Efficient planting method for intercropping of grapes and stigma croci in greenhouse

Abstract

The invention discloses an efficient planting method for intercropping grapes and stigma croci in a greenhouse, which is characterized in that intercropping of the grapes and the stigma croci is carried out in a greenhouse facility, the grapes in the greenhouse are grouped and shaped by adopting double main vines of a flat shed frame according to a linear shape or an H shape, and the stigma croci is planted in the land between two rows of grape planting ridges. Accelerating germination of the saffron seedballs in September to October every year, sowing the saffron seedballs in November to December, and harvesting saffron corms in April to May next year. The relay intercropping method comprises the following steps: (1) a greenhouse grape planting method; (2) a saffron seedball pretreatment method; and (3) a method for planting stigma croci in a greenhouse. According to the crocus sativus seedball pretreatment method, the crop rotation connection problem of intercropping of the grapes and the crocus sativus in the greenhouse is perfectly solved, the respective growth time, space, temperature and illumination requirements of the grapes and the crocus sativus in the greenhouse are fully met, the stable and high yield of the grapes and the crocus sativus is ensured, the greenhouse facility utilization rate and the multiple cropping index are improved, and the yield of the grapes and the crocus sativus is increased. And the economic benefit is greatly improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of facility agriculture production, specifically relating to an efficient planting method for intercropping saffron with greenhouse grapes. Background Technology

[0002] Grapes, with their delicious color, aroma, and flavor, are rich in vitamins and have been hailed as the "god of fruits" since ancient times. They are a beloved fruit, considered a nourishing food, and enjoyed by people of all races worldwide. Currently, grape production accounts for about one-quarter of the world's fruit production. Grapes can be eaten fresh or processed into raisins, grape juice, and wine. Grapes are a highly adaptable vine species, long-lived, high-yielding, and stable-yielding. Cultivation techniques are mature, and they are grown throughout my country.

[0003] Saffron, a herbaceous plant belonging to the genus *Saffron* in the family Iridaceae, is an ancient and valuable plant used for both medicinal and culinary purposes, mainly distributed in Europe, Central Asia, and West Asia. Saffron is a perennial bulbous plant with orange-red pistils, yellow stamens, and pale purple petals. It thrives in cool, semi-shaded conditions and dislikes high temperatures and strong sunlight. It goes dormant in summer, with its growing season from late September to early May of the following year, and flowering from October to November. In my country, saffron is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, edible spice, health food ingredient, and cosmetic ingredient, with wide applications and large production and sales volumes. Saffron cultivation technology was introduced to China in the 1980s, gradually forming scattered production areas in places like Chongming Island in Shanghai, Jiande in Zhejiang, and Bozhou in Anhui. However, due to geographical and climatic conditions, large-scale cultivation has not yet been achieved, resulting in domestically produced saffron being in high demand but short supply. Although domestically produced saffron is of high quality, its limited production leads to a supply shortage.

[0004] Grapes thrive in sunny conditions and dislike dampness. Given the abundant rainfall in my country's eastern coastal regions, growers are increasingly adopting rain-sheltered sheds and greenhouses to cultivate grapes and prevent adverse weather conditions from impacting quality and yield. Greenhouse-grown grapes bud in March-April, ripen in August-September, and shed their leaves in October-November. During the budding period from November to May of the following year, other crops can be intercropped in the vineyards to increase income. Saffron's growing season, from October-November to April-May of the following year, largely coincides with grape leaf fall, making intercropping a viable option. Therefore, from 2015 to 2023, we explored efficient methods for intercropping saffron with grapes in greenhouses, achieving excellent results. This significantly increased the multiple cropping index and economic benefits, particularly achieving high and stable yields of saffron in greenhouses and mastering methods for large-scale saffron cultivation.

[0005] A literature search revealed no publicly available reports of intercropping greenhouse grapes with saffron, nor any reports of intercropping greenhouse grapes with saffron after budding. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide an efficient method for intercropping saffron with grapes in greenhouses, including a method for planting grapes in greenhouses, a method for pre-treating saffron bulbs, and a method for planting saffron in greenhouses. The specific steps are as follows:

[0007] 1. Greenhouse grape cultivation method: Plant grapes in greenhouse facilities, using horizontal trellises and training them in an "I" or "H" shape. In winter, use short shoot pruning, leaving 1 to 2 buds at the base of each fruiting branch, retaining 1500 to 3000 fruiting mother plants / acre, and 2500 to 4000 flower clusters / acre, with 50 to 150 berries per cluster. The leaf area index is 1.6 to 2.4, the new shoot growth is 1.0m to 1.8m, and the light transmittance during the growing season is 10% to 30%.

[0008] 2. Saffron bulb pretreatment method: Place saffron bulbs in a germination room and keep them at 0℃~20℃ for 1 to 10 days to break dormancy. Continue to germinate at 10℃~25℃ for 20 to 60 days until all main and lateral buds have sprouted. Remove the lateral buds and keep the main bud. Disinfect the bulbs by soaking them in an antibacterial agent for more than 30 seconds.

[0009] 3. Greenhouse Saffron Planting Method: Apply 2-4 tons of organic fertilizer per acre and 30-50 kg of chemical fertilizer per acre to the land between two rows of grapevines. Rotary tillage and ridging are then carried out, applying fertilizer at a rate of 0.7 kg / m². 2 ~1.5kg / m 2 Sow sterilized saffron bulbs. Water appropriately during the growing season. Apply fertilizer 1-2 times per month, using 5-15 kg of compound fertilizer each time. Control the temperature inside the greenhouse between 0℃ and 25℃. The short-term extreme low temperature should not be lower than -2℃, and the short-term extreme high temperature should not exceed 30℃. Harvest the saffron bulbs when the above-ground parts of the saffron wither.

[0010] The aforementioned greenhouse facilities for intercropping grapes and saffron include any one of the following: single plastic film greenhouse, multi-span plastic film greenhouse, multi-span glass greenhouse, multi-span polycarbonate greenhouse, multi-span plastic film and glass greenhouse, multi-span plastic film and polycarbonate greenhouse, and multi-span polycarbonate greenhouse.

[0011] The aforementioned greenhouse facilities are selected with a single span of 6m-8m, a shoulder height of 2.5m-4.5m, and a roof height of 3.5m-5.0m. The LP6425 and LP8430 standardized multi-span greenhouses are further preferred. These greenhouses are covered with 0.10mm-0.12mm PEP film, with gutters and side windows featuring continuous roll-up film. The side windows are worm gear roll-up structures, with the window area exceeding 50% of the greenhouse surface area.

[0012] The preferred steps for the above-mentioned greenhouse grape cultivation method are as follows:

[0013] (1) Seedling planting: For single-span greenhouses, grapes are planted below or to one side of the ridge of the greenhouse, one row per greenhouse; for multi-span greenhouses, grapes are planted below the ridge of a single greenhouse or below the gutters supported by the pillars connecting two greenhouses, one row per greenhouse. The planting spacing is 2.5m to 3.5m, and the row spacing is the span of the greenhouse, usually 6m to 8m. The grape planting trench is 0.8m to 1.5m wide and 0.3m to 0.6m deep. After planting, the grape planting ridge is 0.8m to 1.5m wide, with 24 to 44 vines planted per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares).

[0014] (2) Shaping and Pruning: ① Shaping: Horizontal trellises are shaped using either an "I" or "H" form. ② Shaping of Young Trees: "I" Form: After the seedlings sprout, retain two plump buds and remove the rest. When the leaves reach 10cm, remove weak branches and guide the vigorous plant onto the trellis to develop into a main stem. Pinch the main stem 20cm-30cm below the trellis to encourage the growth of two lateral shoots. Guide the lateral shoots along the vertical direction of the grape planting ridges to both sides of the trellis to develop into main vines. Pinch the shoots at the junction with the main vines of the adjacent row. Pinch each lateral shoot on the main vine after it has three leaves, and then repeatedly pinch it after two leaves and one leaf until the leaves fall. The lateral shoots are trained to become fruiting mother plants for the second year. The thickness of the one-year-old main stem is 2.5cm-3.0cm, and the thickness of the main vine is 1.2cm-1.5cm. "H" Form: After the seedlings sprout, retain two plump buds and remove the rest. When the leaves reach 10cm in diameter, remove weak branches and train the vigorous vine onto the trellis to develop it into a main stem. Pinch the main stem 20cm-30cm below the trellis to encourage the growth of two lateral shoots. Train these lateral shoots parallel to the grape planting rows towards both sides of the trellis, pinching them back at 1.2m-1.7m to encourage the growth of two more lateral shoots. Train these lateral shoots perpendicular to the grape planting rows to develop them into main vines, pinching them back at the point where they intersect with the main vines of adjacent vines in the next row. Pinch each lateral shoot on the main vine after it has three leaves, then repeat this process of pinching back after two and one leaves until the leaves fall. These lateral shoots will become fruiting mother plants for the following year. The diameter of the one-year-old main stem is 2.5cm-3.0cm, and the diameter of the main vine is 1.2cm-1.5cm. ③ New shoot management: Retain 2000-2500 fruiting mother plants per acre. During the budding period, remove lateral buds, dormant buds, basal buds, and adventitious buds in two to three stages. After the flower spikes appear, thin out overly dense new shoots according to the density of new shoots on the trellis, maintaining a spacing of 15cm-20cm between new shoots, and tie them to the wire with straps. Pinch back the main shoot when it grows to 6-8 leaves for the first time, and pinch it back a second time when it extends to 4-6 leaves. Do not pinch back weak shoots. Repeatedly pinch back lateral shoots, leaving 1-2 leaves, to control the leaf area index to 1.8-2.2, the new shoot growth to 1.2m-1.5m, and the light transmittance during the growing season to 20%-30%. ④ Winter pruning: Use short-shoot pruning, leaving 1-2 buds at the base of each fruiting branch.

