Pet food composition

Abstract

Disclosed are pet food compositions and methods for treating, inhibiting, reducing the severity of, or preventing diarrhea or constipation, improving fecal characteristics, improving defecation behavior, and / or improving quality of life in companion animals. The pet food composition may comprise plantain herb or a derivative thereof, a polyphenol source, a high solubility fiber source, and a low solubility fiber source. The method may comprise administering an effective amount of the pet food composition to a companion animal in need thereof.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of Chinese patent application No. 202180025182.6, filed on April 6, 2021, entitled "Pet Food Composition". Technical Field

[0002] This invention relates to pet food compositions. Background Technology

[0003] Pets need a healthy diet and proper gastrointestinal motility to achieve sustained growth and general well-being. However, abnormal gastrointestinal motility can interfere with the digestion of common pet food compositions, leading to constipation or diarrhea, which can be quite serious. These symptoms are not only very uncomfortable for the pets experiencing them, but also cause problems for their caring owners, especially when the symptoms are chronic.

[0004] While certain ingredients are known to be effective in increasing stool consistency, there is still a need for: 1) ingredients and pet food compositions that treat, prevent, and / or inhibit constipation and / or diarrhea; and 2) ingredients and pet food compositions that improve the fecal characteristics, defecation behavior, and quality of life of companion animals.

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for improved pet food compositions and methods for treating, preventing or inhibiting diarrhea / constipation, improving fecal characteristics and / or improving defecation behavior. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This summary is intended only to provide a simplified overview of some aspects of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Other applicable areas of this disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided below. This summary is not an exhaustive overview, nor is it intended to identify key or essential elements of the teachings, nor is it intended to define the scope of the disclosure. Rather, its purpose is merely to present one or more ideas in a simplified form as a prelude to the following detailed description.

[0007] The foregoing and / or other aspects and benefits embodied in this disclosure can be achieved by providing a pet food composition comprising psyllium or a derivative thereof, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, and a low-soluble fiber source.

[0008] In at least one embodiment, based on the total weight of the pet food composition, the psyllium or its derivative may be present in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, optionally about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the composition; further optionally in an amount of about 1.1 wt%, about 1.2 wt%, about 1.3 wt%, about 1.4 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.7 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, or about 1.9 wt%.

[0009] In at least one embodiment, the highly soluble fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, tomato pomace, flaxseed, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or combinations thereof, more preferably oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, flaxseed, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or combinations thereof.

[0010] In at least one embodiment, the highly soluble fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, flaxseed, tomato pomace, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or a combination thereof.

[0011] In at least one embodiment, the low-solubility fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: cellulose materials, pecan fibers, or combinations thereof.

[0012] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further comprise about 15 wt% to about 55 wt% of protein, about 20 wt% to about 55 wt% of protein, optionally about 32 wt% to about 38 wt% of protein, and further optionally about 33 wt%, about 34 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 36 wt% or about 37 wt% of protein.

[0013] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further comprise about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% of total dietary fiber, optionally about 8 wt% to about 14 wt% of total dietary fiber, and further optionally about 9 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 11 wt%, about 12 wt% or about 13 wt% of total dietary fiber.

[0014] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may contain an insoluble fiber to soluble fiber weight ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1, optionally about 7.5:1 to about 2.5:1, and more optionally about 5:1.

[0015] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further comprise a mixture of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. In at least one embodiment, the weight ratio of the omega-6 fatty acid to the omega-3 fatty acid may be from about 10:1 to about 1:1, optionally from about 7.5:1 to about 2:1, and more preferably about 3.5:1. In at least one embodiment, the omega-3 fatty acid may comprise from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or a mixture thereof, optionally from about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, more preferably from about 0.31 wt%, about 0.32 wt%, about 0.33 wt%, about 0.34 wt%, about 0.35 wt%, about 0.36 wt%, about 0.37 wt%, about 0.38 wt%, or about 0.39 wt%. In at least one embodiment, the omega-3 fatty acid may be provided by flaxseed.

[0016] In at least one embodiment, the polyphenol source may provide one or more polyphenols selected from the following: dehydroxyrosmarinic acid, coumaroylnepitrin, eupafolin, carnosol, scutellarin, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, cirsimaritin, luteolin, 6-methoxy-luteolin, 7-epirosmanol, quercetin, catechin, hesperidin, cyanidin, or combinations thereof.

[0017] In at least one embodiment, the polyphenol source may comprise pressed cranberries.

[0018] In at least one embodiment, the polyphenol source may comprise cranberry pomace.

[0019] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may be free of or substantially free of pea fiber.

[0020] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further contain pumpkin.

[0021] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further comprise probiotics. The probiotics may comprise one or more of the following: *Bifidobacterium lactis*; *Bifidobacterium animalis*; *Lactobacillus acidophilus*; *Bifidobacterium longum*; *Enterococcus faecium*; or a combination thereof.

[0022] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further comprise a prebiotic. The prebiotic may comprise fructooligosaccharides.

[0023] The foregoing and / or other aspects and benefits embodied in this disclosure can be achieved by providing a method for treating, inhibiting, or preventing diarrhea or constipation; improving fecal characteristics; improving defecation behavior; and / or improving the quality of life of a companion animal. The method may comprise administering to the companion animal in need an effective amount of any of the pet food compositions disclosed herein. For example, the method may comprise administering to the companion animal in need an effective amount of a pet food composition comprising psyllium or a derivative thereof, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, and a low-soluble fiber source.

[0024] Other applicable areas of this disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided below. It should be understood that while the detailed description and specific examples indicate some typical aspects of this disclosure, they are intended for illustrative purposes only and not for limiting the scope of this disclosure. Attached Figure Description

[0025] This disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be emphasized that, in accordance with standard industry practice, the various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, for clarity, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or decreased.

[0026] Figure 1 A diagram or graphic representation of fecal blood observed in the companion animal of Example 2 is shown.

[0027] Figure 2 A diagram or graphic representation of fecal blood observed in the companion animal of Example 3 is shown.

[0028] Figure 3 A diagram or graphic representation of fecal mucus observed in the companion animal of Example 4 is shown.

[0029] Figure 4A diagram or graphic representation of fecal mucus observed in the companion animal of Example 5 is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The following description of various typical aspects is exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit this disclosure, its application or use.

[0031] The ranges used throughout this disclosure are abbreviations for describing each value within the range. It should be understood that the range format is for convenience and brevity only and should not be construed as a rigid limitation on the scope of any embodiment or implementation disclosed herein. Accordingly, the disclosed ranges should be interpreted as specifically disclosing all possible subranges and individual values ​​within that range. Therefore, any value within the range can be chosen as an endpoint of the range. For example, a description of a range such as 1 to 5 should be considered as specifically disclosing subranges such as 1.5 to 3, 1 to 4.5, 2 to 5, 3.1 to 5, etc., and individual numbers within that range, such as 1, 2, 3, 3.2, 4, 5, etc. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0032] Unless otherwise specified, all percentages and quantities expressed herein and elsewhere in this specification shall be understood as weight percentages. Given quantities are based on the effective weight of the material.

