Quantum sensing monitoring device for partial discharge of switch cabinet

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention provides a switch cabinet partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device. The device is applied to the technical field of power equipment monitoring, and comprises a light path regulation and excitation module which is used for generating and beam-splitting detection laser of a quantum sensor coupled to each Rydberg atom; the quantum electromagnetic induction module acts on Rydberg atoms and a partial discharge electromagnetic field, and fluorescence or absorption spectrum characteristics of atomic energy level transition are changed; extracting a weak discharge signal, and converting the weak discharge signal into an analyzable electric signal; the signal processing and diagnosis module is combined with spatial information acquired by a quantum sensor of doydberg atoms in a distributed manner, and a time-frequency analysis and pattern recognition algorithm is adopted to extract discharge characteristic quantity; partial discharge positioning, type identification and insulation state evaluation are realized based on the parameters, and a real-time monitoring result and early warning information are output. In this way, through deep fusion of quantum sensing and advanced signal processing, a high-precision and high-reliability technical solution is provided for power equipment state monitoring.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power equipment monitoring technology, and in particular to a quantum sensing monitoring device for partial discharge in switchgear. Background Technology

[0002] In power systems, switchgear is a critical piece of equipment, and its operating status directly affects the safety and stability of the power grid. Partial discharge is a significant indicator of insulation degradation in switchgear and a major cause of equipment failure. Therefore, real-time monitoring and precise location of partial discharge in switchgear are of great importance. Traditional partial discharge monitoring methods mainly rely on ultrasonic detection, high-frequency current detection, and ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic wave detection. However, traditional techniques suffer from insufficient sensitivity, poor anti-interference capabilities, and severe signal attenuation, especially in complex electromagnetic environments, making it difficult to achieve high-precision partial discharge monitoring. Furthermore, existing technologies typically rely on classical physical models for data analysis, lacking full utilization of quantum effects, which limits the resolution and reliability of the monitoring results.

[0003] In recent years, with the development of quantum sensing technology, its application potential in the field of high-sensitivity detection has gradually emerged. Quantum sensing technology utilizes the properties of quantum states such as superposition, entanglement, and coherence to break through the sensitivity limits of traditional sensors, providing a novel technical path for partial discharge monitoring. However, there are currently no mature quantum sensing devices specifically designed for partial discharge monitoring in switchgear, and existing research largely remains theoretical, lacking practical application solutions. Furthermore, establishing the correlation between partial discharge signals and quantum states through complex formulas and achieving high-precision data processing and analysis during quantum sensing monitoring remains a pressing technical challenge. Specifically, in the monitoring of partial discharge in switchgear, quantum sensing technology needs to address the following issues: First, the weak field strength characteristic of partial discharge signals requires quantum sensors to possess extremely high sensitivity, a requirement that current technologies struggle to meet; second, the propagation of partial discharge signals is affected by environmental noise and dielectric loss, causing the signal strength to decrease exponentially with distance; third, the wide spectral distribution of partial discharge signals necessitates frequency domain analysis using Fourier transform formulas to extract effective feature information; and finally, the output signal of quantum sensors typically exhibits a probability distribution of quantum states, requiring description using quantum mechanics formulas and calculation of expected values ​​using measurement operators to achieve quantitative analysis of the signal.

[0004] Furthermore, existing technologies also have shortcomings in the data processing stage of partial discharge monitoring. For example, the time-domain feature extraction of partial discharge signals usually adopts wavelet transform formulas, but this method is sensitive to noise and easily introduces errors. At the same time, the spatial positioning of partial discharge signals requires the combination of multi-sensor data and the calculation of position coordinates through triangulation formulas, but existing technologies have low positioning accuracy in multi-dimensional space, which is difficult to meet practical needs.

[0005] In summary, existing technologies have many shortcomings in the field of partial discharge monitoring in switchgear, including insufficient sensitivity, poor anti-interference ability, difficulty in signal extraction, and low data processing accuracy; these problems limit the practical application effect of partial discharge monitoring technology. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This disclosure provides a quantum sensing monitoring device for partial discharge in switchgear, which can fully utilize the principle of quantum superposition and multi-physics coupling mechanism to capture weak quantum state changes in partial discharge signals and generate high-precision monitoring results. Simultaneously, by optimizing the signal processing flow through complex mathematical formulas, the sensitivity and anti-interference capability of the monitoring system are significantly improved. It is suitable for partial discharge monitoring tasks in switchgear under various complex operating conditions, and has broad application prospects and good scalability.

