Multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire experiment device and method

Abstract

The invention discloses a multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire experiment device and method, and belongs to the technical field of photovoltaic curtain walls and fire safety, and the device comprises a combustion chamber which is internally provided with a fire source; the combustion chamber is provided with a fire outlet and an air inlet; the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure comprises an inner facade curtain wall and an outer facade curtain wall, and the inner facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber; the outer vertical face curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber and is parallel to the inner vertical face curtain wall, and the distance between the outer vertical face curtain wall and the inner vertical face curtain wall can be adjusted. The temperature measuring system is arranged between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall and on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall; the heat release analysis system is arranged corresponding to the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure; the mass loss measuring system is arranged corresponding to the fire source; and the high-speed camera system is arranged corresponding to the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall. According to the invention, the fire behavior after the building curtain wall and the photovoltaic curtain wall structure are heated in a real fire can be simulated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of photovoltaic curtain wall and fire safety technology, and more specifically relates to a multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device and method. Background Technology

[0002] In response to energy conservation demands, the use of clean energy is becoming increasingly widespread. Photovoltaic modules, as a primary form of solar energy application, have seen increasingly widespread use in recent years. However, photovoltaic modules themselves contain combustible materials, including adhesive structures like EVA and PVB, as well as TPT backsheets. These combustibles can be ignited by their own electric arcs, fly ash, or external flames caused by building fires, leading to the combustion of the photovoltaic modules themselves. Once combustion occurs, it produces a large amount of harmful smoke. Furthermore, photovoltaic curtain walls are often entire building facades with gaps between them and the building's interior facade. These gaps create a chimney effect; once a fire occurs in a photovoltaic curtain wall, the flames can spread rapidly upwards, causing the entire curtain wall structure to catch fire. This not only poses a direct threat to residents' lives but also results in significant economic losses. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the flame spread characteristics of double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall fires under different installation spacings, and the observation of their flame behavior and interaction with photovoltaic modules, is urgently needed.

[0003] Existing technologies for adjusting structural spacing often involve adjusting the distance to specific parts of the building structure, such as point light sources, truss systems, or corridors. This approach has several drawbacks: 1) limitations in the adjustment structure and wall height; and 2) the confined and small adjustment space makes it difficult to observe the flame spread behavior of large photovoltaic building facades like double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls in a fire environment. Common spacing adjustment structures also have relatively fixed movable ranges for their moving devices, limiting the design for moving and adjusting the entire facade. This not only prevents the observation of the combustion behavior of double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls but also hinders the observation of the interaction between flame spread and photovoltaic component breakage. Experimental researchers and engineers struggle to understand and address fire hazards in photovoltaic buildings equipped with photovoltaic materials. Furthermore, most current technologies involve adding moving devices to non-full-wall structures, but their research significance for double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall fires is limited. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device includes: A combustion chamber is provided with a fire source to serve as the main space for a fire to occur; the two sides of the combustion chamber are provided with openings, which serve as fire outlets and air inlets, respectively; A variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure, comprising an inner facade curtain wall and an outer facade curtain wall, wherein the inner facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber and is disposed at the upper end of the combustion chamber; the outer facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber and is parallel to the inner facade curtain wall and is disposed at an adjustable distance. A temperature measurement system is installed between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall, as well as on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall, to measure the air temperature change between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall, and the surface temperature change of the photovoltaic curtain wall. A heat release analysis system is set up in correspondence with the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure to measure the heat release rate in the fire experiment and to indicate the intensity of the flame in the fire. A mass loss measurement system is set up corresponding to the fire source to measure the mass loss rate of the fire source; A high-speed camera system is installed corresponding to the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall to record the cracking and detachment of photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the combustion spread process of photovoltaic back panels, the flame spread between the double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls, and the fire overflow phenomenon of the outer facade curtain wall. Specifically, by changing the distance between the photovoltaic curtain wall and the fire source in the combustion chamber of the exterior facade, the location of the fire source, and the curtain wall material, the heating, cracking, and spread of fire between the photovoltaic curtain walls under different fire development stages are simulated, and the fire behavior under different working conditions is analyzed through a multi-parameter acquisition system.

[0005] Furthermore, the combustion chamber is a standard scaled-down chamber based on the ISO 9705 standard chamber, scaled down according to a preset ratio; the flame outlet and the air inlet are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the combustion chamber, with the flame outlet located at the center of the corresponding side; and the air inlet is located at the lower end of the corresponding side.

[0006] Furthermore, the exterior facade curtain wall is adjustablely positioned relative to the interior facade curtain wall via a translation mechanism, the translation mechanism comprising: A slider is slidably mounted on a fixing plate that fixes the combustion chamber; the exterior facade curtain wall is fixedly mounted on the slider. A lead screw, which is rotatably mounted on a bracket, the bracket being mounted on the fixed plate; A lead screw nut, which is disposed on the slider and cooperates with the lead screw; A handwheel is located at one end of the lead screw.

[0007] Furthermore, the temperature measurement system includes: A space temperature measurement system is installed between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall; A curtain wall surface temperature measurement system, wherein the curtain wall surface temperature measurement system is installed on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall; The data analysis and processing module is electrically connected to the space temperature measurement system and the curtain wall surface temperature measurement system to analyze the heat transfer during the fire, the pyrolysis of the combustible TPT backsheet in the photovoltaic curtain wall, the relationship between the combustion time and the longitudinal fire spread between the curtain walls, and to calculate the critical stress for photovoltaic glass breakage based on the temperature change of the photovoltaic curtain wall surface, and to verify the results with the temperature measurement system.