[0033] Furthermore, all numerical values ​​are specified “about” or “approximately”, and experimental errors and variations anticipated by one of ordinary skill in the art are taken into account. It should be understood that all numerical values ​​and ranges disclosed herein are approximate values ​​and ranges, whether or not the term “about” is used in conjunction with them. It should also be understood that, as used herein, the term “about” in conjunction with a number means a value that may be ±0.01% (inclusive), ±0.1% (inclusive), ±0.5% (inclusive), ±1% (inclusive), ±2% (inclusive), ±3% (inclusive), ±5% (inclusive), ±10% (inclusive), or ±15% (inclusive). It should also be understood that when a numerical range is disclosed herein, any numerical value falling within that range is also specifically disclosed.

[0034] As used herein, “free from” or “substantially free from” a material can mean a composition, component, or phase in which the material is present, based on the total weight of the composition, component, or phase, in an amount of less than 10.0 wt%, less than 5.0 wt%, less than 3.0 wt%, less than 2.0 wt%, less than 1.5 wt%, less than 1.0 wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, less than 0.25 wt%, less than 0.1 wt%, less than 0.05 wt%, less than 0.01 wt%, less than 0.005 wt%, or less than 0.0001 wt%.

[0035] All references cited in this document are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the event of any conflict between the definitions in this disclosure and those in the cited references, this disclosure shall prevail.

[0036] The inventors have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that pet food compositions comprising a combination of plant fibers containing antioxidants and polyphenolic compounds treat, prevent, and / or inhibit constipation and / or diarrhea in companion animals. Specifically, the inventors have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that pet food compositions comprising a combination of psyllium or its derivatives, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, and a low-soluble fiber source treat, prevent, and / or inhibit constipation and / or diarrhea in companion animals.

[0037] Composition

[0038] This document discloses pet food compositions. The pet food compositions may contain psyllium and / or its derivatives, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, a low-soluble fiber source, or a combination thereof. The combination of psyllium and / or its derivatives, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, and / or a low-soluble fiber source may be capable of or configured to treat, prevent, and / or inhibit diarrhea or constipation. The combination of psyllium and / or its derivatives, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, and / or a low-soluble fiber source may be present in an amount used for treating, preventing, and / or inhibiting diarrhea or constipation.

[0039] Dietary fiber sources may be or comprise plant materials in pet food compositions or the diets of companion animals resistant to enzymatic digestion. Dietary fiber sources may comprise, but are not limited to, cellulose, non-cellulose polysaccharides (e.g., hemicellulose, pectin, gums, viscous substances, etc.), lignin, or combinations thereof. Dietary fiber sources may be divided into at least two groups based on their solubility in an aqueous buffer at a specific or predetermined pH. The specific or predetermined pH can be determined by those skilled in the art. The two groups of dietary fiber sources may be or comprise highly soluble fiber and poorly soluble or insoluble fiber. Highly soluble fiber sources may be or comprise fibers or fiber components containing pectin, gums, viscous substances, or combinations thereof. Highly soluble fiber sources may be or comprise soluble fiber. Poorly soluble or insoluble fiber may be or comprise fibers or fiber components containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, or combinations thereof.

[0040] In at least one embodiment, the highly soluble fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: gums (e.g., guar gum, locust bean gum, etc.), viscous substances (e.g., gum arabic, ebony gum, tragacanth gum, aloe vera, fenugreek, flaxseed, plantain, etc.), seaweed (e.g., alginate, carrageenan, etc.), pectin (e.g., apple, pear, guava, citrus, plum, currant, orange and other citrus fruits, potato, beet, etc.), and other fiber sources such as buckwheat kernels, whole grain oats, whole grain corn, whole grain barley, citrus pulp, beet pulp, pumpkin, or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, the low-soluble fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: cellulose materials, pecan fiber, or combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the pet food composition may be free of or substantially free of pea fiber. The cellulose material may be or includes, but is not limited to, purified cellulose from the following: bran, oats and other grains, peas and other legumes, tomato pomace, woody species (trees, bamboo fiber, etc.), roots (carrots, beets, sweet potatoes, yams, etc.), pears, apples, or combinations thereof.

[0041] As discussed above, pet food compositions may contain psyllium and / or its derivatives. Illustrative derivatives of psyllium may include, but are not limited to, psyllium husks, psyllium seeds, psyllium seed coats, powdered psyllium, or combinations thereof. Any derivative of psyllium or psyllium itself may be used alone or in combination with other compounds or substances to prepare powders, gels, gums, or other forms or combinations thereof.

[0042] In at least one embodiment, psyllium and / or its derivatives may be present in the pet food composition in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. For example, psyllium and / or its derivatives may be present in the pet food composition in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, optionally about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. In another example, psyllium and / or its derivatives may be present in the pet food composition in an amount of about 1.1 wt%, about 1.2 wt%, about 1.3 wt%, about 1.4 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.7 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, or about 1.9 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. In a preferred embodiment, psyllium and / or its derivatives may be present in the pet food composition in amounts of about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%, about 1.4 wt% to about 1.6 wt%, or about 1.5 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

[0043] In at least one embodiment, the amount of protein contained in the pet food composition may be from about 30 wt% to about 55 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. For example, the amount of protein contained in the pet food composition may be from about 30 wt% to about 40 wt%, from about 30 wt% to about 55 wt%, from about 32 wt% to about 38 wt%, or from about 32 wt% to about 45 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. In another example, the amount of protein contained in the pet food composition may be from about 33 wt%, about 34 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 36 wt%, about 37 wt%, about 38 wt%, about 39 wt%, about 40 wt%, about 42 wt%, about 44 wt%, about 46 wt%, about 48 wt%, about 50 wt%, about 52 wt%, about 54 wt%, or about 55 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

[0044] In at least one embodiment, the total amount of dietary fiber contained in the pet food composition may be from about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. For example, the total amount of dietary fiber contained in the pet food composition may be from about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, from about 8 wt% to about 14 wt%, about 9 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 11 wt%, about 12 wt%, or about 13 wt%, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

[0045] In at least one embodiment, the weight ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber may be from about 10:1 to about 1:1. For example, the weight ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber in a pet food composition may be from about 10:1 to about 1:1, from about 7.5:1 to about 2.5:1, from about 7.5:1 to about 2:1, or about 5:1.

[0046] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may comprise omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, or combinations thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, the pet food composition comprises a mixture of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. The weight ratio of the omega-6 fatty acid to the omega-3 fatty acid may be from about 10:1 to about 1:1. For example, the weight ratio of the omega-6 fatty acid to the omega-3 fatty acid may be from about 10:1 to about 1:1, from about 7.5:1 to about 2:1, or about 3.5:1. In at least one embodiment, the omega-3 fatty acid may comprise docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or combinations thereof. The amount of DHA and / or EPA contained in the omega-3 fatty acid may be from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%. For example, the omega-3 fatty acid may contain DHA and / or EPA in amounts from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, optionally about 0.31 wt%, about 0.32 wt%, about 0.33 wt%, about 0.34 wt%, about 0.35 wt%, about 0.36 wt%, about 0.37 wt%, about 0.38 wt%, or about 0.39 wt%. In at least one embodiment, the omega-3 fatty acid is provided by flaxseed.

