Concrete structure prestress and damage integrated monitoring system and method

Abstract

The invention discloses an integrated monitoring system and method for prestress and damage of a concrete structure, and belongs to the cross technical field of concrete structure monitoring and reinforcing technologies. The system comprises a plurality of collaborative enhancement monitoring units arranged in a concrete structure, a signal acquisition and control module and a cloud analysis platform, the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit comprises a piezoelectric ceramic driving assembly, a carbon fiber enhancement assembly, a stroke amplification structure, a piezoelectric monitoring array and an environment sensor, the signal acquisition and control module is electrically connected with the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, and the cloud analysis platform communicates with the signal acquisition and control module. Monitoring and enhancement function fusion is achieved through the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, prestress loss is accurately calculated and dynamic compensation is completed by depending on collaborative decision of a cloud analysis platform and combining control voltage and environmental parameters, damage factor calculation and positioning are achieved based on stress wave signals, and prestress control and damage monitoring integration is achieved. And the full-life-cycle safety and the use performance of the structure are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of interdisciplinary technology of concrete structure monitoring and reinforcement, specifically to an integrated monitoring system and method for prestress and damage in concrete structures. Background Technology

[0002] Concrete structures, with their excellent load-bearing capacity, crack resistance, and durability, are widely used in large-scale engineering projects such as bridges, factories, and high-rise buildings. The control of prestressing tension during the construction phase, the monitoring of prestress loss during service, and the identification of internal damage are directly related to the safety and performance of the structure throughout its entire life cycle.

[0003] In existing technologies, the monitoring and reinforcement of concrete structures are largely fragmented, failing to form a synergistic and integrated solution. Specifically, the following prominent shortcomings exist: Firstly, prestressing tensioning relies heavily on traditional mechanical devices, and tensioning accuracy is greatly affected by human operation. Furthermore, prestress loss monitoring during service life often uses single sensors, making real-time dynamic compensation difficult. Secondly, concrete internal damage (such as cracks and voids) detection technology operates independently from prestressing monitoring, failing to reflect the impact of damage on the prestress state. Simultaneously, while existing piezoelectric sensor arrays improve damage identification accuracy, they are not integrated with structural reinforcement functions, making it difficult to balance monitoring and structural performance improvement. Moreover, existing prestressing monitoring only focuses on stress wave signals, neglecting environmental interference and the structural reinforcement requirements, resulting in difficulties in synergistically optimizing the practicality of the monitoring system and structural safety.

[0004] Therefore, how to achieve the integration of precise prestress control, dynamic loss compensation, and real-time damage identification has become a technical challenge that urgently needs to be overcome by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide an integrated monitoring system and method for prestressing and damage in concrete structures, so as to overcome the technical difficulties in the prior art of monitoring and reinforcement being disconnected, and practicality and safety being difficult to optimize in a coordinated manner.

[0006] The present invention solves the above-mentioned technical problems through the following technical solution: This invention provides an integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage in concrete structures, comprising: Several collaborative reinforcement monitoring units are arranged inside the concrete structure. Each collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit includes: a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly for generating displacement under a controlled voltage to provide the driving force for tensioning the carbon fiber reinforced assembly; a carbon fiber reinforced assembly connected to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly for providing prestress to the concrete structure after tensioning, thus enhancing its load-bearing capacity; a stroke amplification structure connected between the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly and the carbon fiber reinforced assembly for amplifying the displacement generated by the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly; a piezoelectric monitoring array for acquiring stress wave signals from the concrete structure; and an environmental sensor for acquiring environmental parameters. The signal acquisition and control module, electrically connected to the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, is used to apply control voltage to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly and acquire signals from the piezoelectric monitoring array and environmental sensors. The cloud-based analysis platform communicates with the signal acquisition and control module. The cloud-based analysis platform includes a prestress analysis module and a damage identification module. The prestress analysis module is used to calculate the prestress loss value in real time based on the control voltage and environmental parameters, and sends a tensioning command to the signal acquisition and control module when the loss rate exceeds a preset threshold. The damage identification module is used to calculate the damage factor and locate the damage based on the signal acquired by the piezoelectric monitoring array.

[0007] A further improvement of the present invention is that the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit is an integrated modular structure using a high-strength concrete matrix, the piezoelectric ceramic driving component is a ring-stacked piezoelectric ceramic sheet, and the carbon fiber reinforcement component is a multi-bundle carbon fiber filament that penetrates the high-strength concrete matrix and extends out at both ends.

[0008] A further improvement of the present invention is that the piezoelectric monitoring array includes multiple focused piezoelectric ceramic sensors uniformly arranged circumferentially along the high-strength concrete matrix and multiple spherical piezoelectric ceramic sensors arranged axially along the high-strength concrete matrix.