[0008] Furthermore, the space temperature measurement system includes multiple thermocouple sensors installed in the gap between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall, used to monitor the temperature change between the inner and outer curtain walls in real time during a fire and provide accurate temperature data to support the scientific analysis of the thermal response of the photovoltaic curtain wall; the multiple thermocouple sensors are electrically connected to the data analysis and processing module. The curtain wall surface temperature measurement system includes multiple patch thermocouples installed on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall and a data acquisition instrument electrically connected to the multiple patch thermocouples. The multiple patch thermocouples are attached to the exposed and shielded areas of the curtain wall material according to experimental requirements. The data acquisition instrument is used to record the temperature distribution and changes of different areas of the curtain wall surface in real time during a fire. The data acquisition instrument is electrically connected to the data analysis and processing module.

[0009] Furthermore, the heat release analysis system includes: A conical smoke hood is provided, which is correspondingly arranged with the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure, so that the flue gas generated by combustion can be completely absorbed; The flue gas conveying pipeline and the fan are provided, with one end of the flue gas conveying pipeline connected to the conical smoke collection hood and the other end connected to the fan. A flue gas sensor is installed on the flue gas delivery pipeline; A flue gas analysis device, comprising a thermal parameter measuring device, a gas composition analyzer, and a smoke density measuring instrument installed on the flue gas conveying pipeline.

[0010] Furthermore, the mass loss measurement system includes: An oil tank for holding liquid fuel; A square support platform, wherein the oil tank is disposed on the square support platform; A high-precision mass weighing balance, wherein the square support platform passes through the bottom of the combustion chamber and is connected to the tray of the high-precision mass weighing balance.

[0011] Furthermore, the high-speed camera system includes: At least three high-speed cameras are provided, and the three high-speed cameras are correspondingly set with the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall to record the cracking and falling off of the photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the burning spread process of the photovoltaic back panel, the flame spread between the double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls, and the fire overflow phenomenon of the outer facade curtain wall. An infrared thermal imager is installed corresponding to the exterior facade curtain wall to measure the surface temperature distribution of the photovoltaic curtain wall, which can preliminarily determine the location and time of cracks caused by the failure and cracking of the photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0012] A fire test method for a multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall, comprising the above-mentioned multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device, and the test method including the following steps: S10. Turn on the power to the gas composition analyzer in the heat release analysis system, open the supporting system software, and calibrate the gas composition analyzer with nitrogen and standard gas after it has warmed up; turn on the power to the temperature measurement system and the mass loss measurement system, and verify the number of channels; turn on the high-speed camera system. S20. Place appropriately sized high-temperature resistant mica panels inside the inner facade frame of the inner facade curtain wall as an inertial curtain wall, press them into the fixed frame, adjust the quick clamp nuts, and press the handles to make the whole structure tightly fixed; at the same time, install appropriately sized single-glass monocrystalline silicon solar panels on the outer facade frame except for the lowest layer to form a photovoltaic curtain wall; then, through the translation mechanism, determine the spacing between the curtain walls according to the design experimental conditions to form a photovoltaic curtain wall building system. S30. Inject liquid fuel into the oil tank, observe the balance reading through the computer terminal, and wait for the reading to stabilize; S40. Turn on the fan and the software for the gas composition analyzer. According to the system software usage requirements, wait for a certain period of time, then ignite the flame source, start the experiment, and record the results. S50. If the solar photovoltaic glass is observed to fall off naturally during the simulated fire, observe and wait for it to appear, and record the relevant parameter data of each acquisition system. S60. The air temperature between the inner and outer curtain walls is measured by the space temperature measurement system. The temperature rise rate is compared with various working conditions. The temperature curve is differentiated with time to compare the differences in temperature rise rate under different working conditions. Based on this, the influence of factors such as curtain wall spacing, curtain wall material, and fire source location on fire overflow between curtain walls is determined. The relationship between cavity overflow fire and boundary change of photovoltaic curtain wall structure in photovoltaic curtain wall fire under different spacing is determined. S70. Measure the surface temperature of the glass, calculate the temperature difference along the surface of the glass in all directions, and determine the area that is most obviously heated and most likely to crack first. S80. By using a high-speed camera system, the micro-change characteristics of the glass at the moment of boundary abrupt change are captured, the time of the first cracking and detachment of the photovoltaic solar panel installed on each layer is recorded, and the results are combined with the temperature and heat flow data measured in the experiment to analyze the cracking mechanism. S90. Establish a multi-parameter coupled interaction prediction model and correct the error.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device and method provided by the present invention can simulate the fire behavior of building curtain walls and photovoltaic curtain wall structures after being heated in a real fire.

[0014] In a fire environment, flames overflowing from the combustion chamber spread rapidly between the double-layered photovoltaic curtain walls. Simultaneously, the photovoltaic glass within the curtain walls cracked and detached due to heat, leading to a further continuous evolution of fire dynamics.

[0015] By recording changes in key parameters through multiple measurement systems, and with the curtain wall structure serving as an observation window, the entire photovoltaic building system provides different perspectives. High-speed camera equipment is used to clearly and accurately acquire image information from different perspectives of the experimental device, providing real and reliable experimental support for the analysis and mechanism research of the interaction between chamber fires and building curtain walls and photovoltaic curtain wall structures. Attached Figure Description

[0016] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall fire test device.