[0047] In at least one embodiment, the polyphenol source comprises one or more polyphenols. The polyphenols may be, or include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: enterodiol, naringenin, secoisolariciresinol, eriodictyol, apigenin, chrysin, chrysoeriol, coumestrol, daidzein, dihydroferulate, and dihydrokaempferol. pferol), diosmetin, ferulate, feruloylputrescine, genistein, glycitein, hesperidin, kaempferol, matairesinol, narirutin, neooponcirin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, sinapate, sinensetin, syringic acid, tangeritin, tetramethyl-o-scutellarin, tyrosol, vanillate, or combinations thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, the polyphenol source includes flaxseed, whole berries, dried berries, pressed berries, berry pomace, tea extract, rosemary extract, rosmarinic acid, coffee extract, pecan shell, caffeic acid, turmeric extract, blueberry extract, grape extract, grape seed extract, soybean extract, etc., or combinations thereof. Illustrative berries may include, but are not limited to, cranberries, blueberries, cherries, elderberries, blackberries, raspberries, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0048] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may contain pumpkin. Based on the total weight of the pet food composition, pumpkin may be present in an amount from about 0.1 wt% to about 30 wt%, optionally from about 0.2 wt% to about 20 wt%, or from about 0.5 wt% to about 15 wt%. Pumpkin can provide a source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Pumpkin may be able to, or be configured to, at least partially prevent, treat, or inhibit diarrhea or constipation. Pumpkin may be provided as a pre-cooked pumpkin puree with a relatively high moisture content, as a powder such as that from whole pumpkin that has been dried and ground into powder, or a combination thereof.

[0049] Pet food compositions may contain one or more additives. These additives may include additives known in the art. Illustrative additives may be, or include, substances having a stabilizing effect or that act as a stabilizing agent, sensory substances, processing aids, substances that provide nutritional benefits, or combinations thereof. Additives may be present in amounts that do not impair the purpose and effectiveness of the pet food composition. For example, additives may be present in amounts that do not affect the treatment, prevention, and / or inhibition of diarrhea and / or constipation, improve stool properties, improve defecation behavior, improve the quality of life of companion animals, or combinations thereof.

[0050] Stabilizers can be or are configured to increase the shelf life of pet food compositions. Illustrative stabilizers may be or include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: preservatives, antioxidants, synergists and chelating agents, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, wetting agents, or combinations thereof. Examples of emulsifiers and / or thickeners may be or include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, modified starch, or combinations thereof.

[0051] Additives used for coloring, palatability, and / or nutritional purposes may contain colorants, salt, vitamins, minerals, flavoring agents, or combinations thereof. On a dry matter basis, the amount of such additives in a pet food composition may be up to about 5 wt%. Other additives may include antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, vegetable extracts, herbal extracts, etc., or combinations thereof. Salt may be, but is not limited to, sodium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, other edible salts, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0052] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may contain sufficient amounts of vitamins and minerals to prevent deficiencies and maintain health. Sufficient amounts are readily known in the art. For example, the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) provides recommended amounts of such nutrients for dogs and cats (see Association of American Feed Control Officials. Official Publication, pp. 126-140 (2003)).

[0053] Vitamins may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine or related sources such as thiamine nitrate), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid or related sources such as calcium pantothenate), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine or related sources such as pyridoxine hydrochloride), vitamin B8 (folic acid), vitamin B12, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (such as vitamin D3 supplements), vitamin E, vitamin H (biotin), vitamin K, acetic acid, choline, and choline-related sources such as choline chloride and inositol, or combinations thereof.

[0054] The descriptive minerals and trace elements may be, or include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, choline, iron salts, or combinations thereof. The mineral source or source of the minerals and / or trace elements may be, or includes, but is not limited to, sodium selenite, monosodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese oxide, potassium iodide, cobalt carbonate, or combinations thereof.

[0055] The pet food compositions disclosed herein may contain carbohydrates. As used herein, the term "carbohydrate" may include polysaccharides (e.g., starch and dextrin) and sugars (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose, and fructose) that are metabolized into energy upon hydrolysis. Illustrative carbohydrates suitable for inclusion in the pet food compositions disclosed herein may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: corn, sorghum, wheat, barley, rice, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0056] In at least one embodiment, the carbohydrate component or carbohydrate may comprise one or more carbohydrate sources. In an exemplary embodiment, the carbohydrate may comprise a mixture or combination of two or more carbohydrate sources. Illustrative carbohydrates, carbohydrate sources, or carbohydrate components may be or comprise one or more of the following, but are not limited to: cereals, grains, corn, wheat, rice, oats, corn grits, sorghum, grain sorghum / millet, wheat bran, oat bran, amaranth, durum wheat, whole wheat, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0057] It should be understood that those skilled in the art can manipulate the texture of the final product or pet food composition by appropriately balancing one or more carbohydrate sources or their carbohydrates. For example, short-chain polysaccharides tend to be sticky and gelatinous, while long-chain polysaccharides tend to be relatively less sticky and gelatinous compared to short-chain polysaccharides. In at least one embodiment, the desired texture of the pet food composition is achieved by long-chain polysaccharides and modified starches (such as natural or modified starches, cellulose, etc.) or combinations thereof.

[0058] In at least one embodiment, the carbohydrate mixture may additionally include optional components such as added salt, seasonings, condiments, vitamins, minerals, flavoring agents, coloring agents, etc., or combinations thereof. The amount of optional additives may depend at least in part on the nutritional requirements of the animal at different life stages.

[0059] Based on the total weight of the pet food composition, the pet food composition may contain one or more fats in an amount of 10 wt% to about 14 wt%. The source of fat may be or include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, lard, butter, beef fat, vegetable oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, flaxseed oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, herring oil, anchovy oil, olestra, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0060] Pet food compositions may contain proteins. As used herein, the term "protein" may refer to a polypeptide or peptide, or a polymer of amino acids. The term encompasses naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring (synthetic) polymers, as well as polymers in which artificial chemical mimics replace one or more amino acids (e.g., peptide-mimicking polymers). Peptide-mimicking polymers may refer to small protein-like chains designed to mimic peptides, which may be generated by modification of existing peptides or by designing similar systems to mimic peptides (such as peptide-like molecules and β-peptides). The term also encompasses fragments, variants, and homologs that have the same or substantially the same properties as the original sequence and perform the same or substantially the same function. The term encompasses polymers of any length, including polymers containing about 2 to 1000, about 4 to about 800, about 6 to about 600, and about 8 to about 400 amino acids. The term includes amino acid polymers synthesized from and isolated and purified from natural sources. In at least one embodiment, the terms "polypeptide," "peptide," or "protein" may be used interchangeably.

[0061] Based on the total weight of the pet food composition, the protein may be present in an amount from about 15 wt% to about 55 wt%. For example, based on the total weight of the pet food composition, the protein may be present in an amount from about 15 wt% to about 55 wt%, from about 30 wt% to about 55 wt%, optionally from about 32 wt% to about 38 wt%, and further optionally from about 33 wt%, about 34 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 36 wt%, or about 37 wt%.

