Flexible perovskite battery and preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to a flexible perovskite battery and a preparation method and application thereof. The perovskite cell is packaged through flexible glass; the structure of the perovskite cell sequentially comprises a lower flexible glass layer, a functional layer and an upper flexible glass layer from bottom to top, the flexible glass is arranged on the periphery of the flexible perovskite cell; the water vapor transmittance of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer is smaller than or equal to 10 <-6 > g / m < 2 > / day. The technical problem to be solved is how to provide a flexible perovskite cell which adopts flexible glass as a packaging material and has good water and oxygen barrier performance, and the service life of the perovskite cell is prolonged.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of perovskite batteries, and particularly relates to a flexible perovskite battery and a preparation method and application thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] The flexible perovskite battery has broad application prospects in the fields of wearable electronics and building integrated photovoltaics due to the advantages of lightweight, bendability and low cost. However, the short service life of the device caused by the high sensitivity of perovskite materials to water and oxygen has become a core bottleneck for industrialization.

[0003] Currently, the mainstream packaging adopts a "sandwich" laminated structure, and a polymer packaging adhesive such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or polyolefin elastomer (POE) is used to sandwich the battery chip, and then a flexible polymer plate such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI) or a composite film coated with a barrier layer is used as a water and oxygen barrier layer on both sides. However, the barrier performance of the polymer substrate is limited, and even high-quality barrier films are difficult to stably achieve an ultra-low permeability of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) <10⁻ 6 g / m² / day, and there are pinhole defects and aging attenuation problems, which increase the risk of water and oxygen permeation and reduce the service life of the perovskite battery. SUMMARY

[0004] The main purpose of the present application is to provide a flexible perovskite battery and a preparation method and application thereof, and the technical problem to be solved is to provide a flexible perovskite battery which uses flexible glass as a packaging material and has good water and oxygen barrier performance to improve the service life of the perovskite battery.

[0005] The purpose of the present application and the technical problem to be solved are achieved by using the following technical scheme. According to the present application, a flexible perovskite battery is provided, and the perovskite battery is packaged by flexible glass. The structure of the perovskite battery from bottom to top includes, in sequence, a lower flexible glass layer, a functional layer and an upper flexible glass layer. The flexible perovskite battery is provided with the flexible glass around the periphery. The water vapor transmission rate of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer is ≤10 -6 g / m 2 / day.

[0006] Preferably, the flexible perovskite battery described above, wherein the thickness of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer is 30-100 μm.

[0007] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the flexible perovskite solar cell further includes an upper buffer layer and a lower buffer layer; the upper buffer layer is disposed between the upper flexible glass layer and the functional layer; the lower buffer layer is disposed between the lower flexible glass layer and the functional layer; the elastic modulus of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is 1 to 100 MPa.

[0008] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the thickness of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is 5–50 μm; and the material of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is a polymer.

[0009] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the flexible perovskite solar cell further includes an upper encapsulating film layer and a lower encapsulating film layer; the upper encapsulating film layer is disposed between the upper buffer layer and the functional layer; the lower encapsulating film layer is disposed between the lower buffer layer and the functional layer; the functional layer is a battery chip layer.

[0010] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the materials of the upper encapsulation film layer and the lower encapsulation film layer are selected from any one of polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-polyethylene copolymer, and thermoplastic polyurethane film.

[0011] The objective of this invention and the solution to its technical problem are also achieved by the following technical solution. A method for preparing a flexible perovskite solar cell according to this invention includes the following steps: The lower flexible glass layer, the lower encapsulation film layer, the functional layer, the upper encapsulation film layer, and the upper flexible glass layer are stacked sequentially from bottom to top, and then laminated. After lamination, a laser beam is used to partially melt and fuse the edges of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer together to form a glass sealing edge, thus obtaining the flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0012] Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing flexible perovskite solar cells includes the following specific steps: 1) Pretreatment: The surfaces of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer are subjected to plasma treatment; 2) Preparation of upper and lower buffer layers: A polymer is coated on the surfaces of the plasma-treated upper and lower flexible glass layers and cured to obtain the upper and lower buffer layers; 3) Setting up the laminated structure: The lower flexible glass layer, the lower encapsulation film layer, the functional layer, the upper encapsulation film layer and the upper flexible glass layer obtained in step 2) are stacked from bottom to top to obtain the laminated preform. 4) Lamination: The laminated preform is laminated to melt and flow the encapsulating film layer and bond the layers together to form a preliminary encapsulation; 5) Laser sealing: Using a laser beam, the edges of the device after initial encapsulation are scanned and heated to partially melt and fuse the edges of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer together to form a glass sealing edge, thus obtaining the flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0013] Preferably, in the aforementioned method for preparing flexible perovskite solar cells, the plasma treatment is atmospheric pressure plasma or low-pressure plasma; the processing power of the plasma treatment is 100-1000W, and the processing time is 10-300s; the power of the laser beam is 10-50W, and the scanning speed is 10-100mm / s.