[0018] Figure 2 This is a structural schematic diagram of the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a front view of the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0020] Figure 4 Right view of the combustion chamber and variable photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0021] Figure 5 Left view of the combustion chamber and variable photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0022] Figure 6This is a schematic diagram of a mass loss measurement system.

[0023] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the temperature measurement system.

[0024] Figure 8 The image shown is a test photograph corresponding to Example 3.

[0025] Figure 9 The image shown is a test photograph corresponding to Example 4.

[0026] The components include: 1. Flue gas sensor; 2. Smoke hood; 3. Gas composition analyzer; 4. Variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure; 5. High-speed camera; 6. Exterior stainless steel frame; 7. Interior stainless steel frame; 8. Single-layer component mounting frame; 9. Chamber flame overflow port; 10. Casters; 11. Handwheel; 12. Slider; 13. Combustion chamber; 14. Lower opening side wall of the chamber; 15. Fixing plate; 16. Lower oxygen input opening of the chamber; 17. Side wall of the chamber flame overflow port; 18. Oil tank; 19. Square support platform; 20. High-precision mass weighing balance; 21. Space temperature measurement system. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] Example 1

[0029] refer to Figures 1-6 A multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device, comprising: The combustion chamber 13 contains a fire source and serves as the main space for a fire to occur. Openings are provided on both sides of the combustion chamber 13, which serve as fire outlets and air inlets, respectively. The variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure 4 includes an inner facade curtain wall and an outer facade curtain wall. The inner facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber 13 and is set at the upper end of the combustion chamber 13. The outer facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber 13 and is parallel to the inner facade curtain wall and is set with an adjustable spacing. A temperature measurement system is installed between the inner and outer facade curtain walls and on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall to measure the air temperature changes between the inner and outer facade curtain walls and the surface temperature changes of the photovoltaic curtain wall. A heat release analysis system is set up in correspondence with the combustion chamber 13 and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure 4 to measure the heat release rate in the fire experiment and to indicate the intensity of the flame in the fire. A mass loss measurement system is set up in relation to the fire source to measure the mass loss rate of the fire source. A high-speed camera system is installed corresponding to the inner and outer facade curtain walls to record the cracking and detachment of photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the combustion spread process of photovoltaic back panels, the flame spread between double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls, and the fire overflow phenomenon of the outer facade curtain wall. Among them, by changing the distance between the photovoltaic curtain wall of the exterior facade and the fire source in the combustion chamber 13, the location of the fire source, and the curtain wall material, the heating, cracking, and spread process of the photovoltaic curtain wall under different fire development stages are simulated, and the fire behavior under different working conditions is analyzed through a multi-parameter acquisition system.

[0030] In this embodiment, the combustion chamber 13 is a standard scaled-down chamber based on the ISO 9705 standard chamber scaled down according to a preset ratio; the flame outlet and the air inlet are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the combustion chamber 13, with the flame outlet located at the center of the corresponding side; and the air inlet located at the lower end of the corresponding side.

[0031] Specifically, the combustion chamber 13, which serves as the main space for fire occurrence, is a rectangular chamber with internal net dimensions of 900 mm × 600 mm × 600 mm. Two opposite sides of the combustion chamber 13 are open, defined as the front fire outlet and the rear air inlet, respectively. The shape and size of the fire outlet can be adjusted as needed.

[0032] In this embodiment, the front flame outlet is the chamber flame overflow outlet 9, which is located on the side wall 17 of the chamber flame overflow outlet; the rear air inlet is the chamber lower oxygen input opening 16, which is located on the side wall 14 of the chamber lower opening.

[0033] The combustion chamber 13 is preferably a standard chamber of ISO 9705 reduced by 1 / 4 on each side, i.e., 1 / 4 ISO 9705 combustion chamber 13. Two layers of ceramic fiberboard with a thickness of 50 mm are laid along the inner wall of its steel plate (the main component is aluminum silicate, with a thermal conductivity of 0.03 W / (m·K) at room temperature, which has good heat insulation properties and can be used to simulate the heat insulation effect of real buildings).

[0034] In this embodiment, the specific dimensions of the front fire outlet are 400 mm × 150 mm, and it is located at the center of the side of the combustion chamber 13; the dimensions of the air inlet are 300 mm × 150 mm, and it is located at the lower end of the opposite side of the combustion chamber 13; the fire outlet and the air inlet include, but are not limited to, these dimensions and shapes, and the combustion chamber 13 is sealed with reinforced steel plates on all four sides to simulate a fire scene in a real building environment.

[0035] Specifically, the front flame outlet is located at the center of the front of the combustion chamber 13, the lower edge of the rear air inlet coincides with the lower edge of the rear of the combustion chamber 13, and the overall opening is located at the center of the lower edge of the rear of the chamber.

[0036] More specifically, the upper part of the 1 / 4 ISO 9705 combustion chamber 13, on the side with the fire outlet (defined as the fire outlet side), is a high-temperature resistant stainless steel inner facade frame. The inner facade frame consists of three layers, each holding 700 mm × 400 mm curtain wall materials (such as mica panels, photovoltaic glass, etc.). When the inner facade frame holds mica panels (the mica panels used are high-temperature resistant, mainly composed of mica and resin. Mica typically has a thermal conductivity of 0.1 - 0.4 W / (m·K), and resin has a thermal conductivity of 0.1 - 0.5 W / (m·K), providing good insulation and simulating the insulation effect of real buildings), the resulting inner facade curtain wall functions as an inertial building curtain wall.