[0062] Proteins can be provided from any of the various sources known to those skilled in the art, including plant sources, animal sources, or combinations thereof. Animal sources can be, or include, but are not limited to, meat, meat by-products, seafood, dairy products, eggs, etc., or combinations thereof. Illustrated meat can be, or includes, but is not limited to, animal meat, such as poultry and fish, and mammals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, etc., or combinations thereof. Meat by-products can be, or include, but are not limited to, any secondary products from primary food processing pipelines. Meat by-products can also be, or include, but are not limited to, components not normally used for human consumption, such as heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, liver, stomach, and intestines. Plant proteins can be, or include, but are not limited to, soybeans, cottonseed, legumes, corn, peanuts, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0063] The illustrative protein or protein component may include, but is not limited to, chicken meal, chicken meat, chicken by-product meal, lamb, lamb meal, turkey, turkey meal, beef, beef by-product, offal, fish meal, shrimp, shrimp meal, kangaroo, white fish, venison, soybean meal, soybean protein isolate, soybean protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, corn protein concentrate, dried distillers grains and / or dried distillers grains solubles, insects, insect meal, and single-cell proteins, such as yeast, algae, and / or bacterial cultures.

[0064] Proteins can be intact, fully hydrolyzed, or partially hydrolyzed. The protein content of a pet food composition can be determined by many methods known to those skilled in the art; for example, by method 988.05 published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists in Official Methods of Analysis (OMA). The amount of protein in the pet food composition can also be determined based on the amount of nitrogen in the composition, according to methods familiar to those skilled in the art.

[0065] The illustrative amino acid may be, or may include, but is not limited to, 1-tryptophan, taurine, histidine, carnosine, alanine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, isoleucine, histidine, leucine, glycine, glutamine, tyrosine, homocysteine, ornithine, citrulline, glutamic acid, proline, serine, or combinations thereof.

[0066] Pet food compositions may contain one or more carotenoids. Carotenoids or sources of carotenoids may include, but are not limited to, lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, linoleic acid, lycopene, beta-carotene, or combinations thereof.

[0067] Pet food compositions may contain one or more fatty acids or fatty acid components. These one or more fatty acids or fatty acid components may be, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), fish oil as a source of EPA and / or DHA, or a combination thereof.

[0068] Pet food compositions may contain one or more glucose analogs. Glucose analogs may be, or contain, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: glucose antimetabolites containing 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 5-thio-D-glucose, 3-O-methylglucose; dehydrated sugars containing 1,5-dehydrated-D-glucol, 2,5-dehydrated-D-glucol and 2,5-dehydrated-D-mannitol; mannitol; avocado extract including mannitol; or combinations thereof.

[0069] Pet food compositions may contain any one or more of the following: beef broth, fish broth, poultry broth, brewer's dry yeast, eggs, egg products, flaxseed meal, DL-methionine, amino acids, leucine, lysine, arginine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, polyphosphates, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate; zinc chloride, copper gluconate, stannous chloride, stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, triclosan, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, green-lipped mussels, blue-lipped mussels, methanesulfonylmethane (MSM), boron, boric acid, phytoestrogens, phytoandrogens, genistein, daidzein, L-carnitine, chromium pyridinecarboxate, chromium tripyridinecarboxate. Triticolinate, chromium nicotinate, acid / base modifiers, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, sodium bisulfate; eucalyptus, lavender, peppermint, plasticizers, colorants, edible flavorings, sweeteners, buffers, lubricants, carriers, pH adjusters, natural ingredients, stabilizers, biological additives such as enzymes (including proteases and lipases), chemical additives, coolants, chelating agents, denaturants, pharmaceutical astringents, emulsifiers, topical analgesics, fragrance compounds, humectants, opacifiers (such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide), defoamers (such as silicones), preservatives (such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, parabens and mixtures thereof), reducing agents, solvents, water-soluble growth promoters, solubilizers, suspending agents (non-surfactants), solvents, thickeners (aqueous and non-aqueous), chelating agents, keratolytic agents, etc., or combinations thereof.

[0070] Pet food compositions may contain one or more probiotics or probiotic components. Illustrative probiotics or probiotic components may be, or contain, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: any suitable bacteria, yeast, microorganisms, or combinations thereof. Various probiotic microorganisms are known in the art. In at least one embodiment, the probiotic component may be, or contains, but is not limited to, bacteria of the order Lactobacillales; bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Bacteroides, and / or Bifidobacterium; yeasts of the order Saccharomycetales, including the genera Saccharomyces and Candida; or combinations thereof. Probiotics may or may not form spores.

[0071] Pet food compositions may contain one or more prebiotics or prebiotic components. Any one or more prebiotics or prebiotic components known in the art may be used. In one exemplary embodiment, the pet food composition contains fructooligosaccharides.

[0072] The illustrative bacteria for the purpose of *Lactobacillus* used in this article may include, but are not limited to, *Streptococci*, such as *Streptococcus lactis*, *Streptococcus cremoris*, *Streptococcus diacetylactis*, and / or *Streptococcus thermophilus*; *Enterococcus*, such as *Enterococcus faecalis*; and the family *Lactobacillaceae*, including *Pediococcus* (i.e., *Pediococcus cerevisiae*), *Leuconostoc*, and *Lactobacilli*, such as *Lactobacillus bulgaricus*, *Lactobacillus acidophilus*, *Lactobacillus helveticus*, and *Lactobacillus bifidum*. *Bifidobacterium*, *Lactobacillus casei*, *Lactobacillus lactis*, *Lactobacillus plantarum*, *Lactobacillus rhamnosus*, *Lactobacillus delbrukii*, *Lactobacillus thermophilus*, *Lactobacillus fermentum*, *Lactobacillus salvarius*, *Lactobacillus reuteri*, and / or mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of bacteria in the genus *Bifidobacteria* include *Bifidobacterium longum*, *Bifidobacterium infantis*, *Bifidobacterium bifidum*, *Bifidobacterium animalis*, and / or *Bifidobacterium pseudolongum*; or combinations thereof.

[0073] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition comprises one or more polyphenols. The source of the polyphenols may be, or may include, but is not limited to, phenolic compounds, including one or more of the following: apigenin, enterodiol, naringenin, apigenin, gentamicin, coumarin, daidzein, dihydroferulic acid, dihydrokaempferol, gentamicin, gentamicin, ferulic acid, ferulic acid, feruloyl putrescine, genistein, daidzein, hesperidin, kaempferol, piperine, naringenin, neohesperidin, diglucoside, sinapic acid, sweet orange flavonoids, eugenol, citrus flavonoids, tetramethyl-o-scutellarin, tyrosol, vanillic acid; or combinations thereof. The source of the polyphenols may be, or may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: pecan shells, any other components of pecan nuts, or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, the pecan shell may also be a source of lignin-based fibers. Illustrative sources of polyphenols may also be, or include, but are not limited to, flaxseed, whole berries, dried berries, pressed berries, berry pomace, etc., as discussed above, tea extract, rosemary extract, rosmarinic acid, coffee extract, pecan shell, caffeic acid, turmeric extract, blueberry extract, grape extract, grape seed extract, soybean extract, or combinations thereof.