[0015] (3) Fertilizer and water management: ① Soil mulching: Cover the grape planting ridges with black weed control cloth or organic materials such as straw, with a mulch thickness of 0.1m to 0.3m. ② Rational fertilization: Base fertilizer should mainly consist of organic fertilizer, applied in furrows from October to November each year, at a rate of 2 to 3 tons per mu. During the grape budding stage, young fruit development stage, second fruit enlargement stage, and the end of the harvest, apply 10 to 30 kg / mu of NPK compound fertilizer in sequence, and supplement with 0.5 kg / mu to 5 kg / mu of micronutrient fertilizer as needed. ③ Appropriate irrigation: Irrigate thoroughly one month before budding, keep the soil relatively dry from budding to flowering, keep the soil relatively moist from flowering to young fruit stage, and gradually reduce the amount of water from hardening to maturity. The grape planting field should not be waterlogged, and drainage should be carried out in time in case of flooding.

[0016] The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio in the above-mentioned compound fertilizer used for topdressing is 3-1:1-2:1-3. It is preferable to apply a compound fertilizer with N:P:K = 3:1:1 during the budding stage; N:P:K = 3:2:1 during the young fruit development stage; N:P:K = 1:1:3 during the second fruit enlargement stage; and N:P:K = 2:1:1 after harvest.

[0017] The above-mentioned appropriate irrigation method is preferably achieved by setting up a tensiometer in the field. Irrigation should be carried out when the soil moisture suction exceeds the critical points of 300 kPa before flowering, 120 kPa during flowering, 80 kPa during the young fruit stage, 180 kPa during the pit hardening stage, and 300 kPa during the ripening stage. Each irrigation should thoroughly irrigate until the tensiometer returns to zero. Grapevine fields must not be waterlogged; in case of flooding, drainage should be carried out promptly.

[0018] (4) Flower and Fruit Management: Thinning of bunches and fruits should be carried out according to the growth characteristics of different grape varieties. Leave 2 bunches on vigorous shoots, 1 bunch on moderately vigorous shoots, and no bunches on weak shoots. Seven days before flowering until the initial flowering stage, remove some secondary bunches, small bunches, or bunch tips according to variety requirements, retaining approximately 80-120 flower buds. Thin the fruits 5-15 days after full bloom, leaving 60-100 berries per bunch. Determine the number of bunches at 3000-3500 per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares), controlling the yield to 2000-2500 kg / mu (approximately 1000-1200 kg / mu). Bag the fruits after they have swelled, preferably on a sunny and dry day.

[0019] Seedless treatment was applied to the Shine Muscat and Muscat grape varieties. The inflorescences were first treated with a mixture of 15-25 mg / L gibberellin and 1-2 mg / L chlorpyrifos within 3 days after full bloom; a second treatment with 15-25 mg / L gibberellin was applied 12-15 days after full bloom.

[0020] (5) Pest and disease control: ① Physical control: Use one or more of the following methods to control pests and diseases: hang yellow sticky traps, pheromone attractants, sugar-vinegar solution, install insecticidal lamps, prune in winter, prune again in spring, scrape off bark, sweep up fallen leaves, and clean up the orchard to eliminate pathogens. ② Chemical control: Use low-toxicity and high-efficiency pesticides for spraying.

[0021] The above-mentioned chemical pesticides for the control of pests and diseases use one or more of the following: lime sulfur, cypermethrin, matrine, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, thiamethoxam, pyrethrum, Trichoderma, Sciglio, and Bordeaux mixture.

[0022] (6) Harvesting management: When the berries are fully ripe and the soluble solids content reaches more than 16%, they can be harvested.

[0023] The preferred steps for the above two saffron bulb pretreatment methods are as follows:

[0024] (1) Low temperature dormancy breaking: In September to October, place saffron bulbs at a temperature of 0℃ to 20℃ and a relative humidity of 70% to 95% for 1 to 10 days to break dormancy.

[0025] (2) Temperature regulation and sprouting: Place the dormant saffron bulbs at a temperature of 10℃~25℃ and a relative humidity of 50%~95% for 20 to 60 days until all the main buds and lateral buds sprout.

[0026] The saffron flowers mentioned above bloom during the germination period. The saffron flowers are harvested, the stigmas are removed, and the flowers are dried at low temperature to produce the finished saffron product.

[0027] (3) Remove lateral buds: Remove the lateral buds of the saffron bulb and keep the main bud. Leave 1 bud for saffron bulbs weighing less than 15 grams, 2 buds for saffron bulbs weighing 15 to 25 grams, and 2 to 3 buds for saffron bulbs weighing more than 25 grams.

[0028] (4) Seed soaking and disinfection: Before sowing, disinfect saffron bulbs by soaking them in an antibacterial agent for 30 to 600 seconds.

[0029] The antibacterial agents used for disinfecting saffron bulb soaking are one or more of the following: carbendazim, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, hymexazol, thiophanate-methyl, dichlorvos, and chlorothalonil.

[0030] The following steps are the preferred steps for the above three methods of saffron cultivation in greenhouses:

[0031] (1) Land preparation and fertilization: Remove gravel, broken bricks, branches, dead leaves and straw from the field between the two rows of grape planting ridges. Apply 2 to 4 tons of decomposed organic fertilizer and 30 to 50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer 10 to 30 days before sowing.

[0032] (2) Rotary tillage and ridging: Rotary tillage along the direction of the grape planting ridge until the soil is finely broken, with a tillage depth of more than 20cm, a ridge height of more than 10cm, a furrow depth of more than 15cm, a ridge width of 1.2m to 1.5m, and no limit on ridge length.

[0033] (3) Sowing and watering: Sow saffron bulbs in the greenhouse from November to December each year, with a sowing rate of 0.8 kg to 1.2 kg per square meter. Plant at a spacing of 5 cm to 10 cm between plants, 10 cm to 25 cm between rows, and a depth of 5 cm to 10 cm. Water thoroughly after sowing to help the roots settle.

[0034] (4) Field management: ① Watering: Keep the soil moist during the growing season. Water promptly when the soil surface is dry and white. Avoid waterlogging in saffron planting areas and drain water promptly in case of flooding. ② Weeding: Spray acetochlor for pre-emergence within 1-3 days after planting saffron. Manually remove weeds later. ③ Topdressing: Topdress 1-2 times per month during the growing season. Apply 5-15 kg / mu of NPK compound fertilizer each time, and supplement with 0.5-5 kg / mu of micronutrient fertilizer as needed. ④ Ventilation and temperature control: Keep the greenhouse windows closed for insulation from December to January. Open windows for ventilation when the temperature inside the greenhouse is higher than 15℃. At other times, keep the greenhouse windows open for ventilation. During the saffron production period, ensure that the temperature inside the greenhouse is between 5℃ and 20℃. The short-term extreme low temperature should not be lower than 0℃ and the extreme high temperature should not exceed 25℃.

[0035] (5) Harvesting the bulbs: Harvest the saffron bulbs in April and May after the above-ground parts of the saffron have withered.

[0036] Our cooperative conducted an experimental study on intercropping saffron with greenhouse grapes from 2022 to 2024. The results are as follows:

[0037] 1. Materials and Methods

[0038] 1.1 Materials

[0039] Saffron bulbs: Produced by Shanghai Yingzhou Saffron Planting Professional Cooperative.

[0040] 1.2 Methods

[0041] The experimental site was the Yingzhou Saffron Planting Base in Yunnan Village, Jianshe Town, Chongming District, Shanghai. The experimental plot had yellow sandy soil, good drainage, and was dry and sunny. An 8430 plastic film greenhouse was constructed, where Shine Muscat and Kyoho grapes were grown. The grapes had been planted for two years, and this experiment marked the third and fourth year of grape growth. Saffron was intercropped for the first time in November 2022, and saffron bulbs were harvested in early May 2023. The second planting was also intercropped with saffron in November 2023, and saffron bulbs were harvested in early May 2024.