[0037] The exterior facade curtain wall consists of a stainless steel frame 6 fixed above guide rails on both sides. The facade frame is divided into four layers via horizontal beams. The bottom layer is at the same height as the front of the combustion chamber 13 (the side with the fire outlet), and the upper three layers of stainless steel frames are strictly aligned with the inner facade stainless steel frame 7. Each layer of the exterior facade stainless steel frame 6 has a window structure, on which panels such as solar photovoltaic panels can be placed. Insulation cotton is adhered to the contact area between the panels and the frame. A quick-clamping mechanism applies pressure to the fixing frame, tightly securing the panels within the frame to form the building's curtain wall structure.

[0038] The variable curtain wall structure provided in this embodiment is variable in that: when conducting experiments using this device, various materials such as tempered glass and solar photovoltaic panels are prepared. Before each experiment, the same materials are installed on the exterior frame to simulate different types of building curtain walls in a real environment.

[0039] When the installed panels are tempered glass or solar photovoltaic panels with glass components, the glass panels can crack and fall off due to heat in a fire environment, thus simulating the scenario of curtain walls cracking and falling off due to heat in a real fire.

[0040] At different stages of fire development, there is a process in which glass components fall off to form new ventilation openings. That is, the change and abrupt change of boundary conditions is an inevitable objective fact. The continued interaction between the boundary abrupt change and the fire also has very important scientific research and engineering value.

[0041] Therefore, the variable curtain wall structure of this device can easily and intuitively reproduce the above scenario, which is of great significance for solving the scientific problem of sudden changes in the opening of photovoltaic curtain walls during fires and their interactive effects, as well as for guiding fire protection engineering design and fire fighting and rescue strategies.

[0042] The variable curtain wall structure provided in this embodiment is also variable in that: the type of panels used in the curtain wall can be varied, such as tempered glass, double-layer laminated glass, photovoltaic panels, mica panels, etc.; the number of panels installed in the curtain wall can also be varied, such as installing all frames on both the inner and outer facades (simulating a double-layer curtain wall structure), installing all frames on the inner facade, and installing the top three layers on the outer facade (simulating a distributed photovoltaic system on the windows of a high-rise building).

[0043] The variable curtain wall structure provided in this embodiment is further variable in that: one end of the quick clamping mechanism is a handle, and the other end is a pressure applying mechanism, with an adjustable nut at the end of the pressure applying mechanism. For panels of different thicknesses or materials, by adjusting the position of the nut, the curtain wall material is fixed in the frame with an equal load, maintaining the consistency of the experimental environment under different working conditions.

[0044] Among them, the variable curtain wall structure, with the selected material of the curtain wall having the characteristic of being light-transmitting, can be used as an observation window in the experiment to record and analyze the development and interaction of fire in the chamber.

[0045] In this embodiment, the exterior facade curtain wall is adjustable in distance from the interior facade curtain wall via a translation mechanism, which includes: Slider 12 is slidably mounted on the fixing plate 15 of the fixed combustion chamber 13; the exterior curtain wall is fixedly mounted on slider 12; The lead screw is rotatably mounted on a bracket, which is mounted on a fixed plate 15. The lead screw nut is mounted on the slider 12 and engages with the lead screw. Handwheel 11 is located at one end of the lead screw.

[0046] Specifically, the inner facade curtain wall is located above the combustion chamber 13; the outer facade curtain wall is positioned horizontally and vertically parallel to the inner facade curtain wall. The outer facade curtain wall and the movable slider 12 form a whole, with the bracket fixed on the fixed plate 15. The slider 12, set in the translation mechanism, moves on the flame overflow side of the combustion chamber 13, enabling the adjustment of the distance between the inner and outer facade curtain walls as needed. The use of a lead screw and lead screw nut allows for precise adjustment of the distance between the outer facade frame of the outer facade curtain wall and the inner facade frame of the inner facade curtain wall, simulating the impact of fire on the photovoltaic curtain wall under different spacing conditions.

[0047] Among them, the combustion chamber 13 simulates the behavior of actual photovoltaic curtain wall buildings detaching due to heat in a fire environment. It can also couple multiple fire sources to simulate different heat release rates, i.e., the thermal failure behavior of photovoltaic curtain walls under different fire environments, and can accurately reproduce the thermal interaction between building fire and curtain wall materials.

[0048] Specifically, the single-layer component installation frame 8 of the stainless steel frame 6 of the exterior facade curtain wall is equipped with photovoltaic panels as a photovoltaic curtain wall. The curtain wall materials in the photovoltaic curtain wall structure are photovoltaic glass, tempered glass, double-layer laminated glass, mica board, etc. Different materials can be replaced according to experimental needs to simulate the behavior of different building facades in a fire.

[0049] Among them, the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure 4 design of the exterior facade can simulate the structural damage and detachment of the photovoltaic curtain wall in a fire, especially the key process of promoting the spread of fire by creating new ventilation openings after the photovoltaic glass is heated and cracked.

