the current descent phase.

[0072] Step b2 involves processing the initial lightning current waveform relationship based on the historical lightning strike dataset of the wind farm and determining multiple parameter values.

[0073] Among them, multiple parameter values ​​represent the set of formula parameters adapted to the actual lightning characteristics of the target wind farm after correction using historical lightning strike datasets of wind farms, i.e., in the above relation (1). , , , The specific value.

[0074] In an optional embodiment, the initial lightning current waveform relationship is derived by back-calculating historical lightning strike data from the wind farm. , , , The optimal values ​​are obtained so that the corrected parameter values ​​can match the actual lightning strike characteristics of the target wind farm.

[0075] Step b3: Input multiple parameter values ​​into the initial lightning current waveform relationship to obtain the target lightning current waveform relationship.

[0076] In an optional embodiment, by substituting the determined parameter values ​​into the initial lightning current waveform relationship shown in the above relationship (1), a target lightning current waveform relationship that can accurately reflect the lightning strike characteristics of the target wind farm can be generated.

[0077] In some optional implementations, step S202 above includes: Step S2021: Determine the boundary conditions and boundary parameter set based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field.

[0078] Among them, the boundary conditions are physical constraint rules set on the boundary of the external solution domain of the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor to simulate the electromagnetic field environment of the unbounded domain of lightning strike and avoid computational divergence.

[0079] In this embodiment, the boundary condition is a balloon boundary, the core rule of which is to allow the electromagnetic field to propagate freely through the boundary to infinity. At the same time, the field strength at the boundary is attenuated by mathematical algorithms to ensure that the electromagnetic field distribution in the core area around the sensor (such as the PCB board and built-in copper wires) is not affected by the boundary, thus accurately restoring the real electromagnetic environment of the sensor in the open space when struck by lightning.

[0080] Furthermore, the boundary parameter set is used to quantify boundary conditions and may include boundary distance, attenuation coefficient, boundary type identifier, etc. Specifically, the boundary distance is the minimum distance between the balloon boundary and the sensor model; the attenuation coefficient identifier is a parameter that controls the rate of field strength attenuation at the boundary, used to balance computational accuracy and efficiency, and to avoid computational fluctuations caused by abrupt changes in field strength at the boundary; the boundary type identifier is used to label the boundary as a balloon boundary to ensure that the finite element software solves according to the laws of electromagnetic field propagation in unbounded domains.

[0081] In an alternative embodiment, the appropriate boundary constraint rules and their key parameters can be selected based on the non-periodic and unbounded characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field.

[0082] For example, the electromagnetic field of a lightning strike is an unbounded transient field. If conventional fixed voltage boundaries or periodic boundaries are used, the electromagnetic field will not be able to propagate freely at the boundaries (fixed boundaries) or a false periodic distribution will appear (periodic boundaries), which does not match the actual open space. Therefore, this embodiment selects a boundary type that can simulate an unbounded domain, namely a balloon boundary.

[0083] Furthermore, in the boundary conditions module of the finite element simulation software, you can select the Balloon Boundary and set the boundary application range to the entire solution domain boundary outside the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor, to ensure coverage of the area where the electromagnetic field may propagate.

[0084] Furthermore, the maximum size of the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor can be measured, and the boundary distance can be determined according to the principle of 5-10 times the maximum size to ensure that the boundary is located in the weak electromagnetic field region, which helps to avoid interference with the core analysis.

[0085] Furthermore, the optimization suggestions for electromagnetic analysis of small electronic devices provided by finite element simulation software can be referenced to determine the corresponding attenuation coefficient. Additionally, the boundary condition type (balloon boundary), parameter values ​​(boundary distance, attenuation coefficient), and application range (full boundary of the solution domain) can be integrated to form a corresponding set of boundary parameters.

[0086] Furthermore, a small-amplitude test current can be applied to observe whether the electric field strength at the boundary decreases smoothly (without abrupt changes) and to confirm the validity of the boundary parameter set.

[0087] Step S2022: Input the boundary conditions and boundary parameter set into the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor to obtain the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor.

[0088] In an optional embodiment, the obtained boundary conditions and boundary parameter set are bound to a three-dimensional geometric model of a first sensor with real structure and material properties, so that the model has the ability to perform unbounded electromagnetic field analysis and a corresponding three-dimensional geometric model of a third sensor is obtained.

[0089] For example, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor can be opened in finite element simulation software, and it can be confirmed that all structural units of the model are correctly displayed and editable.

[0090] Furthermore, a spherical solution domain is created centered on the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor, and the material of the solution domain is set to air.

[0091] Furthermore, select the outer surface (boundary) of the spherical solution domain, call the determined boundary conditions in the software boundary conditions module and input the corresponding boundary parameter set. At this time, the electromagnetic field calculation at the boundary will be performed according to the balloon boundary rules.

