Carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance

Abstract

The invention discloses a carbon emission accounting method suitable for highway asphalt pavement maintenance. The method comprises the following steps: S1, clearly dividing a target and a range according to the steps of a full life cycle evaluation (LCA) method, and drawing a system boundary of a model; s2, obtaining related data of the research area, wherein the related data comprises a construction area and climate partition, a maintenance road section, a pavement construction condition, a maintenance technology, a maintenance project amount, construction machinery and a material list; and S3, acquiring appropriate carbon emission factor data according to the carbon emission factor calculation formula and the carbon emission factor database, and defining a carbon emission metering and accounting formula. And S4, dividing the highway asphalt pavement maintenance process into three stages of raw material production, material transportation, mixture production and maintenance construction, defining a carbon emission accounting formula of each stage, respectively carrying out detailed energy consumption and carbon emission accounting in combination with related construction data, and accurately quantifying the carbon footprint of each maintenance link. And S5, comparing unit carbon emissions of different construction technologies, evaluating energy consumption and carbon emissions of different maintenance materials, and identifying typical links of highway maintenance carbon emissions. Material selection is guided, and data support is provided for making an emission reduction strategy.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the fields of transportation, highway maintenance, and carbon emission reduction technology, and specifically relates to a carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance. Technical Background

[0002] According to statistics from the World Resources Institute covering 186 countries and regions worldwide, carbon dioxide is the largest greenhouse gas causing climate change, accounting for 77% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Most countries have reached a consensus on reducing carbon dioxide emissions and have begun to explore ways and methods to reduce them, promoting sustainable development of human society through institutional innovation and technological progress.

[0003] The transportation industry has always been a pillar industry of my country's national economy and a key area for energy conservation and emission reduction. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance, which addresses the problem of an imperfect carbon emission measurement and accounting system in the Xinjiang highway maintenance industry during the process of achieving "dual carbon" targets.

[0005] The technical solution of this invention is: a method for carbon emission accounting of highway asphalt pavement maintenance, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1. Based on the steps of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, clearly define the objectives and scope, and draw the system boundary of the model.

[0007] S2. Obtain relevant data for the study area, including construction areas and climate zones, maintenance sections, pavement construction conditions, maintenance technologies, maintenance workload, and a list of construction machinery and materials.

[0008] S3. Obtain appropriate carbon emission factor data based on the carbon emission factor calculation formula and the carbon emission factor database, and define the carbon emission measurement and accounting formula.

[0009] S4. The maintenance process of asphalt pavement on highways is divided into three stages: raw material production, material transportation, and mixture production and maintenance construction. Carbon emission accounting formulas are defined for each stage, and detailed energy consumption and carbon emission accounting are carried out in combination with relevant construction data to accurately quantify the carbon footprint of each maintenance link.

[0010] S5. Compare the unit carbon emissions of different construction technologies, assess the carbon emissions of different maintenance materials, and identify typical carbon emission links in highway maintenance. This will guide material selection and provide data support for developing emission reduction strategies.

[0011] The aforementioned carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance, step S1 is as follows:

[0012] S1.1. The research objective is to determine the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions per unit during highway asphalt pavement maintenance, expressed in units of 1 km or 1000 m. 2 Solid road surface.

[0013] S1.2. Based on existing maintenance project data in Xinjiang, the system boundary was clearly and thoroughly defined, and system boundary diagrams for different types of maintenance technologies were drawn.

[0014] The aforementioned carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance, step S2 is as follows:

[0015] S2.1. Identify the construction area, select representative road sections, and choose appropriate maintenance techniques based on local climate zones and road construction conditions, in preparation for the next step of analysis.

[0016] S2.2. Collect historical maintenance data, including specific engineering quantities for different road sections and detailed lists of construction machinery and materials for each stage of different maintenance technologies. Clean and filter the data, and then summarize and calculate it.