[0007] According to a first aspect of this disclosure, a quantum sensing and monitoring device for partial discharge in a switchgear is provided, comprising: The optical path control and excitation module is used to generate and split the probe laser of the quantum sensor to each Rydberg atom; the probe laser is distributed to multiple Rydberg atom sensor probes via a beam splitter, and the laser frequency is matched with the atomic energy level through real-time feedback adjustment. The quantum electromagnetic induction module is used to extract weak discharge signals through superheterodyne detection, lock-in amplification, and frequency selection circuitry, and convert them into resolvable electrical signals. The signal processing and diagnostic module combines spatial information collected by a distributed quantum sensor of Doricberg atoms, and uses time-frequency analysis and pattern recognition algorithms to extract discharge characteristics. Based on discharge intensity, spectral components and phase distribution parameters, it realizes partial discharge location, type identification and insulation status assessment, and outputs real-time monitoring results and early warning information.

[0008] Compared with the prior art, the advantages and positive effects of this disclosure are: This disclosure utilizes laser frequency stabilization and beam splitting technology in the optical path control and excitation module to ensure precise matching between multi-path detection lasers and Rydberg atomic energy levels, solving the signal missed detection problem caused by electromagnetic interference or insufficient sensitivity in traditional sensors. The quantum electromagnetic induction module leverages the high sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to weak electromagnetic fields, combined with superheterodyne detection and lock-in amplification technology, to effectively extract nanovolt-level discharge signals, significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The signal processing and diagnostic module integrates spatial information collected by distributed quantum sensors, using time-frequency analysis to analyze the spectral characteristics, phase distribution, and intensity changes of the discharge signal. Combined with pattern recognition algorithms, it achieves: inversion of discharge location through multi-probe signal time difference and intensity distribution; differentiation of corona discharge, surface discharge, etc., based on pulse waveform and spectral component differences; and prediction of insulation degradation degree based on discharge parameter trends. The collaborative operation of multiple modules enables real-time, non-invasive monitoring of partial discharges, avoiding the blind spots of traditional periodic detection. Its high sensitivity and anti-interference capabilities can detect potential insulation defects early, outputting early warning information to assist in formulating precise maintenance strategies, reducing the risk of sudden switchgear failures, and extending equipment life.

[0009] It should be understood that the description in the Summary of the Invention is not intended to limit the key or essential features of the embodiments of this disclosure, nor is it intended to restrict the scope of this disclosure. Other features of this disclosure will become readily apparent from the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0010] The above and other features, advantages, and aspects of the embodiments of this disclosure will become more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description. The drawings are provided for a better understanding of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. In the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements, wherein: Figure 1 A block diagram of a quantum sensing monitoring device for partial discharge of a switchgear according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown; Figure 2 A block diagram of an optical path modulation and excitation module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown; Figure 3 A block diagram of a quantum electromagnetic induction module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown; Figure 4 A block diagram of a signal processing and diagnostic module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0011] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this disclosure clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this disclosure will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this disclosure, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this disclosure, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

[0012] Furthermore, the term "and / or" in this article is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, or B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this article generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0013] Figure 1 This disclosure illustrates a quantum sensing monitoring device for partial discharge in a switchgear, such as... Figure 1 As shown, it includes: The optical path control and excitation module, consisting of a laser source, a beam splitter, and a frequency stabilization system, is used to generate and split the probe laser of the quantum sensor to each Rydberg atom. The probe laser is distributed to multiple Rydberg atom sensor probes via the beam splitter, and the laser frequency is matched with the atomic energy level through real-time feedback adjustment. Alternatively, in some embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, the optical path control and excitation module includes: The signal capture submodule is used to distribute quantum sensors inside the switch cabinet. Each quantum sensor collects a unique partial discharge signal, which is used to capture partial discharge signals in different dimensions of the switch cabinet. The truth extraction submodule is used to establish an interference comparison between the quantum frequency reference channel based on atomic transition spectral lines and the probe laser output channel. After beat frequency calculation, a frequency difference error voltage is generated, which includes the probe laser frequency drift component and the Stark frequency shift component caused by the electromagnetic field. During the probe laser interval, the applied discharge electric field is turned off to measure the pure laser frequency drift. During the detection period, common mode drift is eliminated and the electromagnetic field-induced frequency shift truth value is extracted. The distortion compensation submodule is used to load the integral component of the frequency difference error voltage to achieve sub-millihertz level coarse frequency adjustment; at the same time, it loads the differential component to complete instantaneous laser frequency micro-correction on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds; and integrates a liquid crystal phase array at the output of the beam splitter to compensate for polarization distortion caused by the transmission path of the Doricborg atom sensor probe in real time, and maintain the Rydberg state population.

