Bimetal composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode and method

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrolytic machining, and particularly relates to a bimetal composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode and method.The bimetal composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode comprises a tool cathode, the tool cathode comprises a base and a cathode head, the upper end face of the base is fixedly connected to a Z axis of electrolytic machining equipment, and the cathode head is fixedly connected to the lower end face of the base; a first electrolyte flow channel and a second electrolyte flow channel are arranged in the cathode head, the first electrolyte flow channel is connected with a first electrolyte source and a protection liquid source through a first pipeline and a second pipeline respectively, and the second electrolyte flow channel is connected with a second electrolyte source and the protection liquid source through a third pipeline and a fourth pipeline respectively. According to the method, the regional polishing method is adopted, and the first electrolyte, the second electrolyte and the protective solution are cooperatively matched, so that the electrolytic reaction is precisely limited in the target machining region, and the electrolytic polishing precision and the surface quality of the bimetal composite plate are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of electrolytic processing technology, specifically relating to a bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode and method. Background Technology

[0002] Bimetallic composite panels, as a distinctive type of material, utilize diverse composite technologies to metallurgically bond metals with different properties at the interface, forming a composite material. With its superior performance and wide applicability, it is widely used in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace, marine engineering, and rail transportation. In these applications, bimetallic composite panels not only need to meet the strength requirements of the basic structure, but their surface quality also faces stringent standards, such as surface smoothness and flatness.

[0003] Electropolishing, based on the principle of electrochemical anodic dissolution, is an effective method for achieving smooth surface finishing of materials. It boasts significant advantages such as high processing efficiency and excellent surface quality, making it particularly suitable for surface treatment of complex-shaped workpieces and composite materials. However, traditional electropolishing methods have significant limitations when processing bimetallic composite plates: due to the differences in the solubility of the two metals, uneven removal of material from both surfaces is easily observed during polishing, leading to over-polishing or under-polishing. This makes it difficult to guarantee the surface quality of the bimetallic plate and may even adversely affect the bonding strength of the composite plate. This not only damages the surface quality of the workpiece but also significantly reduces processing accuracy, thereby affecting the final performance and service life of the product. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides a bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode and method to address the problem of workpiece quality reduction caused by uneven polishing.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention employs the following technical solution: A bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode includes a tool cathode, which is fixedly mounted on the Z-axis of an electrolytic machining equipment; The tool cathode includes a base and a cathode head. The upper end face of the base is fixedly connected to the Z-axis of the electrolytic machining equipment, and the cathode head is fixedly connected to the lower end face of the base. The cathode head has a first electrolyte flow channel and a second electrolyte flow channel inside, which are not interconnected. The first electrolyte flow channel is connected to a first electrolyte source and a protective liquid source through a first pipe and a second pipe, respectively. The second electrolyte flow channel is connected to a second electrolyte source and a protective liquid source through a third pipe and a fourth pipe, respectively. The first pipe, the second pipe, the third pipe and the fourth pipe are arranged sequentially from left to right.

[0006] Furthermore, the inlets of both the first and second electrolyte channels are wide, and the outlets are narrow, with smooth rounded corners at the outlets near the cathode centerline.

[0007] Furthermore, the cathode head is block-shaped, and its surface is divided into an insulating area and a non-insulating area. The surface material of the non-insulating area is composed of one or more combinations of stainless steel, copper-tungsten alloy, and brass, while the surface material of the insulating area is composed of one or more combinations of elastic quartz capillary, epoxy resin, and polyester resin.

[0008] Furthermore, the electrolytic machining equipment includes a frame, a liquid storage device, a fixing device, and a motion platform. The liquid storage device includes an electrolyte storage component, a protective liquid storage component, and a waste liquid storage component. The electrolyte storage component is used to store a first electrolyte source and a second electrolyte source. The motion platform is equipped with X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis feed axes. The fixing device is used to fix the workpiece to be processed. The workpiece to be processed includes a first metal and a second metal. The inlet of the waste liquid storage component is connected to the machine tool outlet through a fifth pipeline. The machine tool outlet is connected to the first electrolyte source and the second electrolyte source through the fifth pipeline, respectively.

[0009] Furthermore, it also includes a power supply, the positive terminal of which is connected to the fixing device via a first wire, and the negative terminal of which is connected to the base via a second wire.