[0017] The aforementioned carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance, step S3 is as follows:

[0018] S3.1. Energy carbon emission factors for machinery and equipment used in the maintenance process are obtained using data such as the IPCC-published energy carbon emission factor, the average lower calorific value of energy published in the National Bureau of Statistics' "China Energy Statistical Yearbook," grid carbon emissions, relevant literature research results, and industry standards. The calculation formula for the carbon emission factor is shown below:

[0019]

[0020] Where m represents the type of fossil fuel, CCm represents the carbon content per unit calorific value of fossil fuel m, tC / TJ; OFm represents the carbon oxidation rate of fossil fuel m, %; and 44 / 12 represents the conversion factor from carbon to carbon dioxide.

[0021] S3.2. According to the basic equation for carbon accounting provided by the IPCC: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions = Activity data (AD) × Emission factor (EF)

[0022] In this context, AD represents the amount of production or consumption activities that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, such as the consumption of each type of fossil fuel, the consumption of limestone raw materials, net purchased electricity, and net purchased steam. EF is a coefficient corresponding to the activity level data, including carbon content per unit calorific value or elemental carbon content, oxidation rate, etc., characterizing the greenhouse gas emission coefficient per unit of production or consumption activity. EF can be calculated directly from known data (i.e., default values) provided by the IPCC, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and European environmental agencies, or it can be extrapolated based on representative measurement data. my country has already set national parameters based on actual conditions; for example, Appendix II of the "Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting and Reporting Methods for Enterprises in Other Industrial Sectors (Trial)" provides default values ​​for common fossil fuel characteristic parameters.

[0023] The aforementioned carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance, step S4 is as follows:

[0024] S4.1. The entire life cycle of highway asphalt pavement maintenance is divided into three stages: raw material production, material transportation, and asphalt mixture production and maintenance construction. Some maintenance technologies do not involve asphalt mixture production, and the carbon emission sources for these parts are the same as those for maintenance construction; therefore, they are included in the maintenance construction stage for joint accounting. Carbon emissions from the raw material production stage mainly include the entire process of road construction materials used in highway maintenance, from raw material extraction and production to processing. Carbon emissions from the material transportation stage mainly come from the energy consumption of transport vehicles. Carbon emissions from asphalt mixture production and maintenance construction come from the energy consumption of mixing plants and maintenance construction equipment.

[0025] S4.2. Based on the actual engineering situation and the basic carbon accounting equations provided in S3.2, define the carbon emission accounting formulas for each stage.

[0026] S4.2.1 Carbon emission accounting formula for the raw material production stage

[0027]

[0028] CEF1 represents the carbon emissions during the raw material production stage, expressed as kgCO2e / kg.

[0029] Q i Let be the total consumption of the i-th type of road construction material, in kg;

[0030] F i Let be the carbon emission factor of the production process of the i-th type of road construction material, kgCO2e / kg;

[0031] S4.2.2. Carbon emission accounting formula for the transportation phase

[0032]

[0033] CEF2 represents the carbon emissions during the raw material transportation phase, expressed as kgCO2e / kg.

[0034] D i Let i be the average transport distance for a type of road construction material, in km;

[0035] C t i Let t be the number of vehicles t required for transporting the i-th type of material;

[0036] E t k Let k be the energy consumption of vehicle type t per 100km;

[0037] f k Let be the carbon emission factor generated by the kth energy source, kgCO2e / kg.

[0038] S4.2.3. Carbon emission accounting formula for the production and curing construction stages of the mixture

[0039]

[0040] CEF3 represents the carbon emissions during the production and curing phases of the mixture, expressed as kgCO2e / kg.

[0041] T j The consumption of the j-th type of construction equipment per shift;

[0042] P j k The consumption of the k-th type of energy by the j-th type of construction machinery within a unit shift, in tons;

[0043] f k Let be the carbon emission factor generated by the kth energy source, kgCO2e / kg.

[0044] S4.2.4. The carbon emissions (CEF) of the entire highway maintenance process is the sum of the carbon emissions of road construction materials and construction machinery during the material production stage, material transportation stage, mixing and construction stage.

