Natural black lead material capable of releasing short-chain carbyne as dipole and electrochemical application of natural black lead material

Abstract

The invention provides a black lead material capable of releasing a short-chain carbyne as a hydrocarbon dipole. The present invention provides a polyalkyne (alpha-carbyne) structure of C = C and / or cumulative olefin (beta-carbyne) structure of C = C, which form a straight-chain sp hybrid carbon chain, and which can be formed by immersing in water or an electrolyte. The present invention relates to natural black lead and an electrolyte containing the same, which are capable of bleeding a short-chain carbyne species (RC is equivalent to CnH2n-1, n is an integer of 3 or less, and is equivalent to three unpaired electrons) as a dipole, and an electrolyte containing the natural black lead.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a method for extracting short-chain hydrocarbons (with 3 or fewer carbon atoms) from natural cerussite, particularly short-chain carbines (RC≡, where R represents C). n H 2n-1 Natural black lead material and its electrochemical uses (where n represents an integer less than 3 and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) released into the electrolyte as dipoles. Background Technology

[0002] The chemical bonds between carbon electrons can have three types of hybrid orbitals and can be classified into three-dimensional diamond species with sp3 hybrid orbitals and a single σ bond; two-dimensional lead species with sp2 hybrid orbitals and a single σ bond and a single π bond; one-dimensional carbines with sp hybrid orbitals and a single σ bond and two π bonds; and zero-dimensional fullerene species with a quasi-sp2 hybrid orbital formed by a quasi-σ bond and a quasi-π bond. Figure 1 The three-dimensional correlation diagram is shown. In particular, carbynoids (or graphyne) containing fullerenes inspire the synthesis of solid-state straight-chain sp-hybrid carbon chains linked by either conjugated triple bonds (polyacetylenic isomers) or cumulative double bonds (polycumulative olefin isomers). Many researchers are currently working on synthesizing these carbynoids. Representative physical methods include laser irradiation or ion sputtering of lead (Non-Patent Document 1), and representative chemical methods include dehalogenation of polyvinylidene dihalogens in a tetrahydrofuran solution of ethyl potassium (Non-Patent Document 2), pre-chlorination of polyacetylene followed by desalting oxidation (Non-Patent Document 3), and various other methods (Non-Patent Document 4). However, mass production has not yet been achieved, and the industrial application of carbynoids remains a long way off. Furthermore, for the newly created carbon crystal named CARBODILITE as a pseudo-one-dimensional carbon crystal, only its electrical properties have been studied (non-patent document 5). In most cases, its physical properties, including its crystal structure, and its electrochemical uses remain a mystery.

[0003] Previous technical documents Patent documents Non-patent literature 1: YPKudryavtsev and S.Evsyukov Carbon 30 (1992) 213-221 Non-Patent Literature 2: VV Korshak and YPKudryavtsev, Makromol, Chem, Rapid Commun. 9 (1988) 135-140 Non-patent literature 3: K. Akagi, M. Nishiguchi and H. Shirakawa, synth. Met. 17 (1987) 557-562 Non-Patent Literature 4: Synthesis and Structure of Carbazides: Carbon TANSO 1997 [No. 178] 122-127 Non-Patent Document 5: Physical Properties of Pseudo-One-Dimensional Carbon Crystal CARBODILITE (KAKEN 1996 Annual Research Report) Representative: Professor Seiichi Tanuma, Iwaki University Non-Patent Literature 6: Physical Significance of Electrode Potential: Materia, Volume 33, No. 11 (1994) Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the invention Natural lead extracted from natural lead ore not only contains a graphite structure, such as Figure 1 As shown, it also contains Carbynoid and Graphyne structures, exhibiting polyacetylenes (α-carbyne) and accumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structures. The one-dimensional carbon structure between the carbon atoms presents carbon bonds in an easily dissociatable form, thus chromatographic analysis confirmed that a large amount of hydrocarbons leach into the water simply by immersion or boiling. Therefore, to determine the structure of this hydrocarbon, the black lead sheet was examined using time-of-flight electron-excited ion desorption (TOF-ESD), confirming the desorption of various hydrocarbon ions, including short-chain caryne species, in addition to oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide gases. It was found that the terminal of the caryne structure of this caryne species is active; therefore, especially if the carbon chain is short (RC≡, where R represents C…),… n H 2n-1 (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons), then it is predicted to be highly reactive (non-patent literature 4), but it is surprising that it naturally leaches from natural cerussite, and if it is present in the electrolyte, it acts as a hydrocarbon dipole forming a dipole electric double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface, which may cause a change in electrode potential (the electrode potential difference generated when a pair of Mg-Cu metal electrodes are immersed in the electrolyte is increased by at least 0.5V by adding an electrolyte containing carbazin). This phenomenon is thought to be due to short-chain carbazin (RC≡, where R represents C) present in aqueous solution. n H 2n-1 (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) This results in the formation of a new dipole electric double layer at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte.