[0014] This involves constructing a complete theoretical framework connecting the various sub-modules and establishing a set of coupled equations. The simultaneous control equations for the entire system are as follows: In the formula, Represents a nonlinear coupling operator. ; This represents the tensor convolution operation. Indicates the permeability of free space; Represents the vacuum permittivity; Indicates free-space wave impedance; Represents the magnetic field strength components; Represents the polarization-compensated dynamic transmission tensor; Represents the differential element of a surface; Frequency difference-polarization cross modulation equation: In the formula, Represents the speed of light in a vacuum; Represents a volume element; Represents the modulo-square operation; This represents the frequency shift of the m-th order emission line; This represents the intrinsic transition angular frequency of the k-th quantum sensor; This represents the diagonal summation of the population. Spatiotemporal evolution constraints: In the formula, Denotes the Frobenius norm. Denotes the Euclidean norm; Represents the Boltzmann constant; Indicates the system ambient temperature; Indicates spatial coordinate index; This represents the ratio of quantum reference to thermal noise. This represents the cumulative amount of polarization-dependent loss; Energy level broadening compensation equation: In the formula: Represents the electric dipole moment operator; Represents the quantum ensemble average; Represents the delay time variable; Represents the combination of characteristic constants of quantum electrodynamics; This represents the electric field fluctuation spectral density; The equations are coupled to each other through the following physical quantities: error voltage pass Modulated polarization state; density matrix Evolution Regulation; energy level expansion With electric field fluctuations Related; Reference Frequency The system of equations serves as a global baseline constraint for all time-varying processes; it satisfies the following conservation laws: in This represents the system's power dissipation.

[0015] This embodiment achieves holographic acquisition of three-dimensional spatial discharge signals inside the switchgear through a distributed arrangement design of quantum sensors. Each Doricberg atomic sensor corresponds to a unique spatial coordinate point for partial discharge information, solving the spatial coverage blind spot problem of traditional single-point monitoring. Truth value extraction utilizes a quantum measurement method combining atomic frequency standards and dual-channel interference. Through a time-division measurement strategy, it achieves a frequency shift resolution of 0.1Hz, a common-mode noise suppression ratio >60dB, and a Stark frequency shift measurement uncertainty <1×10¹⁵. Distortion compensation enables millisecond-level coarse frequency adjustment and hundred-nanosecond-level transient micro-correction (and polarization accuracy preservation). A quantum sensing network with sub-millimeter-level spatial resolution and sub-hertz-level frequency shift detection capability is constructed, providing a measurement benchmark reaching the quantum limit for partial discharge detection in switchgear.

[0016] The quantum electromagnetic induction module is used to detect changes in the fluorescence or absorption spectrum characteristics of Rydberg atoms interacting with the partial discharge electromagnetic field within the quantum sensor probe of each Rydberg atom. The weak discharge signal is extracted through superheterodyne detection, lock-in amplification, and frequency selection circuitry and converted into a resolvable electrical signal. Among them, such as Figure 3 As shown, the quantum electromagnetic induction module includes: The quantum state modulation optical frequency conversion submodule is used to establish a microwave-optical frequency dual resonant interface through a Rydberg atomic gas cell, converting the transient electromagnetic disturbances generated by partial discharge into quantized Stark frequency shifts. A dual-frequency orthogonal laser detection system is adopted, in which the carrier light is locked at the center of the atomic transition line, and the sideband light is controlled by the tuning characteristics of the microwave resonant cavity. When the discharge electromagnetic pulse is applied, the splitting of the quantized energy level induces the coherent interference phase difference of the two beams, forming an optical intensity modulation envelope carrying the discharge characteristics. The pulse waveform parameter acquisition submodule is used to generate a reference optical signal that matches the characteristic frequency of the quantum sensor before quantum state modulation optical frequency conversion; a cascaded amplification chain based on the Josephson parametric amplification principle is constructed, and a dynamically tunable impedance matching network is set in the front stage; the instantaneous phase information of the discharge signal is reconstructed using a quantum phase estimation algorithm, and the phase shift of the voltage-controlled phase shifter is controlled by a feedback loop. The nonlinear spectrum reshaping output submodule is used to cascade a nonlinear transmission line network into the laser signal conditioning stage. It transforms the discrete discharge pulse sequence into a continuous spectrum with characteristic harmonic distribution through the controllable avalanche effect. The distributed resonant cavity with fractal structure design selectively enhances the discharge characteristic frequency components while suppressing unrelated power frequency harmonic interference. The output end is configured with a time-varying impedance matching network to adapt the signal waveform to the dynamic range of the subsequent digital processing system.