[0045] CEF = CEF1 + CEF2 + CEF3

[0046] S4.3. Based on the asphalt energy consumption emission inventory published by the European Asphalt Producers Association in 2011, the CLCD database, and the asphalt production energy consumption data collected from 26 factories and contractors in China (referencing the basic data in the "China Energy Statistical Yearbook" and combining the "General Portland Cement" (GB 175-2007), "Energy Consumption Limits per Unit Product of Cement" (GB16780-2007), and "Clean Production Standard - Petroleum Refining Industry (Asphalt)" (HJ443-2008)), carbon emission accounting is performed in three stages according to the actual engineering volume and for different maintenance technologies.

[0047] The aforementioned carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance, step S5 is as follows:

[0048] S5.1. Based on the relevant data of the study area in S2, determine the maintenance technologies that need to be compared and analyzed, calculate the carbon emissions and total carbon emissions of different maintenance technologies in the material production stage, material transportation stage, mixing and construction stage, and obtain the benchmark value of unit carbon emissions of different maintenance technologies.

[0049] S5.2. Compare and analyze the carbon emissions and total amount of the selected maintenance technology at different stages from several aspects, including material type, material consumption, transportation distance, type of construction equipment, and shifts, and identify typical emission links with high carbon emissions. Explore carbon reduction potential.

[0050] S5.3. Combining the content of S5.1 and S5.2, propose strategies to reduce carbon emissions and suggest promoting the sustainable development of the highway maintenance industry through institutional innovation and technological progress, so as to achieve the goals of energy conservation, emission reduction and green transportation.

[0051] In summary, the carbon emission measurement and accounting method described above has the following advantages:

[0052] 1. The concept of a full life-cycle assessment for highway maintenance is proposed, comprehensively evaluating the carbon emissions of products at each stage of the highway maintenance process, from raw material acquisition and production, transportation to maintenance construction and disposal. This model can analyze the carbon emissions of maintenance materials at different life-cycle stages in detail, identify key emission links in highway maintenance, provide clear emission reduction directions and targets, and guide improvements in pavement structure design, material selection, maintenance methods, and recycling.

[0053] 2. The carbon emission factor method is used to calculate the carbon emissions of highway maintenance throughout its entire life cycle. This method is supported by mature calculation formulas, activity data, and emission factor databases. The calculation list is complete, and the data sources are reliable. The formulas and calculation process are concise and clear, and are characterized by high international recognition and standardization. Attached Figure Description

[0054] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the carbon emission accounting process for highway asphalt pavement maintenance;

[0055] Figure 2 The steps for implementing the life cycle assessment method;

[0056] Figure 3 The conceptual framework for a life-cycle evaluation method;

[0057] Figure 4 The boundary of the model system; Implementation

[0058] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments.

[0059] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the implementation flowchart is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, taking the maintenance of Xinjiang's expressways as an example, the carbon emissions from the maintenance of typical road sections in various prefectures and cities are calculated. The specific steps are explained in detail below:

[0060] S1. Clearly define the objectives and scope according to the steps of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The implementation steps of the LCA method are as follows: Figure 2 As shown, the conceptual structure of this method is as follows: Figure 3 As shown. The system boundary of the model is also drawn, as shown. Figure 4 As shown.

[0061] S1.1. The research objective is to determine the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions per unit during highway asphalt pavement maintenance, expressed in units of 1 km or 1000 m. 2 Solid road surface.

[0062] S1.2. Based on existing maintenance project data in Xinjiang, the system boundary was clearly and thoroughly defined, and system boundary diagrams for different types of maintenance technologies were drawn.

[0063] S2. Obtain relevant data for the study area, including construction areas and climate zones, maintenance sections, pavement construction conditions, maintenance technologies, maintenance workload, and a list of construction machinery and materials.

[0064] S2.1. Clearly define the construction area, select representative road sections, and choose appropriate maintenance techniques based on local climate zones and road construction conditions.