[0042] 1.2.1 Planting Trial

[0043] 1.2.1.1 Effect of sowing time on bulb yield

[0044] Large-sized saffron bulbs were used in the experiment, with two main buds retained per bulb. Five different sowing dates were set up: October 30th, November 6th, November 13th, November 20th, and November 27th. The bulb weight for each treatment group was 5.0 kg. Three replicate plots were randomly arranged, resulting in a total of 15 treatment plots, each 5.0 m². 2 During the growing season, water and weed according to conventional planting methods. From December to March of the following year, apply 15 kg of compound fertilizer per month. In early May of the following year, after the green leaves wither, dig up the bulbs, remove the withered leaves and the remaining bulbs at the bottom, weigh them at the end of May, and calculate the yield.

[0045] 1.2.1.2 Effect of basal fertilizer application rate on bulb yield

[0046] The experiment used medium-sized bulbs, with two main buds retained per bulb. Four treatment groups were established, with the following base fertilizer applications per acre: 2 tons + 60 kg of organic fertilizer, 3 tons + 45 kg of compound fertilizer, 4 tons + 30 kg of compound fertilizer, and 5 tons + 15 kg of compound fertilizer. Each treatment group had bulbs weighing 5.0 kg. Three replicates were used, randomly arranged, for a total of 12 treatment plots, each 5.0 m². 2 During the growing season, water and weed according to conventional planting methods. From December to March of the following year, apply 15 kg of compound fertilizer per month. In early May of the following year, after the green leaves wither, dig up the bulbs, remove the withered leaves and the remaining bulbs at the bottom, weigh them at the end of May, and calculate the yield.

[0047] 1.2.1.3 Effect of Topdressing Amount on Bulb Yield

[0048] The experiment used medium-sized bulbs, with two main buds retained per bulb. Three treatment groups were established, each receiving 3.0 tons of commercial organic fertilizer as base fertilizer plus 45 kg / mu of compound fertilizer. Topdressing with 40, 60, and 80 kg / mu of compound fertilizer was applied on December 13, 2022, January 13, 2023, February 13, 2023, and March 13, 2023, respectively, at 20%, 20%, 30%, and 30% concentrations, respectively. The bulb weight in each treatment group was 5.0 kg. Three replicate plots were randomly arranged, resulting in a total of nine treatment plots, each 5.0 m². 2 In early May of the following year, after the green leaves withered, the bulbs were dug up, the withered leaves and the remaining bulbs at the bottom were removed, and the bulbs were weighed at the end of May to calculate the yield.

[0049] 1.2.1.4 Effect of Plant and Row Spacing on Bulb Yield

[0050] The experiment used medium-sized bulbs (slightly below the lower limit of their size), with two main buds retained per bulb. Three treatment groups were established, with a plant spacing of 10 cm and row spacing of 10, 15, and 20 cm, respectively. Each treatment group received 3.0 tons of commercial organic fertilizer and 50 kg of NPK compound fertilizer as base fertilizer. The bulb weight in each treatment group was 5.0 kg. The experiment was repeated three times, randomly arranged, resulting in a total of nine treatment plots, each 5.0 m². 2 During the growing season, water and weed according to conventional planting methods. From December to March of the following year, apply 15 kg of compound fertilizer per month. In early May of the following year, after the green leaves wither, dig up the bulbs, remove the withered leaves and the remaining bulbs at the bottom, weigh them at the end of May, and calculate the yield.

[0051] 1.2.1.5 Comparison of intercropping in greenhouses and open-field cultivation of grapes

[0052] The experiment used medium-sized bulbs, with two main buds retained per bulb. Three treatment groups were established, with a plant spacing of 10 cm and a row spacing of 20 cm. Each treatment group received 3.0 tons of commercial organic fertilizer and 45 kg of NPK compound fertilizer per acre as base fertilizer. The weight of the bulbs sown in each treatment group was 144 kg. Three replicates were used for both greenhouse intercropping and open-field planting, randomly arranged, for a total of six treatment plots, each 120 m². 2 During the growing season, watering and weeding were carried out using conventional planting methods. From December to March of the following year, 15 kg of compound fertilizer was applied monthly. On February 28th of the following year, the length and width of saffron leaves were measured, and the green clump rate was calculated on April 15th. Leaf length was measured from the ground to the tip of the entire saffron clump, and leaf width was measured at half the leaf length. Ten leaves were measured from each clump, and the average value was calculated. The leaf area of ​​the saffron was calculated by multiplying the leaf length by the leaf width. In early May, after the green leaves withered, the bulbs were dug up, and withered leaves and bottom bulb debris were removed. They were weighed at the end of May, and the yield was calculated. Six groups of saffron bulbs were placed in the same room for dormancy during the summer, and flowering was carried out indoors. After harvesting, they were dried at low temperature and tested according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standards.

[0053] The experimental design described above is shown in Table 1.

[0054] Table 1 Experimental Study Scheme for Intercropping Saffron and Grapes in Greenhouse

[0055]

[0056] 1.2.2 Saffron Quality Inspection Methods

[0057] Tested according to the standards for saffron in Part I of the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

[0058] 1.2.2.1 Characteristics

[0059] This product is linear, with three branches, and about 3cm long. It is dark red, wider and slightly flattened at the top, with irregularly serrated edges at the tip, a short fissure on the inner side, and sometimes a small section of yellow style remains at the bottom. It is light, soft, and lacks an oily luster; it becomes brittle and easily breaks after drying. It has a peculiar, slightly pungent odor and a slightly bitter taste.

[0060] 1.2.2.2 Identification

[0061] (1) The powder of this product is orange-red. Epidermal cells are elongated in surface view, with thin, slightly curved walls. Some have papillary or villous outer walls, and fine textures are faintly visible on the surface. The epidermal cells at the stigma apex are villous, with a diameter of 26–56 μm and sparse textures on the surface. Calcium oxalate crystals are aggregated in thin-walled cells, appearing as granules, round clusters, spindle shapes, or near-square shapes, with a diameter of 2–14 μm.

[0062] (2) When this product is immersed in water, an orange-yellow color can be seen descending in a straight line and gradually spreading, turning the water yellow without any sediment. The stigma is trumpet-shaped with short slits; it does not break when poked with a needle within a short time.

[0063] (3) Take a small amount of this product, place it on a white porcelain plate, add 1 drop of sulfuric acid, and the acid solution will turn from blue to purple and slowly turn reddish-brown or brown.

[0064] (4) Take the solution under the absorbance section and measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 458 nm according to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry method (General Rule 0401). The ratio of the absorbance at wavelengths of 458 nm to 432 nm should be 0.85 to 0.90.

[0065] (5) Take 20 mg of this product powder, add 1 ml of methanol, sonicate for 10 minutes, let stand to clarify, and take the supernatant as the test solution. Separately, take 20 mg of saffron reference material and prepare a reference material solution using the same method. Perform thin-layer chromatography (General Rule 0502). Apply 3–5 μl of each of the above two solutions to the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, using ethyl acetate-methanol-water (100:16.5:13.5) as the developing solvent. Develop, remove, and air-dry. Examine under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365 nm) respectively. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions as in the chromatogram of the reference material (operate in the dark).

[0066] 1.2.2.3 Inspection

[0067] (1) Loss on drying: Take 2g of this product, weigh it accurately, and dry it at 105℃ for 6 hours. The weight loss should not exceed 12.0% (General Rule 0831).

[0068] (2) Total ash content: not more than 7.5% (General Rule 2302).

[0069] (3) Absorbance: Take this product, place it in a silica gel desiccator, dry under reduced pressure for 24 hours, grind it into a fine powder, accurately weigh 30 mg, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add 70 ml of methanol, heat under reflux until the extract is colorless, cool, transfer the extract to a 100 ml volumetric flask (filter if necessary), wash the extractor several times with methanol, combine the washings in the same volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, and shake well. Accurately measure 5 ml, place it in a 50 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 432 nm according to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry method (General Rule 0401). The absorbance should not be lower than 0.50.

[0070] 1.2.2.4 Leaching matter

[0071] The extract shall be determined by hot leaching method under the method for determination of alcohol-soluble extracts (General Rule 2201), using 30% ethanol as solvent, and shall not be less than 55.0%.

[0072] 1.2.2.5 Content Determination

[0073] Operate in the dark. Determine by high performance liquid chromatography (General Rule 0512).

[0074] Chromatographic conditions and system suitability tests were performed using octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; acetonitrile as mobile phase A and water as mobile phase B, with gradient elution as specified in the table below; the detection wavelength for crocin was 254 nm, and the detection wavelengths for crocin-I and crocin-II were 440 nm. The theoretical plate number, calculated based on the crocin-I peak, should be no less than 3500.

[0075]

[0076]

[0077] Preparation of reference solutions: Take appropriate amounts of crocin-I reference standard, crocin-II reference standard, and crocinol reference standard, accurately weigh them, and add dilute ethanol to prepare solutions containing 30 μg of crocin-I, 12 μg of crocin-II, and 18 μg of crocinol per 1 ml, respectively.

[0078] Preparation of the test solution: Weigh approximately 10 mg of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve) accurately, place it in a 50 ml brown volumetric flask, add an appropriate amount of dilute ethanol, sonicate in an ice bath (300 W power, 50 kHz frequency) for 20 minutes, let it cool to room temperature, dilute with dilute ethanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and collect the filtrate to obtain the test solution.