[0092] Furthermore, the model with bound boundary conditions and parameter sets is saved as a 3D geometric model of the third sensor. Moreover, the resulting 3D geometric model of the third sensor possesses characteristics of realistic structure, accurate materials, and adaptive boundaries, and can be directly used for mesh generation.

[0093] Furthermore, the integrity of the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor can also be checked, which may include: (1) Structural check: Confirm that the first sensor model is completely located inside the spherical solution domain and that no part of the structure exceeds the solution domain, so as to avoid the boundary cutting the model; (2) Boundary check: Use the boundary preview function of the finite element simulation software to check whether the balloon boundary completely covers the outer surface of the solution domain and whether there are any omissions or repeated application areas; (3) Material check: Confirm that the material properties of the air in the solution domain do not conflict with the material properties of each structural unit of the sensor.

[0094] Step S2023: Mesh the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor to obtain the discrete three-dimensional geometric model of the sensor.

[0095] In one alternative embodiment, by discretizing the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor, which has complete boundaries and material properties, into a large number of tiny mesh elements, the continuous electromagnetic field equations can be transformed into numerically solvable element algebraic equations.

[0096] For example, the model can be divided into core electromagnetic regions and non-core regions based on the electromagnetic sensitivity of the wind turbine blade sensors, and the mesh accuracy can be set for each region.

[0097] The core electromagnetic region can include built-in copper wires (conducting current), PCB circuit traces (inducing voltage), and sensing element pins (sensitive elements). A high-precision mesh is required to ensure accurate calculation of electromagnetic parameters. Therefore, the minimum unit size is set to 0.1-0.5mm, and the mesh type is set to a tetrahedral mesh adapted to complex structures.

[0098] Furthermore, non-core areas may include the sensor housing (which only serves to attenuate the electromagnetic field) and the solution domain air (where the field strength is weak and uniformly distributed). This can reduce the accuracy and computational load. Therefore, the element size is set to 2-5 mm, and the mesh type is set to a computationally efficient hexahedral mesh.

[0099] Furthermore, the corresponding mesh parameters can be input into the mesh generation module of the finite element simulation software, and the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor can be automatically discretized into approximately 500,000 to 1,000,000 mesh elements according to the set precision and type. The discretized mesh model can then be saved as a discrete sensor three-dimensional geometric model.

[0100] Furthermore, each mesh element in the discrete sensor's three-dimensional geometric model is bound to material properties and boundary constraints, which can be directly used for subsequent numerical solutions of electromagnetic fields.

[0101] Step S2024: Calculate multiple lightning current values ​​based on the target lightning current waveform relationship.

[0102] In an optional embodiment, the continuous target lightning current waveform relationship can be discretized into a series of specific current values, i.e., multiple lightning current values, according to the simulation time step.

[0103] For example, the simulation time interval and time step are set, and the corresponding lightning current value is calculated for each time step based on the target lightning current waveform relationship. .

[0104] Step S2025: Using interpolation, multiple lightning current values ​​are mapped to excitation elements of the lightning conductor cross-section in the three-dimensional geometric model of the discrete sensor, and a field model is constructed.

[0105] Interpolation is a mathematical method that uses known data points to construct mathematical functions to estimate the values ​​of unknown points. In this embodiment, the continuous transient current described by the waveform relationship of the target lightning current is discretized into time node current values ​​and accurately allocated to the model excitation elements.

[0106] Furthermore, the excitation element represents the model structural unit that loads the lightning current excitation signal and simulates the conduction of lightning current by the lightning rod, specifically the center point region of the cross-section of the lightning conductor in the three-dimensional geometric model of the discrete sensor.

[0107] In one optional embodiment, the discrete lightning current value can be accurately allocated to the excitation element of the model through mathematical interpolation, thereby completing the fusion of lightning current excitation and discrete model, and finally forming a field model that can solve the electromagnetic response of lightning.

[0108] For example, in the discrete sensor's three-dimensional geometric model, the lightning protection wire structure is located, its cross-section is selected, and a corresponding circular region is defined as the excitation element, centered on the center of the cross-section. Furthermore, the mesh elements of this region are labeled in the finite element simulation software.

[0109] Furthermore, multiple generated lightning current values ​​can be imported into the excitation source module of the finite element simulation software, and the current value at each time step can be bound to the excitation element. Simultaneously, the current direction can be set along the length of the lightning protection wire, i.e., consistent with the direction of lightning current conduction during an actual lightning strike.

