Thermal runaway simulation model and thermal runaway simulation method based on lithium precipitation

Abstract

The invention discloses a thermal runaway simulation model and a thermal runaway simulation method based on lithium precipitation, and belongs to the technical field of thermal runaway simulation. The model comprises a lithium precipitation model, an electrochemical model, a thermodynamic model and a thermal runaway model which are coupled; the lithium precipitation model is used for calculating lithium dendrite length and lithium deposition rate data; the electrochemical model is used for calculating battery characteristic parameters; the thermal runaway model is used for calculating side reaction heat production data, and the side reaction heat production data comprises Joule heat generated by lithium precipitation and heat released by internal short circuit generated by lithium precipitation; the thermodynamic model is used for simulating temperature distribution and change in the battery and calculating heat production of the battery; when the length of the lithium dendrites is larger than or equal to the thickness of the diaphragm, side reaction heat production data are calculated through a thermal runaway model, and the thermodynamic model simulates temperature distribution and change in the battery according to the side reaction heat production data and the battery heat production data. The thermal runaway simulation model of multi-physical field coupling is established based on the lithium precipitation side reaction, and thermal runaway simulation based on lithium precipitation is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of battery thermal runaway simulation technology, and particularly relates to a thermal runaway simulation model and method based on lithium plating. Background Technology

[0002] Lithium-ion batteries, with their advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate, have been widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and aerospace. Despite their significant performance advantages, the safety of lithium-ion batteries remains a critical challenge in both research and practical application. Thermal runaway, in particular, is a serious risk phenomenon that can occur under extreme operating conditions, potentially leading to major safety accidents such as battery fires and explosions.

[0003] For example, patent CN115017781B discloses a coupled electrochemical-thermal-mechanical-short-circuit-thermal runaway model for lithium-ion batteries. This model is composed of an electrochemical model, a thermal model, a mechanical model, a short-circuit model, and a thermal runaway side reaction model. The stress / strain parameters of the mechanical model are related to the conductivity of the short-circuit model, the short-circuit internal resistance of the short-circuit model is related to the boundary conditions of the electrochemical model, the battery voltage of the electrochemical model is related to the boundary conditions of the short-circuit model, the temperature of the thermal model is related to the temperature of the electrochemical model and the thermal runaway side reaction model, respectively, and the internal short-circuit heat generation of the short-circuit model, the electrochemical polarization heat, reversible entropy heat and ohmic heat of the electrochemical model, and the side reaction heat generation of the thermal runaway model are respectively related to the corresponding heat generation terms in the thermal model. This model simulates the dynamic response of the external and internal characteristics of the battery under extrusion conditions, thereby improving the predictive ability of the battery state.

[0004] However, when lithium-ion batteries are in use, the deposited lithium metal releases a lot of heat when it comes into contact with the electrolyte. When the length of the deposited lithium dendrites is greater than the thickness of the separator, it can cause internal short circuits and thermal runaway. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a thermal runaway simulation model and method based on lithium deposition to solve the problems in the existing technology. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a thermal runaway simulation model and method based on lithium plating. The thermal runaway simulation model is established based on the lithium plating side reaction and is coupled with multiple physics fields. It can accurately observe the heat distribution and current distribution, thereby solving the problem mentioned in the background that thermal runaway simulation cannot be performed based on lithium plating.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the specific technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating includes a phase-coupled lithium plating model, an electrochemical model, a thermodynamic model, and a thermal runaway model;

[0008] The lithium deposition model is used to calculate lithium dendrite length and lithium deposition rate data.

[0009] The electrochemical model is used to calculate battery characteristic parameters;

[0010] The thermal runaway model is used to calculate the heat generation data of the side reaction, wherein the heat generation data of the side reaction includes the Joule heat generated by lithium deposition and the heat released by the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition;

[0011] The thermodynamic model is used to simulate the temperature distribution and changes within the battery and to calculate the heat generated by the battery.