[0079] Determination method: Accurately pipette 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution into the liquid chromatograph and determine the result.

[0080] This product, calculated on a dried basis, contains crocin-I (C 44H 64 O 24 ) and crocin-II (C 38 H 54 O 19 The total amount of ) shall not be less than 10.0%, containing crocin (C 16 H 26 O7) must not be less than 5.0%.

[0081] 2 Results and Analysis

[0082] 2.1 Effect of sowing time on bulb yield

[0083] Table 2 shows the effect of sowing time on saffron bulb yield. As can be seen, different planting times have a significant impact on saffron bulb growth. The highest critical point was November 6th, with a propagation coefficient of 2.68. As the planting date was advanced or delayed, the propagation coefficient of saffron bulbs decreased. Therefore, the optimal sowing time for saffron is determined to be November each year, with high yields achieved when sown in the first ten days of the month.

[0084] Table 2. Effects of different sowing dates on saffron bulb yield (n=3)

[0085]

[0086] 2.2 Effects of base fertilizer application on saffron bulbs

[0087] The amount of base fertilizer applied has a significant impact on saffron bulb yield. With increasing organic fertilizer application, saffron bulb yield initially increases and then decreases. The highest yield was achieved with a base fertilizer of (3 tons of organic fertilizer + 50 kg of NPK compound fertilizer), reaching 1741 kg / mu (see Table 3). In terms of yield increase, the organic fertilizer-NPK compound fertilizer ratio (3 tons: 50 kg / mu) offered the best cost-effectiveness. Subsequently, with further increases in organic fertilizer application, saffron bulb yield actually decreased.

[0088] Table 3. Effect of basal fertilizer application rate on saffron bulb yield (n=3)

[0089]

[0090] 2.3 Effect of Topdressing Amount on Saffron Corm Yield

[0091] The effects of topdressing amount on saffron bulb yield are shown in Table 4. The experimental results indicate that saffron yield gradually increases with increasing topdressing amount, demonstrating a significant effect of topdressing on yield increase. Compound fertilizer (NPK) is a fast-acting fertilizer that can quickly meet the nutritional needs of saffron. Due to the heavy workload in large-scale planting, topdressing is generally carried out by broadcasting before rain. Granular compound fertilizer is less likely to cause phytotoxicity and has a significant effect as topdressing, but it still has the problem of slow onset of action. Generally, it takes 7-10 days for compound fertilizer to decompose and be absorbed by saffron after topdressing. For saffron with a relatively short growth cycle, faster-acting, directly usable fertilizers, such as ammonium bicarbonate and potassium nitrate, should be preferred. These fertilizers serve as a beneficial supplement to organic fertilizer and can be applied in planting practice.

[0092] Table 4. Effect of topdressing amount on saffron bulb yield (n=3)

[0093]

[0094] 2.4 Effect of plant and row spacing on saffron bulb yield

[0095] Planting density has a significant impact on saffron bulb yield, as detailed in Table 5. Table 2 shows that when planting densities are 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 kg / m², the average yield of each plot is 10.7, 13.9, and 14.1 kg / m², respectively. This indicates that as planting density increases, plot yield gradually increases, but the propagation coefficient gradually decreases. Considering the costs of bulbs, land, and fertilizer, as well as the saffron bulb yield, the optimal planting density is 0.8–1.2 kg / m², which translates to a sowing density of 533.6–800.4 kg / mu and a yield of 1191.7–1540.8 kg / mu. This ensures a high propagation coefficient and the target yield per mu.

[0096] Table 5. Effect of plant spacing on saffron bulb yield (n=3)

[0097]

[0098]

[0099] 2.5 Comparison of intercropping grapes in greenhouses and open-field saffron cultivation

[0100] Compared with open-field cultivation, the yield of saffron bulbs per mu (667 square meters) increased from 1272.64 kg to 2089.04 kg, an increase of 64.2%. The propagation coefficient increased from 1.59 to 2.61, an increase of 1.02. The net value-added coefficient increased by 1.73 times, showing a significant increase in yield. See Table 6 for details.

[0101] Table 6. Comparison of saffron bulb yield between greenhouse grapes intercropped with saffron and open-field saffron (n=3)

[0102]

[0103] Intercropping saffron with grapes in greenhouses avoids the impact of low winter temperatures on the effective growing time of saffron bulbs. The temperature inside the greenhouse is significantly higher than in open-field cultivation, preventing the inhibitory effects of cold waves and frost on saffron growth. This results in saffron leaves increasing in length by 0.5 times, leaf width by 0.3 times, and leaf area by 0.9 times. The green clump rate of saffron intercropped with grapes in greenhouses is slightly lower than that in open-field cultivation, but the difference is not significant.

[0104] Table 7. Statistical results of leaf area and green burl rate of saffron intercropped with greenhouse grapes and grown in open fields.

[0105]

[0106] 2.6 Quality Inspection Results of Greenhouse Grape Intercropping and Open-Field Saffron Cultivation

[0107] The quality inspection results of the finished saffron are shown in Table 8. As can be seen from Table 8, the quality of saffron intercropped with greenhouse grapes is consistent with that of saffron grown in open fields, and both meet the standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

[0108] Table 8. Quality Comparison of Greenhouse Grape Intercropping and Open-Field Saffron Cultivation

[0109]

[0110]

[0111] The advantages of this invention are as follows:

[0112] 1. Greenhouse grapes are widely cultivated in my country, with fewer pests and diseases and high quality. However, many greenhouses only grow grapes, resulting in very low utilization rates during the winter and spring dormancy period when grapes shed their leaves, leading to resource waste. This invention utilizes greenhouse space from November to May of the following year during the grape dormancy period and the early budding and leaf unfolding stage, as well as 2 / 3 to 3 / 4 of the open space inside the greenhouse, to intercrop saffron. This fully utilizes the greenhouse's land, space, temperature, and light resources, increasing the multiple cropping index and significantly improving economic benefits. While ensuring the normal growth of greenhouse grapes, it also increases saffron yield, and the saffron propagation coefficient increases from 1.59 for open-field planting to 2.61 for the greenhouse grape intercropping method of this invention. Preliminary calculations show that, with the same input, the net profit of greenhouse grape intercropping with saffron is 2.7 times that of open-field planting.

[0113] 2. Open-field saffron cultivation is easily affected by climate conditions. Late autumn sowing often encounters heavy rains, delaying planting and missing the optimal sowing period. Winter cold waves, spring high temperatures, and spring and autumn rains all restrict saffron yield, quality, and sowing, especially in the Jianghuai region, where frost lasts from early October to the end of March, covering about 80% of the saffron's growing season. Prolonged frost restricts normal saffron growth, resulting in a low propagation coefficient and low yield per acre, making large-scale reproduction difficult. However, intercropping saffron with greenhouse grapes not only avoids the impact of wind and rain, but also provides multiple functions during the saffron's growing season, such as winter insulation, spring shading, and rain and frost protection. This significantly improves the saffron's microenvironment, increasing the saffron bulb propagation coefficient by more than 40% in the same latitude region and raising the commercial grade of saffron by more than one grade. Utilizing 2 / 3 to 3 / 4 of the land area in greenhouse grape cultivation for intercropping saffron results in a higher yield per acre than open-field cultivation, achieving large-scale and standardized production of saffron bulbs.

[0114] 3. Under natural conditions, saffron bulbs sprout from late September to early October. However, before the end of October, greenhouse grapes have not yet shed their leaves, resulting in insufficient sunlight and excessively high temperatures, making sowing unsuitable. Therefore, this invention adds a pretreatment step for saffron bulbs, extending the dormancy-breaking and sprouting time to 30-60 days. This postpones the sowing period of saffron to November-December after grape leaf fall, ensuring a smooth transition between saffron and grape crop rotation. Furthermore, by standardizing the removal of lateral buds, the number of saffron tillers is controlled, increasing the weight and quality of individual saffron bulbs and preventing bulb degeneration. Detailed Implementation

[0115] The present invention will be further illustrated below with reference to specific embodiments. These embodiments should be understood as illustrative only and do not limit the scope of protection of the present invention. After reading the description of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make various alterations or modifications to the present invention, and these equivalent changes and modifications also fall within the scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

[0116] Example 1: Intercropping of Shine Muscat grapes with saffron in greenhouses

[0117] The greenhouse facilities adopt the LP8430 standardized multi-span greenhouse, with a single span width of 8m, shoulder height of 3m, and top height of 4m. The greenhouse is covered with 0.12mm PEP film, with gutter and two-way roll-up skylights, and worm gear roll-up windows on the sides, with the window area exceeding 50% of the greenhouse surface area.