[0005] This is because electrode potential is a crucial fundamental concept in electrode chemistry. Previously, in electrochemistry, the concept of electrode potential was typically expressed through the thermodynamic relationship of electrode reaction equilibrium, namely the Nernst equation. However, in recent years, electrode potential has been understood as a physical concept. That is, previous explanations of electrode potential were phenomenological, and therefore did not necessarily clarify its physical meaning. However, the interpretation of electrode potential as the relative value of the potential difference at the electrode interface (electrode / electrolyte interface) has been accepted. This includes not only the inherent electronic electrode potential but also the potential of the electrolyte solution (ionic electrode potential), which depends on the electrolyte species (Non-Patent Document 6). This means that the relative value of the potential difference at the electrode interface (electrode / electrolyte interface), i.e., the electrode potential, varies not only according to the inherent electrode potential but also according to the structure of the electric double layer formed at the electrode interface related to the ionic electrode potential. From this perspective, in order to relatively increase the electrode potential difference determined by the electrode species, the structural design of the electric double layer formed by the adsorbed species at the electrode interface constituting the electric double layer, such as water molecules, can be considered an important factor in improving battery performance.

[0006] Therefore, based on the insight that short-chain caryne improves the electrode potential, the inventors, as the first objective of this invention, provide a natural lead material capable of releasing short-chain hydrocarbons, particularly short-chain caryne, as dipoles constituting an electrical double layer. Furthermore, as a second objective, an electrolyte is provided in which a dipole electrical double layer is formed at the electrode-electrolyte interface and contains short-chain caryne that improves the voltage between the electrodes.

[0007] means for solving technical problems That is, considering the physical significance of the above-mentioned electrode potential, the inventors conducted in-depth research and found that short-chain hydrocarbons, especially short-chain carbines (RC≡, where R represents C), leach from natural black lead into the electrolyte. n H 2n-1 (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) exhibits high reactivity in water, and forms an electric double layer as a dipole at the electrode-electrolyte interface, thereby increasing the electrode potential. This completes the present invention. Therefore, firstly, it provides a polyacetylenic (α-carbyne) structure having a C≡C structure forming a straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chain and / or a C=C cumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structure, and by immersion in water or an electrolyte, it is possible to convert short-chain hydrocarbons, especially short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C…). n H 2n-1Natural black lead (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) diffuses out as a hydrocarbon dipole. Because natural black lead possesses a C≡C polyacetylenic (α-carbyne) structure forming a straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chain and / or a C=C cumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structure, if a portion of these structures breaks or breaks for some reason, short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C) are produced. n H 2n-1 (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) as caryne ions RC≡ diffuse into the electrolyte. Therefore, secondly, the present invention also provides a solution containing short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C... n H 2n-1 The electrolyte is composed of three unpaired electrons (where n represents an integer less than 3 and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) and serves as the electrochemical reaction medium for the dipole that promotes the electrochemical reaction.