[0110] Furthermore, the current values ​​at adjacent time steps are linearly interpolated to generate a continuous current excitation signal. Next, the excitation element is associated with the model, and it is confirmed that the current signal of the excitation element only acts on the cross-section of the lightning protection wire and does not affect other structural units of the sensor, thus obtaining the corresponding field model containing the discrete sensor's three-dimensional geometric model and the excitation element.

[0111] In some optional implementations, step S203 above includes: Step S2031: Using the preset equivalent simplification principle, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is simplified by equivalent processing, and an initial PCB board equivalent circuit model is constructed.

[0112] In one optional embodiment, by utilizing the preset equivalent simplification principle, the complex PCB board structure is transformed into an initial equivalent circuit model that can be efficiently calculated while retaining the core electrical characteristics. This solves the problems of dense PCB board components, fine wiring, and large amount of calculation required for direct modeling in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor.

[0113] For example, extracting key information about the PCB board from the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor may include: (1) Component distribution: Identify the core components on the PCB board and their positional relationships, etc.; (2) Routing characteristics: Statistical analysis of the width and topological relationship of circuit traces.

[0114] Furthermore, following the core logic of preserving core electrical characteristics, simplification is carried out according to the following two categories of rules: (1) For densely packed components that are close in location and have related functions, calculate the equivalent parameters and combine them into a single component. For example, the four filter capacitors (C1-C4, all 0.1μF / 16V, connected in parallel) at the power supply end of the PCB board are equivalent to one lumped parameter capacitor with C_eq=0.4μF / 16V, according to the principle that the total capacitance of parallel capacitors = the sum of the capacitances of each capacitor.

[0115] (2) For slender traces with a width of less than 0.2 mm and a length of more than 10 mm, they are equivalent to transmission line models based on transmission line theory.

[0116] Specifically, the characteristic impedance, inductance per unit length, and capacitance per unit length are calculated using the PCB substrate parameters and trace dimensions. Furthermore, transmission line elements are used to replace the original traces in the equivalent circuit, and the characteristic impedance, inductance per unit length, and capacitance per unit length are input to preserve the signal delay and impedance matching characteristics of the traces.

[0117] Furthermore, based on the original PCB board's circuit schematic and the simplified components / transmission lines, the corresponding equivalent circuit topology is determined. Then, values ​​are assigned to all equivalent components to ensure that key electrical parameters are consistent with the original PCB board, thereby generating a corresponding PCB board equivalent circuit model containing only the simplified circuit topology and component parameters.

[0118] Step S2032: Based on the preset excitation boundary, add surface excitation to the initial PCB board equivalent circuit model to obtain the target PCB board equivalent circuit model.

[0119] Among them, surface excitation refers to the circuit excitation form in which a voltage signal is induced in a specific area of ​​a PCB board by simulating a lightning electromagnetic pulse through radiation coupling.

[0120] In one optional embodiment, a surface excitation that conforms to the electromagnetic coupling effect of lightning strikes can be added to the initial PCB board equivalent circuit model based on the requirements of the preset excitation boundary, thereby forming a target PCB board equivalent circuit model that can analyze the response of lightning strike circuits.

[0121] For example, firstly, based on the positional relationship between the PCB board and the lightning protection wire in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor, the region on the PCB board most significantly affected by the electromagnetic field is determined, namely, the edge routing area of ​​the PCB board near the lightning protection wire. Further, this region is the effective range of the surface excitation.

[0122] Furthermore, since the electromagnetic field of lightning strikes generates a continuous induced voltage on the PCB board through radiation coupling, the surface excitation form is selected as the excitation type to ensure that the excitation can cover the entire edge area and conform to the continuity of the electromagnetic field distribution.

[0123] Furthermore, grounding nodes are extracted from the initial PCB board equivalent circuit model, and GND1, which is closest to the excitation area, is selected as the grounding terminal for surface excitation to ensure the shortest current loop and conform to the actual current conduction path.

[0124] Furthermore, based on the target lightning current waveform relationship and electromagnetic field coupling experience, the key parameters of the surface excitation can be initially set, which may include: (1) Waveform type: Select transient voltage waveform, synchronize with lightning current waveform, and set time interval.

[0125] (2) Amplitude estimation: Based on industry experience and combined with the peak lightning current of the target wind farm, the peak value of the surface excitation voltage and the peak value of the half voltage are initially set.

[0126] (3) Time nodes: Set the time nodes for the occurrence of voltage peak and half voltage peak to ensure the timing consistency between excitation and lightning strike process.

[0127] Furthermore, at the corresponding positions of the edge trace area in the initial PCB board equivalent circuit model, surface excitation elements are added, and the excitation range is set to all traces in that edge area. Further, the negative terminal of the surface excitation is connected to the PCB board's ground node GND1, and the positive terminal is connected to the traces in the edge area, thus forming a complete loop of "surface excitation → edge trace → circuit interior → GND1 → surface excitation".