[0118] 1. Greenhouse grape cultivation

[0119] (1) Planting and Shaping: Grapes are planted below the gutters supported by pillars at the connection between two greenhouses, with a plant spacing of 3.5m and a row spacing of 8m (the span of the greenhouse), resulting in 24 vines per acre. The grape planting trench is 1m wide and 0.6m deep, and the planted ridges are 1.5m wide. The ridges are covered with black weed control fabric and shaped using a horizontal trellis with two main vines in a "I" shape. After the seedlings sprout, retain two plump buds and remove the rest. When the leaves reach 10cm, remove weak branches and guide the vigorous vine onto the trellis to develop it into a main stem. Pinch the main stem 20cm-30cm below the trellis to encourage the growth of two lateral shoots. Guide these shoots to both sides along the direction perpendicular to the grape planting ridge to develop them into main vines. Pinch the shoots at the junction with the main vines of the adjacent row. Pinch each lateral shoot on the main vine after it has 3 leaves, and then repeatedly pinch it after 2 leaves and 1 leaf until the leaves fall, cultivating the lateral shoots as fruiting mother plants for the following year. The main stem of a one-year-old plant is 2.5cm to 3.0cm thick, and the main vine is 1.2cm to 1.5cm thick.

[0120] (2) Pruning Management: Retain 2000-2500 fruiting mother plants per mu. During the budding period, thin out secondary buds, dormant buds, basal buds, and adventitious buds in 2-3 stages. After the flower spikes appear, thin out overly dense new shoots according to the density of new shoots on the trellis, maintaining a spacing of 15cm-20cm between new shoots, and tie them to the wire with straps. Pinch back the main shoot when it grows to 6-8 leaves for the first time, and pinch it back a second time when it extends to 4-6 leaves. Do not pinch back weak shoots. Repeatedly pinch back secondary shoots, leaving 1-2 leaves, to maintain a leaf area index of 1.8-2.2, a new shoot growth of 1.2m-1.5m, and a light transmittance of 20%-30% during the growing season. Use short pruning in winter, leaving 1-2 buds at the base of each fruiting branch.

[0121] (3) Fertilizer and water management: ① Apply commercial organic fertilizer in trenches every October, using 2 to 3 tons per mu. Apply chemical fertilizer during the growing season: apply 10 kg / mu of N:P:K=3:1:1 NPK compound fertilizer during the budding stage; apply 30 kg / mu of N:P:K=3:2:1 NPK compound fertilizer during the young fruit development stage; apply 30 kg / mu of N:P:K=1:1:3 NPK compound fertilizer during the second fruit enlargement stage; apply 20 kg / mu of N:P:K=2:1:1 NPK compound fertilizer after harvest; supplement with micronutrient fertilizer as needed, 0.5 kg / mu to 5 kg / mu. ② Irrigate appropriately: irrigate thoroughly one month before budding, keep the soil relatively dry from budding to flowering, keep the soil relatively moist from flowering to young fruit stage, and gradually reduce the amount of water from pit hardening to maturity. Set up a water tensiometer in the field, and irrigate when the soil water suction exceeds the critical point of each growth stage. The critical points of soil suction are as follows: 300 kPa before flowering, 120 kPa during flowering, 80 kPa during the young fruit stage, 180 kPa during the pit hardening stage, and 300 kPa during maturity. Each irrigation should be thorough until the water tension meter returns to zero. Grapevines must not be waterlogged; in case of flooding, drainage should be carried out promptly.

[0122] (4) Flower and fruit management: ① Thinning flowers and retaining spikelets: Leave 2 spikelets on vigorous shoots, 1 spikelet on ordinary shoots, and no spikelets on weak shoots. 7 days before flowering to the first flowering, remove secondary spikelets and smaller spikelets below them, leaving spikelets with a tip length of 4cm-6cm (15-20 nodes) and 80-100 flower buds. ② Seedless treatment: Within 3 days after full bloom, perform the first inflorescence soaking treatment with a mixture of 15mg / L gibberellin and 1mg / L chlorpyrifos; within 12-15 days after full bloom, perform the second inflorescence soaking treatment with 25mg / L gibberellin. ③ Fruit bunch sorting: 7 days after the first inflorescence soaking treatment, thin the fruit, leaving 60-70 fruits per bunch. Thin the bunches 3 weeks after the first inflorescence soaking treatment, in 2-3 times, with a fixed number of bunches of 3000-3500 per mu, controlling the yield to 2000-2500 kg / mu. ④ Bagging: 30 days after the second inflorescence soaking treatment, bag the fruit after it has expanded, preferably on a sunny and dry day.

[0123] (5) Pest and disease control: ① Physical control: Hang yellow sticky traps, pheromone attractants, and sugar-vinegar solution in the greenhouse, and install insecticidal lamps. Clean the orchard and remove pathogens by winter pruning, spring pruning, scraping off bark, and sweeping up fallen leaves. ② Chemical control: Use one or more of the following for control: lime sulfur, cypermethrin, matrine, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, thiamethoxam, pyrethrum, Trichoderma, Squalane, and Bordeaux mixture.

[0124] (6) Harvesting and management: When the berries are fully ripe, the peel is light green or greenish-yellow, and the soluble solids content reaches more than 18%, they can be harvested.

[0125] 2. Pretreatment of saffron bulbs

[0126] (1) Low temperature dormancy breaking: In early September, place saffron bulbs at a temperature of 0℃~10℃ and a relative humidity of 70%~95% for 1 to 4 days to break dormancy.

[0127] (2) Temperature regulation and sprouting: Place the dormant saffron bulbs at a temperature of 10℃~25℃ and a relative humidity of 50%~95% for 40 to 60 days until all the main buds and lateral buds have sprouted. If the saffron flowers bloom during the sprouting period, harvest the saffron flowers, peel off the stigma, and dry them at low temperature to make the finished saffron product.

[0128] (3) Remove lateral buds: Remove the lateral buds of the saffron bulb and keep the main bud. Leave 1 bud for saffron bulbs weighing less than 15 grams, 2 buds for saffron bulbs weighing 15 to 25 grams, and 2 to 3 buds for saffron bulbs weighing more than 25 grams.

[0129] (4) Seed soaking disinfection: Before sowing, disinfect saffron bulbs by soaking them in hypochlorous acid for 30-120 seconds.

[0130] 3. Saffron cultivation in greenhouses

[0131] (1) Land preparation and fertilization: Remove broken bricks, grape branches, dead leaves and straw from the fields between grape planting ridges. At the end of October, apply 4 tons / mu of decomposed organic fertilizer and 30 kg / mu of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.

[0132] (2) Rotary tillage and ridging: Rotary tillage along the direction of the grape planting ridge until the soil is finely broken, with a tillage depth of more than 20cm, a ridge height of more than 10cm, a furrow depth of more than 15cm, a ridge width of 1.5m, and no limit on ridge length.

[0133] (3) Sowing and watering: Sow from the end of September to the beginning of October. The sowing amount is 0.8 kg to 1.2 kg per square meter. The plant spacing is 5 cm to 10 cm, the row spacing is 10 cm to 25 cm, and the planting depth is 5 cm to 10 cm. Water thoroughly after sowing to help the roots settle.

[0134] (4) Field Management: ① Watering: Keep the soil moist during the growing season. Water promptly when the soil surface appears dry and whitish. Saffron planting areas should avoid waterlogging; drain water promptly in case of flooding. ② Weeding: Manually remove weeds. ③ Fertilizing: Apply fertilizer 1-2 times per month, using 5-15 kg / mu of NPK compound fertilizer each time, and supplement with 0.5-5 kg / mu of micronutrient fertilizer as needed. ④ Ventilation and Temperature Control: From December to January of the following year, keep the greenhouse windows closed for insulation. When the temperature inside the greenhouse exceeds 15℃, open the windows appropriately for ventilation. From November to February to May of the following year, open the windows for ventilation. During the saffron growing season, ensure the temperature inside the greenhouse is between 5℃ and 20℃, with short-term extreme low temperatures not falling below 0℃ and extreme high temperatures not exceeding 25℃.

[0135] (5) Harvesting the bulbs: Harvest the saffron bulbs after the above-ground parts of the saffron have withered from the end of April to the beginning of May.

[0136] Example 2: Intercropping of Kyoho grapes with saffron in greenhouses

[0137] The greenhouse facilities adopt the LP6425 standardized multi-span greenhouse, with a single span width of 6m, shoulder height of 2.5m, and top height of 4m. The greenhouse is covered with 0.10mm PEP film, with gutter and two-way roll-up skylights, and worm gear roll-up windows on the sides, with the window area exceeding 50% of the greenhouse surface area.

[0138] 1. Greenhouse grape cultivation

[0139] (1) Planting and Shaping: Grapes are planted below the ridge of the greenhouse, with a plant spacing of 2.5m and a row spacing of 6m (the span of the greenhouse), resulting in 44 grapevines per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). The grape planting trench is 0.8m wide and 0.3m deep, and the planted ridges are 0.8m wide. The ridges are covered with straw to a thickness of 20cm-30cm. A horizontal trellis system with two main vines is used, grouped in an "H" shape. After the seedlings sprout, two plump buds are retained, and the rest are removed. When the leaves reach 10cm, weak branches are removed, and one vigorous vine is trained onto the trellis to become the main stem. The main stem is pinched off 20cm-30cm from the bottom of the trellis to encourage the growth of two lateral shoots. These shoots are trained along the parallel direction of the grape planting ridges to both sides of the trellis, and pinched off at 1.2m-1.7m to encourage the growth of two lateral shoots. The lateral shoots are trained along the direction perpendicular to the grape planting ridges to become the main vines, and pinched off at the junction of the main vines of adjacent rows and plants. Pinching back each lateral shoot on the main vine after it has 3 leaves is done. Repeat this pinching process, pinching back after 2 leaves and then after 1 leaf until the leaves fall. These lateral shoots are then trained to become fruiting mother plants for the following year. The one-year-old main stem should be 2.5cm–3.0cm in diameter, and the main vine should be 1.2cm–1.5cm in diameter.