[0010] An electrolytic polishing method for bimetallic composite plates includes the following steps: Step 1: Start the machine tool's Z-axis and drive the tool cathode to move vertically to the initial position at a preset feed rate. Then start the machine tool's X and Y axes to move the bimetallic composite plate, ensuring that the bottom of the tool cathode corresponds to the first metal surface. Step 2: Start the electrolyte circulation system of the storage device, deliver the first electrolyte source to the first electrolyte channel through the first pipeline, and introduce the first electrolyte into the processing area. Deliver the protective liquid source to the second electrolyte channel through the fourth pipeline, and introduce the protective liquid into the processing area. Start the power supply, so that the bimetallic composite plate becomes the anode and the tool cathode becomes the cathode. Driven by the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves to achieve its surface polishing. When the first metal surface meets the processing requirements, turn off the power supply and the electrolyte circulation system in sequence. Step 3: Under the coordinated drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate interface moves to below the tool cathode, and the electrolyte circulation system is started. The first pipeline delivers the first electrolyte source to the first electrolyte channel and introduces the first electrolyte source into the processing area. The third pipeline delivers the second electrolyte source to the second electrolyte channel and introduces the second electrolyte source into the processing area. The power is turned on, so that the bimetallic composite plate becomes the anode and the tool cathode becomes the cathode. Driven by the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves to achieve its surface polishing. When the surface of the bimetallic composite plate interface meets the processing requirements, the power and the liquid storage device are turned off in sequence. Step 4: Under the coordinated drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the second metal surface of the bimetallic composite plate moves to directly below the tool cathode. Then, the electrolyte circulation system is started, and the protective liquid source is delivered to the first electrolyte channel through the second pipeline, and the protective liquid is stably introduced into the processing area. The processing area is the area where the outlet contacts the first metal and the second metal. At the same time, the third pipeline delivers the second electrolyte source to the second electrolyte channel, and the second electrolyte is accurately introduced into the processing area. Then, the power is turned on, so that the bimetallic composite plate acts as the anode and the tool cathode acts as the cathode. Under the linkage control of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves along the preset trajectory to achieve uniform polishing of its surface. When the second metal surface reaches the preset processing requirements, the power and the electrolyte circulation system are turned off in sequence. Step 5: Reset the X and Y axes of the machine tool to their initial positions, thus completing the electropolishing process of the bimetallic composite plate.

[0011] Furthermore, in step one, the initial position of the tool cathode and the bimetallic composite plate are set to a distance of 0.10~0.50mm.

[0012] Furthermore, the feed rate range of the tool cathode in steps two to four is all set to 10.0~15.0 mm / min.

[0013] Furthermore, the first electrolyte source is a sodium nitrate / sodium chloride solution, the second electrolyte source is a sodium chloride / sodium nitrate solution, the protective liquid source is deionized water, the concentration of both the first and second electrolyte sources is set to 5%~35%, the temperature is set to 15℃~35℃, and the pressure is set to 0.0~3.0MPa.

[0014] Furthermore, in steps two and four, the pressure of the protective liquid source is kept consistent with the pressure of the first electrolyte source or the second electrolyte source, and in step three, the pressures of the first electrolyte source and the second electrolyte source are equal.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: Compared to existing technologies, this invention uses a base as the mounting foundation and fixes it to the Z-axis of the electrolytic processing equipment. The cathode head is located at the lower end of the base and is designed with two electrolyte channels. When processing the interface between the first and second metals, the first electrolyte source flows into the first electrolyte channel through a first pipe and is delivered to the processing area; the second electrolyte source flows into the second electrolyte channel through a third pipe and is delivered to the processing area. The first and second electrolyte sources merge at the interface and work together to process the interface. By employing a segmented polishing method and combining the synergistic effect of the first electrolyte, the second electrolyte, and the protective liquid, the electrolytic reaction is precisely limited to the target processing area. Compared to traditional polishing methods, this method improves the precision and surface quality of electrolytic polishing of bimetallic composite plates. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the tool cathode and the workpiece of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the workflow of step two of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the workflow of step three of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the workflow for step four of the present invention; In the figure, 1 is the base, 2 is the cathode head, 3 is the first electrolyte flow channel, 4 is the second electrolyte flow channel, 5 is the first pipe, 6 is the second pipe, 7 is the third pipe, 8 is the fourth pipe, 9 is the first electrolyte source, 10 is the protective electrolyte source, 11 is the second electrolyte source, 12 is the inlet, 13 is the outlet, 14 is the cathode centerline, 15 is the insulating area, 16 is the non-insulating area, 17 is the frame, 18 is the liquid storage device, 19 is the fixing device, 20 is the motion platform, 21 is the waste liquid storage component, 22 is the fifth pipe, 23 is the first wire, 24 is the second wire, 25 is the first metal, 26 is the second metal, 27 is the power supply, 28 is the machine tool outlet, and 29 is the interface. Detailed Implementation

[0017] To further illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention will be further described below through embodiments.