[0014] The objectives of this invention and the solutions to its technical problems are also achieved by the following technical solutions. According to this invention, a solar panel is provided, comprising the aforementioned flexible perovskite cell.

[0015] By employing the above technical solutions, the flexible perovskite solar cell, its preparation method, and its application proposed in this invention have at least the following advantages: The perovskite solar cell disclosed in this invention is encapsulated using ultrathin flexible glass as the main barrier layer. This material exhibits ultra-low water and oxygen permeability, with a water-to-oxygen permeability (WVTR) of less than 10⁻⁻⁶. 6 The g / m² / day ratio enables the construction of a near-defect-free barrier system, eliminating the need for additional water and oxygen barrier coatings. This simplifies the process and avoids potential defects at the coating interface.

[0016] The ultrathin flexible glass used in this invention possesses excellent optical properties, with extremely high light transmittance (>91%), a colorless and transparent appearance, and outstanding stability under ultraviolet light. Compared to traditional polymer substrates that are prone to yellowing due to ultraviolet aging, the structure of this invention overcomes this defect, ensuring that the incident light flux of the encapsulated component remains stable throughout its entire service life. This, in turn, guarantees the high optical collection efficiency of the perovskite solar cell, enabling the encapsulated component to maintain excellent optical performance and superior weather resistance.

[0017] The above description is merely an overview of the technical solution of the present invention. In order to better understand the technical means of the present invention and to implement it in accordance with the contents of the specification, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the flexible perovskite solar cell of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the distance between the edge of the lower buffer layer and the edge of the upper flexible glass layer in this invention; Figure 3The data are experimental data on the residual efficiency after tortuosity in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.

[0019] Among them, 1. lower flexible glass layer, 2. upper flexible glass layer, 3. functional layer, 4. lower buffer layer, 5. upper buffer layer, 6. lower encapsulation film layer, 7. upper encapsulation film layer, 8. distance between the edge of the lower buffer layer and the edge of the upper flexible glass layer. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To further illustrate the technical means and effects adopted by the present invention to achieve its intended purpose, the following, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, details the specific implementation methods, structures, features, and effects of a flexible perovskite solar cell, its preparation method, and its applications according to the present invention. In the following description, different "embodiments" or "embodiments" do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, specific features, structures, or characteristics in one or more embodiments can be combined in any suitable manner.

[0021] This invention proposes a flexible perovskite solar cell, which is encapsulated by flexible glass. The structure of the perovskite solar cell, from bottom to top, includes: a lower flexible glass layer, a functional layer, and an upper flexible glass layer. The flexible glass is disposed on all four sides of the flexible perovskite solar cell. The water vapor transmission rate of the upper and lower flexible glass layers is ≤10%. -6 g / m 2 / day.

[0022] like Figure 1 As shown, the perovskite solar cell disclosed in this invention uses a double-layer ultrathin flexible glass as the core barrier system, and its bulk material has ultra-low water and oxygen permeability characteristics—water and oxygen transmission rate (WVTR) is less than 10⁻ 6 g / m² / day, constructing a near-defect-free barrier from the intrinsic material level. Compared to traditional polymer substrate composite solutions that rely on additional coatings to achieve barrier properties, this invention directly utilizes the high barrier properties of the flexible glass substrate, eliminating the need for inorganic / organic coating deposition. This avoids the interface defect risks of coating processes and simplifies the packaging process.

[0023] The water-oxygen permeability (WVTR) disclosed in this invention is less than 10⁻ 6 g / m² / day refers to the mass of water vapor that permeates through a unit area of ​​material per unit time. The lower this value, the stronger the material's water vapor barrier properties. The WVTR of this invention is measured in g / m² / day, which means the mass of water vapor that permeates through 1 m² of material per day. 2 The mass of water vapor in flexible glass (g).

[0024] In terms of edge encapsulation technology, this invention employs laser melting technology to seamlessly integrate the upper and lower flexible glass layers. By controlling the operating parameters of a carbon dioxide laser, a molten zone is formed at the edge of the upper and lower flexible glass layers, which is then rapidly cooled and solidified, ultimately generating an inorganic sealing edge that is completely homogeneous with the main glass. The chemical composition of this sealing structure is completely identical to that of the upper and lower flexible glass layers, completely eliminating potential permeation channels at the heterogeneous interface. Secondly, the fused region maintains the same ultra-low water and oxygen permeability as the substrate, ensuring that the edge barrier performance is indistinguishable from the main body. Finally, the all-inorganic sealing structure effectively blocks edge permeation paths common in traditional composite encapsulation, achieving 360° barrier without dead angles and greatly extending the device's lifespan.