[0065] A comprehensive survey was conducted on maintenance projects in Xinjiang from 2021 to 2023. Based on project construction data, it was found that preventative maintenance of asphalt pavement on Xinjiang expressways mainly employed methods such as joint sealing, hot asphalt grouting, grooved joint sealing, micro-surfacing (taking a single 10mm layer as an example), and synchronous chip seal (within 10mm). Repair maintenance involved milling and repaving. Simultaneously, an analysis of the design structure of Xinjiang expressways was conducted in conjunction with the environment, and typical road sections representing the structural characteristics of asphalt pavement on Xinjiang expressways were selected, as shown in Table 1 below.

[0066] Table 1 Information on typical road sections

[0067]

[0068]

[0069] S2.2. Collect historical maintenance data, including specific engineering quantities for different road sections and detailed lists of construction machinery and materials for each stage of different maintenance technologies. Clean and filter the data, and then summarize and calculate it.

[0070] Since listing all the items would be a large undertaking, taking micro-surfacing technology as an example, after data cleaning and filtering, the following lists are obtained: the list of construction machinery and materials, the list of raw materials used is shown in Table 2, the list of transport vehicle types and their use is shown in Table 3, and the list of construction machinery is shown in Table 4.

[0071] Table 2. Raw materials for microsurfacing maintenance

[0072]

[0073] Table 3 Preventive Maintenance Transportation Plan

[0074]

[0075] Note: Combined fuel consumption for trucks under 3 tons: 14.2L / 100km

[0076] Table 4 Energy Consumption of Preventive Maintenance Machinery and Equipment

[0077]

[0078] S3. Based on representative measurement data, known data (i.e., default values) provided by the IPCC, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and European environmental agencies are directly adopted. my country has already set national parameters based on its actual situation; for example, Appendix II of the "Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting and Reporting Methods for Enterprises in Other Industrial Sectors (Trial)" provides default value data for common fossil fuel characteristic parameters. The compiled carbon emission factor data are shown in Tables 5 and 6.

[0079] Table 5 Energy Carbon Emission Factors

[0080]

[0081] Table 6. List of Carbon Emission Factors for Materials

[0082]

[0083] S4. Based on the basic formula provided in S3 and the stage formulas defined in S4.2, accurately calculate carbon emissions.

[0084] S4.3. Based on the carbon emission accounting formula for the raw material production stage, the carbon emission of micro-surface treatment technology in this stage is calculated to be 827.74 kg CO2e / 1000 m³. 2 .

[0085]

[0086] CEF1 represents the carbon emissions during the raw material production stage, expressed as kgCO2e / kg.

[0087] Q i Let be the total consumption of the i-th type of road construction material, in kg;

[0088] F i Let be the carbon emission factor of the production process of the i-th type of road construction material, kgCO2e / kg;

[0089] S4.2.2. Based on the carbon emission accounting formula for the transportation phase, the carbon emission of micro-surface treatment technology in this phase is calculated to be 558.77 kg CO2e / 1000 m³. 2 .

[0090]

[0091] CEF2 represents the carbon emissions during the raw material transportation phase, expressed as kgCO2e / kg.

[0092] D i Let i be the average transport distance for a type of road construction material, in km;

[0093] C t i Let t be the number of vehicles t required for transporting the i-th type of material;

[0094] E t k Let k be the energy consumption of vehicle type t per 100km;

[0095] f k Let be the carbon emission factor generated by the kth energy source, kgCO2e / kg.

[0096] Based on the carbon emission accounting formula for the production and curing stages of the mixture, the carbon emission of micro-surfacing technology in this stage is calculated to be 676.91 kg CO2e / 1000 m³. 2 .

[0097]

[0098] CEF3 represents the carbon emissions during the production and curing phases of the mixture, expressed as kgCO2e / kg.

[0099] T j The consumption of the j-th type of construction equipment per shift;

[0100] P j k The consumption of the k-th type of energy by the j-th type of construction machinery within a unit shift, in tons;

[0101] f k Let be the carbon emission factor generated by the kth energy source, kgCO2e / kg.

[0102] Based on the total carbon emissions of highway maintenance, CEF (Carbon Emission Factor) is the sum of carbon emissions from road construction materials and construction machinery during the material production, transportation, mixing, and construction stages. The unit carbon emission of micro-surfacing technology is 2063.42 kg CO2e / 1000m³. 2 Solid road surface.