[0050] The translation mechanism can adjust the distance between the outer stainless steel frame 6, i.e. the photovoltaic curtain wall and the fire source in the chamber, thereby simulating the effect of heat radiation and fire spread of the fire source on the photovoltaic curtain wall under different distances. The adjustable distance range is 100mm to 1000mm.

[0051] As a preferred option, four casters 10 can be provided at the lower end of the fixed plate 15 to facilitate the movement of the device.

[0052] In this embodiment, the temperature measurement system includes: A space temperature measurement system 21 is installed between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall; A surface temperature measurement system for the photovoltaic curtain wall is installed on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall. The data analysis and processing module is electrically connected to the space temperature measurement system 21 and the curtain wall surface temperature measurement system to analyze the heat transfer during the fire, the pyrolysis of the combustible TPT backsheet in the photovoltaic curtain wall, the relationship between the combustion time and the longitudinal fire spread between the curtain walls, and to calculate the critical stress for photovoltaic glass breakage based on the temperature change of the photovoltaic curtain wall surface, and to verify the results with the temperature measurement system.

[0053] In this embodiment, the space temperature measurement system 21 includes multiple thermocouple sensors installed in the gap between the inner and outer facade curtain walls to monitor the temperature changes between the inner and outer curtain walls in real time during a fire and provide accurate temperature data to support the scientific analysis of the thermal response of the photovoltaic curtain wall; the multiple thermocouple sensors are electrically connected to the data analysis and processing module. The curtain wall surface temperature measurement system includes multiple patch thermocouples installed on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall, and a data acquisition unit electrically connected to the multiple patch thermocouples. The multiple patch thermocouples are attached to the exposed and shaded areas of the curtain wall material according to experimental requirements. The data acquisition unit is used to record the temperature distribution and changes of different areas of the curtain wall surface in real time during a fire. The data acquisition unit is electrically connected to the data analysis and processing module.

[0054] Specifically, multiple thermocouple sensors installed in the gap between the inner and outer facade curtain walls are used to monitor the temperature changes between the inner and outer curtain walls in real time during a fire and provide accurate temperature data to support the scientific analysis of the thermal response of the photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0055] In this embodiment, the heat release analysis system includes: The conical smoke hood 2 is configured to correspond with the combustion chamber 13 and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure 4 so that the flue gas generated during combustion can be completely absorbed. The flue gas conveying pipeline and the fan are connected at one end to the conical smoke hood 2 and at the other end to the fan. Flue gas sensor 1 is installed on the flue gas delivery pipeline; The flue gas analysis device includes a thermal parameter measuring device, a gas composition analyzer, and a smoke density measuring instrument installed on the flue gas conveying pipeline.

[0056] Specifically, the heat release rate in a fire experiment can be measured using a smoke sensor 1, a thermal parameter measuring device, a gas composition analyzer 3, and a smoke density measuring instrument, which can intuitively represent the intensity of the flame in a fire.

[0057] Among them, the heat release analysis system combines a flue gas collection device and a flue gas analysis device, uses the oxygen consumption method to calculate the power of the fire source, and provides real-time fire heat release data for analyzing the interaction between the fire source and the photovoltaic curtain wall at different spacings.

[0058] In this embodiment, the heat release analysis system is a large-scale device that calculates the power of a fire source based on the oxygen consumption method principle. It consists of a smoke collection device and a smoke analysis device. The smoke collection device includes a conical smoke hood 2, a smoke delivery pipeline, and a fan. The smoke analysis device includes thermal parameter measuring equipment, a gas composition analyzer 3, a smoke density measuring instrument, auxiliary devices, etc. The terminal system can output parameters such as instantaneous heat release rate and total heat release based on the oxygen consumption method principle.

[0059] Specifically, the smoke hood 2 is preferably 2500 mm × 2500 mm in diameter and is located directly above the front opening of the chamber, so that the smoke generated by combustion in the chamber can be completely absorbed.

[0060] In this embodiment, the mass loss measurement system includes: Oil tank 18 is used to hold liquid fuel; A square support platform 19 is provided, and an oil tank 18 is set on the square support platform 19. A high-precision mass weighing balance 20 has a square support platform 19 that passes through the bottom of the combustion chamber 13 and is connected to the tray of the high-precision mass weighing balance 20.

[0061] Specifically, the mass loss measurement system includes an oil pool 18 containing liquid fuel and a high-precision mass weighing balance 20. It measures the mass loss rate of the oil pool 18 during a fire, thereby roughly estimating the heat release rate. The heat release rate is compared with that calculated by the heat release analysis system to determine the interaction between the combustible material of the photovoltaic curtain wall and the fire in the oil pool 18.

[0062] The oil tank 18 can be a metal oil pan with an opening size of 250 mm × 250 mm, used to hold fuel that could cause a fire.

[0063] In this embodiment, the mass loss measurement system measures the mass change of fuel in the chamber in real time and automatically records the heat release rate during the combustion process to support the study of fire heat release characteristics.

[0064] Among them, the high-precision mass weighing balance 20 is model Precisa IBK34000D, with a weighing range of 0-34100g and an accuracy of 0.1g. The back end of the balance connects to computer equipment.