[0009] A further improvement of the present invention is that the stroke amplification structure includes an upper piston connected to the top of the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly, a lower piston connected to the carbon fiber reinforced assembly, and a sealed amplification cavity located between the two and filled with hydraulic medium. The displacement amplification coefficient of the stroke amplification structure is determined by the area ratio of the upper piston to the lower piston.

[0010] A further improvement of the present invention is that multiple collaborative enhancement monitoring units are arranged in a matrix with a first spacing at key stress-bearing parts of the concrete structure, and in a matrix with a second spacing greater than the first spacing in general areas of the concrete structure, and are connected to the signal acquisition and control module via a bus to form a distributed monitoring network.

[0011] This invention also provides an integrated monitoring method for prestress and damage in concrete structures, employing the integrated monitoring system for prestress and damage in concrete structures as described above, comprising the following steps: S1. Construction Tensioning Stage: A collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit integrating piezoelectric ceramic drive components, carbon fiber reinforcement components, stroke amplification structure, piezoelectric monitoring array, and environmental sensors is implanted into the concrete structure. After the concrete structure reaches the predetermined strength, a control voltage is applied to the piezoelectric ceramic drive components to induce displacement, which is then amplified by the stroke amplification structure to tension the carbon fiber reinforcement components and apply prestress to the concrete structure. Simultaneously, the first stress wave signal is acquired in real time through the piezoelectric monitoring array, and the density of the concrete structure in the tensioning area is determined based on the first stress wave signal. S2, Service Monitoring Phase: Periodically collect the control voltage signal of the piezoelectric ceramic drive component, and calculate the current prestress of the concrete structure in combination with real-time environmental parameters; when the prestress loss rate exceeds the first threshold, adjust the control voltage signal applied to the piezoelectric ceramic drive component to compensate for the tensioning of the carbon fiber reinforced component; S3. Damage identification stage: The second stress wave signal of the concrete structure is periodically acquired through the piezoelectric monitoring array, and the damage factor is calculated. When the damage factor exceeds the second threshold, it is determined that there is damage in the concrete structure, and the damage location is located based on the characteristics of the second stress wave signal.

[0012] A further improvement of the present invention is that, in step S1, the density of the concrete structure in the tensioning zone is determined based on the first stress wave signal. Specifically, the first stress wave signal is decomposed into wavelet packets to extract the signal energy value. If the signal energy loss rate exceeds the third threshold, it is determined that the concrete has a non-dense defect.

[0013] A further improvement of the present invention is that the control voltage in step S1 is specifically:

[0014] in, To control the voltage; For prestressing; The length of the carbon fiber bundle in the tensioning direction; This is the adhesion strength adjustment factor; This is the tensioning method coefficient; This is the displacement amplification factor; The elastic modulus of the carbon fiber bundle; The number of piezoelectric ceramic sheets stacked in a ring; The piezoelectric strain constant of the piezoelectric ceramic; This is the environmental correction factor.

[0015] A further improvement of this invention lies in the environmental correction factor. Specifically:

[0016] Where T is the ambient temperature collected by the environmental sensor.

[0017] A further improvement of the present invention is that the damage factor in step S3 is specifically:

[0018] in, The average voltage signal of the tested concrete structure; The voltage signal value of the concrete structure under healthy conditions within sampling period i; This represents the average voltage signal of the concrete structure under healthy conditions.

[0019] Compared with the prior art, the positive and progressive effects of the present invention are as follows: The integrated monitoring system for prestress and damage of concrete structures provided by this invention includes several collaborative enhancement monitoring units, a signal acquisition and control module, and a cloud analysis platform arranged inside the concrete structure. The collaborative enhancement monitoring unit includes a piezoelectric ceramic drive component, a carbon fiber reinforcement component, a stroke amplification structure, a piezoelectric monitoring array, and an environmental sensor. The signal acquisition and control module is electrically connected to the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, and the cloud analysis platform communicates with the signal acquisition and control module. By integrating monitoring and reinforcement functions through a collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, and relying on the dual-module collaborative decision-making of the cloud analysis platform, the system accurately calculates prestress loss and completes dynamic compensation by combining control voltage and environmental parameters. Based on stress wave signals, it realizes the calculation and location of damage factors, achieving the integration of prestress control and damage monitoring, and significantly improving the safety and performance of the structure throughout its entire life cycle. By integrating prestress tensioning, structural reinforcement, loss compensation, and damage identification functions into the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit and the overall system, the system eliminates the need for multiple independent systems, completely changing the current situation where prestress monitoring and damage detection operate independently and monitoring and reinforcement functions are disconnected. Through the linkage processing of the signal acquisition and control module and the cloud analysis platform, the prestress state and damage data form an interconnected analysis system. It can not only predict the impact of damage monitoring results on prestress distribution, but also assist in assessing the risk of damage development through prestress change trends, achieving synergistic optimization of monitoring and reinforcement, and significantly reducing equipment costs and construction complexity.