[0140] (2) Pruning Management: Retain 2000-2500 fruiting mother plants per mu. During the budding period, thin out secondary buds, dormant buds, basal buds, and adventitious buds in 2-3 stages. After the flower spikes appear, thin out overly dense new shoots according to the density of new shoots on the trellis, maintaining a spacing of 15cm-20cm between new shoots, and tie them to the wire with straps. Pinch back the main shoot when it grows to 6-8 leaves for the first time, and pinch it back a second time when it extends to 4-6 leaves. Do not pinch back weak shoots. Repeatedly pinch back secondary shoots, leaving 1-2 leaves, to maintain a leaf area index of 1.8-2.2, a new shoot growth of 1.2m-1.5m, and a light transmittance of 20%-30% during the growing season. Use short pruning in winter, leaving 1-2 buds at the base of each fruiting branch.

[0141] (3) Fertilizer and water management: ① Apply commercial organic fertilizer in trenches every November, at a rate of 2-3 tons per mu. Topdressing during the growing season is mainly chemical fertilizer. Apply 30 kg of N:P:K=3:1:1 NPK compound fertilizer during the budding stage; apply 20 kg / mu of N:P:K=3:2:1 NPK compound fertilizer during the young fruit development stage; apply 25 kg / mu of N:P:K=1:1:3 NPK compound fertilizer during the second fruit enlargement stage; apply 15 kg / mu of N:P:K=2:1:1 NPK compound fertilizer after harvest; supplement with micronutrient fertilizers at appropriate times, ranging from 0.5 kg / mu to 5 kg / mu. ② Irrigate appropriately: Irrigate thoroughly one month before budding, keep the soil relatively dry from budding to flowering, keep the soil relatively moist from flowering to young fruit stage, and gradually reduce the amount of water from pit hardening to maturity. Set up a water tensiometer in the field, and irrigate when the soil water suction exceeds the critical point of each growth stage. The critical points of soil suction are as follows: 300 kPa before flowering, 120 kPa during flowering, 80 kPa during the young fruit stage, 180 kPa during the pit hardening stage, and 300 kPa during maturity. Each irrigation should be thorough until the water tension meter returns to zero. Grapevines must not be waterlogged; in case of flooding, drainage should be carried out promptly.

[0142] (4) Flower and fruit management: ① Thinning of flowers and spikes: Leave 2 spikes on vigorous shoots, 1 spike on ordinary shoots, and no spikes on weak shoots. 7 days before flowering until the first flowering, remove secondary spikes and 1 / 4 to 1 / 5 of the spike tip, leaving 90 to 120 flower buds on each spike. ② Fruit bunch arrangement: Leave 60 to 80 fruits on each spike, and adjust the number of spikes in 2 to 3 times, according to 3000 to 3500 spikes per mu, controlling the yield to 2000 kg / mu to 2500 kg / mu. ③ Bagging: Bag the fruit after it has swelled, preferably on a sunny and dry day.

[0143] (5) Pest and disease control: ① Physical control: Hang yellow sticky traps, pheromone attractants, and sugar-vinegar solution in the greenhouse, and install insecticidal lamps. Clean the orchard and eliminate pathogens through winter pruning, spring pruning, scraping off bark, and sweeping up fallen leaves. ② Chemical control: Use one or more of the following for control: lime sulfur, cypermethrin, matrine, thiamethoxam, pyrethrum, Trichoderma, Scylla, and Bordeaux mixture.

[0144] (6) Harvesting management: When the berries are fully ripe and the soluble solids content reaches more than 16%, they can be harvested.

[0145] 2. Pretreatment of saffron bulbs

[0146] (1) Low temperature dormancy breaking: In early October, place saffron bulbs at a temperature of 5℃~20℃ and a relative humidity of 70%~95% for 5 to 10 days to break dormancy.

[0147] (2) Temperature regulation and sprouting: Place the dormant saffron bulbs at a temperature of 10℃~25℃ and a relative humidity of 50%~95% for 20 to 40 days until all the main buds and lateral buds have sprouted. If the saffron flowers bloom during the sprouting period, harvest the saffron flowers, peel off the stigma, and dry them at low temperature to make the finished saffron product.

[0148] (3) Remove lateral buds: Remove the lateral buds of the saffron bulb and keep the main bud. Leave 1 bud for saffron bulbs weighing less than 15 grams, 2 buds for saffron bulbs weighing 15 to 25 grams, and 2 to 3 buds for saffron bulbs weighing more than 25 grams.

[0149] (4) Seed soaking disinfection: Before sowing, disinfect saffron bulbs by soaking them in the antibacterial drug carbendazim for 120-360 seconds.

[0150] 3. Saffron cultivation in greenhouses

[0151] (1) Land preparation and fertilization: Remove broken bricks, grape branches, dead leaves and straw from the fields between the grape planting ridges in the greenhouse, and apply 2 tons / mu of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50 kg / mu of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.

[0152] (2) Rotary tillage and ridging: Rotary tillage along the direction of the grape planting ridge until the soil is finely broken, with a tillage depth of more than 20cm, a ridge height of more than 10cm, a furrow depth of more than 15cm, a ridge width of 1.2m, and no limit on ridge length.

[0153] (3) Sowing and watering: Sow in mid-November. The sowing amount is 0.8kg to 1.2kg per square meter. The plant spacing is 5cm to 10cm, the row spacing is 10cm to 25cm, and the planting depth is 5cm to 10cm. Water thoroughly after sowing to help the roots settle.

[0154] (4) Field Management: ① Watering: Keep the soil moist during the growing season. Water promptly when the soil surface becomes dry and whitish. Saffron planting areas should avoid waterlogging; drain water promptly in case of flooding. ② Weeding: Spray with acetochlor three days after sowing. Manually remove weeds that grow later. ③ Fertilization: Apply fertilizer once or twice a month, using 5 kg / mu to 15 kg / mu of NPK compound fertilizer each time, and supplement with 0.5 kg / mu to 5 kg / mu of micronutrient fertilizer as needed. ④ Ventilation and Temperature Control: Keep greenhouse windows closed for insulation from December to January of the following year. Open windows appropriately for ventilation when the temperature inside the greenhouse exceeds 15℃. Open windows for ventilation from February to May of the following year. During saffron production, ensure the temperature inside the greenhouse is between 5℃ and 20℃, with short-term extreme low temperatures not falling below 0℃ and extreme high temperatures not exceeding 25℃.

[0155] (5) Harvesting the bulbs: In early May, after the above-ground parts of the saffron wither, the saffron bulbs are harvested.

[0156] Example 3: Drunken Golden Fragrance Grapes as Saffron

[0157] The greenhouse adopts the Dutch Venlo-style glass greenhouse, with a single span width of 8m, shoulder height of 4.5m, and roof height of 5.0m. The greenhouse is covered with 5mm tempered glass, with glass skylights on both sides of the gutter, and movable aluminum alloy glass sliding windows on the sides, with the window area exceeding 50% of the greenhouse surface area.

[0158] 1. Greenhouse grape cultivation

[0159] (1) Planting and Shaping: Grapes are planted below the gutters of the glass greenhouse, with a plant spacing of 3m and a row spacing of 8m (the span of the greenhouse), resulting in 28 grapevines per acre. The grape planting trench is 1.5m wide and 0.5m deep, and the planted ridges are 1.2m wide. The ridges are covered with black weed control fabric and shaped into "H"-shaped groups using a horizontal trellis with two main vines. After the seedlings sprout, retain two plump buds and remove the rest. When the leaves reach 10cm, remove weak branches and guide the vigorous vine onto the trellis to develop it into a main stem. Pinch the main stem 20cm-30cm below the trellis to encourage the growth of two lateral shoots. Guide these shoots along the vertical direction of the planting ridges to both sides of the trellis to develop them into main vines. Pinch the shoots at the junction with the main vines of the adjacent row. Pinch each lateral shoot on the main vine after it has 3 leaves, and then repeatedly pinch it after 2 leaves and 1 leaf until the leaves fall, cultivating the lateral shoots as fruiting mother plants for the following year. The main stem diameter of one-year-old plants is 2.0cm to 2.5cm, and the main vine diameter is 1.0cm to 1.5cm. After pruning, retain 2000 to 2500 fruiting mother plants per acre, with a leaf area index of 1.8 to 2.2, new shoot growth of 1.2m to 1.5m, and light transmittance of 20% to 30% during the growing season.