[0128] Furthermore, the initially set peak voltage, half-peak voltage, and transient voltage waveform of the time interval are imported into the surface excitation element to ensure that the excitation can act on the circuit according to the preset timing sequence. Then, the circuit model after adding surface excitation is used as the final equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board.

[0129] In some optional implementations, step S204 above includes: Step S2041: Obtain Maxwell's equations, Kirchhoff's current law, and Kirchhoff's voltage law.

[0130] Among them, Maxwell's equations represent the fundamental mathematical equations describing the generation, propagation, and interaction of electromagnetic fields with matter. They are used to quantify the relationship between power plants, magnetic fields, current density, and charge density, as shown in the following equation (2): (2) In the formula: Represents the four-dimensional gradient operator; Represents the electromagnetic field tensor; This represents the vacuum permeability, typically 4 × 10⁻⁷ Tesla·meter / Ampere; This represents the four-dimensional current density.

[0131] Furthermore, It can be defined as a system of equations in the form of a fourth-order matrix, as shown in the following relation (3): (3) In the formula: , , Represented as electric field components; , , This represents the magnetic field component.

[0132] Furthermore, The following relation (4) is shown: (4) In the formula: Indicates charge density; Represents the current density vector; It represents the speed of light.

[0133] Furthermore, Kirchhoff's current law states the fundamental law of conservation of node current in a circuit, namely, in a lumped parameter circuit, the sum of all currents flowing into a node at any given moment is equal to the sum of all currents flowing out of that node.

[0134] Furthermore, Kirchhoff's voltage law describes the fundamental law of conservation of loop voltage in a circuit. That is, in a lumped parameter circuit, at any moment, when circling around a certain closed loop, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops of all components in the loop is equal to the algebraic sum of the electromotive forces of all power sources (the algebraic sum of the voltages of the closed loop is 0).

[0135] Step S2042: Using Maxwell's equations and the field model, establish the field model equations.

[0136] In one alternative embodiment, combining Maxwell's equations with specific features of the field model can derive numerically solvable field model equations.

[0137] For example, the electromagnetic material parameters of each structural unit of the sensor are extracted from the field model and incorporated into Maxwell's equations, so that the equations can reflect the influence of different materials on the electromagnetic field.

[0138] Furthermore, the excitation element of the lightning conductor cross-section in the field model is loaded with the interpolated lightning current; therefore, this current is used as the current source term in Maxwell's equations. This allows the equations to reflect the excitation effect of lightning current on the electromagnetic field.

[0139] Furthermore, the field model has been discretized into a large number of tiny units through grid partitioning, thus discretizing the continuous Maxwell's equations into unit-level algebraic equations.

[0140] Specifically, for each mesh element, the partial differential equations of Maxwell's equations are transformed into algebraic equations using a weighted residual method (such as the Galerkin method). Furthermore, each mesh element corresponds to a stiffness matrix, and the matrix elements contain the material parameters and geometric dimensions of the element, reflecting the element's contribution to the electromagnetic field.

[0141] Furthermore, the stiffness matrices of all elements are assembled according to the connection relationship of the grid nodes to form a global field model equation set covering the entire field model.

[0142] Furthermore, the balloon boundary of the field model is transformed into boundary constraints of the equation system. Specifically, for the mesh element corresponding to the balloon boundary, attenuation constraint terms are added to the global field model equation system to ensure that the electromagnetic field propagates freely at the boundary and the field strength attenuates smoothly, which conforms to the propagation law of unbounded electromagnetic fields; for the material interface inside the sensor, electromagnetic field continuity constraints are added to ensure that the electromagnetic coupling effect between different materials is accurately characterized.

[0143] Furthermore, the discretized and boundary-constrained global equations are preserved as the final field model equations.

[0144] Step S2043: Based on Kirchhoff's current law, Kirchhoff's voltage law, and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, establish the circuit model equations.

[0145] In one alternative embodiment, Kirchhoff's laws are combined with the specific structure of the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, thereby enabling the derivation of numerically solvable circuit model equations.

[0146] For example, extracting the core information of the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board can include lumped parameter components, distributed parameter transmission lines, nodes, and loops. Simultaneously, for the lumped parameter components, node voltages and branch currents are defined; for the distributed parameter components such as transmission lines, the distribution functions of voltage / current along the lines are defined.

[0147] Furthermore, Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) is applied to all lumped parameter nodes in the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, generating multiple corresponding KCL equations. Simultaneously, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is applied to all independent lumped parameter loops in the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, generating multiple corresponding KVL equations.