[0020] Furthermore, a piezoelectric monitoring array composed of a circumferentially focused piezoelectric ceramic sensor and an axially spherical piezoelectric ceramic sensor enables multi-directional, all-around stress wave signal acquisition. Combined with an optimized damage factor formula, this effectively quantifies the degree of damage and eliminates environmental interference, overcoming the problem of disconnect between damage detection and prestress monitoring in existing technologies, which fails to reflect the correlation between the two. Simultaneously, the carbon fiber reinforced components work together to bear the load, enabling the system to perform both condition monitoring and structural reinforcement functions, thus balancing monitoring practicality with structural safety. Attached Figure Description

[0021] The accompanying drawings are provided to further understand the invention and constitute a part of this invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the invention.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating an integrated monitoring method for prestress and damage in concrete structures according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0024] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the invention.

[0025] It should be noted that similar labels and letters in the following figures indicate similar items. Therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.

[0026] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted that if terms such as "upper," "lower," "horizontal," or "inner" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship commonly used when the product of the invention is in use, they are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention. Furthermore, terms such as "first" and "second" are only used to distinguish descriptions and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0027] Furthermore, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set," "install," "connect," and "link" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0028] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. This is an explanation of the present invention and not a limitation thereof.

[0029] This invention provides an integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage in concrete structures, comprising: Several collaborative reinforcement monitoring units are arranged inside the concrete structure. Each collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit includes: a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly for generating displacement under a controlled voltage to provide the driving force for tensioning the carbon fiber reinforced assembly; a carbon fiber reinforced assembly connected to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly for providing prestress to the concrete structure after tensioning, thus enhancing its load-bearing capacity; a stroke amplification structure connected between the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly and the carbon fiber reinforced assembly for amplifying the displacement generated by the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly; a piezoelectric monitoring array for acquiring stress wave signals from the concrete structure; and an environmental sensor for acquiring environmental parameters. The signal acquisition and control module, electrically connected to the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, is used to apply control voltage to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly and acquire signals from the piezoelectric monitoring array and environmental sensors. The cloud-based analysis platform communicates with the signal acquisition and control module. The cloud-based analysis platform includes a prestress analysis module and a damage identification module. The prestress analysis module is used to calculate the prestress loss value in real time based on the control voltage and environmental parameters, and sends a tensioning command to the signal acquisition and control module when the loss rate exceeds a preset threshold. The damage identification module is used to calculate the damage factor and locate the damage based on the signal acquired by the piezoelectric monitoring array.

[0030] The present invention provides an integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage in concrete structures. By integrating monitoring and reinforcement functions through a collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, and relying on the dual-module collaborative decision-making of the cloud analysis platform, the system accurately calculates prestress loss and completes dynamic compensation by combining control voltage and environmental parameters. Based on stress wave signals, it realizes the calculation and location of damage factors, achieving the integration of prestress control and damage monitoring, and significantly improving the safety and performance of the structure throughout its entire life cycle. By integrating prestress tensioning, structural reinforcement, loss compensation, and damage identification functions into the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit and the overall system, the system eliminates the need for multiple independent systems, completely changing the current situation where prestress monitoring and damage detection operate independently and monitoring and reinforcement functions are disconnected. Through the linkage processing of the signal acquisition and control module and the cloud analysis platform, the prestress state and damage data form an interconnected analysis system. It can not only predict the impact of damage monitoring results on prestress distribution, but also assist in assessing the risk of damage development through prestress change trends, achieving synergistic optimization of monitoring and reinforcement, and significantly reducing equipment costs and construction complexity.

[0031] By constructing a closed-loop system of "piezoelectric ceramic driven tensioning - carbon fiber reinforced load bearing - piezoelectric array monitoring of damage - data linkage analysis", the system achieves integrated functions of precise prestress control, dynamic loss compensation and real-time damage identification.

[0032] Preferably, the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit is an integrated modular structure using a high-strength concrete matrix, the piezoelectric ceramic driving component is a ring-stacked piezoelectric ceramic sheet, and the carbon fiber reinforcement component is a multi-bundle carbon fiber filament that penetrates the high-strength concrete matrix and extends out at both ends.