[0017] This embodiment integrates quantum electromagnetic induction effects with microwave photonic mixing technology, breaking through the sensitivity limit of classical detectors through a coherent conversion mechanism of quantized frequency shifts. Multidimensional gated amplification technology achieves joint optimization of time, frequency, and phase, while nonlinear spectrum reshaping technology solves the problem of preserving the characteristics of weak discharge signals in strong background noise. This signal extraction system represents a breakthrough in signal-to-noise ratio improvement, time jitter suppression, and phase fidelity, meeting the core requirements of high-precision partial discharge quantum sensing and monitoring.

[0018] Optionally, in some embodiments, the pulse waveform parameter acquisition submodule includes: The coherent mixing downconversion processing unit is used to realize four-wave mixing of signal light and local oscillator light through nonlinear optical crystal, and downconvert quantum modulation information in the 100MHz to THz frequency band to the baseband range; A multi-dimensional coherent gated amplifier unit is used to apply a chirped gate signal with a matching discharge pulse width in the time domain by injecting a squeezed state of a quantized electromagnetic field; at the same time, an adaptive noise suppression groove filter is constructed in the frequency domain. The phase-locked feature extraction unit is used to trigger a multi-channel synchronous sampling mechanism to obtain pulse waveform parameters when the loop locks to the quantized phase abrupt change point of the discharge pulse; combined with phase retrieval technology in microwave photonics and weak measurement theory in quantum metrology, it achieves sub-microradian phase resolution accuracy.

[0019] This embodiment realizes a complete technical route from broadband quantum modulation signal acquisition and noise suppression to precise waveform parameter measurement, providing a complete solution for quantum information signal processing, including frequency domain conversion, time-frequency joint enhancement, and ultra-precise phase feature analysis. The technical connection between modules is reflected in the fact that the baseband signal output from the four-wave mixing meets the time-frequency processing requirements of the gating unit, while the optimized signal-to-noise ratio of the gating unit enables accurate identification by the phase-locked unit, ultimately forming a complete closed loop for parameter measurement.

[0020] The signal processing and diagnostic module combines spatial information collected by a distributed quantum sensor of Doricberg atoms, and uses time-frequency analysis and pattern recognition algorithms to extract discharge characteristics. Based on parameters such as discharge intensity, spectral components and phase distribution, it realizes partial discharge location, type identification and insulation status assessment, and outputs real-time monitoring results and early warning information.

[0021] Alternatively, in some embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the signal processing and diagnostic module includes: The partial discharge spatial positioning submodule is used to receive discharge characteristic quantities, acquire field strength distribution data at multiple points through a distributed quantum sensor probe array, and construct a three-dimensional electromagnetic field spatial gradient matrix by combining the discharge intensity decay law; based on solving the inverse problem of electromagnetic wave propagation, the spatial coordinates of the discharge power source are iteratively inverted by the spatial difference of field strength to achieve high-precision positioning. The partial discharge type identification submodule is used to perform nonlinear transient analysis on the extracted discharge spectrum components and identify different discharge modes through high-order harmonic distribution characteristics: high-frequency components concentrated in the frequency band above GHz indicate conductor tip discharge, and broadband THz radiation components characterize the local breakdown characteristics of the medium; at the same time, combined with the phase perturbation distribution mode, a multi-dimensional correspondence library between discharge type and quantum detection signal is established to achieve differential identification. The insulation condition comprehensive assessment submodule is used to correlate the discharge intensity detected by quantum sensing with the carrier diffusion effect of the insulation material through the high-frequency duty cycle, and to infer the size of defects by changing the perturbation range of phase distortion. Based on the energy entropy change law of spectral components, it predicts the insulation degradation trend, estimates the remaining insulation lifetime by combining the discharge accumulation effect, forms a dynamic risk assessment model, and triggers graded early warning.

[0022] This embodiment upgrades partial discharge monitoring from traditional threshold alarms to a predictive maintenance system with physical mechanism interpretation capabilities, significantly reducing the risk of sudden insulation failures in equipment.

[0023] The partial discharge spatial positioning submodule includes: The multi-dimensional time-frequency joint analysis unit is used to extract the time-domain rising edge characteristics (nanosecond-level resolution) and broadband spectral resonant structure (THz band resolution) of transient pulses by using the raw signals collected by the distributed quantum sensor array into the dynamic window function group and through time-frequency atom decomposition with controllable quality factor. The nonlinear coupling feature separation unit is used to decouple the mixed signal into the following components by singular value projection: the fundamental frequency modulation component related to the electric field intensity, the high-order harmonic group induced by the discharge plasma pulsation, and the phase tail effect caused by the dielectric polarization delay. A spatial-frequency joint fingerprinting unit is used to dynamically couple the time-frequency feature matrix with the electromagnetic wave propagation attenuation model based on the spatial topological relationship of quantum sensor nodes. The spatial wavefront curvature of the discharge point is calculated by inverting the field strength gradient vector field. Combined with the relative phase difference of the spectral components of each node, the radiation pattern of the discharge source is derived. A two-dimensional discrimination plane is established with frequency as the horizontal axis and spatial attenuation slope as the vertical axis, realizing the separability mapping of different discharge modes on the two-dimensional discrimination plane. The optimal feature subset is selected autonomously according to the real-time signal-to-noise ratio. For nodes with high signal-to-noise ratio, the proportion of THz harmonic groups is preferentially used as the feature quantity. For distant nodes with low signal-to-noise ratio, the fundamental frequency phase jitter parameter is switched. Environmental interference terms are eliminated by checking the spatial consistency of the feature vectors of each node.