[0025] The flexible perovskite solar cell disclosed in this invention is surrounded by flexible glass, meaning that the layered structure of the flexible perovskite solar cell (lower encapsulation film layer, battery chip layer, and upper encapsulation film layer, etc.) is all wrapped with flexible glass. This structure is achieved by laser melting of the upper and lower flexible glass layers.

[0026] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the thickness of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer is 30–100 μm.

[0027] This invention discloses the thicknesses of the upper and lower flexible glass layers, maintaining structural strength while meeting flexible bending requirements, forming a double-layer barrier system that combines flexibility and mechanical support. This thickness design optimizes the stress distribution of the glass layers, ensuring that no cracks or interlayer slippage occur during repeated bending, fundamentally guaranteeing the long-term mechanical reliability of the encapsulation structure.

[0028] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the flexible perovskite solar cell further includes an upper buffer layer and a lower buffer layer; the upper buffer layer is disposed between the upper flexible glass layer and the functional layer; the lower buffer layer is disposed between the lower flexible glass layer and the functional layer; the elastic modulus of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is 1 to 100 MPa.

[0029] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the thickness of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is 5–50 μm; and the material of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is a polymer.

[0030] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the polymer is selected from thermoplastic polyurethane or polyurethane.

[0031] In existing technologies, there is a mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion and modulus between brittle glass and the organic layer. This mismatch causes excessive stress concentration at the interface when the material is bent, which can easily lead to delamination or cracking, seriously affecting device performance and lifespan.

[0032] To address this issue, this invention discloses a low-modulus polymer buffer layer disposed between the flexible glass layer and the functional layer, with its elastic modulus strictly controlled within the range of 1–100 MPa. This buffer layer effectively absorbs, buffers, and uniformly disperses the shear stress and interfacial stress generated during repeated bending. This structure significantly alleviates stress concentration caused by modulus mismatch between the brittle glass and the organic polymer layer, effectively preventing the generation and propagation of glass microcracks. Simultaneously, it avoids the risk of delamination or separation between functional layers due to modulus differences, providing a reliable guarantee for the stable operation of the device.

[0033] Meanwhile, based on this structural design, the present invention simultaneously optimizes the thickness of the flexible glass layer, limiting the thickness of both the upper and lower flexible glass layers to 30–100 μm. This thickness ensures that the flexible glass has sufficient strength to support bending deformation, while further enhancing the adhesion of the interlayer interface, comprehensively guaranteeing the reliability of the encapsulation structure during long-term use.

[0034] The present invention discloses that the polymer is selected from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or polyurethane (PU), which are common materials on the market, and therefore will not be described in detail here.

[0035] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the areas of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer are smaller than those of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer.

[0036] In the technical solution disclosed in this invention, the areas of the upper and lower buffer layers must be smaller than the areas of the upper and lower flexible glass layers; that is, the area of ​​the upper buffer layer is smaller than the area of ​​the upper flexible glass layer, and the area of ​​the lower buffer layer is smaller than the area of ​​the lower flexible glass layer. This is because of the significant difference in material properties between the buffer layer and the flexible glass layer: the buffer layer is made of polymer materials, preferably polyurethane or thermoplastic polyurethane, and the thermal decomposition temperature of such materials is much lower than the softening point of flexible glass, making them highly susceptible to oxidation and charring in the temperature range of 200–300°C. Therefore, during the implementation of the laser edge sealing process, it is essential to strictly ensure that the laser beam does not irradiate the upper and lower buffer layers to prevent them from losing their original function and effect due to charring.

[0037] Furthermore, such as Figure 2As shown, a certain distance should be maintained between the edge of the lower buffer layer 1 and the edge of the lower flexible glass layer 4, specifically, the edge distance 8 should be reduced by 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Similarly, the edge of the upper buffer layer and the edge of the upper flexible glass layer should also maintain the same reduced distance range, i.e., reduced by 0.5 to 1.5 cm. It is worth noting that it is only necessary to ensure that the distance between the four edges of the buffer layer and the four edges of the flexible glass layer is 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and they do not need to be the same.

[0038] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the flexible perovskite solar cell further includes an upper encapsulating film layer and a lower encapsulating film layer; the upper encapsulating film layer is disposed between the upper buffer layer and the functional layer; the lower encapsulating film layer is disposed between the lower buffer layer and the functional layer; the functional layer is a battery chip layer.