[0033] The collaborative enhancement monitoring unit adopts a high-strength concrete matrix design as an integrated modular structure, highly integrating core functions such as piezoelectric ceramic drive, carbon fiber reinforcement, and signal monitoring, avoiding the assembly and adaptation problems of multiple components in traditional distributed devices. The ring-stacked piezoelectric ceramic sheets can generate stable and precisely controllable elongation under voltage, completely eliminating the influence of human operation and mechanical wear on tensioning accuracy compared to traditional mechanical tensioning devices. Multiple carbon fiber bundles can enhance the interlocking force with the high-strength concrete matrix, ensuring the long-term stable transmission of prestress after tensioning, avoiding prestress loss caused by bundle slippage, extending the service life of the structure, and realizing integrated collaborative "monitoring-enhancement".

[0034] Preferably, the piezoelectric monitoring array includes multiple focused piezoelectric ceramic sensors uniformly arranged circumferentially along the high-strength concrete matrix and multiple spherical piezoelectric ceramic sensors arranged axially along the high-strength concrete matrix.

[0035] A piezoelectric monitoring array composed of a circumferentially focused piezoelectric ceramic sensor and an axially spherical piezoelectric ceramic sensor enables multi-directional, all-around stress wave signal acquisition. Combined with an optimized damage factor formula, the damage level is effectively quantified and environmental interference is eliminated. This overcomes the problem in existing technologies where damage detection and prestress monitoring are disconnected and unable to reflect their correlation. Simultaneously, the carbon fiber reinforced components work together to bear the load, enabling the system to perform both condition monitoring and structural reinforcement functions, thus balancing monitoring practicality and structural safety.

[0036] Preferably, the stroke amplification structure includes an upper piston connected to the top of the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly, a lower piston connected to the carbon fiber reinforced assembly, and a sealed amplification cavity located between the two and filled with hydraulic medium. The displacement amplification factor of the stroke amplification structure is determined by the area ratio of the upper piston to the lower piston.

[0037] The displacement generated by piezoelectric ceramic drive components is typically minute, making it difficult to directly drive carbon fiber reinforced components to meet the stroke requirements for prestressing tension. This technology utilizes a stroke amplification structure composed of an upper piston, a lower piston, and a sealed amplification cavity. By leveraging the incompressible properties of the hydraulic medium, it converts the minute elongation of the piezoelectric ceramic into an effective displacement sufficient for tensioning, achieving efficient amplification and transmission of the minute displacement of the piezoelectric ceramic. This completely solves the problem of inefficient tensioning drive force transmission caused by insufficient piezoelectric drive displacement, providing core structural support for precise prestressing control.

[0038] Preferably, multiple collaborative enhanced monitoring units are arranged in a matrix with a first spacing at key stress points of the concrete structure, and in a matrix with a second spacing greater than the first spacing in general areas of the concrete structure, and are connected to the signal acquisition and control module via a bus to form a distributed monitoring network.

[0039] To address the higher stress concentration and damage risk at critical load-bearing areas of concrete structures (such as beam ends and supports), collaborative reinforcement monitoring units are densely arranged at a first spacing (30cm x 30cm) to achieve precise and intensive monitoring of high-risk areas. In general areas where stress is relatively mild, units are arranged at a second spacing (50cm x 50cm), larger than the first spacing, avoiding resource waste while meeting basic monitoring needs. This differentiated arrangement ensures both monitoring coverage density and data accuracy at critical locations while reasonably controlling overall equipment investment costs.

[0040] Multiple collaborative monitoring units are connected via a bus to form a distributed monitoring network. Data exchange and collaborative operation between units overcome the information silos of traditional decentralized monitoring devices. The densely packed units in critical areas complement the conventional units in general areas, enabling precise capture of subtle changes in prestress and early minor damage in critical locations, while also providing comprehensive coverage of the entire structure. This achieves full-domain monitoring of the prestress state and damage evolution throughout the entire lifecycle of the concrete structure. Furthermore, the distributed network architecture supports flexible expansion of the number of units, adapting to prestressed concrete structures of different sizes and types (such as bridges, factories, and high-rise buildings), significantly expanding the technology's applicability.

[0041] In the distributed monitoring network, each unit synchronously collects prestress data, damage signals, and environmental parameters, and transmits them uniformly to the signal acquisition and control module via a bus, providing comprehensive, multi-dimensional data support for the cloud analysis platform.