[0024] This embodiment, through the distributed deployment of quantum sensor arrays and dynamic window function processing, breaks through the time-frequency resolution limit of traditional single-point detection (nanosecond-THz joint analysis), achieving synchronous capture of all elements of the discharge transient process in the time domain waveform (rising edge characteristics), frequency domain structure (resonant mode), and spatial propagation (attenuation characteristics); providing a complete raw dataset for extracting the essential characteristics of discharge modes. Singular value projection is used to decouple the multi-physics mixed signal sensitive to Rydberg atoms, separating three orthogonal components reflecting the essential characteristics of the discharge: the fundamental frequency modulation term characterizing the discharge intensity (linearly related to the electric field intensity), the higher-order harmonic group reflecting the nonlinearity of the discharge process (plasma pulsation fingerprint), and the phase delay effect indicating the degree of insulation degradation (dielectric polarization response); decoupling allows different types of discharge defects to have distinguishable projection directions in the feature space. Through the coupling of the electromagnetic wave propagation model and the quantum node topology, the time-frequency characteristics are converted into spatial radiation characteristics: subwavelength-level spatial positioning is achieved based on wavefront curvature inversion (utilizing the short propagation distance characteristics of high-frequency components), and the orientation of the discharge source is determined by combining the radiation pattern reconstruction (phase difference and node geometry). The dynamic selection mechanism of feature subsets (on-demand switching of THz harmonic / fundamental frequency parameters) retains the advantages of high near-field resolution and maintains far-field detection sensitivity through low-frequency components, ultimately forming a discharge fingerprint database with spatial-frequency domain separability on the two-dimensional discrimination plane.

[0025] The nonlinear coupling feature separation unit includes: The hybrid signal tensor modeling subunit is used to model the original signal as a time-varying high-dimensional tensor structure, where each dimension corresponds to the instantaneous amplitude of the electric field disturbance (fundamental frequency component), the nonlinear coupling of plasma oscillation (harmonic group), and the cumulative effect of the dielectric relaxation response (phase tail). The energy-layered subunit of the singular value domain is used to perform generalized singular value decomposition on the covariance matrix of the mixed signals, so that the components of different physical mechanisms exhibit significant differences in the singular vector space. Fundamental frequency modulation component: corresponding to the dominant singular value, its energy is concentrated in the main lobe of the spectrum and has a linear mapping relationship with the instantaneous change of electric field intensity; Higher-order harmonic groups: manifested as secondary singularity clusters, whose spectral line spacing follows the characteristic frequency stepwise law of plasma oscillation; Phase tail effect: reflected as a slow decay segment of residual singular values, whose temporal evolution follows the relaxation time distribution function of the medium polarizability; The dynamic projection and component extraction subunit is used to apply constrained projection to the subspace corresponding to the principal singular value, preserving the time-domain envelope characteristics of the fundamental frequency component; by utilizing the sparsity of harmonic frequencies, a coherent accumulation algorithm is performed in the secondary singular vector space to sharpen the spectral resolution of the harmonic group; for the low-frequency tail component, cepstral filtering is used to eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon caused by singular value truncation, ensuring the authenticity of the phase delay.

[0026] This embodiment expands the mixed signal in Hilbert space through high-dimensional tensor modeling, enabling the originally coupled physical effects (electric field excitation, plasma oscillation, and dielectric relaxation) to obtain mathematically separable basis representations. The modeling method breaks through the dimensional limitations of traditional scalar signal processing, laying a mathematical framework for subsequent physical feature extraction. The energy hierarchical structure of singular value decomposition achieves a precise correspondence between physical mechanisms and mathematical features: dominant singular values ​​represent the fundamental frequency electric field (reflecting discharge intensity), secondary singular value clusters correspond to harmonic groups (indicating plasma nonlinear dynamics), and residual singular values ​​are associated with phase tails (reflecting dielectric loss characteristics). This mapping relationship ensures the physical interpretability of each component. The constrained projection, coherent accumulation, and cepstral filtering of the feature extraction subunit constitute a triple adaptive processing chain: envelope preservation of the fundamental frequency component maintains time-domain resolution, spectral sharpening of the harmonic groups enhances the saliency of frequency-domain features, and Gibbs suppression of the phase tails ensures the accuracy of long-term analysis. The hierarchical processing strategy balances the conflicting needs of transient capture and steady-state analysis. The overall system forms a deterministic analytical path from mixed signals to physical parameters. Its core value lies in avoiding the empirical component assumptions of traditional methods. Through a three-stage process of tensor modeling, energy layering, and dynamic extraction, it realizes the physical mechanism inversion of nonlinear coupled signals.