[0103] S5. Combining the content of S4, the baseline value for carbon emissions per unit of micro-surface treatment technology is 2063.42 kgCO2e / 1000m³. 2 For solid pavement, carbon emissions are lowest during the transportation phase, followed by the maintenance and construction phase, and highest during the raw material production phase. Therefore, the typical carbon reduction stages for micro-surfacing technology are the raw material production and maintenance / construction phases. Recent research and relevant literature indicate that optimizing material composition, using low-emission asphalt binders, avoiding high-emission fillers, and adopting a porous skeleton structure to reduce binder and aggregate requirements can reduce carbon emissions during the raw material production phase. The construction phase offers high feasibility and greater potential for carbon reduction. Optimizing construction processes, improving the efficiency of construction machinery, and rationally planning construction are effective ways to reduce carbon emissions.

Claims

1. A carbon emission accounting method applicable to asphalt pavement maintenance of highways, comprising the following steps: S1. Based on the steps of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, clearly define the objectives and scope, and draw the system boundary of the model. S2. Obtain relevant data for the study area, including construction areas and climate zones, maintenance sections, pavement construction conditions, maintenance technologies, maintenance workload, and a list of construction machinery and materials. S3. Obtain appropriate carbon emission factor data based on the carbon emission factor calculation formula and the carbon emission factor database, and define the carbon emission measurement and accounting formula. S4. The maintenance process of asphalt pavement on highways is divided into three stages: raw material production, material transportation, and mixture production and maintenance construction. Carbon emission accounting formulas are defined for each stage, and detailed energy consumption and carbon emission accounting are carried out in combination with relevant construction data to accurately quantify the carbon footprint of each maintenance link. S5. Compare the unit carbon emissions of different construction technologies, assess the carbon emissions of different maintenance materials, and identify typical carbon emission links in highway maintenance. This will guide material selection and provide data support for developing emission reduction strategies.

2. The carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance according to claim 1, specifically step S1 is as follows: S1.

1. The research objective is to determine the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions per unit during highway asphalt pavement maintenance, expressed in units of 1 km or 1000 m. 2 Solid road surface. S1.

2. Based on existing maintenance project data in Xinjiang, the system boundary was clearly and thoroughly defined, and system boundary diagrams for different types of maintenance technologies were drawn.

3. The carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance according to claim 1, specifically step S2 is as follows: S2.

1. Identify the construction area, select representative road sections, and choose appropriate maintenance techniques based on local climate zones and road construction conditions, in preparation for the next step of analysis. S2.

2. Collect historical maintenance data, including specific engineering quantities for different road sections and detailed lists of construction machinery and materials for each stage of different maintenance technologies. Clean and filter the data, and then summarize and calculate it.

4. The carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance according to claim 1, specifically step S3 is as follows: S3.

1. Energy carbon emission factors for machinery and equipment used in the maintenance process are obtained using data such as the IPCC-published energy carbon emission factor, the average lower calorific value of energy published in the National Bureau of Statistics' "China Energy Statistical Yearbook," grid carbon emissions, relevant literature research results, and industry standards. The calculation formula for the carbon emission factor is shown below: in, m represents the type of fossil fuel; CCm represents the carbon content per unit calorific value of fossil fuel m, tC / TJ; OFm represents the carbon oxidation rate of fossil fuel m, %; 44 / 12 represents the conversion factor from carbon to carbon dioxide. S3.

2. According to the basic equation for carbon accounting provided by the IPCC: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions = Activity data (AD) × Emission factor (EF) In this context, AD represents the amount of production or consumption activities that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, such as the consumption of each type of fossil fuel, the consumption of limestone raw materials, net purchased electricity, and net purchased steam. EF is a coefficient corresponding to the activity level data, including carbon content per unit calorific value or elemental carbon content, oxidation rate, etc., characterizing the greenhouse gas emission coefficient per unit of production or consumption activity. EF can be calculated directly from known data (i.e., default values) provided by the IPCC, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and European environmental agencies, or it can be extrapolated based on representative measurement data. my country has already set national parameters based on actual conditions; for example, Appendix II of the "Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting and Reporting Methods for Enterprises in Other Industrial Sectors (Trial)" provides default values ​​for common fossil fuel characteristic parameters.