[0008] Invention Effects Because natural graphite contains polyacetylenic structures represented by -C≡C- (α-carbyne) and cumulative olefinic structures represented by -C=C- (β-carbyne), when irradiated with electron beams by TOF-ESD (Time-of-Flight Electron Excited Ion Desorption), the π bonds partially break, and the CH3C≡ethynyl ion of the shortest chain caryne with n=1 is desorbed. This results in the detection of substances with mass spectrometry numbers equivalent to hydrogen 1 and 2, oxygen 16 and 32, water 18, carbon monoxide 28, and carbon dioxide 4. This is a possible phenomenon based on the physical formation method of caryne species (Non-Patent Document 1). However, it is surprising that this short-chain caryne or free radical can leach out by simply immersing natural black lead, i.e., graphite, in water or an electrolyte, thereby forming an electrochemically active electrolyte. Moreover, since short-chain carkyne and its free radicals exhibit high reactivity in water, in addition to coupling with each other or bonding with water molecules, they also bond with metal ions to form metal complexes and exist in water. As a result, an electrolyte that forms a new electrical double layer at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte is provided.

[0009] In particular, in battery structures, if short-chain carbazides are present in the electrolyte, they act as dipoles at the electrode-electrolyte interface, forming a new electrical double layer. Therefore, the increase in the electrode potential difference between the electrode and the counter electrode is a surprising phenomenon. This change in electrode potential increases the battery's electromotive force, and is therefore significant. Attached Figure Description

[0010] Figure 1 It is a classification diagram showing the relationships between carbon composition.

[0011] Figure 2This is a perspective view illustrating the concept of a power-generating element constructed by sandwiching a nonwoven fabric containing the electrolyte of the present invention between a natural black lead electrode and a typical metal, namely an aluminum plate electrode.

[0012] Figure 3 This is a structural diagram of a marine battery constructed by adding the electrolyte of this invention to seawater.

[0013] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a hydrogen microscopy TOF-ESD device for detecting hydrocarbons containing carbamate groups in natural black lead sheets involved in this invention.

[0014] Figure 5A This is a photograph of a 10mm x 8mm natural black lead sheet placed on a sample holder with a heater for hydrogen analysis.

[0015] Figure 5B This is a photograph of a 10mm × 8mm natural black lead sheet after water electrolysis, placed on a sample holder with a heater for hydrogen analysis.

[0016] Figure 6A It represents the temperature desorption spectrum of impurities released from the sample surface into the vacuum by heating to the sample temperature of 200℃.

[0017] Figure 6B This represents the temperature-induced desorption spectrum of impurities released from the sample surface into the vacuum by heating to a sample temperature of 290°C.

[0018] Figure 7A This indicates the desorption spectrum of the third heating cycle after the sample temperature was repeatedly raised to 290℃ six times at intervals.

[0019] Figure 7B This indicates the fourth heating desorption spectrum after the treatment of raising the temperature to 290℃ six times at intervals.

[0020] Figure 7C This indicates the desorption spectrum of the sixth heating cycle after the treatment of raising the temperature to 290℃ six times at intervals. Detailed Implementation

[0021] This invention provides a polyacetylenic (α-carbyne) structure having a C≡C structure forming a straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chain and / or a C=C cumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structure, and by immersion in water or an electrolyte, it is possible to introduce short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C≡C). n H 2n-1Natural black lead (where n is an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) diffuses out as a dipole. Furthermore, this invention provides a C≡C polyacetylenic (α-carbyne) structure forming a straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chain and / or a C=C cumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structure, and by impregnation in water or an electrolyte, contains short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C…). n H 2n-1 (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) is used as an electrolyte for dipoles.

[0022] The electrolyte according to this invention can be used in both aqueous and non-aqueous applications. The amount of electrolyte added to the electrolyte can be adjusted according to its intended use. In the case of an aqueous electrolyte, it can be used as either acidic or alkaline, but alkaline is preferred in metal-air batteries and hydrogen peroxide fuel cells. Furthermore, various electrolytes are added as the electrolyte depending on the battery structure. For example, seawater, which is abundant in the ocean, is preferably considered when adjusting the electrolyte. Seawater concentration suppresses chlorine production, so a brine solution with more than 1 mole of sodium chloride is preferred, but it can also be used.

[0023] The existence of short-chain caryne species can be confirmed by searching for C≡C polyacetyne (α-caryne) structures and / or C=C cumulative olefin (β-caryne) structures that form straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chains. Regarding carbon double or triple bonds, short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C≡C) have been confirmed using time-of-flight electron-excited ion desorption (TOF-ESD). n H 2n-1 In the case where n is an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons, the acetylene group of CH3C≡ with the smallest n=1 is released. However, in typical infrared spectroscopy, the carbon triple bond is also detected as C≡C stretching at 2260~2100 cm⁻¹. -1 、≡CH stretchable 3340~3270cm -1 Or ≡CH angle of 700~600cm -1 These are substances unique to the absorption spectrum. On the other hand, the detection of acetylene compounds can be cited as an example in chemistry.