[0039] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the materials of the upper encapsulation film layer and the lower encapsulation film layer are selected from any one of polyolefin elastomer (POE), ethylene-vinyl acetate-polyethylene copolymer (EPE), and thermoplastic polyurethane film.

[0040] Preferably, in the aforementioned flexible perovskite solar cell, the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer require plasma pretreatment.

[0041] This invention addresses the problem of excessively smooth flexible glass surfaces leading to bonding failure of the buffer layer by employing plasma pretreatment technology to achieve surface functionalization modification. This technology effectively activates the originally inert flexible glass surface, simultaneously constructing a rough microstructure on its surface. After this treatment, both the surface energy and roughness of the interface between the flexible glass layer and the buffer layer are significantly improved. Specifically, the untreated flexible glass layer has a relatively low surface energy of approximately 35–40 mN / m and a surface roughness Ra of less than 0.5 nm, exhibiting an extremely smooth microstructure. However, the flexible glass layer treated with the plasma pretreatment technology of this invention experiences a significant increase in surface energy to over 75 mN / m and an increase in surface roughness Ra to 1.5 nm, thereby greatly enhancing the bonding strength between the flexible glass layer and the buffer layer. In practical applications, this effectively prevents interface delamination when the device undergoes complex and harsh conditions such as bending, thermal cycling, or impact, ensuring the long-term durability and reliability of the packaged component in dynamic flexible applications.

[0042] The structure of the flexible perovskite solar cell disclosed in this invention is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, from bottom to top, the layers are: lower flexible glass layer, lower buffer layer, lower encapsulation film layer, battery chip layer, upper encapsulation film layer, upper buffer layer, and upper flexible glass layer.

[0043] This invention also proposes a method for preparing flexible perovskite solar cells, the steps of which include: The lower flexible glass layer, the lower encapsulation film layer, the functional layer, the upper encapsulation film layer, and the upper flexible glass layer are stacked sequentially from bottom to top, and then laminated. After lamination, a laser beam is used to partially melt and fuse the edges of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer together to form a glass sealing edge, thus obtaining the flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0044] Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing flexible perovskite solar cells includes the following specific steps: 1) Pretreatment: The surfaces of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer are subjected to plasma treatment; 2) Preparation of upper and lower buffer layers: A polymer is coated on the surfaces of the plasma-treated upper and lower flexible glass layers and cured to obtain the upper and lower buffer layers; 3) Setting up the laminated structure: The lower flexible glass layer, the lower encapsulation film layer, the functional layer, the upper encapsulation film layer and the upper flexible glass layer obtained in step 2) are stacked from bottom to top to obtain the laminated preform. 4) Lamination: The laminated preform is laminated to melt and flow the encapsulating film layer and bond the layers together to form a preliminary encapsulation; 5) Laser sealing: Using a laser beam, the edges of the device after initial encapsulation are scanned and heated to partially melt and fuse the edges of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer together to form a glass sealing edge, thus obtaining the flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0045] Preferably, in the aforementioned method for preparing flexible perovskite solar cells, the plasma treatment is atmospheric pressure plasma or low-pressure plasma; the processing power of the plasma treatment is 100-1000W, and the processing time is 10-300s; the power of the laser beam is 10-50W, and the scanning speed is 10-100mm / s.

[0046] Preferably, in the aforementioned method for fabricating flexible perovskite solar cells, the laser beam is generated by a carbon dioxide laser or a fiber laser.

[0047] The plasma treatment, coating, lamination, and laser edge sealing processes involved in this invention all fall within the scope of mature industrial technologies. These processes possess excellent controllability, enabling easy and precise control and automated integration, providing solid technical support for large-scale, high-efficiency production.

[0048] The laser sealing process disclosed in this invention has the unique advantages of being fast, precise, and contactless, effectively avoiding many drawbacks of traditional organic adhesive sealing methods, such as environmental pollution, material aging and deformation, and difficulty in ensuring process consistency. Using this technology, the production yield and efficiency can be significantly improved, product quality enhanced, and production costs reduced.

[0049] The preparation method disclosed in this invention is as follows: 1) Preprocessing: The flexible glass material was cut to the required size for the experiment. Then, the surface of the flexible glass was carefully wiped with isopropanol to remove surface grease. Finally, the glass surface was dried with nitrogen to further remove particulate impurities. 2) Plasma surface activation: 2.1) Place the pretreated flexible glass in the plasma processing chamber, and then evacuate the chamber to a vacuum state of 0.1 to 1 Torr; 2.2) Introduce high-purity oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and inert gas into the chamber, and control the gas flow rate to maintain the chamber pressure at 0.2–1 Torr; 2.3) Activate the radio frequency plasma source and apply 10 to 100 W of radio frequency power to generate plasma in the chamber. Expose the glass surface to the plasma environment for 30 to 180 seconds to introduce polar functional groups such as hydroxyl and peroxy groups into the glass surface and form a roughened structure at the microscale, thereby improving the surface energy of the flexible glass.