[0074] Pet food compositions may contain crude fat or fat. Crude fat or fat may be provided or supplied from any of a variety of sources known to those skilled in the art. Illustrative sources of fat and / or crude fat may be, or include, but are not limited to, meat, meat by-products, fish oil, plants, or combinations thereof. Plant fat sources or sources of plant fat may be, or include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: wheat, flaxseed, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, corn, oats, millet, wheat germ, corn germ, soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed, and oils derived from these and other plant fat sources, or combinations thereof. It should be understood that the amount or fat content of fat in a pet food composition can be determined by a number of methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0075] Pet food compositions may contain ash. Ash may be or include non-organic or non-aqueous compounds and minerals that are typically produced by burning biological matter. It should be understood that the amount or content of ash in a pet food composition can be determined by many methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0076] Pet food compositions may contain moisture or water. The amount of moisture or water present in a pet food composition may depend at least in part on the type of pet food composition. For example, a pet food composition may be in the form of dry coarse grits, semi-moist food, or wet strips or wet food. The moisture content of dry coarse grits may be from about 6 wt% to about 12 wt%, the moisture content of semi-moist food may be from about 15 wt% to about 30 wt%, and the moisture content of wet food may be greater than that of semi-moist food, such as greater than about 30 wt%, greater than about 50 wt%, greater than about 60 wt% to about 85 wt%, or about 75 wt%.

[0077] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may contain one or more additional ingredients, such as one or more of the following: vitamins, minerals, fillers, palatability enhancers, binders, flavoring agents, stabilizers, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, buffers, salts, coatings, etc., or combinations thereof. Stabilizers may contain substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition, such as preservatives, synergists and chelating agents, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and wetting agents. Examples of emulsifiers and / or thickeners include gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, and modified starch. The specific amounts of each composition component, food ingredient, and other ingredient will depend on a variety of factors, such as the specific components and ingredients contained in the composition; the species of the patient or pet; the age, weight, general health, sex, and diet of the pet or patient; the rate at which the pet consumes the food; the type of disease being treated; etc., or combinations thereof. Therefore, the amounts of components and ingredients can vary widely and may deviate from the preferred proportions described herein.

[0078] In at least one embodiment, the pet food is dry pet food. The pet food composition can be prepared in dry form using conventional methods known to those skilled in the art. Typically, dry ingredients such as animal protein, plant protein, and grains are ground and mixed together. Wet or liquid ingredients containing fats, oils, animal proteins, water, etc., are then added to and mixed with the dry mixture. The mixture can then be processed into dry food blocks.

[0079] The pet food compositions described herein can be in any form suitable for feeding to patients, pets, or companion animals. For example, pet food compositions can be in the form of coarse abrasives, treats, animal food toys, or combinations thereof. Coarse abrasives are typically formed using an extrusion method, in which a mixture of dry and wet ingredients is subjected to mechanical work under high pressure and temperature and forced through a small opening and cut into coarse abrasives by a rotating blade. The wet coarse abrasives are then dried and optionally coated with one or more localized coatings, such as flavorings, fats, oils, powders, etc. Coarse abrasives can also be made from dough using a baking method rather than extrusion, wherein the dough is placed in a mold and then subjected to dry heat processing.

[0080] Snacks may contain compositions intended to entice pets or companion animals to eat during non-meal times. Snacks may be nutritious, such that their compositions may contain one or more nutrients and / or food-like compositions. Non-nutritional snacks encompass any other non-toxic snacks. Compositions or components thereof may be coated onto, incorporated into, or both of the snack. Snacks may be prepared using extrusion or baking processes similar to those used for dry foods. Other methods may also be used to coat the exterior of existing snack forms or to inject the composition into existing snack forms.

[0081] Toys include chewable toys, such as artificial bones, and food compositions shaped to resemble natural foods that are attractive to animals. Pet food compositions may contain toys or be part of a toy. For example, a pet food composition may be formed on the surface of a toy or on the surface of a component of the toy. Pet food compositions may be partially or completely incorporated into a toy, or both. In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may be orally available to the intended user. Pet food compositions may contain partially consumable toys, such as toys containing plastic components, and fully consumable toys, such as various artificial bones and similar foods. Furthermore, toys may be for both human and non-human use, particularly for companion animals, farm animals, and zoo animals, and more particularly for felines and canines.

[0082] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition disclosed herein comprises psyllium or a derivative thereof, a polyphenol source, a highly soluble fiber source, and a low-soluble fiber source. The psyllium or its derivative may be present in an amount from about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, optionally from about 0.5 wt.% to about 2.5 wt.%, or from about 1 wt.% to about 2 wt.%. The highly soluble fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, tomato pomace, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or combinations thereof; more preferably, the highly soluble fiber source comprises one or more of the following: oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or combinations thereof. The low-soluble fiber source may comprise one or more of the following: cellulose materials, pecan fiber, or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition may further comprise protein. Based on the total weight of the pet food composition, protein may be present in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 55 wt%, optionally about 32 wt% to about 38 wt%, more preferably about 33 wt%, about 34 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 36 wt%, or about 37 wt%. Based on the total weight of the pet food composition, the pet food composition may further contain dietary fiber in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, optionally about 8 wt% to about 14 wt%, more preferably about 9 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 11 wt%, about 12 wt%, or about 13 wt%. In at least one embodiment, the weight ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber is about 10:1 to about 1:1, optionally about 7.5:1 to about 2.5:1, more preferably about 5:1. In a preferred embodiment, the pet food composition comprises a mixture of omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids. The weight ratio of the omega-6 fatty acid to the omega-3 fatty acid is from about 10:1 to about 1:1, optionally from about 7.5:1 to about 2:1, and more preferably about 3.5:1. In at least one embodiment, the omega-3 fatty acid comprises from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or a mixture thereof, optionally from about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, more preferably from about 0.31 wt%, about 0.32 wt%, about 0.33 wt%, about 0.34 wt%, about 0.35 wt%, about 0.36 wt%, about 0.37 wt%, about 0.38 wt%, or about 0.39 wt%.In one embodiment, the polyphenol source provides one or more polyphenols selected from the group consisting of: dehydroxyrosmarinic acid, coumaroyl pseudonepetin, zeaxanthin, caryophyllotoxin, scutellarin, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, rosmarinic acid, citrinin, luteolin, 6-methoxy-luteolin, 7-epiorosmarinic acid, quercetin, catechin, hesperidin, anthocyanins, or combinations thereof. The polyphenol source comprises pressed cranberries, cranberry pomace, or combinations thereof, more preferably, the polyphenol source comprises pressed cranberries. In at least one example, the pet food composition may further comprise pumpkin.