5. The carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance according to claim 1, specifically step S4 is as follows: S4.

1. The entire life cycle of highway asphalt pavement maintenance is divided into three stages: raw material production, material transportation, and asphalt mixture production and maintenance construction. Some maintenance technologies do not involve asphalt mixture production, and the carbon emission sources for these parts are the same as those for maintenance construction; therefore, they are included in the maintenance construction stage for joint accounting. Carbon emissions from the raw material production stage mainly include the entire process of road construction materials used in highway maintenance, from raw material extraction and production to processing. Carbon emissions from the material transportation stage mainly come from the energy consumption of transport vehicles. Carbon emissions from asphalt mixture production and maintenance construction come from the energy consumption of mixing plants and maintenance construction equipment. S4.

2. Based on the actual engineering situation and the basic carbon accounting equations provided in S3.2, define the carbon emission accounting formulas for each stage. S4.2.1 Carbon emission accounting formula for the raw material production stage CEF1 represents the carbon emissions during the raw material production stage, expressed as kgCO2e / kg. Q i Let be the total consumption of the i-th type of road construction material, in kg; F i Let be the carbon emission factor of the production process of the i-th type of road construction material, kgCO2e / kg; S4.2.

2. Carbon emission accounting formula for the transportation phase CEF2 represents the carbon emissions during the raw material transportation phase, expressed as kgCO2e / kg. D i Let i be the average transport distance for a type of road construction material, in km; C t i Let t be the number of vehicles t required for transporting the i-th type of material; E t k Let k be the energy consumption of vehicle type t per 100km; f k Let be the carbon emission factor generated by the kth energy source, kgCO2e / kg. S4.2.

3. Carbon emission accounting formula for the production and curing construction stages of the mixture CEF3 represents the carbon emissions during the production and curing phases of the mixture, expressed as kgCO2e / kg. T j The consumption of the j-th type of construction equipment per shift; P j k The consumption of the k-th type of energy by the j-th type of construction machinery within a unit shift, in tons; f k Let be the carbon emission factor generated by the kth energy source, kgCO2e / kg. S4.2.

4. The carbon emissions (CEF) of the entire highway maintenance process is the sum of the carbon emissions of road construction materials and construction machinery during the material production stage, material transportation stage, mixing and construction stage. CEF = CEF1 + CEF2 + CEF3 S4.

3. Based on the asphalt energy consumption emission inventory published by the European Asphalt Producers Association in 2011, the CLCD database, and the asphalt production energy consumption data collected from 26 factories and contractors in China (referencing the basic data in the "China Energy Statistical Yearbook" and combining the "General Portland Cement" (GB 175-2007), "Energy Consumption Limits per Unit Product of Cement" (GB16780-2007), and "Clean Production Standard - Petroleum Refining Industry (Asphalt)" (HJ443-2008)), carbon emission accounting is performed in three stages according to the actual engineering volume and for different maintenance technologies.

6. The carbon emission accounting method for highway asphalt pavement maintenance according to claim 1, specifically step S5 is as follows: S5.

1. Based on the relevant data of the study area in S2, determine the maintenance technologies that need to be compared and analyzed, calculate the carbon emissions and total carbon emissions of different maintenance technologies in the material production stage, material transportation stage, mixing and construction stage, and obtain the benchmark value of unit carbon emissions of different maintenance technologies. S5.

2. Compare and analyze the carbon emissions and total amount of the selected maintenance technology at different stages from several aspects, including material type, material consumption, transportation distance, type of construction equipment, and shifts, and identify typical emission links with high carbon emissions. Explore carbon reduction potential. S5.

3. Combining the content of S5.1 and S5.2, propose strategies to reduce carbon emissions and suggest promoting the sustainable development of the highway maintenance industry through institutional innovation and technological progress, so as to achieve the goals of energy conservation, emission reduction and green transportation.

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