[0050] 3) Preparation of the buffer layer: 3.1) On the surface of the plasma-activated flexible glass, thermoplastic polyurethane or polyurethane solution is uniformly coated by solution coating, and the coating thickness is controlled to be 3-10 μm. Then, the film is cured by UV curing or thermal curing to ensure the formation of a continuous, uniform and transparent buffer layer.

[0051] 4) Laying the encapsulation layer: In a clean working environment, such as Figure 1 As shown, the layers are laid in the following order from bottom to top: 4.1) Place the lower flexible glass plate with the buffer layer coated on the bottom layer; the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate is placed facing upwards; 4.2) Lay a lower encapsulation film layer on the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate, and then cut out the central area of ​​the lower encapsulation film layer to place the battery chip layer. 4.3) Precisely place the battery chip layer (light absorption layer facing up) within the cutout area of ​​the lower encapsulation film layer; 4.4) Lay an upper encapsulating film layer on the battery chip; 4.5) Cover the top layer with a flexible glass plate coated with thermoplastic polyurethane or polyurethane buffer layer with the buffer layer facing down, ensuring that the edges of the upper and lower glass plates are aligned, to form a stacked prefabricated body of "lower flexible glass layer / upper buffer layer / lower encapsulation film layer / battery chip / upper encapsulation film layer / lower buffer layer / upper flexible glass layer".

[0052] 5) Packaging: The obtained laminated preform is placed in a vacuum laminator, and a vacuum is drawn until the chamber pressure is below 100 Pa to remove interlayer air. It is then heated to 150°C while applying a pressure of 0.4 MPa and maintained under these conditions for 15 minutes. During this process, the encapsulating film melts and flows, completely filling the gaps between layers and forming a tight bond with the upper and lower buffer layers and the battery chip under pressure. Afterward, it is cooled to room temperature, and the pre-encapsulated component is removed.

[0053] 6) Laser melting edge sealing: 6.1) The laminated component is fixed on a precision moving platform. A continuous-output carbon dioxide laser (output wavelength 10.6 μm) is used, and the laser beam is focused on the edge of the component after passing through a focusing lens. The laser power is set to 25W, and the moving platform moves the component at a speed of 40 mm / s, so that the laser beam scans around the four edges of the component. The laser energy is absorbed by the glass, causing the edges of the upper and lower flexible glass layers to be instantly heated to a molten state (approximately 100 μm deep).

[0054] 6.2) After the laser scan, the molten glass cools and resolidifies rapidly, thereby fusing the upper and lower glass layers together directly at the edge to form a uniform, dense inorganic glass sealing edge with a width of about 300 μm. This achieves full encapsulation and gas-tight packaging of the internal structure, resulting in a flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0055] The present invention also proposes a solar panel comprising the aforementioned flexible perovskite cell.

[0056] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but this should not be construed as a limitation on the scope of protection of the present invention. Some non-essential improvements and adjustments made by those skilled in the art based on the above description of the present invention still fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0057] Unless otherwise specified, all materials and reagents mentioned below are commercially available products well known to those skilled in the art; unless otherwise specified, all methods described are methods known in the art. Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used should have the ordinary meaning understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0058] Example 1 A method for fabricating a flexible perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps: 1) Preprocessing: The flexible glass material was cut to the required size for the experiment. Then, the surface of the flexible glass was carefully wiped with isopropanol to remove surface grease. Finally, the glass surface was dried with nitrogen to further remove particulate impurities. 2) Plasma surface activation: 2.1) Place the pretreated flexible glass in the plasma processing chamber, and then evacuate the chamber to a vacuum of 0.1 Torr; 2.2) Introduce a mixture of high-purity oxygen and inert gas into the chamber, controlling the gas flow rate to maintain the chamber pressure at 0.2 Torr; 2.3) Activate the radio frequency plasma source and apply 10W of radio frequency power to generate plasma in the chamber, exposing the glass surface to the plasma environment for 30 seconds.

[0059] 3) Preparation of the buffer layer: 3.1) On the surface of the plasma-activated flexible glass, a thermoplastic polyurethane solution is uniformly coated by solution coating, and the coating thickness is controlled at 3μm. Then, the film is cured by UV curing or thermal curing to obtain a thermoplastic polyurethane buffer layer.