[0042] See Figure 1 Based on the same inventive concept, this invention also provides an integrated monitoring method for prestress and damage in concrete structures, employing the aforementioned integrated monitoring system for prestress and damage in concrete structures, comprising the following steps: S1. Construction Tensioning Stage: A collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit integrating piezoelectric ceramic drive components, carbon fiber reinforcement components, stroke amplification structure, piezoelectric monitoring array, and environmental sensors is implanted into the concrete structure. After the concrete structure reaches the predetermined strength, a control voltage is applied to the piezoelectric ceramic drive components to induce displacement, which is then amplified by the stroke amplification structure to tension the carbon fiber reinforcement components and apply prestress to the concrete structure. Simultaneously, the first stress wave signal is acquired in real time through the piezoelectric monitoring array, and the density of the concrete structure in the tensioning area is determined based on the first stress wave signal. S2, Service Monitoring Phase: Periodically collect the control voltage signal of the piezoelectric ceramic drive component, and calculate the current prestress of the concrete structure in combination with real-time environmental parameters; when the prestress loss rate exceeds the first threshold, adjust the control voltage signal applied to the piezoelectric ceramic drive component to compensate for the tensioning of the carbon fiber reinforced component; S3. Damage identification stage: The second stress wave signal of the concrete structure is periodically acquired through the piezoelectric monitoring array, and the damage factor is calculated. When the damage factor exceeds the second threshold, it is determined that there is damage in the concrete structure, and the damage location is located based on the characteristics of the second stress wave signal.

[0043] This method deeply integrates the collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit with the tensioning process during construction, achieving synchronization between prestressing application and initial structural state monitoring. It explicitly embeds a multi-component collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit into the concrete structure. Once the structure reaches the predetermined strength, the piezoelectric ceramic component is driven by precise voltage control, and the carbon fiber reinforcement component is stably tensioned through a stroke amplification structure. This replaces traditional mechanical tensioning methods, avoiding human error from the outset and ensuring the accuracy of initial prestressing application. Simultaneously, the piezoelectric monitoring array is used to collect the first stress wave signal in real time and determine the density of the tensioning area. This breaks through the limitations of existing construction methods that only focus on tension values ​​and ignore the structural condition itself. It allows for timely detection of structural defects during construction and adjustment of the tensioning strategy, thus building a solid initial safety barrier for the structure.

[0044] During service, a closed-loop mechanism of "real-time monitoring - precise calculation - dynamic control" was established. By periodically collecting the control voltage signal of the piezoelectric ceramic drive component and combining it with real-time environmental parameters obtained from environmental sensors, the current prestress loss can be accurately calculated. Compared with existing single-signal monitoring, this method incorporates correction for environmental interference factors, making the loss calculation more consistent with actual working conditions. When the loss rate exceeds the first threshold, the control voltage is immediately adjusted to achieve compensatory tensioning of the carbon fiber reinforced component, avoiding structural safety hazards caused by the accumulation of prestress loss. This ensures that the structure maintains a reasonable prestress level throughout its service life, solving the core problem of the disconnect between monitoring and control in existing technologies.

[0045] In the damage identification phase, a correlation analysis between damage characteristics and structural stress state was achieved. By periodically acquiring second stress wave signals through a piezoelectric monitoring array and combining this with algorithms from a cloud-based analysis platform to calculate damage factors, the degree of damage can be quantitatively assessed. When the damage factor exceeds a second threshold, the damage location is precisely located based on the propagation characteristics of the stress wave signals, solving the problems of ambiguous qualitative analysis and inaccurate localization in existing detection methods. More importantly, this damage monitoring data can corroborate prestress monitoring data from the service phase. It can both predict damage risks through prestress changes and optimize prestress compensation strategies based on damage status, providing a complete basis for structural maintenance from "damage location - damage degree - treatment recommendations," significantly improving the scientific rigor and efficiency of maintenance decisions.

[0046] Compaction monitoring during the construction phase provides initial parameters for prestress control during service life; changes in prestress during service life provide a stress background reference for damage identification; and damage identification results, in turn, guide prestress compensation and structural maintenance, forming a safety management and control system covering the entire life cycle of the structure. This interconnected design transforms monitoring from a scattered "point-based" operation into a "chain-like" management system that runs through the structure from construction to service, effectively overcoming the shortcomings of fragmented processes in existing technologies. Ultimately, it achieves the integrated goal of precise control of structural prestress, dynamic compensation for losses, and real-time damage identification, significantly improving the safety and performance of the structure throughout its entire life cycle, and possessing outstanding practical value.

[0047] Preferably, in step S1, the density of the concrete structure in the tensioning zone is determined based on the first stress wave signal. Specifically, the first stress wave signal is decomposed into wavelet packets to extract the signal energy value. If the signal energy loss rate exceeds the third threshold, it is determined that the concrete has a non-dense defect.

[0048] Preferably, the control voltage in step S1 is specifically:

[0049] in, To control the voltage; For prestressing; The length of the carbon fiber bundle in the tensioning direction; This is the adhesion strength adjustment factor; This is the tensioning method coefficient; This is the displacement amplification factor; The elastic modulus of the carbon fiber bundle; The number of piezoelectric ceramic sheets stacked in a ring; The piezoelectric strain constant of the piezoelectric ceramic; This is the environmental correction factor.

[0050] Preferred environmental correction factor Specifically: k t =1+0.002|T-25| Where T is the ambient temperature collected by the environmental sensor.