[0018] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, a bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode includes a tool cathode, which is fixedly mounted on the Z-axis of an electrolytic machining equipment. The tool cathode includes a base 1 and a cathode head 2. The upper end face of the base 1 is fixedly connected to the Z-axis of the electrolytic machining equipment, and the cathode head 2 is fixedly connected to the lower end face of the base 1. The cathode head 2 has a first electrolyte flow channel 3 and a second electrolyte flow channel 4 inside, which are not interconnected. The first electrolyte flow channel 3 is connected to a first electrolyte source 9 and a protective electrolyte source 10 through a first pipe 5 and a second pipe 6, respectively. The second electrolyte flow channel 4 is connected to a second electrolyte source 11 and a protective electrolyte source 10 through a third pipe 7 and a fourth pipe 8, respectively. The first pipe 5 of the first electrolyte flow channel 3 and the machine tool outlet 28 are used for the circulation and renewal of the first electrolyte in the processing area; the third pipe 7 of the second electrolyte flow channel 11 and the machine tool outlet 28 are used for the circulation and renewal of the second electrolyte in the processing area. Pipeline 5, second pipeline 6, third pipeline 7, and fourth pipeline 8 are arranged sequentially from left to right. The electrolytic machining equipment includes a frame 17, a liquid storage device 18, a fixing device 19, and a motion platform 20. The liquid storage device 18 includes an electrolyte storage component, a protective liquid storage component, and a waste liquid storage component 21. The electrolyte storage component is used to store the first electrolyte source 9 and the second electrolyte source 11. The motion platform 20 is provided with X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis feed axes. The fixing device 19 is used to fix the workpiece to be processed. The workpiece to be processed includes a first metal 25 and a second metal 26. The inlet of the waste liquid storage component 21 is connected to the machine tool outlet 28 through a fifth pipeline 22. The machine tool outlet 28 is connected to the first electrolyte source 9 and the second electrolyte source 11 through the fifth pipeline 22. The equipment also includes a power supply 27. The positive terminal of the power supply 27 is connected to the fixing device 19 through a first wire 23, and the negative terminal of the power supply 27 is connected to the base 1 through a second wire 24.

[0019] like Figure 2 As shown, the cathode head 2 is block-shaped, and its surface is divided into an insulating area 15 and a non-insulating area 16. The surface material of the non-insulating area 16 is composed of one or more combinations of stainless steel, copper-tungsten alloy, and brass. The surface material of the insulating area 15 is composed of one or more combinations of elastic quartz capillary, epoxy resin, and polyester resin. The inlets 12 of the first electrolyte flow channel 3 and the second electrolyte flow channel 4 are both set as wide openings, and the outlets 13 are set as narrow openings. The outlets 13 near the cathode centerline 14 are all set as smooth rounded corner transitions.

[0020] An electrolytic polishing method for bimetallic composite plates includes the following steps: Step 1: Start the machine tool's Z-axis and drive the tool cathode to move vertically to the initial position at a preset feed speed. Then start the machine tool's X and Y axes to move the bimetallic composite plate, ensuring that the tool cathode is directly below the surface of the first metal 25. The distance between the initial position of the tool cathode and the bimetallic composite plate is set to 0.10~0.50mm.

[0021] Step 2: Start the electrolyte circulation system of the storage device 18, and deliver the first electrolyte source 9 to the first electrolyte flow channel 3 through the first pipeline 5, and introduce the first electrolyte into the processing area. Deliver the protective liquid source 10 to the second electrolyte flow channel 4 through the fourth pipeline 8, and introduce the protective liquid into the processing area. Start the power supply 27, so that the bimetallic composite plate becomes the anode and the tool cathode becomes the cathode. Driven by the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves to achieve its surface polishing. When the surface of the first metal 25 meets the processing requirements, turn off the power supply 27 and the electrolyte circulation system in sequence. The feed speed range of the tool cathode is set to 10.0~15.0 mm / min. Step 3: Under the coordinated drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate interface 29 moves to below the tool cathode, and the electrolyte circulation system is started. The first pipeline 5 delivers the first electrolyte source 9 to the first electrolyte channel 3 and introduces the first electrolyte source 9 into the processing area. The third pipeline 7 delivers the second electrolyte source 11 to the second electrolyte channel 4 and introduces the second electrolyte source 11 into the processing area. The power supply 27 is turned on, so that the bimetallic composite plate becomes the anode and the tool cathode becomes the cathode. Driven by the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves to achieve its surface polishing. When the surface of the bimetallic composite plate interface 29 meets the processing requirements, the power supply 27 and the liquid storage device 18 are turned off in sequence. Step 4: Under the coordinated drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the surface of the second metal 26 of the bimetallic composite plate moves to directly below the tool cathode. Then, the electrolyte circulation system is started, and the protective liquid source 10 is delivered to the first electrolyte channel 3 through the second pipeline 6, and the protective liquid is stably introduced into the processing area. The processing area is the contact area between the outlet 13 and the first metal 25 and the second metal 26. At the same time, the third pipeline 7 delivers the second electrolyte source 11 to the second electrolyte channel 4, and accurately introduces the second electrolyte into the processing area. Then, the power supply 27 is started, so that the bimetallic composite plate is used as the anode and the tool cathode is used as the cathode. Under the linkage control of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves along the preset trajectory to achieve uniform polishing of its surface. When the surface of the second metal 26 reaches the preset processing requirements, the power supply 27 and the electrolyte circulation system are turned off in sequence. The feed speed range of the tool cathode is set to 10.0~15.0 mm / min. Step 5: Reset the X and Y axes of the machine tool to their initial positions, thus completing the electropolishing process of the bimetallic composite plate.