[0060] 4) Laying the encapsulation layer: In a clean working environment, such as Figure 1 As shown, the layers are laid in the following order from bottom to top: 4.1) Place the lower flexible glass plate coated with a thermoplastic polyurethane buffer layer at the bottom layer; the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate is placed facing upwards; 4.2) Lay a layer of lower POE encapsulation film on the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate, and then cut out the central area of ​​the lower encapsulation film layer to place the battery chip layer. 4.3) Precisely place the battery chip layer (light absorption layer facing up) within the cutout area of ​​the lower POE encapsulation film; 4.4) Lay a layer of POE encapsulation film on the battery chip; 4.5) Cover the top layer with the upper flexible glass plate coated with thermoplastic polyurethane buffer layer and with the buffer layer facing down, ensuring that the edges of the upper and lower glass plates are aligned, to form a stacked prefabricated body of "lower flexible glass layer / upper thermoplastic polyurethane buffer layer / lower POE encapsulation film / battery chip / upper POE encapsulation film / lower thermoplastic polyurethane buffer layer / upper flexible glass layer".

[0061] 5) Packaging: The obtained laminated preform is placed in a vacuum laminator and evacuated until the cavity pressure is below 100 Pa to remove interlayer air. Then it is heated to 150°C while applying a pressure of 0.4 MPa and held under these conditions for 15 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the pre-encapsulated component is removed.

[0062] 6) Laser melting edge sealing: 6.1) The laminated component is fixed on a precision moving platform. A continuous-output carbon dioxide laser (output wavelength 10.6 μm) is used, and the laser beam is focused on the edge of the component after passing through a focusing lens. The laser power is set to 25W, and the moving platform moves the component at a speed of 40 mm / s, so that the laser beam scans around the four edges of the component. The laser energy is absorbed by the glass, causing the edges of the upper and lower flexible glass layers to be instantly heated to a molten state (approximately 100 μm deep).

[0063] 6.2) After the laser scan, the molten glass cools and resolidifies rapidly, thereby fusing the upper and lower glass layers together directly at the edge to form a uniform, dense inorganic glass sealing edge with a width of about 300 μm. This achieves full encapsulation and gas-tight packaging of the internal structure, resulting in a flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0064] Example 2 A method for fabricating a flexible perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps: 1) Preprocessing: The flexible glass material was cut to the required size for the experiment. Then, the surface of the flexible glass was carefully wiped with isopropanol to remove surface grease. Finally, the glass surface was dried with nitrogen to further remove particulate impurities. 2) Plasma surface activation: 2.1) Place the pretreated flexible glass in the plasma processing chamber, and then evacuate the chamber to a vacuum state of 1 Torr; 2.2) Introduce a mixture of oxygen and inert gas into the chamber, controlling the gas flow rate to maintain the chamber pressure at 1 Torr; 2.3) Activate the radio frequency plasma source and apply 100W of radio frequency power to generate plasma in the chamber, exposing the glass surface to the plasma environment for 180 seconds.

[0065] 3) Preparation of the buffer layer: 3.1) A low-modulus polyurethane solution is uniformly coated onto the surface of the plasma-activated flexible glass using a solution coating method, with the coating thickness controlled at 10 μm. The film is then cured by UV curing or thermal curing to obtain a polyurethane buffer layer.

[0066] 4) Laying the encapsulation layer: In a clean working environment, such asFigure 1 As shown, the layers are laid in the following order from bottom to top: 4.1) Place the lower flexible glass plate coated with a polyurethane buffer layer at the bottom layer; the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate is placed facing upwards; 4.2) Lay a layer of lower POE encapsulation film on the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate, and then cut out the central area of ​​the lower encapsulation film layer to place the battery chip layer. 4.3) Precisely place the battery chip layer (light absorption layer facing up) within the cutout area of ​​the lower POE encapsulation film; 4.4) Lay a layer of POE encapsulation film on the battery chip; 4.5) Cover the top layer with the upper flexible glass plate coated with polyurethane buffer layer and the buffer layer facing down, ensuring that the edges of the upper and lower glass plates are aligned, to form a stacked prefabricated body of "lower flexible glass layer / upper polyurethane buffer layer / lower POE encapsulation film / battery chip / upper POE encapsulation film / lower polyurethane buffer layer / upper flexible glass layer".

[0067] 5) Packaging: The obtained laminated preform is placed in a vacuum laminator and evacuated until the cavity pressure is below 100 Pa to remove interlayer air. Then it is heated to 150°C while applying a pressure of 0.4 MPa and held under these conditions for 15 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the pre-encapsulated component is removed.