[0024] Furthermore, it is believed that if carbazide ions couple with each other in water, short-chain carbazides containing propyridine with n=2 or more will form. It is also believed that they bond with metal ions in water, forming carbazide-metal complexes. Moreover, the intermediate RCO... + or RCMe + It accepts electrons and is reduced by forming with metal ions, then is reduced to carbazine via an intermediate. This reaction is repeated until the metal disappears as an ion. The result is considered to be... Figure 2As shown, by immersing the electrode in the electrolyte, a dipole electric double layer is formed at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte, forming an ionic electrode potential. Together with the inherent electrode potential, this causes a change in the overall electrode potential difference.

[0025] The natural lead material of this invention can be lead flakes prepared from lead extracted from natural lead ore. It is believed that substances containing C≡C polyacetylenes (α-carbyne) structures and / or C=C cumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structures that form straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chains can, by impregnation in water or an electrolyte, enable the formation of short-chain caryne species (RC≡, where R represents C…). n H 2n-1 (where n represents an integer less than 3, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons) seeping out.

[0026] In the manufacture of black lead from natural black lead, the industrial method used is a liquid-phase reaction method as follows: natural black lead powder is impregnated in a mixed acid solution of 90% concentrated sulfuric acid (95-98%) and 10% concentrated nitric acid (specific gravity 1.33) at 100°C, and the reaction is carried out to produce sulfuric acid-black lead intercalation compounds (H2SO4-GIC (Graphite Intercalation Compounds)). The product is then washed with water, dried, and rapidly heated. Furthermore, methods are known to use hydrogen peroxide to reduce the heavy metals contained in the vapors generated during heat treatment, and electrochemical methods are known to use formic acid and electrolytically oxidize black lead powder in an aqueous formic acid solution to form formic acid-black lead intercalation compounds (HCOOH-GIC). Black lead materials of the present invention can be used as long as they have a C≡C polyacetylenic (α-carbyne) structure forming a straight-chain sp-hybridized carbon chain and / or a C=C cumulative olefin (β-carbyne) structure. Expanded black lead oxide can be generated by rapid heat treatment to produce black lead with interlayer expansion, which can also be used as the black lead material of this invention. Expanded black lead powder is fed from a hopper to a pre-pressing roller via a vibrating conveyor belt to be pre-formed into a plate shape, and then formed into a sheet shape in a roll forming process after a heat treatment process for degassing and purification.

[0027] Black lead sheets made from natural black lead can increase ion intercalation capacity and can be used as the black lead material of this invention. On the other hand, even when carbon materials such as charcoal blocks, carbon materials made by bonding nano-carbon with adhesives, and carbon fiber sheets are expanded after firing, no hydrocarbons, i.e., short-chain carbyne species, are found to leach out. Therefore, it is believed that natural black lead is formed by the leachation of short-chain carbyne species into water due to crustal movement, and the formation of C≡C polyacetylenes (α-carbyne) structures and / or C=C carbyne (β-carbyne) structures in graphite.

[0028] (Mass spectrometry analysis of ions from natural black lead flakes) Mass spectrometry analysis of electron-excited ions released from natural black lead can be performed using the time-of-flight electron-excited desorption (TOF-ESD) method. In this apparatus, a hydrogen microscope, called a Scanning-type Electron-Stimulated Desorption Ion Microscope (SESDIK), is used. When the sample is irradiated with low-velocity electrons of 100–500 eV in a pulsed manner, hydrogen, oxygen, and other adsorbed species adsorbed on the solid surface are ionized and ejected into the vacuum. These are detected, amplified, and used as a signal. Since the electron beam is pulsed, ion detection employs a time-of-flight (TOF) method and calculations based on the time-of-flight formula. Displaying this signal as a TOF spectrum allows for mass spectrometry analysis corresponding to the local field, obtaining the two-dimensional distribution of hydrogen, oxygen, and other adsorbed species ions. Not only can hydrogen and oxygen be detected, but the differences in bonding and adsorption states projected onto the desorption kinetic energy also enable the sorting and detection of adsorbed substances for chemical mass spectrometry analysis. If the substances leached from natural lead into the solution are confirmed by liquid chromatography, a large amount of hydrocarbons are identified. Therefore, if the above-mentioned natural lead slices are cut out and the surface of the solid is irradiated with pulsed electrons to detect the desorbed protons (electron-excited ion desorption, TOF-ESD), in addition to hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide, acetylene (CH3C•) with a molecular weight of 27 and ethylene (C2H4) with a molecular weight of 28 are also detected.