[0160] (2) Pruning Management: Retain 1500-3000 fruiting mother plants per mu (667 square meters). During the budding period, thin out secondary buds, dormant buds, basal buds, and adventitious buds in 2-3 stages. After the flower spikes appear, thin out overly dense new shoots according to the density of new shoots on the trellis, maintaining a spacing of 15cm-20cm between new shoots, and tie them to the wire with straps. Pinch back the main shoot when it grows to 6-8 leaves for the first time, and pinch it back a second time when it extends to 4-6 leaves. Do not pinch back weak shoots. Repeatedly pinch back secondary shoots, leaving 1-2 leaves, to maintain a leaf area index of 1.8-2.2, a new shoot growth of 1.2m-1.5m, and a light transmittance of 20%-30% during the growing season. Use short pruning in winter, leaving 1-2 buds at the base of each fruiting branch.

[0161] (3) Fertilizer and water management: ① Apply commercial organic fertilizer in trenches every November, at a rate of 2-3 tons per mu. Topdressing during the growing season is mainly chemical fertilizer. Apply 15 kg / mu of N:P:K=3:1:1 NPK compound fertilizer during the budding stage; apply 25 kg / mu of N:P:K=3:2:1 NPK compound fertilizer during the young fruit development stage; apply 20 kg / mu of N:P:K=1:1:3 NPK compound fertilizer during the second fruit enlargement stage; apply 30 kg / mu of N:P:K=1:1:1 NPK compound fertilizer after harvest; supplement with micronutrient fertilizers at appropriate times, ranging from 0.5 kg / mu to 5 kg / mu. ② Irrigate appropriately: Irrigate thoroughly one month before budding, keep the soil relatively dry from budding to flowering, keep the soil relatively moist from flowering to young fruit stage, and gradually reduce the amount of water from pit hardening to maturity. Set up a water tensiometer in the field, and irrigate when the soil water suction exceeds the critical point of each growth stage. The critical points of soil suction are as follows: 300 kPa before flowering, 120 kPa during flowering, 80 kPa during the young fruit stage, 180 kPa during the pit hardening stage, and 300 kPa during maturity. Each irrigation should be thorough until the water tension meter returns to zero. Grapevines must not be waterlogged; in case of flooding, drainage should be carried out promptly.

[0162] (4) Flower and fruit management: ① Thinning of spikelets: Leave 2 spikelets on vigorous shoots, 1 spikelet on ordinary shoots, and no spikelets on weak shoots. 7 days before flowering to the initial flowering stage, remove secondary spikelets, some spikelets, and spike tips, leaving 100-120 flower buds per spike. ② Seedless treatment: Within 3 days after full bloom, perform the first inflorescence soaking treatment with a mixture of 25 mg / L gibberellin and 2 mg / L chlorpyrifos; within 12-15 days after full bloom, perform the second inflorescence soaking treatment with 15 mg / L gibberellin. ③ Fruit bunch arrangement: Leave 70-100 fruits per bunch, and adjust the bunch size in 2-3 times, at a rate of 3000-3500 bunches per mu, controlling the yield to 2000-2500 kg / mu. ④ Bagging: Bag the fruit after it has swelled, preferably on a sunny and dry day.

[0163] (5) Pest and disease control: ① Physical control: Hang yellow sticky traps, pheromone attractants, and sugar-vinegar solution in the greenhouse; install insecticidal lamps; clean the garden to remove pathogens; prune in winter and repeat pruning in spring; scrape off the bark; and promptly clean up fallen leaves. ② Chemical control: Use one or more of the following for control: lime sulfur, cypermethrin, matrine, thiamethoxam, pyrethrum, Trichoderma, Scylla, and Bordeaux mixture.

[0164] (6) Harvesting management: When the berries are fully ripe and the soluble solids content reaches more than 17%, they can be harvested.

[0165] 2. Pretreatment of saffron bulbs

[0166] (1) Low temperature dormancy breaking: In late September, place saffron bulbs at a temperature of 5℃~15℃ and a relative humidity of 70%~95% for 4 to 8 days to break dormancy.

[0167] (2) Temperature regulation and sprouting: Place the dormant saffron bulbs at a temperature of 10℃~25℃ and a relative humidity of 50%~95% for 30 to 50 days until all the main buds and lateral buds have sprouted. If the saffron flowers bloom during the sprouting period, harvest the saffron flowers, peel off the stigma, and dry them at low temperature to make the finished saffron product.

[0168] (3) Remove lateral buds: Remove the lateral buds of the saffron bulb and keep the main bud. Leave 1 bud for saffron bulbs weighing less than 15 grams, 2 buds for saffron bulbs weighing 15 to 25 grams, and 2 to 3 buds for saffron bulbs weighing more than 25 grams.

[0169] (4) Seed soaking disinfection: Before sowing, saffron bulbs are soaked in the antibacterial drug matrine for 300-600 seconds to disinfect them.

[0170] 3. Saffron cultivation in greenhouses

[0171] (1) Land preparation and fertilization: In October, remove broken bricks, grape branches, dead leaves and straw from the fields between the two rows of grape planting ridges, and apply 3 tons / mu of decomposed organic fertilizer and 40 kg / mu of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.

[0172] (2) Rotary tillage and ridging: Rotary tillage along the direction of the grape planting ridge until the soil is finely broken, with a tillage depth of more than 20cm, a ridge height of more than 10cm, a furrow depth of more than 15cm, a ridge width of 1.4m, and no limit on ridge length.

[0173] (3) Sowing and watering: Sow in November each year, with a sowing rate of 0.8 kg to 1.2 kg per square meter. The plant spacing is 5 cm to 10 cm, the row spacing is 10 cm to 25 cm, and the planting depth is 5 cm to 10 cm. Water thoroughly after sowing to help the roots settle.

[0174] (7) Field Management: ① Watering: Keep the soil moist during the growing season. Water promptly when the soil surface turns dry and white. Saffron planting areas should avoid waterlogging and should be drained promptly in case of flooding. ② Weeding: Manually remove weeds. ③ Fertilizing: Apply fertilizer once or twice a month during the growing season, using 5 kg / mu to 15 kg / mu of NPK compound fertilizer each time, and supplement with 0.5 kg / mu to 5 kg / mu of micronutrient fertilizer as needed. ④ Ventilation and Temperature Control: Keep the greenhouse windows closed for insulation from December to January. When the temperature inside the greenhouse is higher than 15℃, open the windows for ventilation. In November and from February to May of the following year, open the windows for ventilation. During the saffron production period, ensure that the temperature inside the greenhouse is between 5℃ and 20℃, and that the short-term extreme low temperature does not fall below 0℃ and the extreme high temperature does not exceed 25℃.

[0175] (8) Harvesting the bulbs: Harvest the saffron bulbs in mid-to-late April after the above-ground parts of the saffron have withered.

Claims

1. A highly efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropped with saffron, characterized in that, The method comprises a greenhouse grape planting method, a saffron corm pretreatment method and a greenhouse saffron planting method, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) Greenhouse grape planting method: planting grapes in a greenhouse facility, using horizontal shed frame to shape according to "I" type or "H" type, using short shoot pruning in winter, leaving 1-2 buds at the base of each fruiting branch, reserving 1500-3000 mother plants per mu, reserving 2500-4000 flower spikes per mu, leaving 50-150 fruits per spike, leaf face coefficient 1.6-2.4, new shoot growth 1.0-1.8 m, light transmittance 10-30% during growth period. (2) Saffron corm pretreatment method: place saffron corms in a germination chamber, place them at 0-20℃ for 1-10 days to break dormancy, continue to germinate at 10-25℃ for 20-60 days until the main lateral buds germinate, remove the lateral buds and leave the main buds, and soak the seeds in antibacterial drugs for disinfection for more than 30 seconds. (3) Greenhouse saffron planting method: 2 tons / mu ~ 4 tons / mu of organic fertilizer is applied on the land between the 2 rows of grape planting ridges, 30 kg / mu ~ 50 kg / mu of chemical fertilizer is applied, rotary plowing is performed to form ridges, 0.7 kg / m 2 ~ 1.5 kg / m 2 Saffron corms are sown after pretreatment, water is applied in a timely manner during growth, 1 ~ 2 times of topdressing is applied every month, 5 kg ~ 15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer is applied each time, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 0 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, the extreme low temperature is not less than -2 ℃ for a short time, the extreme high temperature is not more than 30 ℃, and saffron corms are harvested when the above-ground part of saffron withers.

2. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 1, characterized in that, The following methods are preferred for greenhouse grape planting: (1) Seedling planting: grape seedlings are planted under the ridge or one side of a single-span greenhouse, one row per span; grape seedlings are planted under the ridge of a single greenhouse or under the gutter supported by the column at the connection of two-span greenhouses, one row per span, with a plant distance of 2.5-3.5 m and a row distance of the greenhouse span, usually 6-8 m, 24-44 plants per mu. The grape planting trench is 0.8-1.5 m wide and 0.3-0.6 m deep, and the planted grape ridge is 0.8-1.5 m wide. (2) Pruning: ①Shaping: horizontal trellis adopts "I" type or "H" type shaping. ②Shaping of young trees: "I" type: after germination of young seedlings, 2 full buds are left and the rest are removed. When leaves are 10 cm long, weak branches are removed and the one with strong growth is guided to the main stem on the trellis. At 20-30 cm from the bottom of the main stem, the main stem is pinched to promote 2 secondary shoots. The secondary shoots are guided to the two sides of the trellis along the vertical direction of the grape planting ridge, and the main vine is cultivated by pinching the intersection with the main vine of the adjacent plant. Each secondary shoot on the main vine is pinched after 3 leaves, and then 2 leaves and 1 leaf are repeatedly pinched until the leaves fall off, and the secondary shoot is cultivated as the fruiting mother plant of the second year. "H" type: after germination of young seedlings, 2 full buds are left and the rest are removed. When leaves are 10 cm long, weak branches are removed and the one with strong growth is guided to the main stem on the trellis. At 20-30 cm from the bottom of the main stem, the main stem is pinched to promote 2 secondary shoots. The secondary shoots are guided to the two sides of the trellis along the parallel direction of the grape planting ridge, and at 1.2-1.7 m, the secondary shoots are pinched again to promote 2 secondary shoots, which are guided along the vertical direction of the grape planting ridge to cultivate the main vine. The main vine is pinched at the intersection with the main vine of the adjacent plant. Each secondary shoot on the main vine is pinched after 3 leaves, and then 2 leaves and 1 leaf are repeatedly pinched until the leaves fall off, and the secondary shoot is cultivated as the fruiting mother plant of the second year. ③New shoot management: 2000-2500 plants of fruiting mother plants are retained per mu, and the secondary buds, latent buds, basal buds and adventitious buds are removed in 2-3 times during the germination period. After the appearance of flower clusters, the dense new shoots are removed according to the density of new shoots on the trellis, and the distance between new shoots is maintained at 15-20 cm. The new shoots are tied to the iron wire with a band. The main stem is pinched for the first time when it grows to 6-8 leaves, and for the second time when it grows to 4-6 leaves. The weak shoots are not pinched, and the secondary shoots are pinched repeatedly with 1-2 leaves. The leaf area index is controlled at 1.8-2.2, the growth of new shoots is 1.2-1.7 m, and the light transmittance during the growth period is 20-30%. ④Winter pruning: short shoot pruning is adopted, and 1-2 buds are left at the base of each fruiting branch. (3) Fertilization and irrigation management: ①Soil covering: black grass prevention cloth or organic matter such as straw is used to cover the grape planting ridge, and the thickness of the straw covering is 0.1-0.3 m. ②Reasonable fertilization: organic fertilizer is mainly used as base fertilizer, which is applied in strips in October-November every year, and 2-3 tons of fertilizer is applied per mu. 10-30 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is applied per mu in turn during the germination period of grape, the development period of young fruit, the second swelling period and the growth period after harvesting, and the N:P:K of the compound fertilizer is 3-1:1-2:1-3. 0.5-5 kg of trace element fertilizer is applied per mu in time. ③Appropriate irrigation: once large irrigation is carried out 1 month before germination, and the soil is kept relatively dry from germination to flowering. The soil is kept relatively moist from flowering to the young fruit stage, and the water is gradually reduced from the hard core to the mature stage. The grape planting field cannot be waterlogged, and timely drainage is carried out in case of flood. (4) Flower and fruit management: according to the growth characteristics of different varieties of grape, thinning and fruit management are carried out. 2 buds are left for vigorous shoots, 1 bud for medium shoots, and no bud for weak shoots. 7 days before flowering to the beginning of flowering, according to the requirements of the variety, remove part of the secondary buds, small buds or bud tips, and leave about 80-150 flower buds. Thinning is carried out 5-15 days after flowering, and 60-100 fruits are left per bud. The number of buds is controlled at 3000-3500 per mu, and the yield is controlled at 2000-2500 kg per mu. After the fruit expands, it is bagged, and the bagging is preferably done on a dry sunny day. (5) Disease and pest control: ① Physical control: hang yellow plates, sex attractants, sugar vinegar liquid, install insecticidal lamps, prune in winter, re-prune in spring, scrape off tree bark, clean up fallen leaves, and clean up pathogens in the garden. ② Chemical control: use low-toxicity and high-efficiency pesticides for spraying. (6) Harvest management: when the berries are fully ripe and the soluble solids reach more than 16%, they can be harvested.

3. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 1, characterized in that, The following methods are preferred for the pretreatment of saffron corms: (1) Low-temperature dormancy breaking: in early September to early October, place the saffron corms in a temperature of 0-20℃ and an air relative humidity of 70-95% for 1-10 days to break dormancy. (2) Temperature adjustment and germination: place the saffron corms that have broken dormancy in a temperature of 10-25℃ and an air relative humidity of 50-95% for 20-60 days to germinate the main and lateral buds. (3) Removing lateral buds: remove the lateral buds of the saffron corms, leaving the main bud. For corms weighing less than 15 grams, leave 1 bud; for corms weighing 15-25 grams, leave 2 buds; for corms weighing more than 25 grams, leave 2-3 buds. (4) Seed soaking and disinfection: before sowing, soak and disinfect the saffron corms with antibacterial drugs for 30-600 seconds.

4. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for planting saffron in a greenhouse includes the following steps: (1) Land preparation and fertilization: remove stones, bricks, branches, dead leaves, and straw from the field between the two grape planting ridges. 10-30 days before sowing, evenly apply 2-4 tons of well-rotted organic fertilizer and 30-50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer. (2) Rotary tillage and ridging: rotary tillage along the direction of the grape planting ridge to make the soil fine and broken, with a depth of more than 20 cm, a ridge height of more than 10 cm, a trench depth of more than 15 cm, a ridge width of 1.2-1.5 m, and no limit to the ridge length. (3) Sowing and watering: sow the saffron corms in the greenhouse from November to December each year, with a sowing amount of 0.8-1.2 kg per square. Plant with a plant spacing of 5-10 cm, a row spacing of 10-25 cm, and a depth of 5-10 cm. After sowing, water thoroughly to fix the roots. (4) Field management: ① Watering: keep the soil moist during the growing period, and water in time when the soil surface is found to be dry and white; avoid water accumulation in saffron planting areas, and drain water in time in case of floods; ② Weeding: spray ethylammonium within 1-3 days after planting saffron to block, and manually remove weeds later; ③ Fertilization: mainly use chemical fertilizer, apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 5 kg / mu-15 kg / mu every month during the growing period, and supplement trace element fertilizer 0.5 kg / mu-5 kg / mu in time; ④ Ventilation and temperature control: close the windows for heat preservation in the greenhouse from December to January, and open the windows for ventilation when the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than 15℃, and the temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 5℃-20℃ during the production of saffron, and the extreme low temperature is not lower than 0℃ and the extreme high temperature is not higher than 25℃. (5) Harvesting corms: from April to May, harvest saffron corms after the aboveground part of saffron withers.

5. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 1, characterized in that, The greenhouse facility includes any one of single-span plastic film greenhouse, multi-span plastic film greenhouse, multi-span glass greenhouse, multi-span sunlight panel greenhouse, multi-span plastic film and glass greenhouse, multi-span plastic film and sunlight panel greenhouse, and multi-span sunlight panel and glass greenhouse.

6. The efficient planting method of the greenhouse grape interplanted with saffron according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The greenhouse facility is preferably an intelligent greenhouse with temperature and humidity monitoring and feedback, and linkage of window and shading net to control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse.

7. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The appropriate amount of water for the grape is preferably to set a water tension meter in the field, and when the soil water suction force exceeds the critical point of 300 Kpa before flowering, 120 Kpa during flowering, 80 Kpa during young fruit stage, 180 Kpa during hard core stage, and 300 Kpa during mature stage, water is irrigated, and each irrigation should be irrigated to the point where the water tension meter returns to zero.

8. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 2, characterized in that, The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium element ratio in the ternary compound fertilizer for grape fertilization is 3-1:1-2:1-3.

9. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropped with saffron according to claim 2, characterized in that, The chemical control pesticide for grape is one or several of stone sulfur mixture, jianmeng, sophoramine, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, thiamethoxam, pyrethrum, trichoderma, shijiale, and bordeaux mixture.

10. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropped with saffron according to claim 3, characterized in that, The antibacterial drug for saffron corm seed soaking and disinfection is one or several of carbendazim, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, huangweiling, zhewailing, methylthiophanate, dikarson, and chlorothalonil.

11. The efficient planting method of greenhouse grape intercropping saffron according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The method for seedless treatment of grape is to use a mixed solution of 15 mg / L-25 mg / L gibberellin and 1 mg / L-2 mg / L forchlorfenuron to treat the flower sequence for the first time within 3 days after flowering, and use 15 mg / L-25 mg / L gibberellin to treat the flower sequence for the second time within 12-15 days after flowering.

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