[0012] When the lithium dendrite length is greater than or equal to the membrane thickness, the thermal runaway model calculates the heat generation data of the side reaction, and the thermodynamic model simulates the temperature distribution and changes inside the battery based on the heat generation data of the side reaction and the battery heat generation data.

[0013] When the length of lithium dendrites is less than the thickness of the separator, the model outputs data on lithium deposition heat generation to simulate the temperature distribution and changes inside the battery.

[0014] Furthermore, the lithium deposition model calculates the lithium dendrite length using the lithium dendrite length calculation equation and the lithium deposition rate data using the lithium deposition rate calculation equation.

[0015] Furthermore, the equation for calculating the lithium dendrite length includes the following:

[0016] ;

[0017] in, It is a unit vector; The length of the lithium dendrite; This refers to the simulation time or cycle time. The rate of lithium plating side reaction;

[0018] The lithium deposition rate calculation equation includes the lithium plating side reaction rate calculation equation and the concentration change calculation equation;

[0019] The equation for calculating the rate of the lithium plating side reaction is as follows:

[0020] ;

[0021] in, The rate of lithium plating side reaction; This is the rate constant for the lithium plating reaction; The molar mass of lithium metal; The density of lithium metal;

[0022] The equation for calculating the concentration change is as follows:

[0023] ;

[0024] in, The concentration of lithium metal deposited. For time; The stoichiometric coefficients for the lithium plating side reaction are given. is the specific surface area of ​​the active particles; This represents the local current density of the lithium plating side reaction; The number of electrons transferred is denoted by F; F is the Faraday constant.

[0025] The local current density of the lithium plating side reaction

[0026] ;

[0027] in, Local current density of lithium plating side reaction; This is the rate constant for the lithium plating reaction; These represent the lithium ion concentrations in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. This represents the maximum concentration of the solid phase in the material. , R is the electrochemical transfer coefficient; R is the gas reaction constant. It is Faraday's constant; For overpotential, For temperature;

[0028] The overpotential is calculated using the following equation:

[0029] ;

[0030] in, This is the solid-state potential; This is the liquid phase potential; This is the electrode equilibrium potential.

[0031] Furthermore, the thermal runaway model calculates the Joule heat generated by lithium deposition using the Joule heat equation, and calculates the heat released by the internal short circuit due to lithium deposition using the internal short circuit heat release equation.

[0032] The Joule heating equation is as follows:

[0033] ;

[0034] in, Joule heating is generated by lithium deposition. For the effective conductivity of the solid phase, This is the solid-state potential; The liquid phase potential, The effective conductivity of the liquid phase; This represents the lithium-ion concentration in the liquid phase. This represents the potential for the lithium plating side reaction.

[0035] The equation for the heat release during the internal short circuit is as follows:

[0036] ;

[0037] in, This is the heat released due to the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition; For short-circuit reaction enthalpy, This refers to the mass content per unit volume of the electrolyte.

[0038] Furthermore, the thermodynamic model includes thermodynamic reaction equations, which are as follows:

[0039] ;

[0040] in, For density, For specific heat capacity, For temperature, For time, For operators, The conductivity of the electrolyte. It is reversible entropy heat. It is the heat of polarization. Joule heating is generated by lithium deposition. This is the heat released due to the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition.

[0041] Furthermore, the electrochemical model includes mass transfer equations, charge conservation equations, and reaction kinetic equations.

[0042] Furthermore, the thermal runaway model is also used to calculate battery heat generation data. The electrochemical model or the thermal runaway model also includes a reversible entropy heat equation and a polarization heat equation. The reversible entropy heat data is calculated using the reversible entropy heat equation, and the polarization heat is calculated using the polarization heat equation.

[0043] Furthermore, the electrochemical model, lithium plating model, and thermal runaway model are two-dimensional or three-dimensional models.