[0029] Functions of electrolyte Short-chain caryne species can be prepared by immersing natural black lead or black lead sheets made from natural black lead in an electrolyte. Furthermore, in a battery structure of aluminum plate / 1M NaCl + H₂O₂ / natural black lead sheet, translucent crystals are formed, but these crystals have a high oxygen content and high conductivity. Because aluminum hydroxide or sodium aluminate contains short-chain caryne species, a semi-solid electrolyte is formed, which can be used as an electrolyte to construct a battery.

[0030] A battery constructed from a combination of an Al metal plate, an electrolyte containing short-chain carbazees (prepared by adding 5-30% by volume of caustic soda to a 0.5-1.5M sodium chloride aqueous solution), and a copper electrode. like Figure 2As shown, a 1-2 mm thick lead electrode sheet 30 made of natural lead is used as the cathode, and a typical metal electrode, a 1-2 mm thick aluminum metal plate 10, is used as the anode. A nonwoven fabric 20 containing a brine solution with short-chain carbazes as the electrolyte is clamped together to form a power-generating device 100, and power generation is observed. Seawater is used as the electrolyte. A caustic alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, is added to the brine to make it alkaline, thereby promoting the electrochemical reaction. In the alkaline state, it is preferable to add 5-30% by volume, preferably 15-20% by volume, of a 50% sodium hydroxide solution to the brine. It is preferable to use seawater, which is abundant on Earth, to adjust the electrolyte. Seawater concentration suppresses chlorine production, so a brine solution with more than 1 mole of sodium chloride is preferred, but it can also be used.

[0031] A power generation device that uses natural lead powder as the cathode. like Figure 3 As shown, black lead powder 30-1, prepared from natural black lead, is filled into a corrosion-resistant cylindrical plastic tube 40 and sealed with non-woven fabric 20. Meanwhile, a carbon electrode 50 is provided at an opening on the upper surface and sealed with a sealing film 60, allowing electrolyte to be added sequentially to form a cathode electrode. This is then placed on an aluminum plate to form a battery structure. A float 70 receives this battery structure, and the non-woven fabric 20 is impregnated with salt water, thereby enabling the battery structure to generate electricity. Adding a small amount of hydrogen peroxide to the electrolyte can improve the power generation efficiency.

[0032] exist Figure 2 , Figure 3 In the battery structure, it is believed that the formation of the electric double layer on the electrode surface based on the aforementioned carbazee is related not only to the following phenomenon in the nanospace between the black lead layers containing carbazee: If metal ions Me+ invade the nanospace of the black lead interlayer compound, they attach to the black lead layer and form a micro battery through the contact potential difference between the black lead layer and the counter electrode. However, it is believed that the electromotive force is stored in the microcapacitors spaced between the black lead layers adjacent to the micro battery.

[0033] Furthermore, in this invention, even when the electrolyte contains short-chain caryne species, the power generation effect can be confirmed even when a copper electrode is used instead of a lead electrode.