[0051] Environmental correction factor Specifically:

[0052] in, The ambient temperature is collected by an environmental sensor.

[0053] Preferably, the damage factor in step S3 is specifically:

[0054] in, The average voltage signal of the tested concrete structure; The voltage signal value of the concrete structure under healthy conditions within sampling period i; This represents the average voltage signal of the concrete structure under healthy conditions.

[0055] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, an integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures is constructed through the following steps: I. Design of Collaborative Enhancement Monitoring Unit The collaborative enhancement monitoring unit is an integrated modular structure, integrating prestressing tensioning, structural enhancement, and multi-parameter monitoring functions. It is cylindrical with an outer diameter of 120mm and a length of 300mm. The substrate is made of high-strength, low-shrinkage concrete (compressive strength ≥60MPa), 3D printed and then encapsulated with epoxy resin. The specific structure is as follows: Piezoelectric ceramic tensioning assembly: A set of annular piezoelectric ceramic stacks is set along the axial center of the unit, consisting of eight annular PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic sheets (80mm diameter, 3mm thickness) and annular insulating ceramic sheets (85mm diameter, 2mm thickness) stacked alternately. The top and bottom of the stacks are fixed by convex spherical clips (5mm diameter) inserted into the substrate's limiting grooves (2.5mm depth). The piezoelectric ceramic stacks are connected to an external piezoelectric controller via copper insulated wires (0.5mm diameter). The wires pass through pre-drilled wire holes (2mm diameter) in the substrate, which are filled with sealant for waterproofing. The relationship between the voltage applied at both ends of the stack and the carbon fiber prestress is based on the following formula:

[0056] The prestress level of carbon fiber (unit: MPa) characterizes the stress that carbon fiber bundles bear under tension and is a core indicator for judging whether the prestress meets the design requirements.

[0057] a1: Bonding force adjustment coefficient (unitless), which is related to the linear density of the carbon fiber bundle. The higher the linear density, the more uneven the distribution of bonding force between the carbon fiber and the bonding screw. This coefficient needs to be adjusted to ensure the accuracy of the prestress calculation.

[0058] a2: Tensioning method coefficient (unitless), which is an empirically determined coefficient. It is 1 when tensioning only one end of the carbon fiber and 2 when tensioning both ends of the carbon fiber at the same time. It is used to distinguish the influence of different tensioning processes on the prestress distribution.

[0059] k: Displacement amplification factor (unitless), equal to the area A of the upper piston in the stroke amplification sub-device. d The ratio of the lower piston area Au to the lower piston area Au (k=A) d / A u), used to quantify the amplification effect of the stroke amplification structure on the displacement of piezoelectric ceramics.

[0060] E: Elastic modulus of carbon fiber bundle (unit: GPa), which is an inherent mechanical parameter of carbon fiber material. It reflects the ability of carbon fiber to resist elastic deformation under stress and directly affects the relationship between prestress and displacement.

[0061] n: The number of toroidal piezoelectric ceramic sheets in the toroidal piezoelectric ceramic stack (unitless), that is, the total number of PZT piezoelectric ceramic sheets in the stack. The more sheets there are, the greater the total elongation of the piezoelectric ceramic stack under the same voltage.

[0062] d 33 The piezoelectric strain constant (unit: m / V) of piezoelectric ceramics is a key performance parameter of piezoelectric ceramic materials. It characterizes the ratio of the strain generated by the piezoelectric ceramic along the polarization direction to the electric field strength under the action of an electric field, reflecting the ability of the piezoelectric ceramic to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

[0063] V: The current applied voltage (unit: V) across the ring-shaped piezoelectric ceramic stack is a human-controllable input parameter. By adjusting the voltage, the elongation of the piezoelectric ceramic can be directly changed, thereby controlling the prestress level of the carbon fiber.

[0064] k t Environmental correction factor (unitless), related to the monitored ambient temperature T (unit: °C), calculated using the formula k. t =1+0.002|T-25| is used to compensate for the interference of temperature changes on the performance of piezoelectric ceramics, the mechanical properties of carbon fibers and signal transmission, and to ensure the accuracy of prestress calculation under different temperature and humidity environments.

[0065] L: The length of the carbon fiber bundle in the tension direction (unit: mm), which is the effective length of the carbon fiber bundle in the tension force direction. The longer the length, the smaller the stress generated by the carbon fiber under the same displacement. It needs to be included in the formula to ensure the accuracy of the prestress calculation.