[0044] A thermal runaway simulation method includes the following steps:

[0045] Obtain the physicochemical parameters of the sample to be tested;

[0046] The thermal runaway simulation model is constructed based on the physicochemical parameters of the sample to be tested;

[0047] Define the boundary conditions for the thermal runaway simulation model and mesh it;

[0048] Based on the simulation requirements of lithium-ion batteries, the parameters of the thermal runaway simulation model are adjusted to predict the thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries in real environments, and the prediction results are obtained.

[0049] A computer program product includes a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method.

[0050] A computer device includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory, wherein the processor executes the computer program to implement the steps of the method.

[0051] A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method.

[0052] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0053] This application calculates the lithium dendrite length and lithium deposition rate using a lithium plating model. When the lithium dendrite length is greater than the membrane thickness, it uses the internal short-circuit heat generation equation to calculate the heat released due to the internal short circuit induced by lithium plating, thereby coupling the temperature distribution and changes inside the battery and realizing multi-physics modeling of lithium battery thermal runaway based on lithium plating process simulation.

[0054] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be disclosed in detail in the following detailed description and accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0055] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the coupling relationship of the model of this invention;

[0056] Figure 2 This is an overall flowchart of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 3 This is a temperature distribution diagram of thermal runaway;

[0058] Figure 4 This is a deformation diagram of localized lithium deposition. Detailed Implementation

[0059] To better understand the purpose, structure, and function of this invention, the invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0060] A thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating, such as Figure 1 As shown, this includes phase-coupled lithium plating models, electrochemical models, thermodynamic models, and thermal runaway models;

[0061] The lithium deposition model is used to calculate lithium dendrite length and lithium deposition rate data.

[0062] The electrochemical model is used to calculate battery characteristic parameters;

[0063] The thermal runaway model is used to calculate the heat generation data of the side reaction, wherein the heat generation data of the side reaction includes the Joule heat generated by lithium deposition and the heat released by the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition;

[0064] The thermodynamic model is used to simulate the temperature distribution and changes within the battery and to calculate the heat generated by the battery.

[0065] Specifically, when the lithium dendrite length is greater than or equal to the separator thickness, the thermal runaway model calculates the heat generation data from the side reactions, and the thermodynamic model simulates the temperature distribution and changes within the battery based on the side reaction heat generation data and the battery heat generation data. When the lithium dendrite length is less than the separator thickness, the model outputs the temperature distribution and changes within the battery simulated by the lithium plating heat generation data.

[0066] The lithium deposition model calculates the lithium dendrite length using a lithium dendrite length calculation equation and the lithium deposition rate data using a lithium deposition rate calculation equation.

[0067] The equation for calculating the lithium dendrite length includes the following:

[0068] ;

[0069] in, It is a unit vector; The length of the lithium dendrite; This refers to the simulation time or cycle time. The rate of the lithium plating side reaction is given.

[0070] The equations for calculating the lithium deposition rate include equations for calculating the rate of lithium plating side reactions and equations for calculating concentration changes.

[0071] The equation for calculating the rate of the lithium plating side reaction is as follows:

[0072] ;

[0073] in, The rate of lithium plating side reaction; The rate constant for the lithium plating reaction is 6.5E-6 m / s in this embodiment; The molar mass of lithium metal is 6.94 g / mol in this embodiment; The density of lithium metal is taken as 530 kg / m^3 in this embodiment;

[0074] The equation for calculating concentration change is as follows:

[0075] ;

[0076] in, The concentration of lithium metal deposited. For time; The stoichiometric coefficient for the lithium plating side reaction is 1 in this embodiment; is the specific surface area of ​​the active particles; This represents the local current density of the lithium plating side reaction; The number of electrons transferred is 1 in this embodiment; F is the Faraday constant, which is 96485 C / mol in this embodiment.

[0077] The equation for calculating the local current density of the lithium plating side reaction is as follows:

[0078] ;

[0079] in, This represents the local current density of the lithium plating side reaction; This is the rate constant for the lithium plating reaction; These represent the lithium ion concentrations in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. This represents the maximum concentration of the solid phase in the material. , The electrochemical transfer coefficient is taken as 0.3 and 0.7 in this embodiment. It is the gas reaction constant; It is Faraday's constant; For overpotential, For temperature.