[0065] In this embodiment, the high-speed camera system includes: At least three high-speed cameras 5 are installed in relation to the inner and outer facade curtain walls to record the cracking and detachment of photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the burning spread of photovoltaic back panels, the spread of flames between double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls, and the fire overflow phenomenon of the outer facade curtain wall. Infrared thermal imagers are installed corresponding to the exterior facade curtain wall to measure the surface temperature distribution of the photovoltaic curtain wall, which can preliminarily determine the location and time of cracks caused by failure and rupture of the photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0066] Specifically, in this embodiment, three high-speed cameras 5 are preferred. Each of the three high-speed cameras 5 is equipped with a stable bracket and takes pictures from the fire-resistant side of the exterior curtain wall, the sides of the inner and outer facade frames, and the fire-facing side of the exterior facade frame, respectively, to record the detachment of photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the burning and spread of photovoltaic back panels, and the changes in the overflow flames of the curtain wall.

[0067] The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire experimental device provided in this embodiment can simulate the heating, cracking and spread process of the photovoltaic curtain wall under different fire development stages by changing the distance between the photovoltaic curtain wall and the fire source in the chamber, the location of the fire source and the curtain wall material, and analyze the fire behavior under different working conditions through a multi-parameter acquisition system.

[0068] The experimental apparatus for fire detection of multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain walls provided in this embodiment is based on the following theoretical foundations: (i) Under the thermal radiation and convection of flames and smoke, heat is transferred from the cavity to the curtain wall, causing the glass (photovoltaic) curtain wall to heat up, crack, and detach. This process can be represented as follows: ,in , , These represent specific heat, glass density, and thickness, respectively. The convective heat transfer coefficient is... For Stephen Boltzmann constant, For the emissivity of the glass surface, , These are the glass temperature and the ambient temperature inside the chamber, respectively.

[0069] Furthermore, by conducting experiments using this device to measure the ambient temperature inside the cavity and the temperature of the inner surface of the glass, the energy accumulation of the curtain wall structure under the thermal effects of a fire can be obtained, providing real and reliable data support for the scientific analysis of the interaction between fire and curtain wall.

[0070] (ii) From a microscopic perspective, glass breaks because its thermal stress exceeds its strength limit. Thermal stress can be measured using... To calculate, where E is the elastic modulus, The coefficient of linear expansion is 1 / 3. For temperature rise; for , which is a function of strain and temperature rise, has the following calculation formula. When there is At that time, a rupture occurred. It represents the ultimate strength.

[0071] Furthermore, by conducting experiments using this device to measure the strain and temperature rise of the solar panel, the thermodynamic conditions for crack initiation and detachment can be analyzed based on the fracture criteria. Further, the heat transfer formula and thermal stress formula mentioned above are coupled to establish a multi-parameter glass thermal fracture analysis and prediction model. Even further, the accuracy of the established prediction model is verified using image recognition technology based on high-definition, high-frame-rate video data recorded by high-speed camera equipment, correcting measurement errors caused by the equipment. Finally, the established model is applied to engineering practice using numerical simulation methods.

[0072] (III) A critical state exists during the interaction process, where the air temperature between curtain walls, the heat release from a curtain wall fire, the temperature of the exterior curtain wall, the heat flow of the exterior curtain wall, and the thermal stress of the curtain wall all reach their critical values. This critical state can be used to predict curtain wall cracking and longitudinal fire spread of the exterior curtain wall at different spacings, thereby reducing the fire hazard of curtain wall buildings through engineering means. This device can determine the critical state by combining parameter measurement and image analysis methods to obtain the temperature parameters inside the interior and exterior curtain walls and the surface parameters of the curtain walls. Furthermore, by changing conditions such as curtain wall materials, curtain wall thickness, and the location of the fire source, the optimal solution in the safety design of building engineering can be obtained.

[0073] Example 2

[0074] A fire test method for a multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall, which is a test method using the multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device of Example 1, includes the following steps: S10. Turn on the power to the gas composition analyzer in the heat release analysis system, open the supporting system software, and calibrate the gas composition analyzer with nitrogen and standard gas after it has warmed up; turn on the power to the temperature measurement system and the mass loss measurement system, and verify the number of channels; turn on the high-speed camera system. S20. Place appropriately sized high-temperature resistant mica panels inside the inner facade frame of the inner facade curtain wall as an inertial curtain wall, press them into the fixed frame, adjust the quick clamp nuts, and press the handles to make the whole structure tightly fixed; at the same time, install appropriately sized single-glass monocrystalline silicon solar panels on the outer facade frame except for the lowest layer to form a photovoltaic curtain wall; then, through the translation mechanism, determine the spacing between the curtain walls according to the design experimental conditions to form a photovoltaic curtain wall building system. S30. Inject liquid fuel into the oil tank, observe the balance reading through the computer terminal, and wait for the reading to stabilize; S40. Turn on the fan and the software for the gas composition analyzer. According to the system software usage requirements, wait for a certain period of time, then ignite the flame source, start the experiment, and record the results. S50. If the solar photovoltaic glass is observed to fall off naturally during the simulated fire, observe and wait for it to appear, and record the relevant parameter data of each acquisition system. S60. The air temperature between the inner and outer curtain walls is measured by the space temperature measurement system. The temperature rise rate is compared with various working conditions. The temperature curve is differentiated with time to compare the differences in temperature rise rate under different working conditions. Based on this, the influence of factors such as curtain wall spacing, curtain wall material, and fire source location on fire overflow between curtain walls is determined. The relationship between cavity overflow fire and boundary change of photovoltaic curtain wall structure in photovoltaic curtain wall fire under different spacing is determined. S70. Measure the surface temperature of the glass, calculate the temperature difference along the surface of the glass in all directions, and determine the area that is most obviously heated and most likely to crack first. S80. By using a high-speed camera system, the micro-change characteristics of the glass at the moment of boundary abrupt change are captured, the time of the first cracking and detachment of the photovoltaic solar panel installed on each layer is recorded, and the results are combined with the temperature and heat flow data measured in the experiment to analyze the cracking mechanism. S90. Establish a multi-parameter coupled interaction prediction model and correct the error.