[0027] The insulation condition comprehensive assessment submodule includes: The feature quantization and correlation modeling unit is used to correlate the discharge pulse amplitude measured by the quantum sensor with the high-frequency discharge (duty cycle of the GHz-THz component) to quantify the change in the carrier migration rate of the insulating material; the continuous discharge activity in the high-frequency region reflects the space charge accumulation effect at the micro-defects; the statistical distribution characteristics of the phase hysteresis are extracted, and combined with the electromagnetic wave scattering model, the equivalent size (length, depth) of the insulation damage is inverted, and the phase jitter amplitude and the defect geometric parameters follow a strict differential relationship; The spectral energy entropy change analysis unit is used to calculate the Shannon entropy change rate of the partial discharge spectrum, where the sharp increase in entropy reflects the enhanced disorder of the insulation microstructure; the entropy increase slope is analyzed by sliding time window to capture the expansion trend of dendritic discharge channels inside the material; the energy proportion decay law of high-order harmonics in the THz band is tracked, and its nonlinear decay rate is exponentially related to the degree of breakage of the insulating polymer chain. The remaining lifetime estimation mechanism unit is used to establish a dynamic risk assessment model for discharge frequency, intensity, and dielectric loss. It describes the insulation strength reduction curve caused by cumulative discharge through the Weibull distribution and dynamically updates the scale and shape parameters based on real-time monitoring data. The risk level is classified according to the predicted remaining lifetime (e.g., normal / concern / early warning / emergency).

[0028] This embodiment extends insulation assessment from macroscopic performance (breakdown voltage) to mesoscopic mechanisms (carrier migration, molecular chain breakage) by extracting ultra-high-dimensional features from quantum sensing data, thus constructing a closed-loop diagnostic chain of "defect quantification - degradation tracking - lifetime prediction" and realizing the transformation of power equipment insulation condition assessment from qualitative judgment to quantitative prediction.

[0029] This embodiment utilizes laser frequency stabilization and beam splitting technology in the optical path control and excitation module to ensure precise matching between the multi-path detection lasers and the Rydberg atomic energy levels, solving the signal missed detection problem caused by electromagnetic interference or insufficient sensitivity in traditional sensors. The quantum electromagnetic induction module leverages the high sensitivity response of Rydberg atoms to weak electromagnetic fields, combined with superheterodyne detection and lock-in amplification technology, to effectively extract nanovolt-level discharge signals, significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The signal processing and diagnostic module integrates spatial information collected by distributed quantum sensors, using time-frequency analysis to analyze the spectral characteristics, phase distribution, and intensity changes of the discharge signal. Combined with pattern recognition algorithms, it achieves: inversion of the discharge location through the time difference and intensity distribution of multi-probe signals; differentiation of corona discharge, surface discharge, and other types based on pulse waveform and spectral component differences; and prediction of insulation degradation based on discharge parameter trends. The collaborative operation of multiple modules enables real-time, non-invasive monitoring of partial discharges, avoiding the blind spots of traditional periodic detection. Its high sensitivity and anti-interference capabilities can detect potential insulation defects early, outputting early warning information to assist in formulating precise maintenance strategies, reducing the risk of sudden switchgear failures, and extending equipment life. This embodiment provides a high-precision and high-reliability technical solution for power equipment condition monitoring through the deep integration of quantum sensing and advanced signal processing.

[0030] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used to rearrange, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps described in this disclosure can be executed in parallel, sequentially, or in different orders, as long as the desired result of the technical solution disclosed in this disclosure can be achieved, and this is not limited herein.

[0031] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this disclosure should be included within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A switch cabinet partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device, characterized in that, Include: The optical path control and excitation module is used to generate and split the probe laser of the quantum sensor to each Rydberg atom; the probe laser is distributed to multiple Rydberg atom sensor probes via a beam splitter, and the laser frequency is matched with the atomic energy level through real-time feedback adjustment. The quantum electromagnetic induction module is used to extract weak discharge signals through superheterodyne detection, lock-in amplification, and frequency selection circuitry, and convert them into resolvable electrical signals. The signal processing and diagnostic module combines spatial information collected by a distributed quantum sensor of Doricberg atoms, and uses time-frequency analysis and pattern recognition algorithms to extract discharge characteristics. Based on discharge intensity, spectral components and phase distribution parameters, it realizes partial discharge location, type identification and insulation status assessment, and outputs real-time monitoring results and early warning information.