[0080] The reaction kinetic equations are as follows:

[0081]

[0082] ;

[0083] in, The local current density of the insertion / extraction reaction; is the rate constant for the insertion / extraction reaction; These represent the lithium ion concentrations in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. This represents the maximum concentration of the solid phase in the material. , is the electrochemical transfer coefficient, which is taken as 0.5 in this embodiment; R is the gas reaction constant; It is Faraday's constant; For overpotential, For temperature.

[0084] The overpotential is calculated using the following equation:

[0085] ;

[0086] in, This is the solid-state potential; This is the liquid phase potential; The electrode equilibrium potential is set to 0V.

[0087] In this embodiment, the electrochemical model includes mass transfer equations, charge conservation equations, and reaction kinetic equations.

[0088] The mass transport equations include the following:

[0089] ;

[0090] in, Let be the solid phase concentration, t be time, and r be the radius of the active particles. The effective diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in solid phase;

[0091] ;

[0092] in, Porosity Let t be the liquid phase concentration and t be the time. For operators, The effective diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in the liquid phase. This represents the active specific surface area of ​​the electrode. For local current density, This represents the ion transfer number of the electrolyte. is Faraday's constant.

[0093] The charge conservation equations include the following:

[0094] ;

[0095] in, For operators, For the effective conductivity of the solid phase, For solid-state potential, This represents the active specific surface area of ​​the electrode. Local current density;

[0096] ;

[0097] in, For operators, The effective conductivity of the liquid phase, The liquid phase potential, The gas reaction constant, For temperature; Here, f is the Faraday constant, and f is the activity coefficient. This refers to the liquid phase ion concentration. This represents the ion transfer number of the electrolyte. This represents the active specific surface area of ​​the electrode. This represents the local current density.

[0098] The thermodynamic model includes thermodynamic reaction equations, which are as follows:

[0099] ;

[0100] in, For density, For specific heat capacity, For temperature, For time, For operators, The conductivity of the electrolyte. It is reversible entropy heat. It is the heat of polarization. Joule heating is generated by lithium deposition. This is the heat released due to the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition.

[0101] The thermal runaway model calculates the Joule heat generated by lithium deposition using the Joule heat equation and calculates the heat released by the internal short circuit due to lithium deposition using the internal short circuit heat release equation.

[0102] The Joule heating equation is as follows:

[0103] ;

[0104] in, Joule heating is generated by lithium deposition. For the effective conductivity of the solid phase, This is the solid-state potential; The liquid phase potential, The effective conductivity of the liquid phase; This represents the lithium-ion concentration in the liquid phase. This represents the potential for the lithium plating side reaction.

[0105] The equation for the heat release during the internal short circuit is as follows:

[0106] ;

[0107] in, This is the heat released due to the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition; For short-circuit reaction enthalpy, This refers to the mass content per unit volume of the electrolyte.

[0108] In this embodiment, the thermal runaway model is also used to calculate battery heat generation data. In this embodiment, the battery heat generation data includes reversible entropy heat data and polarization heat data. The reversible entropy heat data is calculated using the reversible entropy heat equation, and the polarization heat is calculated using the polarization heat equation.

[0109] The reversible entropy-heat equation is as follows:

[0110] ;

[0111] in, It is reversible entropy heat; For local current density, For temperature, This represents the relationship between the electrode equilibrium potential and temperature.

[0112] The polarization heat equation is as follows:

[0113] ;

[0114] in, It is the heat of polarization; For local current density, This is the solid-state potential; The liquid phase potential, This is the electrode equilibrium potential.

[0115] Optionally, the battery heat generation data may also include heat generation data from other existing batteries.

[0116] The electrochemical model, lithium plating model, and thermal runaway model are either two-dimensional or three-dimensional models. The electrode materials in the models are assumed to be homogeneous and of uniform density. The thermodynamic model can use the solid-state heat transfer model in COMSOL software. In this embodiment, the electrochemical and lithium plating models are two-dimensional, while the thermal runaway model is a three-dimensional model.