[0083] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition disclosed herein comprises a protein content of about 30 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 34 wt% to about 38 wt%, or about 36 wt%; a fat content of about 15 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 18 wt% to about 22 wt%, or about 20 wt%; a total dietary fiber content of about 8 wt% to about 16 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 14 wt%, or about 12 wt%, wherein the dietary fiber comprises soluble fiber and insoluble fiber, and wherein the soluble fiber is present in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 3.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, or about 2 wt%, and the insoluble fiber is present in an amount of about 7 wt% to about 13 wt%, about 8 wt% to about 12 wt%, or about 10 wt%; and an omega-6 fatty acid content of about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt%. The amount of omega-3 fatty acids is from about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt% or about 1.0 wt%; wherein the omega-3 fatty acids may contain EPA and DHA in amounts from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.2 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, or about 0.35 wt%.

[0084] In one exemplary embodiment, the pet food composition further comprises a blended fiber source comprising one or more of the following: ground pecan shells, beet pulp, flaxseed, citrus pulp, pressed cranberries, pea fiber, pumpkin, fructooligosaccharides, psyllium seed coat, or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the blended fiber source comprises a combination of ground pecan shells, beet pulp, flaxseed, citrus pulp, pressed cranberries, pea fiber, pumpkin, fructooligosaccharides, and psyllium seed coat.

[0085] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition further comprises whole grains. Whole grains may comprise one or more of the following: corn, barley, oats, or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the whole grains comprise a combination of corn, barley, and oats.

[0086] In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition disclosed herein comprises a protein content of about 30 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 34 wt% to about 38 wt%, or about 36 wt%; a fat content of about 15 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 18 wt% to about 22 wt%, or about 20 wt%; a total dietary fiber content of about 8 wt% to about 16 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 14 wt%, or about 12 wt%, wherein the dietary fiber comprises soluble fiber and insoluble fiber, and wherein the soluble fiber is present in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 3.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, or about 2 wt%, and the insoluble fiber is present in an amount of about 7 wt% to about 13 wt%, about 8 wt% to about 12 wt%, or about 10 wt%; and an omega-6 fatty acid content of about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt%. The amount of omega-3 fatty acids is from about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt% or about 1.0 wt%; wherein the omega-3 fatty acids may include EPA and DHA in amounts from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, or about 0.35 wt%. In an exemplary embodiment, the pet food composition further comprises a blended fiber source comprising one or more of the following: ground pecan shells, beet pulp, flaxseed, citrus pulp, pressed cranberries, pea fiber, pumpkin, fructooligosaccharides, psyllium seed husks, or combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the blended fiber source comprises a combination of ground pecan shells, beet pulp, flaxseed, citrus pulp, pressed cranberries, pea fiber, pumpkin, fructooligosaccharides, and psyllium seed husks. In at least one embodiment, the pet food composition further comprises whole grains. Whole grains may include one or more of the following: corn, barley, oats, or combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, whole grains include a combination of corn, barley, and oats.

[0087] The pet food compositions disclosed herein can be administered or fed to companion animals. In a preferred embodiment, the companion animal may be or include felines, canines, or a combination thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, the companion animal is a feline or a cat.

[0088] method

[0089] This disclosure provides methods for treating, preventing, and / or suppressing diarrhea and / or constipation, improving fecal characteristics, improving defecation behavior, improving the quality of life of companion animals, or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term or expression “suppressing diarrhea and / or constipation” may refer to reducing the severity of diarrhea or constipation. The methods may include feeding or administering an effective amount of any one or more pet food compositions disclosed herein to the companion animal in need. As used herein, the term or expression “fecal characteristics” may include, but is not limited to, fecal consistency, fecal color, fecal odor, the amount or presence of blood and / or mucus in the feces, or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term or expression “defecation behavior” may include, but is not limited to, defecation frequency, frequency of unsuccessful defecation attempts, straining to defecate, vocalization due to pain while attempting defecation, nausea / vomiting, adopting a defecation posture when entering the litter box, lethargy, defecation accidents, or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term or expression “quality of life” may refer to health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which differs from quality of life considerations related to end-of-life issues in veterinary medicine. As used herein, “quality of life” is measured using the Cat Health and Wellbeing (CHEW) questionnaire completed by owners. This questionnaire has been validated and previously published, and is readily available to those skilled in the art.

[0090] Example

[0091] The examples and other embodiments described herein are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the compositions and methods described herein. Equivalent changes, modifications, and variations in the specific embodiments, materials, compositions, and methods can be made within the scope of this disclosure to obtain substantially similar results.

[0092] Example 1

[0093] Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fiber-supplemented control pet food compositions (CF) and exemplary or test pet food compositions (TF) for treating, preventing, and / or inhibiting constipation or diarrhea in cats, as disclosed herein. The test pet food compositions comprise a combination of plant fibers containing antioxidants and polyphenolic compounds. The characteristics of the control pet food compositions (CF) and the test pet food compositions (TF) are summarized in Table 1.

[0094] A prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical study was conducted on 43 (43) adult cats diagnosed with constipation or diarrhea, recruited from 22 (22) private veterinary workplaces in the United States. The study recruited cats exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhea or constipation. Eligibility for each cat was assessed by medical history, medication and dietary history, physical examination, and laboratory analysis of blood and urine. Cats were excluded from the study if they were under 1 year old, had systemic diseases (including kidney disease (IRIS grade 3 or higher), a body fat index less than 20, were unwilling or unable to fully consume the study food, had megacolon or otherwise unlikely to benefit from fiber supplementation, were on long-term use of colonic motility drugs, or were currently receiving oral antibiotics or probiotics and were unwilling to discontinue them.

[0095] Table 1

[0096]

[0097] Cats were randomly assigned to one of two complete and balanced dry therapeutic foods; 18 cats were used for the control food composition (CF) and 25 cats for the test food composition (TF). The 18 cats using the control food composition (CF) included 16 cats with constipation and 2 cats with diarrhea. The 25 cats using the control food composition (TF) included 19 cats with constipation and 6 cats with diarrhea. The fiber sources in the control food composition (CF) included crushed pearl barley, ground whole-grain corn, dried beet pulp, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and psyllium seed husk. The fiber sources in the test food composition (TF) included ground whole-grain corn, ground pecan shells, crushed pearl barley, whole-grain oats, dried beet pulp, pea fiber, flaxseed, dried citrus pulp, squash, pressed cranberries, FOS, and psyllium seed husk. The tested pet food composition (TF) also contained relatively large amounts of insoluble fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. Specifically, the tested pet food composition (TF) contained approximately 10 wt% and approximately 1 wt% of insoluble fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, respectively, while the control pet food composition (CF) contained approximately 3 wt% and approximately 0.2 wt% of insoluble fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, respectively.