2. The switchgear partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device of claim 1, wherein, The optical path modulation and excitation module includes: The signal capture submodule is used to distribute quantum sensors inside the switch cabinet. Each quantum sensor collects a unique partial discharge signal, which is used to capture partial discharge signals in different dimensions of the switch cabinet. The truth extraction submodule is used to turn off the applied discharge electric field during the laser detection interval and measure the pure laser frequency drift; it also eliminates common-mode drift during the detection period and extracts the truth value of electromagnetic field-induced frequency shift. The distortion compensation submodule is used to load the integral component of the frequency difference error voltage to achieve sub-millihertz level coarse frequency adjustment; at the same time, it loads the differential component to complete instantaneous laser frequency micro-correction on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds; and integrates a liquid crystal phase array at the output of the beam splitter to compensate for polarization distortion caused by the transmission path of the Doricborg atom sensor probe in real time, and maintain the Rydberg state population.

3. The switchgear partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device of claim 2, wherein, The truth extraction submodule establishes an interference comparison between the quantum frequency reference channel based on atomic transition spectral lines and the probe laser output channel. After beat frequency calculation, a frequency difference error voltage is generated, which includes the probe laser frequency drift component and the Stark frequency shift component caused by the electromagnetic field.

4. The partial discharge quantum sensor monitoring device for switchgear according to claim 1, characterized in that, The quantum electromagnetic induction module is located inside the quantum sensor probe of each Rydberg atom. The Rydberg atom interacts with the partial discharge electromagnetic field, resulting in changes in the fluorescence or absorption spectrum characteristics of the atomic energy level transitions.

5. The switchgear partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device of claim 1, wherein, Quantum electromagnetic induction module, including: The quantum state modulation optical frequency conversion submodule is responsible for establishing a microwave-optical frequency dual resonant interface through the Rydberg atomic gas cell, converting the transient electromagnetic disturbances generated by partial discharge into quantized Stark frequency shifts; it adopts a dual-frequency orthogonal laser detection system, in which the carrier light is locked at the center of the atomic transition line, and the sideband light is controlled by the tuning characteristics of the microwave resonant cavity; when the discharge electromagnetic pulse is applied, the splitting of the quantized energy level induces the coherent interference phase difference of the two beams, forming an optical intensity modulation envelope carrying the discharge characteristics; The pulse waveform parameter acquisition submodule is responsible for generating a reference optical signal that matches the characteristic frequency of the quantum sensor before quantum state modulation optical frequency conversion; constructing a cascaded amplification chain based on the Josephson parametric amplification principle, setting a dynamically tunable impedance matching network in the front stage; reconstructing the instantaneous phase information of the discharge signal using a quantum phase estimation algorithm, and controlling the phase shift of the voltage-controlled phase shifter through a feedback loop; The nonlinear spectrum reshaping output submodule is responsible for inputting a laser signal into a nonlinear transmission line network, converting a discrete discharge pulse sequence into a continuous spectrum with a characteristic harmonic distribution through controllable avalanche effect; a distributed resonant cavity with a fractal structure is used to selectively enhance the discharge characteristic frequency components and suppress irrelevant power frequency harmonic interference; a time-varying impedance matching network is configured at the output end to adapt the signal waveform to the dynamic range of the subsequent digital processing system.

6. The partial discharge quantum sensor monitoring device for switchgear according to claim 5, characterized in that, The pulse waveform parameter acquisition submodule includes: The coherent mixing down-conversion processing unit is responsible for realizing four-wave mixing of signal light and local oscillator light through a nonlinear optical crystal, and down-converting quantum modulation information in the frequency band of hundreds of MHz to THz to the baseband range; The multi-dimensional coherent gating amplification unit is responsible for injecting a squeezed state of a quantumized electromagnetic field to apply a chirp gating signal matching the discharge pulse width in the time domain; and constructing an adaptive noise suppression notch filter in the frequency domain; The phase-locked feature extraction unit is responsible for triggering a multi-channel synchronous sampling mechanism to acquire pulse waveform parameters when the loop is locked to the quantumized phase mutation point of the discharge pulse. Combined with the phase recovery technology in microwave photonics and the weak measurement theory in quantum metrology, sub-micro-arc phase resolution accuracy is achieved.