[0148] Furthermore, by integrating the KCL node current equations and KVL loop voltage equations, and combining them with the volt-ampere characteristics of the components and the transmission line equations, the corresponding time-domain circuit model equations can be finally formed.

[0149] Step S2044: Couple the field model equations and the road model equations to obtain the field-road coupled equation set.

[0150] In one optional embodiment, by establishing a two-way data transfer mechanism between the field model equations and the road model equations, the two independent equations can be integrated into a unified field-road coupled equation set.

[0151] For example, the conduction current in the path model equations can be transformed into an additional current source in the field model equations. Specifically, according to Maxwell's equations, the conduction current generates an additional electromagnetic field. Therefore, by adding a current density term corresponding to the conduction current in the path model to the excitation vector of the field model equations, the field model can calculate the additional electromagnetic field generated by this additional current, thereby correcting the overall electromagnetic field distribution around the sensor.

[0152] Meanwhile, the electromagnetic coupling quantity obtained from solving the field model equations is transformed into an equivalent excitation source in the circuit model equations, enabling the circuit model to reflect the additional circuit response generated by electromagnetic field coupling.

[0153] Furthermore, the unknowns of the field model equations and the road model equations are integrated into a unified unknown vector. Further, the coupling relationship of the bidirectional data transmission interface is transformed into a mathematical expression, embedded into the field model equations and the road model equations, and the modified field model equations and road model equations are assembled in the order of the unknown vectors, thus forming a unified field-road coupling equation set.

[0154] In some optional implementations, step S205 above includes: Step S2051: Solve the field-circuit coupling equations to obtain the magnetic induction intensity distribution dataset and the magnetic field intensity distribution dataset.

[0155] Among them, the magnetic induction intensity distribution data represents the set of quantitative data of magnetic induction intensity of wind turbine blade sensors at different time points and spatial locations during lightning strikes, obtained by solving the field-circuit coupling equation set, and is used to characterize the electromagnetic interference intensity of the lightning electromagnetic field on the sensor.

[0156] Furthermore, based on the magnetic induction intensity distribution data and combined with the material permeability of each structural unit of the sensor, a set of quantitative data reflecting the strength and direction of the magnetic field around the sensor during a lightning strike is derived.

[0157] In one optional embodiment, a numerical solution algorithm is used to calculate the established field-circuit coupling equations and simultaneously acquire quantified data of magnetic induction intensity and magnetic field intensity in multiple spatiotemporal dimensions of the sensor during the lightning strike.

[0158] For example, the field-circuit coupling equations are transient nonlinear equations. Therefore, the Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm, which is adapted for nonlinear solutions, can be used in combination with the finite-difference time-domain method to ensure that the solution converges and can capture transient characteristics.

[0159] Step S2052: Based on the magnetic induction intensity distribution dataset and the magnetic field intensity distribution dataset, analyze the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor and obtain the analysis results of the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0160] In one optional embodiment, based on the obtained magnetic induction intensity distribution dataset and magnetic field intensity distribution dataset, the weak areas of the sensor affected by lightning electromagnetic interference are identified and the interference intensity is assessed through analysis methods such as quantitative evaluation, spatial positioning, and risk determination. Combined with the sensor's operating threshold, lightning protection optimization suggestions are proposed, thereby forming the corresponding lightning impact analysis results for the wind turbine blade sensor.

[0161] In one example, an analytical method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors is provided. Specifically, in the electromagnetic field, finite element analysis is a numerical electromagnetic calculation method. In this example, finite element analysis is used, and a field-circuit combined analysis method is proposed to analyze the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades, specifically including: 1. First, draw the basic shape of the outer contour of the wind turbine blade sensor based on its geometric model, and then draw the internal structure based on its surface components and built-in copper wire structure. For example... Figure 3 The image shows the surface PCB board structure.

[0162] 2. After drawing the structure, the materials of different components are set according to their corresponding material properties. In this patent, the focus is on the properties of the internal components of the sensor. Therefore, when setting the material properties, the different materials of the components, such as iron and copper, and their electromagnetic properties, such as relative permeability, conductivity, and dielectric constant, are set according to the actual situation.

[0163] 3. After considering the above two structural settings, based on the finite element electromagnetic field calculation and combined with the "field" model in the field circuit analysis method, the boundary conditions of the structure are defined. Since the analysis is of lightning strike properties, its electromagnetic field structure is not a periodic structure. At the same time, in order to avoid divergence in unbounded domain calculation, a balloon boundary is adopted. This boundary fully considers the weak electromagnetic field changes of the small sensor model and the uncertainty of the magnetic field changes of the large current of lightning strike.