[0034] (Mass spectrometry analysis of ions in natural black lead flakes) Mass spectrometry analysis (Time-of-Flight Electron-Stimulated Desorption Ion Microscope: TOF-ESD) was performed using a hydrogen microscope at TF Technical Research Institute, located on the 2nd floor of the Kyoto Prefectural Keihanna Plaza Laboratory. The hydrogen microscope used was referred to as the Scanning Type Electron-Stimulated Desorption Ion Microscope (SESDIK). Figure 4As shown, if a sample is irradiated with low-velocity electrons of 100–500 eV in a pulsed manner, hydrogen, oxygen, and other adsorbed species adsorbed on the solid surface are ionized and ejected into the vacuum. These are detected, amplified, and used as a signal. Since the electron beam is pulsed, ion detection is performed using the time-of-flight (TOF) method and calculated using the time-of-flight formula. If this signal is displayed as a TOF spectrum, mass spectrometry analysis can be performed, obtaining the two-dimensional distribution of hydrogen, oxygen, and other adsorbed species ions. Not only can hydrogen and oxygen be detected, but the differences in bonding and adsorption states projected onto the desorption kinetic energy also allow for the sorting and detection of adsorbed substances, enabling chemical mass spectrometry analysis.

[0035] (Ion mass spectrometry analysis of natural black lead sheet) For hydrogen analysis, a 10mm × 8mm sample holder containing natural lead oxide sheet and a carbon film (flexible lead oxide sheet, FGS) obtained from water electrolysis was placed on a sample holder equipped with a heater. An example of the determination is shown below. Figure 5A and Figure 5B middle.

[0036] Figure 6A This represents the temperature-induced desorption spectrum of impurities released from the surface into the vacuum by heating the sample to a temperature of 200°C. Figure 6B This represents the temperature-induced desorption spectrum of impurities released from the surface into the vacuum by heating the sample to a temperature of 290°C. The bars on the right represent the final release amount for each mass spectrum, and the left side represents the temperature-induced desorption process. Figure 6A The diagram shows the situation when the temperature is raised to 200°C. Figure 6B The diagram shows a scenario where the temperature reaches saturation at 200°C, is further increased by 90°C, and then heating stops at the peak time point followed by cooling. Figure 7A , 7B Figure 7C shows the state of the 3rd, 4th, and 6th times of the treatment, which involves repeating the temperature increase to 290°C 6 times at intervals.

[0037] exist Figure 7A The gas released from the sample in the third measurement (4 minutes) showed almost no change compared to the second measurement one hour earlier. Figure 7B During the fourth gas release from the sample, the ion pump is turned on and then turned off shortly afterward. Gas from the sample is then introduced, and the final values ​​are displayed in an easily understandable manner. Figure 7C This indicates the gas released from the sample in the 6th iteration. Based on the above results, the spectra of impurities in mass spectra 27 and 28 are of interest. The measurement data show that black lead and ethylene, both containing hydrocarbons with carbamate groups, were released from the sample.

[0038] Industrial availability The electromotive force in a battery reaction depends on the electrode potential difference between the anode and cathode in the electrolyte. This electrode potential is equivalent to the relative value of the potential difference at the electrode interface (electrode / electrolyte interface) and is usually derived using the Nernst relation. However, according to Non-Patent Literature 6 (by Norio Sato, "The Physical Meaning of Electrode Potential"), the electrode potential is studied in two ways: the inherent electrode potential and the ionic electrode potential of the electrolyte. The inventors discovered that in an Al / 1N nitric acid aqueous solution / Cu battery structure, adding half the volume of a solution made by impregnating natural lead oxide overnight in a 1M NaCl solution increases the electrode potential by 0.5V due to a 0.98V electrode potential difference. This increase in electrode potential difference indicates that the ionic electrode potential is increased due to the addition of the electrolyte. Although it cannot be definitively determined that this is caused by a specific function of the short-chain carbinyne, it is speculated to be caused by its enhanced redox reaction function and / or the function of the electric double layer of dipoles formed at the electrode / electrolyte interface.

Claims

1. A natural black lead having a polyacetylene (a-carbyne) structure of C≡C forming a straight chain-like sp hybridized carbon chain and / or a cumulene (β-carbyne) structure of C=C, and being capable of exuding a short-chain hydrocarbon as a hydrocarbon dipole by being immersed in water or an electrolyte.

2. The natural black lead according to claim 1, wherein the short-chain hydrocarbon is a short-chain carbyne species.

3. An electrolyte containing a short-chain carbyne species as a hydrocarbon dipole. RC≡, wherein R represents C n H 2n-1 n represents an integer of 3 or less, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons. ​ RC≡, wherein, R represents C n H 2n-1 , n represents an integer of 3 or less, and ≡ represents three unpaired electrons.

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