[0117] A thermal runaway simulation method, such as Figure 2 As shown, it includes the following steps:

[0118] S1: Obtain the physicochemical parameters of the sample to be tested; wherein, the physicochemical parameters include geometric parameters, electrochemical parameters and thermodynamic parameters, and specifically, the physicochemical parameters are obtained according to [the relevant criteria].

[0119] S2: Construct the thermal runaway simulation model based on the physicochemical parameters of the sample to be tested;

[0120] S3: Set the boundary conditions for the thermal runaway simulation model and mesh it;

[0121] S4: Adjust the parameters of the thermal runaway simulation model according to the simulation requirements of lithium-ion batteries to predict the thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries in real environments, obtain the prediction results, and predict the safe limit capacity of the battery.

[0122] Specifically, the types of data required to construct the thermal runaway simulation model are obtained from the aforementioned thermal runaway simulation model of this application. The specific data can be obtained through testing or by consulting literature. The construction of the thermal runaway simulation model can be carried out by software, and the prediction steps after constructing the thermal runaway simulation model can also refer to the existing technology, which will not be elaborated here.

[0123] Specifically, after adjusting the parameters of the thermal runaway simulation model, the model first calculates the lithium dendrite length using a lithium plating model, then determines the relationship between the lithium dendrite length and the separator thickness. When the lithium dendrite length is greater than or equal to the separator thickness, the thermal runaway model calculates the heat generation data from the side reactions. The thermodynamic model then simulates and outputs the temperature distribution and changes within the battery based on the side reaction heat generation data and the battery heat generation data. Figure 3 As shown, the horizontal lines represent positions, and the colors represent temperatures; Figure 4 The value represents the growth and changes of lithium dendrites, where the horizontal direction represents the position, the vertical direction represents the height, and t represents time.

[0124] In this embodiment, different battery data are adjusted according to actual operating conditions to perform thermal runaway simulation of lithium-ion batteries with lithium plating using the same process, and to predict the safe capacity limit. Specifically, this involves adjusting the data on the established model and then performing calculations. For example, even if the systems are the same but the geometric models and currents are different, the current and geometric models are modified.

[0125] In this embodiment, the thermodynamic model used is the solid heat transfer model in the COMSOL software.

[0126] Optionally, the electrochemical model, thermal runaway model, and lithium plating model can be one or more of two-dimensional or three-dimensional, and the electrode material is a dielectric with uniform density.

[0127] This application transforms complex continuous problems into discrete numerical problems by dividing them into grids, which can then be solved using a computer.

[0128] Specifically, in this embodiment, the boundary conditions include an initial temperature value and an initial electrolyte content value. In this embodiment, the initial temperature value is set to 298.15℃, and the initial electrolyte content value is 1000 mol / m³. 3 .

[0129] It is understood that the present invention has been described through some embodiments, and those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes or equivalent substitutions can be made to these features and embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Furthermore, under the teachings of the present invention, these features and embodiments can be modified to adapt to specific situations and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, and all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims of this application are within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0130] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating, characterized in that, This includes phase-coupled lithium plating models, electrochemical models, thermodynamic models, and thermal runaway models; The lithium deposition model is used to calculate lithium dendrite length and lithium deposition rate data. The electrochemical model is used to calculate battery characteristic parameters; The thermal runaway model is used to calculate the heat generation data of the side reaction, wherein the heat generation data of the side reaction includes the Joule heat generated by lithium deposition and the heat released by the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition; The thermodynamic model is used to simulate the temperature distribution and changes within the battery and to calculate the heat generated by the battery. Specifically, when the lithium dendrite length is greater than or equal to the separator thickness, the thermal runaway model calculates the heat generation data of the side reaction, and the thermodynamic model simulates the temperature distribution and changes inside the battery based on the heat generation data of the side reaction and the battery heat generation data.