[0066] Carbon fiber reinforced assembly: Six bundles of carbon fiber filaments (each bundle containing 12,000 carbon fibers, elastic modulus 230 GPa) are evenly distributed radially in the unit. The filament bundles pass through the unit axially, extending 100 mm from both ends of the unit. They are bonded to the unit matrix with epoxy resin, with a bonding section length of 80 mm. Arrowhead-shaped bonding threads (2 mm pitch, 1 mm depth) are engraved on the inner side of the rod to enhance the interlocking force. The middle of the carbon fiber filament bundle is rigidly connected to the upper piston (60 mm diameter, 15 mm thickness) on top of the annular piezoelectric ceramic stack. The upper piston and the lower piston (40 mm diameter, 15 mm thickness) form a stroke amplification structure through a sealed amplification cavity (50 mL volume). The cavity is filled with low-compressibility silicone oil (volume compressibility coefficient ≤ 5 × 10⁻⁶). -5 / MPa), displacement amplification factor k=Ad / A u =2.25), to achieve efficient transmission of small displacements in piezoelectric ceramics.

[0067] Piezoelectric monitoring array: Six arc-shaped focusing piezoelectric ceramic sensors (50mm arc length, 2mm thickness) are evenly arranged around the circumference of the unit substrate to form a ring monitoring array, with the focusing direction pointing towards the central axis of the unit; at the same time, one spherical piezoelectric ceramic sensor (8mm diameter) is arranged at 1 / 4, 1 / 2, and 3 / 4 of the unit axis, and connected to a multi-hole connector through shielded wires (covered with polytetrafluoroethylene insulation layer) to realize the acquisition of damage signals in different directions.

[0068] Environmental compensation component: Two miniature temperature and humidity sensors (measurement range: temperature -20~80℃, humidity 0~100%RH, accuracy ±0.5℃ / ±3%RH) are embedded inside the unit matrix, located at the top and bottom of the annular piezoelectric ceramic stack, respectively, to collect environmental parameters, compensate for the interference of temperature and humidity on piezoelectric signals and carbon fiber prestress, and ensure the calculation accuracy of prestress under different temperature and humidity conditions.

[0069] II. Composition of the Integrated Monitoring System The collaborative enhancement monitoring units are embedded in the prestressed concrete structure in a matrix manner. The key stress-bearing parts (such as beam ends and supports) are arranged at a spacing of 30cm×30cm, while the general areas are arranged at a spacing of 50cm×50cm. The units are connected by a bus to form an integrated "tensioning-monitoring" network. The carbon fiber bundles and the main reinforcement of the structure work together to enhance the structural bearing capacity.

[0070] The signal acquisition and control module includes a piezoelectric tension controller (output voltage 0~1000V, resolution 1V, control accuracy ±0.5%), a piezoelectric signal acquisition instrument (sampling frequency 1MHz, number of channels 24, resolution 16bit), and a data processing terminal (equipped with an edge computing chip, supporting real-time signal filtering and compensation). The controller and acquisition instrument are integrated in the same control cabinet and communicate with the cloud platform via Ethernet to achieve synchronous transmission of tension control and monitoring data. The cloud analysis platform has a built-in dual-module data processing algorithm: one is a prestress analysis module, which calculates the prestress loss value in real time based on the linear relationship between piezoelectric tension voltage and carbon fiber stress, and automatically triggers the piezoelectric controller to supplement tension when the loss rate > 5%; the other is a damage identification module, which optimizes the damage factor formula.

[0071] DI: Damage Factor (unitless), used to quantify the degree of damage to concrete structures. The value ranges from 0 to 1. When DI≤0.7, the structure is considered to have no obvious damage or air gaps. When DI>0.7, the structure is considered to have damage or air gaps. The larger the value, the more severe the damage.

[0072] N: Number of signal samplings or number of decomposition levels (unitless). If it is the number of samplings, it refers to the total number of times the voltage signal is collected within the monitoring period. If it is the number of wavelet packet decomposition levels, it refers to the number of levels when performing wavelet packet decomposition on the original signal, which is used to ensure the representativeness of the data statistics.

[0073] E i The voltage signal energy value of the detection path of the component under test within sampling time i (unit: V²) The energy state of the stress wave of the tested component at the monitoring time is obtained by collecting data through a piezoelectric sensor and processing it through wavelet packet analysis. The energy change is related to structural damage.

[0074] Average voltage signal of the tested component (unit: V²) s), which is E collected multiple times i The arithmetic mean is used to eliminate single sampling errors and reflect the overall level of the voltage signal of the measured component.

[0075] Energy value of voltage signal of the replicated component under healthy conditions within sampling period i (unit: V²) The signal (s) is collected from a healthy replica component with the same material, structure, and size as the component being tested, and serves as a reference signal for determining whether the component being tested is damaged.

[0076] Average voltage signal of the replicated component under healthy conditions (unit: V²) s), which refers to multiple collections. The arithmetic mean of the reference signal is used as the overall reference level for the baseline signal.