[0022] The first electrolyte source 9 is a sodium nitrate / sodium chloride solution, the second electrolyte source 11 is a sodium chloride / sodium nitrate solution, and the protective liquid source 10 is deionized water. The concentrations of the first electrolyte source 9 and the second electrolyte source 11 are both set to 5%~35%, the temperatures are both set to 15℃~35℃, and the pressures are both set to 0.0~3.0MPa.

[0023] In steps two and four, the pressure of the protective liquid source 10 is consistent with the pressure of the first electrolyte source 9 or the second electrolyte source 11; in step three, the pressures of the first electrolyte source 9 and the second electrolyte source 11 are equal.

[0024] The specific workflow is as follows: When processing the first metal 25, the first electrolyte source 9 is introduced into the processing area through the first pipeline 5 to electrolyze the first metal 25. At the same time, the protective liquid source 10 is introduced into the processing area through the fourth pipeline 8 to constrain the first electrolyte source 9. Finally, the first electrolyte source and the protective liquid in the processing area are recovered from the machine tool outlet 28 to the electrolyte storage device 18. When processing the second metal 26, the principle is the same. When processing the interface 29 between the first metal 25 and the second metal 26, the first electrolyte source 9 is introduced into the processing area through the first pipeline 5. At the same time, the second electrolyte source 11 is introduced into the processing area through the third pipeline 7. The first electrolyte source 9 and the second electrolyte source 11 mix in the processing area to process the interface 29 material between the first metal 25 and the second metal 26. Finally, the first electrolyte and the protective liquid in the processing area are recovered from the machine tool outlet 28 to the waste liquid storage device 21.

[0025] The foregoing has shown and described the main features and advantages of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered exemplary and non-limiting in all respects, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Thus, it is intended that all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims be included within the present invention.

[0026] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode, characterized in that: Includes a tool cathode, which is fixedly mounted on the Z-axis of the electrolytic machining equipment; The tool cathode includes a base (1) and a cathode head (2). The upper end face of the base (1) is fixedly connected to the Z-axis of the electrolytic processing equipment. The cathode head (2) is fixedly connected to the lower end face of the base (1). The cathode head (2) is provided with a first electrolyte flow channel (3) and a second electrolyte flow channel (4), which are not connected to each other. The first electrolyte flow channel (3) is connected to the first electrolyte source (9) and the protective liquid source (10) through the first pipe (5) and the second pipe (6), respectively. The second electrolyte flow channel (4) is connected to the second electrolyte source (11) and the protective liquid source (10) through the third pipe (7) and the fourth pipe (8), respectively. The first pipe (5), the second pipe (6), the third pipe (7) and the fourth pipe (8) are arranged from left to right.

2. The bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inlet (12) of the first electrolyte flow channel (3) and the second electrolyte flow channel (4) are both wide, and the outlet (13) is narrow. The outlet (13) near the cathode center line (14) is set as a smooth rounded transition.

3. The bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cathode head (2) is block-shaped, and its surface is divided into an insulating area (15) and a non-insulating area (16). The surface material of the non-insulating area (16) is composed of one or more of stainless steel, copper-tungsten alloy and brass. The surface material of the insulating area (15) is composed of one or more of elastic quartz capillary, epoxy resin and polyester resin.