[0075] Among them, the space temperature measurement system is used to measure the temperature change at fixed points and the position of the flame front.

[0076] In this embodiment, a 4K, 60fps high-speed camera is used.

[0077] In this embodiment, the lowest layer of the stainless steel frame of the facade is not fitted with any materials, simulating a real-world scenario of a fire caused by a cavity overflow in a building with a photovoltaic curtain wall.

[0078] Example 3

[0079] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 8 The simulation experiment of a double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall, conducted using the multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall fire test device provided in Example 1 and based on the multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test method provided in Example 2, is as follows:

[0080] S10. Install inert, non-combustible plates on the stainless steel frame of the interior facade to simulate a non-combustible building curtain wall. S20. Install photovoltaic panels with thermocouple temperature sensors on the stainless steel frame of the facade to simulate a photovoltaic curtain wall, which together with the building curtain wall in S10 forms a double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall. S30. By using the hand crank (handwheel), move the photovoltaic curtain wall in S20 to adjust the distance between it and the non-combustible curtain wall in S10 to the distance required for the experiment. S40. Open the lower opening side wall of the combustion chamber and inject fuel into the oil sump inside. S50. Turn on the data acquisition device and temperature data acquisition device in the gas composition analyzer, ignite the fuel pool with a propane igniter to conduct the experiment, and use the fume hood to collect and analyze the gases produced by combustion; the gas composition analyzer is used to collect the heat release rate data curve.

[0081] Example 4

[0082] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 9 The simulation experiment of a double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall, conducted using the multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic curtain wall fire test device provided in Example 1 and based on the multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test method provided in Example 2, is as follows:

[0083] S10. Install inert, non-combustible plates on the stainless steel frame of the interior facade to simulate a non-combustible building curtain wall. S20. Tempered glass with thermocouple temperature sensors attached to the stainless steel frame of the facade is installed on the same glass components as the photovoltaic panels to simulate a glass curtain wall, which together with the building curtain wall in S10 forms a double-layer glass curtain wall. S30. By using the hand crank (handwheel), move the glass curtain wall in S20 to adjust the distance between it and the non-combustible curtain wall in S10 to the distance required for the experiment. S40. Open the lower opening side wall of the combustion chamber and inject fuel into the oil sump inside; S50. Turn on the data acquisition device and temperature data acquisition device in the gas composition analyzer, ignite the fuel pool with a propane igniter to conduct the experiment, and use the fume hood to collect and analyze the gases produced by combustion; the gas composition analyzer is used to collect the heat release rate data curve.

[0084] The technical solutions of the present invention have been fully described above. It should be noted that the specific embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above description. All technical solutions formed by those skilled in the art based on the spirit and essence of the present invention through equivalent or equivalent transformations in structure, method or function are within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device, characterized in that, include: A combustion chamber is provided with a fire source to serve as the main space for a fire to occur; the two sides of the combustion chamber are provided with openings, which serve as fire outlets and air inlets, respectively; A variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure, comprising an inner facade curtain wall and an outer facade curtain wall, wherein the inner facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber and is disposed at the upper end of the combustion chamber; the outer facade curtain wall is located on the fire outlet side of the combustion chamber and is parallel to the inner facade curtain wall and is disposed at an adjustable distance. A temperature measurement system is installed between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall, as well as on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall, to measure the air temperature change between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall, and the surface temperature change of the photovoltaic curtain wall. A heat release analysis system is set up in correspondence with the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure to measure the heat release rate in the fire experiment and to indicate the intensity of the flame in the fire. A mass loss measurement system is set up corresponding to the fire source to measure the mass loss rate of the fire source; A high-speed camera system is installed corresponding to the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall to record the cracking and detachment of photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the combustion spread process of photovoltaic back panels, the flame spread between the double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls, and the fire overflow phenomenon of the outer facade curtain wall. Specifically, by changing the distance between the photovoltaic curtain wall and the fire source in the combustion chamber of the exterior facade, the location of the fire source, and the curtain wall material, the heating, cracking, and spread of fire between the photovoltaic curtain walls under different fire development stages are simulated, and the fire behavior under different working conditions is analyzed through a multi-parameter acquisition system.

2. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The combustion chamber is a standard scaled-down chamber based on the ISO 9705 standard chamber, scaled down according to a preset ratio; the flame outlet and the air inlet are respectively located on two opposite sides of the combustion chamber, with the flame outlet located at the center of the corresponding side; the air inlet is located at the lower end of the corresponding side.

3. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The exterior facade curtain wall is adjustablely positioned relative to the interior facade curtain wall via a translation mechanism, the translation mechanism comprising: A slider is slidably mounted on a fixing plate that fixes the combustion chamber; the exterior facade curtain wall is fixedly mounted on the slider. A lead screw, which is rotatably mounted on a bracket, the bracket being mounted on the fixed plate; A lead screw nut, which is disposed on the slider and cooperates with the lead screw; A handwheel is located at one end of the lead screw.

4. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temperature measurement system includes: A space temperature measurement system is installed between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall; A curtain wall surface temperature measurement system, wherein the curtain wall surface temperature measurement system is installed on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall; The data analysis and processing module is electrically connected to the space temperature measurement system and the curtain wall surface temperature measurement system to analyze the heat transfer during the fire, the pyrolysis of the combustible TPT backsheet in the photovoltaic curtain wall, the relationship between the combustion time and the longitudinal fire spread between the curtain walls, and to calculate the critical stress for photovoltaic glass breakage based on the temperature change of the photovoltaic curtain wall surface, and to verify the results with the temperature measurement system.

5. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The space temperature measurement system includes multiple thermocouple sensors installed in the gap between the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall, used to monitor the temperature change between the inner and outer curtain walls in real time during a fire and provide accurate temperature data to support the scientific analysis of the thermal response of the photovoltaic curtain wall; the multiple thermocouple sensors are electrically connected to the data analysis and processing module. The curtain wall surface temperature measurement system includes multiple patch thermocouples installed on the surface of the photovoltaic curtain wall and a data acquisition instrument electrically connected to the multiple patch thermocouples. The multiple patch thermocouples are attached to the exposed and shielded areas of the curtain wall material according to experimental requirements. The data acquisition instrument is used to record the temperature distribution and changes of different areas of the curtain wall surface in real time during a fire. The data acquisition instrument is electrically connected to the data analysis and processing module.

6. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The heat release analysis system includes: A conical smoke hood is provided, which is correspondingly arranged with the combustion chamber and the variable photovoltaic curtain wall structure, so that the flue gas generated by combustion can be completely absorbed; The flue gas conveying pipeline and the fan are provided, with one end of the flue gas conveying pipeline connected to the conical smoke collection hood and the other end connected to the fan. A flue gas sensor is installed on the flue gas delivery pipeline; A flue gas analysis device, comprising a thermal parameter measuring device, a gas composition analyzer, and a smoke density measuring instrument installed on the flue gas conveying pipeline.

7. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass loss measurement system includes: An oil tank for holding liquid fuel; A square support platform, wherein the oil tank is disposed on the square support platform; A high-precision mass weighing balance, wherein the square support platform passes through the bottom of the combustion chamber and is connected to the tray of the high-precision mass weighing balance.

8. The multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high-speed camera system includes: At least three high-speed cameras are provided, and the three high-speed cameras are correspondingly set with the inner facade curtain wall and the outer facade curtain wall to record the cracking and falling off of the photovoltaic curtain wall glass components in a fire environment, the burning spread process of the photovoltaic back panel, the flame spread between the double-layer photovoltaic curtain walls, and the fire overflow phenomenon of the outer facade curtain wall. An infrared thermal imager is installed corresponding to the exterior facade curtain wall to measure the surface temperature distribution of the photovoltaic curtain wall, which can preliminarily determine the location and time of cracks caused by the failure and cracking of the photovoltaic curtain wall.

9. A fire test method for a multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall, characterized in that, The experimental method for using the multifunctional double-layer photovoltaic glass curtain wall fire test device according to any one of claims 1 to 8 includes the following steps: S10. Turn on the power to the gas composition analyzer in the heat release analysis system, open the supporting system software, and calibrate the gas composition analyzer with nitrogen and standard gas after it has warmed up; turn on the power to the temperature measurement system and the mass loss measurement system, and verify the number of channels; turn on the high-speed camera system. S20. Place appropriately sized high-temperature resistant mica panels inside the inner facade frame of the inner facade curtain wall as an inertial curtain wall, press them into the fixed frame, adjust the quick clamp nuts, and press the handles to make the whole structure tightly fixed; at the same time, install appropriately sized single-glass monocrystalline silicon solar panels on the outer facade frame except for the lowest layer to form a photovoltaic curtain wall; then, through the translation mechanism, determine the spacing between the curtain walls according to the design experimental conditions to form a photovoltaic curtain wall building system. S30. Inject liquid fuel into the oil tank, observe the balance reading through the computer terminal, and wait for the reading to stabilize; S40. Turn on the fan and the software for the gas composition analyzer. According to the system software usage requirements, wait for a certain period of time, then ignite the flame source, start the experiment, and record the results. S50. If the solar photovoltaic glass is observed to fall off naturally during the simulated fire, observe and wait for it to appear, and record the relevant parameter data of each acquisition system. S60. The air temperature between the inner and outer curtain walls is measured by the space temperature measurement system. The temperature rise rate is compared with various working conditions. The temperature curve is differentiated with time to compare the differences in temperature rise rate under different working conditions. Based on this, the influence of factors such as curtain wall spacing, curtain wall material, and fire source location on fire overflow between curtain walls is determined. The relationship between cavity overflow fire and boundary change of photovoltaic curtain wall structure in photovoltaic curtain wall fire under different spacing is determined. S70. Measure the surface temperature of the glass, calculate the temperature difference along the surface of the glass in all directions, and determine the area that is most obviously heated and most likely to crack first. S80. By using a high-speed camera system, the micro-change characteristics of the glass at the moment of boundary abrupt change are captured, the time of the first cracking and detachment of the photovoltaic solar panel installed on each layer is recorded, and the results are combined with the temperature and heat flow data measured in the experiment to analyze the cracking mechanism. S90. Establish a multi-parameter coupled interaction prediction model and correct the error.

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