[0164] Furthermore, the solution domain is divided into numerous micro-units. This operation achieves both refined processing of the solution domain and avoids infinite iterative calculations of local areas, effectively improving solution efficiency. Subsequently, the equations are discretized and solved within each unit. This analysis step is unique to the field-circuit combined model, and its core is to perform calculations through discretization analysis of finite micro-units, combined with the unique properties of the lightning strike model. According to the structure of this patent, the solution domain is divided into numerous micro-units. This step refines the solution domain while ensuring that no part is calculated infinitely, thus improving the solution speed. The equations are discretized and solved within each unit. This step is a unique analysis model in the field-circuit combined model, using finite micro-units for analysis, combined with the unique properties of the lightning strike model.

[0165] 5. Determine the standard waveform of lightning current based on the above relationship (1).

[0166] Specifically, in combination with the positioning requirements of the field circuit model, in terms of structural design, firstly, lightning current excitation elements are set on the cross section of the lightning protection wire, and then the lightning current parameters specified in the above relationship (1) are equivalently mapped to the lightning current excitation source of the simulation model through interpolation, and finally the circuit excitation structure is completed.

[0167] Furthermore, in the field-circuit coupling method, the core of the "circuit" is reflected in the integrated processing of the circuit model: considering the characteristics of actual PCB circuit boards, such as dense components, fine circuit traces, small via sizes, and high overall model complexity, mesh generation is quite difficult. Therefore, the circuit board model was simplified and equivalently processed during the simulation. Specifically, surface excitation was added to the lightning protection wire structure. Lightning current waveform 8 / 20us: the first 30us is taken.

[0168] Furthermore, the "field" model, a distributed parameter model based on Maxwell's equations, accurately characterizes the spatial distribution of lightning electromagnetic pulses (such as magnetic and electric field strengths), electromagnetic coupling paths (such as radiative coupling through sensor housing gaps and electromagnetic induction in cables), and the local electromagnetic response of core sensor components (such as sensing elements and packaging structures). In this example, it refers to components within the lightning-struck cable, sensor PCB board, and their internal structures, and also covers the distribution of magnetic induction, magnetic field strength, and electromagnetic force within the sensor, as discussed in subsequent analyses.

[0169] The "path" model is a hybrid circuit model with lumped / distributed parameters, based on Kirchhoff's laws. It describes the transient process (such as overvoltage and overcurrent) of a lightning pulse traveling through power lines, signal lines, and other conduction paths, as well as the dynamic response of the sensor's internal circuitry (such as filter circuits, amplification modules, and protection devices). In this patent, it relates to the establishment of the lightning current model and subsequent analysis of parameters such as eddy current effects and internal parasitic currents within the sensor.

[0170] In an alternative embodiment, such as Figures 4 to 6 As shown in the magnetic flux density (B) distribution at different times, the PCB board is most affected by lightning strikes at the peak time, with the magnetic flux density on its surface reaching 0.3T in some areas, resulting in a large electromagnetic pulse.

[0171] Furthermore, in this example, the electromagnetic finite element method can be used to study the impact of increasing or decreasing distance between the lightning protection wire and the PCB board on relevant electromagnetic parameters. For example... Figure 7 The diagram shows the influence of electromagnetic force on the PCB board due to two factors: magnitude and time, and the height of the lightning protection wire. Force Plot 1 represents the force distribution plot. Figure 1This is used to display the distribution of electromagnetic force by the wind turbine blade sensor during a lightning strike; Force1.Force_mag represents the magnitude of the first type of electromagnetic force, Force1 represents the first type of electromagnetic force, and Force_mag represents the magnitude of the force; rod_H represents the height of the lightning protection wire.

[0172] like Figure 8 The diagram shows the relationship between the induced voltage time of the outer loop on the PCB board and the height of the lightning protection wire. Winding Plot 1 represents the winding plot. Figure 1 This is used to demonstrate the electrical characteristic distribution of the wind turbine blade sensor PCB board winding during a lightning strike; InducedVoltage represents the induced voltage; Winding2 represents winding 2; InducedVoltage (Winding2) represents winding 2 of winding 2.

[0173] Furthermore, the analysis method for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes provided in this example has the following advantages: 1. Two-way data transmission.

[0174] From circuit to field: The conduction current in the circuit (such as the current introduced by lightning through the grounding cable) is used as the excitation source and substituted into the "field" model to calculate the additional electromagnetic field it generates, thereby correcting the electromagnetic environment distribution around the sensor.

[0175] From field to path: The coupled electromagnetic quantities (such as induced voltage on cables and equivalent induced current of sensor sensitive elements) calculated by the field model are transformed into equivalent excitation sources (such as series voltage sources and parallel current sources) in the path model, and the input parameters of the circuit equations are updated.

[0176] 2. The uniformity of the solution objectives.