[0098] A veterinarian performed a physical examination, assessed the clinical signs of constipation or diarrhea, and evaluated the cats' responses to the control (CF) and test (TF) pet food compositions. The veterinarian assessed the cats' symptoms and used a defined scale to assess the degree of resolution of the cats' GI symptoms on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 28. The scale included the following categories: negative response, no response, positive response, and complete response. A negative response was defined as an increase in the frequency and / or severity of signs compared to the last visit. A no response was defined as no change in the frequency and / or severity of signs compared to the last visit. A positive response was defined as a decrease in the frequency and / or severity of signs compared to the last visit. A complete response was defined as complete resolution of the frequency and / or severity of signs compared to the last visit. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee and Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. Veterinary assessments were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test and a modified reference unit (ridit) score. Results significant at P < 0.05 were reported. Results are summarized in Table 2. Specifically, Table 2 summarizes the number of cats with diarrhea or constipation who were veterinarily assessed as having a positive or complete response at each interval of the study compared to the start of the study. Results represent the clinical outcomes of cats with diarrhea or constipation who consumed the designated diet during the study period, as assessed by a veterinarian. Results have been presented across disease / symptom combinations.

[0099] Table 2

[0100] Clinical outcomes of cats with diarrhea or constipation who consumed the designated diet during the study period, as evaluated by a veterinarian.

[0101]

[0102] 1 p < 0.0001

[0103] 2 p = Not significant (NS)

[0104] As indicated in Table 2, surprisingly, 96% of cats fed the test pet food composition (TF) with diarrhea and constipation showed a positive or complete veterinary-assessed clinical response, compared to 74% of cats fed the control pet food composition (CF) with diarrhea or constipation. The effect of the test pet food composition (TF) was most pronounced after at least four weeks of feeding. Thus, 96% of cats with diarrhea or constipation fed the test pet food composition (TF) showed a positive or complete resolution of clinical signs of diarrhea or constipation. It should be understood that the control pet food composition (CF) was a "positive control pet food composition" expected to have a positive effect on diarrhea and constipation in cats. However, Table 2 demonstrates the superiority of the test pet food composition (TF) in terms of efficacy, and the superiority of the test pet food composition (TF) is attributed to the characteristics of the test pet food composition (TF) or the combination of the type and level of mixed fiber.

[0105] Studies support the effectiveness of the test pet food compositions (TFs) in addressing veterinary-assessed clinical outcomes in cats with constipation or diarrhea. These results demonstrate that combinations of fiber sources (TFs) in test pet food compositions rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds are more effective in improving clinical responses in cats with diarrhea or constipation than conventional or routine fiber sources, such as those used in control pet food compositions (CFs). Furthermore, when analyzed individually by disease symptom, responses in cats with constipation and diarrhea receiving the test pet food compositions (TFs) were similar to those in the overall study population, showing improvements in veterinary-assessed clinical signs over time, as shown in Tables 2 and 3 (p ≤ 0.01 for each test food under each condition).

[0106] Table 2

[0107] Clinical outcomes of cats with diarrhea who consumed the designated diet during the study period, as evaluated by a veterinarian.

[0108]

[0109] 1 This represents 6 cats (p ≤ 0.01).

[0110] 2 This indicates 2 cats (p = not significant (NS)).

[0111] Table 3

[0112] Clinical outcomes of constipated cats fed a designated diet during the study period, as evaluated by a veterinarian.

[0113]

[0114] 1 This represents 19 cats (p ≤ 0.01).

[0115] 2 This represents 16 cats (p = not significant (NS)).

[0116] Example 2

[0117] A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the test pet food composition (TF) of Example 1 in reducing blood in the feces of cats suffering from constipation. Those skilled in the art will understand that healthy cats without constipation or diarrhea typically do not have blood in their feces. Cats with constipation often strain to defecate, and the movement of hard, dry feces in the lower colon can irritate these tissues and cause bleeding within the colonic mucosa, which adheres to the feces as it passes through. Diarrhea, on the other hand, can also cause irritation and bleeding in the intestines. Furthermore, inflammation in the intestines can lead to malabsorption (and thus diarrhea) as well as bleeding. As constipation subsides, straining is reduced, and the feces are less hard and dry, thus not irritating the colonic mucosa, and when diarrhea begins to subside, the blood in the feces is not noticeable as it passes through. Less blood in the feces indicates that constipation and diarrhea are subsiding, and the cat is in better health.

[0118] The study lasts for approximately two months. As is typical in clinical trials, the final visit may be scheduled beyond the two-month period. Figure 1 The results are shown in the image. Figure 1 As shown in the study, although most cats did not have blood in their feces, a significantly reduced frequency of blood in feces was observed during the study period. The longer the cats were fed the test pet food composition (TF), the more significant or pronounced the effect was.

[0119] Example 3

[0120] A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the test pet food composition (TF) from Example 1 in reducing blood in the feces of cats with diarrhea. The study lasted for approximately two months. As is typical in clinical trials, the last visit may be scheduled beyond the two-month period. Figure 2 The results are shown in the image.

[0121] Although most cats did not have blood in their feces, a significantly reduced frequency of blood in feces was observed during the study period. The longer the cats were fed the test pet food composition (TF), the more significant or pronounced the effect.

[0122] Example 4

[0123] A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the test pet food composition (TF) of Example 1 in reducing mucus in the feces of cats suffering from constipation. Those skilled in the art will understand that the feces of healthy cats without constipation or diarrhea typically do not contain blood. Cats suffering from constipation often strain to defecate, and the movement of hard, dry feces in the lower colon can irritate these tissues and cause bleeding within the colonic mucosa, which adheres to the feces as it passes through. Diarrhea can also irritate the intestinal lining, and mucus is produced to help insulate or protect the intestinal mucosa. As constipation or diarrhea subsides, the amount of hard, dry feces decreases, or diarrhea decreases, which does not cause mucus production. Thus, less mucus in the feces indicates that constipation or diarrhea is subsiding and the cat is in better health.

[0124] The study lasted for approximately two months. Figure 3 The results are presented in the paper. Although most cats' feces did not contain mucus, a significant decrease in the frequency of mucus in feces was observed during the study period. The longer the cats were fed the test pet food composition (TF), the more significant or pronounced the effect was.

[0125] Example 5

[0126] A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the test pet food composition (TF) from Example 1 in reducing mucus in the feces of cats with diarrhea. The study lasted for approximately two months. As is typical in clinical trials, the last visit may be scheduled beyond the two-month period. Figure 4 The results are shown in the image.

[0127] Although most cats' feces did not contain mucus, a significant decrease in the frequency of mucus in feces was observed during the study period. The longer the cats were fed the test pet food composition (TF), the more significant or pronounced the effect was.

[0128] Example 6

[0129] A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the test pet food composition (TF) and control pet food composition (CF) of Example 1 in improving defecation behavior in cats suffering from constipation. The study lasted for 56 days. The study was conducted using a behavioral questionnaire administered at the start of the study (Day 1) and at the end of the study (Day 56). Tables 4 and 5 indicate the focus of the behavioral questionnaire for the test and control pet food compositions, respectively. Tables 4 and 5 summarize the study results for the test and control pet food compositions, respectively. It should be understood that a decrease in values ​​indicates a reduction in behavior, which is an indication of symptom improvement.

[0130] Table 4

[0131] Clinical outcomes of cats with diarrhea or constipation who consumed the test food during the study period, as assessed by their owners.

[0132]

[0133] Table 5

[0134] Clinical outcomes of cats with diarrhea or constipation who consumed a control diet during the study period, as assessed by their owners.