7. The switchgear partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device of claim 1, wherein, The signal processing and diagnosis module includes: The partial discharge spatial positioning submodule is used to receive discharge characteristic quantities, obtain multi-point field strength distribution data through a distributed quantum sensor probe array, construct a three-dimensional electromagnetic field space gradient matrix combined with the discharge intensity decay law, and inversely solve the electromagnetic wave propagation problem to iteratively invert the spatial coordinates of the discharge source based on the field strength spatial difference, thereby realizing high-precision positioning. The partial discharge type recognition submodule is used to perform nonlinear transient analysis on the extracted discharge spectral components, identify different discharge modes through high-order harmonic distribution characteristics: high-frequency components concentrated in the frequency band above GHz indicate conductor tip discharge, and broadband THz radiation components represent dielectric partial breakdown characteristics; meanwhile, a multi-dimensional correspondence library of discharge types and quantum detection signals is established based on the phase disturbance distribution pattern, thereby realizing differential recognition. The insulation state comprehensive evaluation submodule is used to associate the discharge intensity measured by the quantum sensor with the carrier diffusion effect of the insulation material based on the high-frequency duty cycle, deduce the equivalent size of defects based on the quantized disturbance range of the phase distortion, predict the insulation deterioration trend based on the energy entropy change law of the spectral components, estimate the remaining insulation life based on the discharge cumulative effect, form a dynamic risk assessment model, and trigger a graded warning.

8. The partial discharge quantum sensor monitoring device for switchgear according to claim 7, characterized in that, The partial discharge spatial positioning submodule includes: The multi-dimensional time-frequency joint analysis unit is used to enter the original signal collected by the distributed quantum sensor array into a dynamic window function group, and synchronously extract the time-domain rising edge characteristics and broadband frequency spectrum resonance structure of the transient pulse through controllable quality factor time-frequency atom decomposition. The nonlinear coupling feature separation unit is used to decouple the mixed signal into: an electric field strength related fundamental frequency modulation component, a high-order harmonic group caused by discharge plasma pulsation, and a phase tailing effect caused by dielectric polarization delay, by using singular value projection on the asymmetric spectrum distortion caused by Rydberg atomic energy level transition. The space-frequency domain joint fingerprint construction unit is used for dynamically coupling the time-frequency feature matrix and the electromagnetic wave propagation attenuation model based on the spatial topological relationship of the quantum sensor nodes: the spatial wave front curvature of the discharge point is calculated through field strength gradient vector field inversion, the discharge source radiation pattern is derived by combining the relative phase difference of each node spectral component, a two-dimensional discrimination plane with frequency as the horizontal axis and spatial attenuation slope as the vertical axis is established, and the separability mapping of different discharge modes in the two-dimensional discrimination plane is realized.

9. The switchgear partial discharge quantum sensing monitoring device of claim 8, wherein, The space-frequency domain joint fingerprint construction unit autonomously selects the optimal feature subset according to the real-time signal signal-to-noise ratio, preferentially uses the THz harmonic group proportion as the feature quantity for high signal-to-noise ratio nodes, and switches to the fundamental frequency phase jitter parameter for long-distance low signal-to-noise ratio nodes, and removes environmental interference items through spatial consistency test of feature vectors of each node.

10. The partial discharge quantum sensor monitoring device for switchgear according to claim 7, characterized in that, The insulation state comprehensive evaluation submodule includes: The feature quantization and correlation modeling unit is used for correlating the discharge pulse amplitude measured by the quantum sensor with the high-frequency discharge and quantifying the carrier mobility rate change of the insulating material; the continuous discharge activity in the high-frequency region reflects the space charge accumulation effect at the microscopic defect; the statistical distribution characteristics of the phase lag quantity are extracted, and the equivalent size of the insulation damage is inversely calculated by combining the electromagnetic wave scattering model; the phase jitter amplitude and the defect geometric parameters obey strict differential relationship; The spectral energy entropy change analysis unit is used for calculating the Shannon entropy change rate of the partial discharge spectrum, wherein the steep increase of the entropy value reflects the increase of the disorder of the insulating microstructure; the entropy increase slope is analyzed through a sliding time window to capture the expansion trend of the internal dendritic discharge channel of the material; the energy proportion decay law of the THz frequency band high-order harmonic is tracked, and the nonlinear decay rate thereof is exponentially correlated with the degree of insulation polymer chain rupture; The residual life estimation mechanism unit is used for establishing a dynamic risk assessment model of discharge frequency, intensity and dielectric loss, describing the insulation strength decline curve caused by discharge accumulation through Weibull distribution, and dynamically updating the scale parameter and shape parameter combined with real-time monitoring data; and dividing the risk level according to the predicted residual life.

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