[0177] Through collaborative iteration, the two methods ultimately achieved a comprehensive assessment of the impact of lightning strikes on sensors, including: electromagnetic pulse coupling, peak overvoltage / overcurrent in the circuit, electromagnetic stress of sensitive components, magnetic induction intensity on and inside the sensor surface, and the location of the maximum peak magnetic field strength. This provides a unified model support for optimizing the lightning protection design of sensors.

[0178] 3. Improve simulation accuracy.

[0179] By directly coupling the electromagnetic field equations and the circuit equations satisfied by the electromagnetic device, the actual electromagnetic transient process of sensors and other equipment affected by lightning strikes can be reflected in real-world situations. Compared with the field-circuit separation method, it can calculate parameters such as magnetic field strength and magnetic induction intensity more accurately.

[0180] This embodiment also provides an analysis device for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors. This device is used to implement the above embodiments and preferred embodiments, and details already described will not be repeated. As used below, the term "module" can refer to a combination of software and / or hardware that performs a predetermined function. Although the device described in the following embodiments is preferably implemented in software, hardware implementation, or a combination of software and hardware, is also possible and contemplated.

[0181] This embodiment provides an analysis device for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors, such as... Figure 9 As shown, the device includes: The acquisition module 501 is used to acquire the first sensor three-dimensional geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform and the sensor.

[0182] The first construction module 502 is used to process the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor and construct the field model based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform.

[0183] The second construction module 503 is used to process the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor using the preset equivalent simplification principle and preset excitation boundary, and to construct the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board.

[0184] Module 504 is established to couple the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, and to establish a set of field-circuit coupling equations.

[0185] Analysis module 505 is used to analyze the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors based on the field-circuit coupling equation set, and obtain the analysis results of the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors.

[0186] The analysis device for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes provided in this embodiment of the invention can execute the analysis method for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes provided in any embodiment of the invention, and has the corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects for executing the method. Further functional descriptions of the above modules are the same as in the corresponding embodiments described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0187] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0188] The following is a detailed reference. Figure 10This diagram illustrates a suitable structural design for implementing an electronic device according to embodiments of the present invention. The electronic device may include a processor (e.g., a central processing unit, graphics processor, etc.) 601, which can perform various appropriate actions and processes based on a program stored in read-only memory (ROM) 602 or a program loaded from memory 608 into random access memory (RAM) 603. RAM 603 also stores various programs and data required for the operation of the electronic device. The processor 601, ROM 602, and RAM 603 are interconnected via a bus 604. An input / output (I / O) interface 605 is also connected to the bus 604.

[0189] Typically, the following devices can be connected to I / O interface 605: input devices 606 including, for example, touchscreens, touchpads, keyboards, mice, cameras, microphones, accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc.; output devices 607 including, for example, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), speakers, vibrators, etc.; memory devices 608 including, for example, magnetic tapes, hard disks, etc.; and communication devices 609. Communication device 609 allows electronic devices to communicate wirelessly or wiredly with other devices to exchange data. Although Figure 10 Electronic devices with various devices are shown, but it should be understood that it is not required to implement or have all of the devices shown, and more or fewer devices may be implemented or have instead.

[0190] In particular, according to embodiments of the present invention, the processes described above with reference to the flowcharts can be implemented as computer software programs. For example, embodiments of the present invention include a computer program product comprising a computer program carried on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, the computer program containing program code for performing the methods shown in the flowcharts. In such embodiments, the computer program can be downloaded and installed from a network via a communication device 609, or installed from a memory 608, or installed from a ROM 602. When the computer program is executed by the processor 601, it performs the functions defined in the analysis method for wind turbine blade sensors affected by lightning strikes according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0191] Figure 10 The electronic device shown is merely an example and should not be construed as limiting the functionality and scope of use of the embodiments of the present invention.

[0192] This invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium. The methods described above according to embodiments of the invention can be implemented in hardware or firmware, or implemented as computer code that can be recorded on a storage medium, or implemented as computer code downloaded via a network and originally stored on a remote storage medium or a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium and then stored on a local storage medium. Thus, the methods described herein can be processed by software stored on a storage medium using a general-purpose computer, a dedicated processor, or programmable or dedicated hardware. The storage medium can be a magnetic disk, optical disk, read-only memory, random access memory, flash memory, hard disk, or solid-state drive, etc.; further, the storage medium can also include combinations of the above types of memory. It is understood that computers, processors, microprocessor controllers, or programmable hardware include storage components capable of storing or receiving software or computer code. When the software or computer code is accessed and executed by the computer, processor, or hardware, the analysis method for the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors shown in the above embodiments is implemented.