[0135]

[0136] As indicated in Table 4, a significant reduction in GI symptom-related defecation behaviors was observed in cats fed the test pet food composition (TF). Furthermore, as indicated in Table 5, a significant reduction in GI symptom-related defecation behaviors was observed in cats fed the positive control pet food composition (CF).

[0137] This disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments. While a limited number of embodiments have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will understand that changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the prior art. This disclosure is intended to be interpreted in a manner that includes all such modifications and changes, provided that such modifications and changes fall within the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents. Furthermore, although specific terminology may be used herein and in the following claims, such specific terminology is used in a general and descriptive sense only and is not intended to limit the purpose of this disclosure or the following claims.

[0138] This application also includes, for example, the following technical solutions:

[0139] 1. A pet food composition comprising:

[0140] Psyllium husk or its derivatives;

[0141] Polyphenol sources;

[0142] Highly soluble fiber sources; and

[0143] Low-solubility fiber source.

[0144] 2. The pet food composition according to claim 1, wherein, based on the total weight of the pet food composition, the psyllium or its derivative is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, optionally about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt% or about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the composition; further optionally in an amount of about 1.1 wt%, about 1.2 wt%, about 1.3 wt%, about 1.4 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.7 wt%, about 1.8 wt% or about 1.9 wt%.

[0145] 3. The pet food composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the source of the highly soluble fiber comprises one or more of the following: oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, tomato pomace, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or a combination thereof; more preferably, the source of the highly soluble fiber comprises one or more of the following: oat bran, buckwheat grains, barley, citrus pulp, beet pulp, or a combination thereof.

[0146] 4. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the low-soluble fiber source comprises one or more of the following: cellulose materials, pecan fiber, or a combination thereof.

[0147] 5. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, comprising about 30 wt% to about 55 wt% of protein, optionally about 32 wt% to about 38 wt% of protein, and more preferably about 33 wt%, about 34 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 36 wt% or about 37 wt% of protein.

[0148] 6. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, comprising about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% of total dietary fiber, optionally about 8 wt% to about 14 wt% of total dietary fiber, and further optionally about 9 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 11 wt%, about 12 wt% or about 13 wt% of total dietary fiber.

[0149] 7. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the weight ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber is from about 10:1 to about 1:1, optionally from about 7.5:1 to about 2.5:1, and more preferably about 5:1.

[0150] 8. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising a mixture of omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids.

[0151] 9. The pet food composition according to claim 8, wherein the weight ratio of the Ω-6 fatty acid to the Ω-3 fatty acid is from about 10:1 to about 1:1, optionally from about 7.5:1 to about 2:1, and more optionally from about 3.5:1.

[0152] 10. The pet food composition according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the omega-3 fatty acid comprises about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or a mixture thereof, optionally about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, more preferably about 0.31 wt%, about 0.32 wt%, about 0.33 wt%, about 0.34 wt%, about 0.35 wt%, about 0.36 wt%, about 0.37 wt%, about 0.38 wt%, or about 0.39 wt%.

[0153] 11. The pet food composition according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the omega-3 fatty acid is provided by flaxseed.

[0154] 12. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyphenol source is provided by one or more polyphenols selected from the group consisting of: dehydroxyrosmarinic acid, coumaroylnepitrin, eupafolin, carnosol, scutellarin, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, cirsimaritin, luteolin, 6-methoxy-luteolin, 7-epirosmanol, quercetin, catechin, hesperidin, cyanidin, or combinations thereof.

[0155] 13. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the source of said polyphenols comprises pressed cranberries, cranberry pomace, or a combination thereof, more preferably said source of said polyphenols comprises pressed cranberries.

[0156] 14. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the composition is substantially free of pea fiber.

[0157] 15. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising pumpkin.

[0158] 16. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising probiotics.

[0159] 17. The pet food composition according to claim 16, wherein the probiotic comprises one or more of the following: Bifidobacterium lactis; Bifidobacterium animalis; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Bifidobacterium longum; Enterococcus faecium; or combinations thereof.

[0160] 18. The pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising prebiotics.

[0161] 19. The pet food composition according to claim 18, wherein the prebiotic comprises fructooligosaccharides.

[0162] 20. A method for:

[0163] To treat, suppress, or prevent diarrhea or constipation;

[0164] Improve stool characteristics;

[0165] Improve bowel behavior; and / or

[0166] The methods for improving the quality of life of companion animals include:

[0167] Administer an effective amount of the pet food composition according to any one of the preceding items to the companion animal in need.

Claims

1. A pet food composition comprising: outer skin of psyllium seeds; Hickory shell; Flaxseed; Citrus pulp; Beetroot paste; cranberry; and A mixture of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. The weight ratio of the Ω-6 fatty acid to the Ω-3 fatty acid is about 10:1 to about 1:1, and The pet food composition comprises 0.5% to 3.5% by weight of highly soluble fiber and 7% to 13% by weight of low-soluble fiber.

2. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the psyllium seed husk is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

3. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the pet food composition comprises about 30 wt% to about 55 wt% of protein, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

4. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the pet food composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% of total dietary fiber, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

5. The pet food composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber in the pet food composition is from about 10:1 to about 1:

1.

6. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the Ω-6 fatty acid is present in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, and the Ω-3 fatty acid is present in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt%.

7. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the Ω-6 fatty acid to the Ω-3 fatty acid is from about 7.5:1 to about 2:

1.

8. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the omega-3 fatty acid comprises about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or a mixture thereof, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

9. The pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of pea fiber.

10. A pet food composition comprising: Approximately 0.1 wt% to approximately 5 wt% of psyllium seed husks; Pumpkin, approximately 0.1 wt% to approximately 30 wt%; Approximately 1 wt% to approximately 5 wt% of omega-6 fatty acids; and Approximately 0.5 wt% to approximately 1.5 wt% of omega-3 fatty acids; The weight ratio of the Ω-6 fatty acid to the Ω-3 fatty acid is about 10:1 to about 1:1, and The pet food composition comprises 0.5% to 3.5% by weight of highly soluble fiber and 7% to 13% by weight of low-soluble fiber.

11. The pet food composition of claim 10, further comprising pecan shells, flax seeds, citrus pulp, beet pulp, and cranberries.

12. The pet food composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising pumpkin.

13. The pet food composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising about 0.1 wt% to about 30 wt% of pumpkin.

14. The pet food composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11 further comprises probiotics.

15. The pet food composition of claim 14, wherein the probiotic comprises one or more of the following: Bifidobacterium lactis; Bifidobacterium animalis; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Bifidobacterium longum; Enterococcus faecium; or a combination thereof.

16. The pet food composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising prebiotics.

17. The pet food composition of claim 16, wherein the prebiotic comprises fructooligosaccharides.

18. Use of the pet food composition according to any one of claims 1 to 17 in the preparation of products for use in: To treat, suppress, or prevent diarrhea or constipation; Improve stool consistency; Improve bowel habits; and / or Improve the quality of life for companion animals.

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