[0068] 6) Laser melting edge sealing: 6.1) The laminated component is fixed on a precision moving platform. A continuous-output carbon dioxide laser (output wavelength 10.6 μm) is used, and the laser beam is focused on the edge of the component after passing through a focusing lens. The laser power is set to 25W, and the moving platform moves the component at a speed of 40 mm / s, so that the laser beam scans around the four edges of the component. The laser energy is absorbed by the glass, causing the edges of the upper and lower flexible glass layers to be instantly heated to a molten state (approximately 100 μm deep).

[0069] 6.2) After the laser scan, the molten glass cools and resolidifies rapidly, thereby fusing the upper and lower glass layers together directly at the edge to form a uniform, dense inorganic glass sealing edge with a width of about 300 μm. This achieves full encapsulation and gas-tight packaging of the internal structure, resulting in a flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0070] Example 3 A method for fabricating a flexible perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps: 1) Preprocessing: The flexible glass material was cut to the required size for the experiment. Then, the surface of the flexible glass was carefully wiped with isopropanol to remove surface grease. Finally, the glass surface was dried with nitrogen to further remove particulate impurities. 2) Plasma surface activation: 2.1) Place the pretreated flexible glass in the plasma processing chamber, and then evacuate the chamber to a vacuum of 0.6 Torr; 2.2) Introduce high-purity oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and inert gas into the chamber, and control the gas flow rate to maintain the chamber pressure at 0.7 Torr; 2.3) Activate the radio frequency plasma source and apply 70W of radio frequency power to generate plasma in the chamber, exposing the glass surface to the plasma environment for 90 seconds.

[0071] 3) Preparation of the buffer layer: 3.1) A low-modulus polyurethane solution is uniformly coated onto the surface of the plasma-activated flexible glass using a solution coating method, with the coating thickness controlled at 6 μm. The film is then cured by UV curing or thermal curing to obtain a polyurethane buffer layer.

[0072] 4) Laying the encapsulation layer: In a clean working environment, such as Figure 1 As shown, the layers are laid in the following order from bottom to top: 4.1) Place the lower flexible glass plate coated with a polyurethane buffer layer at the bottom layer; the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate is placed facing upwards; 4.2) Lay a layer of lower POE encapsulation film on the buffer layer of the lower flexible glass plate, and then cut out the central area of ​​the lower encapsulation film layer to place the battery chip layer. 4.3) Precisely place the battery chip layer (light absorption layer facing up) within the cutout area of ​​the lower POE encapsulation film; 4.4) Lay a layer of POE encapsulation film on the battery chip; 4.5) Cover the top layer with the upper flexible glass plate coated with polyurethane buffer layer and the buffer layer facing down, ensuring that the edges of the upper and lower glass plates are aligned, to form a stacked prefabricated body of "lower flexible glass layer / upper polyurethane buffer layer / lower POE encapsulation film / battery chip / upper POE encapsulation film / lower polyurethane buffer layer / upper flexible glass layer".

[0073] 5) Packaging: The obtained laminated preform is placed in a vacuum laminator and evacuated until the cavity pressure is below 100 Pa to remove interlayer air. Then it is heated to 150°C while applying a pressure of 0.4 MPa and held under these conditions for 15 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the pre-encapsulated component is removed.

[0074] 6) Laser melting edge sealing: 6.1) The laminated component is fixed on a precision moving platform. A continuous-output carbon dioxide laser (output wavelength 10.6 μm) is used, and the laser beam is focused on the edge of the component after passing through a focusing lens. The laser power is set to 25W, and the moving platform moves the component at a speed of 40 mm / s, so that the laser beam scans around the four edges of the component. The laser energy is absorbed by the glass, causing the edges of the upper and lower flexible glass layers to be instantly heated to a molten state (approximately 100 μm deep).

[0075] 6.2) After the laser scan, the molten glass cools and resolidifies rapidly, thereby fusing the upper and lower glass layers together directly at the edge to form a uniform, dense inorganic glass sealing edge with a width of about 300 μm. This achieves full encapsulation and gas-tight packaging of the internal structure, resulting in a flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0076] Comparative Example 1 Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 1 uses a traditional polymer substrate packaging structure. The polymer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and all samples are 50µm in size. Tests are conducted at the same temperature and humidity.

[0077] Comparative Example 2 Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 2 uses a traditional polymer substrate packaging structure, wherein the polymer is polyimide (PI), all of which are 50µm in size, and the tests are conducted at the same temperature and humidity.

[0078] Comparative Example 3 Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 3 uses a traditional polymer substrate packaging structure, all using 50µm polymer, which is polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and tests are conducted at the same temperature and humidity.

[0079] Comparative Example 4 Compared to Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 3 underwent an additional process of depositing a waterproof barrier membrane.