[0193] A portion of this invention can be applied as a computer program product, such as computer program instructions, which, when executed by a computer, can invoke or provide the methods and / or technical solutions according to the invention through the operation of the computer. Those skilled in the art will understand that the forms in which computer program instructions exist in a computer-readable medium include, but are not limited to, source files, executable files, installation package files, etc. Correspondingly, the ways in which computer program instructions are executed by a computer include, but are not limited to: the computer directly executing the instructions, or the computer compiling the instructions and then executing the corresponding compiled program, or the computer reading and executing the instructions, or the computer reading and installing the instructions and then executing the corresponding installed program. Here, the computer-readable medium can be any available computer-readable storage medium or communication medium accessible to a computer.

[0194] Although embodiments of the invention have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and such modifications and variations all fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors, characterized in that, The method includes: Obtain the relationship between the first sensor's three-dimensional geometric model and the target lightning current waveform of the wind turbine blade sensor; Based on the characteristics of the electromagnetic field of lightning strikes and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and a field model is constructed. Using the preset equivalent simplification principle and preset excitation boundary, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board is constructed. The field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board are coupled, and a set of field-circuit coupling equations is established. Based on the field-circuit coupling equations, the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor is analyzed, and the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor are obtained.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Obtain the first sensor's three-dimensional geometric model for the wind turbine blade sensor, including: Obtain the second sensor's three-dimensional geometric model and material property parameter set for the wind turbine blade sensor; Based on the set of material property parameters, determine multiple electromagnetic material parameters of the wind turbine blade sensor; The multiple electromagnetic material parameters are correlated with the three-dimensional geometric model of the second sensor to obtain the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Obtain the target lightning current waveform relationship, including: Obtain historical lightning strike datasets and initial lightning current waveform relationships for wind farms; Based on the historical lightning strike dataset of the wind farm, the initial lightning current waveform relationship is processed, and multiple parameter values ​​are determined. By inputting the multiple parameter values ​​into the initial lightning current waveform formula, the target lightning current waveform formula is obtained.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform, the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and a field model is constructed, including: Based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field, determine the boundary conditions and the set of boundary parameters; The boundary conditions and the boundary parameter set are input into the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor to obtain the three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor; The three-dimensional geometric model of the third sensor is meshed to obtain a discrete three-dimensional geometric model of the sensor; Calculate multiple lightning current values ​​based on the target lightning current waveform relationship; Using interpolation, the multiple lightning current values ​​are mapped to the excitation elements of the lightning conductor cross-section of the discrete sensor's three-dimensional geometric model, and the field model is constructed.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Using preset equivalence simplification principles and preset excitation boundaries, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is processed, and an equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board is constructed, including: Using the preset equivalent simplification principle, the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor is simplified by equivalent means, and an initial equivalent circuit model of the PCB board is constructed. Based on the preset excitation boundary, surface excitation is added to the initial PCB board equivalent circuit model to obtain the target PCB board equivalent circuit model.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board are coupled, and a set of field-circuit coupling equations is established, including: Obtain Maxwell's equations, Kirchhoff's current law, and Kirchhoff's voltage law; Using the Maxwell's equations and the field model, the field model equations are established; Based on Kirchhoff's current law, Kirchhoff's voltage law, and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, the circuit model equations are established. The field model equations and the road model equations are coupled to obtain the field-road coupled equation set.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the aforementioned field-circuit coupling equations, the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor is analyzed, yielding the following analysis results: Solving the field-circuit coupling equations yields a dataset of magnetic induction intensity distribution and a dataset of magnetic field intensity distribution. Based on the magnetic induction intensity distribution dataset and the magnetic field intensity distribution dataset, the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor is analyzed, and the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor are obtained.

8. An analytical device for analyzing the impact of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors, characterized in that, The device includes: The acquisition module is used to acquire the first sensor three-dimensional geometric model of the wind turbine blade sensor and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform; The first construction module is used to process the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor and construct the field model based on the characteristics of the lightning electromagnetic field and the relationship between the target lightning current waveform. The second construction module is used to process the PCB board structure in the three-dimensional geometric model of the first sensor using a preset equivalent simplification principle and a preset excitation boundary, and to construct an equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board. A module is established to couple the field model and the equivalent circuit model of the target PCB board, and to establish a set of field-circuit coupling equations. The analysis module is used to analyze the impact of lightning strikes on the wind turbine blade sensor based on the field-circuit coupling equations, and obtain the analysis results of the lightning strike impact on the wind turbine blade sensor.

9. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores computer instructions for causing the computer to execute the analysis method for the effect of lightning strike on the wind turbine blade sensor as described in any one of claims 1 to 7.

10. A computer program product, characterized in that, The method includes computer instructions for causing a computer to execute the analysis method for the effect of lightning strikes on wind turbine blade sensors as described in any one of claims 1 to 7.

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