2. The lithium plating-based thermal runaway simulation model according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lithium deposition model calculates the lithium dendrite length using the lithium dendrite length calculation equation and the lithium deposition rate data using the lithium deposition rate calculation equation.

3. The thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating according to claim 2, characterized in that, The equation for calculating the lithium dendrite length includes the following: ； in, It is a unit vector; The length of the lithium dendrite; This refers to the simulation time or cycle time. The rate of lithium plating side reaction; The lithium deposition rate calculation equation includes the lithium plating side reaction rate calculation equation and the concentration change calculation equation; The equation for calculating the rate of the lithium plating side reaction is as follows: ； in, The rate of lithium plating side reaction; This is the rate constant for the lithium plating reaction; The molar mass of lithium metal; The density of lithium metal; The equation for calculating the concentration change is as follows: ； in, The concentration of lithium metal deposited. For time; The stoichiometric coefficients for the lithium plating side reaction are given. is the specific surface area of ​​the active particles; This represents the local current density of the lithium plating side reaction; The number of electrons transferred is denoted by F; F is the Faraday constant. The local current density of the lithium plating side reaction The calculation equation is as follows: ； in, This represents the local current density of the lithium plating side reaction; This is the rate constant for the lithium plating reaction; These represent the lithium ion concentrations in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. This represents the maximum concentration of the solid phase in the material. , R is the electrochemical transfer coefficient; R is the gas reaction constant. It is Faraday's constant; For overpotential, For temperature; The overpotential is calculated using the following equation: ； in, This is the solid-state potential; This is the liquid phase potential; This is the electrode equilibrium potential.

4. The thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating according to claim 3, characterized in that, The thermal runaway model calculates the Joule heat generated by lithium deposition using the Joule heat equation and calculates the heat released by the internal short circuit due to lithium deposition using the internal short circuit heat release equation. The Joule heating equation is as follows: ； in, Joule heating is generated by lithium deposition. For the effective conductivity of the solid phase, This is the solid-state potential; The liquid phase potential, The effective conductivity of the liquid phase; This represents the lithium-ion concentration in the liquid phase. This represents the potential for the lithium plating side reaction. The equation for the heat release during the internal short circuit is as follows: ； in, This is the heat released due to the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition; For short-circuit reaction enthalpy, This refers to the mass content per unit volume of the electrolyte.

5. The thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The thermodynamic model includes thermodynamic reaction equations, which are as follows: ； in, For density, For specific heat capacity, For temperature, For time, For operators, The conductivity of the electrolyte. It is reversible entropy heat. It is the heat of polarization. Joule heating is generated by lithium deposition. This is the heat released due to the internal short circuit caused by lithium deposition.

6. The lithium plating-based thermal runaway simulation model according to claim 5, characterized in that, The electrochemical model includes mass transfer equations, charge conservation equations, and reaction kinetic equations.

7. The lithium plating-based thermal runaway simulation model according to claim 5, characterized in that, The thermal runaway model is also used to calculate battery heat generation data. The electrochemical model or thermal runaway model further includes a reversible entropy heat equation and a polarization heat equation. The reversible entropy heat data is calculated using the reversible entropy heat equation, and the polarization heat is calculated using the polarization heat equation.

8. The thermal runaway simulation model based on lithium plating according to claim 5, characterized in that, The electrochemical model, lithium plating model, and thermal runaway model are two-dimensional or three-dimensional models.

9. A thermal runaway simulation method, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Obtain the physicochemical parameters of the sample to be tested; Construct a thermal runaway simulation model according to any one of claims 1-8 based on the physicochemical parameters of the sample to be tested; Define the boundary conditions for the thermal runaway simulation model and mesh it; Based on the simulation requirements of lithium-ion batteries, the parameters of the thermal runaway simulation model are adjusted to predict the thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries in real environments, and the prediction results are obtained.

10. A computer program product, comprising a computer program, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by a processor, it implements the steps of the method of claim 9.

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