4. The bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrolytic machining equipment includes a frame (17), a liquid storage device (18), a fixing device (19), and a motion platform (20). The liquid storage device (18) includes an electrolyte storage component, a protective liquid storage component, and a waste liquid storage component (21). The electrolyte storage component is used to store a first electrolyte source (9) and a second electrolyte source (11). The motion platform (20) is provided with X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis feed axes. The fixing device (19) is used to fix the workpiece to be processed. The workpiece to be processed includes a first metal (25) and a second metal (26). The inlet of the waste liquid storage component (21) is connected to the machine tool outlet (28) through a fifth pipeline (22). The machine tool outlet (28) is connected to the first electrolyte source (9) and the second electrolyte source (11) through the fifth pipeline (22).

5. The bimetallic composite plate electrolytic polishing cathode according to claim 4, characterized in that: It also includes a power supply (27), the positive terminal of which is connected to the fixing device (19) via a first wire (23), and the negative terminal of which is connected to the base (1) via a second wire (24).

6. A method for electrolytic polishing of a bimetallic composite plate according to any one of claims 2-5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Start the machine tool Z-axis and drive the tool cathode to move vertically to the initial position at a preset feed speed. Then start the machine tool X-axis and Y-axis to move the bimetallic composite plate to ensure that the tool cathode is directly below the surface of the first metal (25). Step 2: Start the electrolyte circulation system of the storage device (18), transport the first electrolyte source (9) to the first electrolyte flow channel (3) through the first pipeline (5), and introduce the first electrolyte into the processing area. Transport the protective liquid source (10) to the second electrolyte flow channel (4) through the fourth pipeline (8), and introduce the protective liquid into the processing area. Start the power supply (27) so that the bimetallic composite plate becomes the anode and the tool cathode becomes the cathode. Driven by the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves to achieve its surface polishing. When the surface of the first metal (25) meets the processing requirements, turn off the power supply (27) and the electrolyte circulation system in sequence. Step 3: Under the coordinated drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate interface (29) moves to the bottom of the tool cathode, and the electrolyte circulation system is started. The first pipeline (5) delivers the first electrolyte source (9) to the first electrolyte channel (3) and introduces the first electrolyte source (9) into the processing area. The third pipeline (7) delivers the second electrolyte source (11) to the second electrolyte channel (4) and introduces the second electrolyte source (11) into the processing area. The power supply (27) is turned on, so that the bimetallic composite plate becomes the anode and the tool cathode becomes the cathode. Under the drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves to achieve its surface polishing. When the surface of the bimetallic composite plate interface (29) meets the processing requirements, the power supply (27) and the electrolyte circulation system are turned off in sequence. Step 4: Under the coordinated drive of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the surface of the second metal (26) of the bimetallic composite plate moves to directly below the tool cathode. Then, the electrolyte circulation system is started, and the protective liquid source (10) is transported to the first electrolyte flow channel (3) through the second pipeline (6). The protective liquid is stably introduced into the processing area, which is the contact area between the outlet (13) and the first metal (25) and the second metal (26). At the same time, the third pipeline (7) transports the second electrolyte source (11) to the second electrolyte flow channel (4) and accurately introduces the second electrolyte into the processing area. Then, the power supply (27) is started, so that the bimetallic composite plate is used as the anode and the tool cathode is used as the cathode. Under the linkage control of the X and Y axes of the machine tool, the bimetallic composite plate moves according to the preset trajectory to achieve uniform polishing of its surface. When the surface of the second metal (26) reaches the preset processing requirements, the power supply (27) and the liquid storage device (18) are turned off in sequence. Step 5: Reset the X and Y axes of the machine tool to their initial positions, thus completing the electropolishing process of the bimetallic composite plate.

7. The electrolytic polishing method for a bimetallic composite plate according to claim 6, characterized in that: In step one, the initial position of the tool cathode and the distance between the bimetallic composite plate are set to 0.10~0.50mm.

8. The electrolytic polishing method for a bimetallic composite plate according to claim 6, characterized in that: In steps two through four, the feed rate of the tool cathode is set to 10.0~15.0 mm / min.

9. The electrolytic polishing method for a bimetallic composite plate according to claim 6, characterized in that: The first electrolyte source (9) is a sodium nitrate / sodium chloride solution, the second electrolyte source (11) is a sodium chloride / sodium nitrate solution, the protective liquid source (10) is deionized water, the concentrations of the first electrolyte source (9) and the second electrolyte source (11) are both set to 5%~35%, the temperatures are both set to 15℃~35℃, and the pressures are both set to 0.0~3.0MPa.

10. The electrolytic polishing method for a bimetallic composite plate according to claim 6, characterized in that: In steps two and four, the pressure of the protective liquid source (10) is consistent with the pressure of the first electrolyte source (9) or the second electrolyte source (11). In step three, the pressures of the first electrolyte source (9) and the second electrolyte source (11) are equal.

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