[0080] The flexible perovskite solar cells prepared in Example 1, Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to WVTR and OTR tests, respectively. The results are as follows: Table 1: WVTR and OTR test results of flexible perovskite solar cells prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Comparative Example 2 Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 2 did not include an upper buffer layer and a lower buffer layer.

[0081] The flexible perovskite solar cells prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 were placed in a bending tester for bending tests. The bending radius was 10 mm and the bending frequency was 1 time / second. The results are as follows: Table 2: Efficiency retention rate (%) of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 Through Table 2 and Figure 3 It can be seen that the flexible perovskite solar cell using the encapsulation structure of this invention underwent mechanical reliability testing. With a curvature radius set at 10 mm, the cell was repeatedly bent. The sample with the polyurethane (PU) buffer layer maintained good performance after 1000 bending cycles, retaining a photoelectric conversion efficiency of over 78%, and no delamination or glass cracks were observed.

[0082] In contrast, the encapsulation structure without a buffer layer exhibited a sharp decline in photoelectric conversion efficiency to 40% after the same 1000 bending cycles, and clearly perceptible interface delamination appeared. This experimental result confirms that the buffer layer design in this invention has a significant and positive effect on improving the stability of flexible encapsulation structures under long-term bending conditions. In the above embodiments, the descriptions of each embodiment have different focuses; parts not detailed in a particular embodiment can be referred to in the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0083] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can make some modifications or alterations to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes, and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A flexible perovskite cell, characterized in that, The perovskite battery is packaged by flexible glass; the structure of the perovskite battery is from bottom to top, and sequentially comprises a lower flexible glass layer, a functional layer and an upper flexible glass layer; the flexible perovskite battery is provided with the flexible glass around; the water vapor transmission rate of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer is ≤10 -6 g / m 2 / day.

2. The flexible perovskite cell according to claim 1, wherein, The thickness of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer is 30-100 μm.

3. The flexible perovskite cell of claim 1, wherein, The flexible perovskite battery further comprises an upper buffer layer and a lower buffer layer; the upper buffer layer is arranged between the upper flexible glass layer and the functional layer; the lower buffer layer is arranged between the lower flexible glass and the functional layer; the elastic modulus of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is 1-100 MPa.

4. The flexible perovskite cell of claim 3, wherein, The thickness of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is 5-50 μm; the material of the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer is polymer.

5. The flexible perovskite cell of claim 3, wherein, The flexible perovskite battery further comprises an upper encapsulation adhesive film layer and a lower encapsulation adhesive film layer; the upper encapsulation adhesive film layer is arranged between the upper buffer layer and the functional layer; the lower encapsulation adhesive film layer is arranged between the lower buffer layer and the functional layer; the functional layer is a battery chip layer.

6. The flexible perovskite cell of claim 3, wherein, The material of the upper encapsulation adhesive film layer and the lower encapsulation adhesive film layer is selected from any one of polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-polyethylene copolymer and thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive film.

7. A method of making a flexible perovskite cell, characterized by: The steps include: The lower flexible glass layer, the lower encapsulation adhesive film layer, the functional layer, the upper encapsulation adhesive film layer and the upper flexible glass layer are sequentially stacked from bottom to top, and then laminated; after the lamination is completed, a laser beam is used to locally melt and fuse the edges of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer together to form a glass sealing edge, thereby obtaining the flexible perovskite battery.

8. The method for preparing a flexible perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that: The specific steps include: 1) Pretreatment: the surfaces of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer are subjected to plasma treatment; 2) Preparation of upper buffer layer and lower buffer layer: polymer is coated on the surfaces of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer subjected to plasma treatment, and then solidified to obtain the upper buffer layer and the lower buffer layer; 3) Arrangement of the stacked structure: the lower flexible glass layer, the lower encapsulation adhesive film layer, the functional layer, the upper encapsulation adhesive film layer and the upper flexible glass layer prepared in step 2) are sequentially stacked from bottom to top to obtain a laminated preform; 4) Lamination: the laminated preform is subjected to lamination treatment to melt and flow the encapsulation adhesive film layer and bond the layers to form a preliminary encapsulation; 5) Laser edge sealing: a laser beam is used to scan and heat along the edges of the device after the preliminary encapsulation to locally melt and fuse the edges of the upper flexible glass layer and the lower flexible glass layer together to form a glass sealing edge, thereby obtaining the flexible perovskite battery.

9. The method for preparing a flexible perovskite solar cell according to claim 8, characterized in that: The plasma treatment is atmospheric pressure plasma or low pressure plasma; the treatment power of the plasma treatment is 100-1000 W, and the treatment time is 10-300 s; the power of the laser beam is 10-50 W, and the scanning speed is 10-100 mm / s.

10. A solar panel, characterized by The solar cell panel comprises the flexible perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1-6.

Images