[0077] : Environmental correction factor (unitless), which is the same as the correction factor in the prestressing calculation formula mentioned above. The definition is consistent and is used to compensate for the interference of temperature and humidity environmental factors on the piezoelectric signal energy value, and to avoid damage misjudgment caused by environmental interference.

[0078] When (DI>0.7), damage is determined to exist, and the damage location is located by combining the signal from the spherical piezoelectric sensor with an accuracy of ≤3cm.

[0079] The method for the integrated monitoring system of prestress and damage in concrete structures mentioned above specifically includes the following steps: Prestressing tensioning and monitoring during construction: The collaborative enhancement monitoring unit is implanted into the structure along with the concrete pouring. After the concrete strength reaches 80% of the design value, the piezoelectric tensioning controller is activated to apply voltage to the annular piezoelectric ceramic stack. The carbon fiber bundle is tensioned through the stroke amplification structure. The voltage is adjusted in real time based on the modified prestress formula to control the carbon fiber prestress within ±2% of the design value.

[0080] During tensioning, the annular piezoelectric monitoring array acquires stress wave signals in real time. Signal energy values ​​are extracted through wavelet packet decomposition (5 decomposition layers, db4 wavelet function selected). If the energy loss rate is greater than 3%, it is determined that the concrete in the tensioning area has a non-compacting defect, tensioning is paused, and the defect is investigated. After tensioning is completed, the voltage value corresponding to the initial prestress is recorded as a benchmark. Temperature and humidity sensors collect environmental data in real time, providing a basis for correction in subsequent prestress compensation.

[0081] Prestress loss compensation and damage monitoring during service: The piezoelectric signal acquisition instrument acquires the voltage signal of the ring piezoelectric ceramic stack at a frequency of 1 hour / time. Combined with the temperature and humidity correction coefficient, the real-time prestress value is calculated. When the prestress loss rate is greater than 5%, the cloud platform automatically sends a tensioning command. The piezoelectric controller applies pressure according to the preset voltage increment (5V / step) until the prestress is restored to the design value.

[0082] The spherical piezoelectric sensor collects structural vibration signals at a frequency of 10 min / time. The damage factor DI value is calculated using the optimized damage factor formula. When DI > 0.7, the ring monitoring array frequency sweep test is started (frequency sweep range 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz). Combining the first wave acoustic time and amplitude attenuation of the signal, the damage location is located and the degree of damage (such as crack depth and void area) is assessed.

[0083] Monthly structural performance reports are generated, including prestress variation trends, damage distribution heat maps, and environmental impact analyses, providing data support for structural maintenance.

[0084] The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage in concrete structures provided by this invention not only possesses integrated functions, high-precision control, and structural reinforcement, but also boasts a high degree of intelligence and strong environmental adaptability. It is suitable for the full life-cycle performance management of prestressed concrete structures such as bridges, factories, and high-rise buildings. The method of this invention can simultaneously achieve precise prestressing tensioning, dynamic loss compensation, and real-time damage identification, eliminating the need for multiple additional systems and reducing equipment costs and construction complexity. The prestressing tensioning accuracy is ±2%, the damage location accuracy is ≤3cm, and the prestressing loss compensation response time is <10min, superior to existing single-function technologies. Through temperature and humidity correction, the monitoring error is ≤3% in environments ranging from -20 to 80℃ and 0 to 100%RH, making it suitable for complex engineering scenarios such as high temperature and high humidity. The carbon fiber bundles work synergistically with the structure to increase the structural bending capacity by 15-20%, extending the structural service life and balancing monitoring with structural safety. The cloud platform automatically completes data processing, early warning, and control, reducing manual intervention and maintenance costs, making it suitable for long-term monitoring of large prestressed concrete structures.

[0085] Finally, it should be noted that the embodiments listed above are merely one or more specific manifestations of the technical solution of this invention. Their purpose is to clearly illustrate the concept, principle, and application of this invention through specific examples, and is by no means intended to limit the scope of protection of this invention to these specific embodiments. In fact, the true value of this invention lies in its proposed technical ideas and innovations, rather than its manifestations or implementation methods.

[0086] For those skilled in the art, after thoroughly reading and understanding the technical solution of this invention, they are fully capable of making various changes, modifications, or equivalent substitutions to the specific implementation of the invention based on their own professional knowledge and skills. These changes may include, but are not limited to: adjusting the range of technical parameters, optimizing the algorithm flow to improve efficiency, and replacing some technical components to achieve better compatibility or reduce costs. As long as these modified technical solutions substantially retain the technical features claimed by the original invention, that is, they can still achieve the core functions and effects of this invention, then these changes should be considered to fall within the scope of protection of the pending claims of this invention.

[0087] Furthermore, with the continuous progress and development of technology, new technical means and methods are constantly emerging, which provides ample space for further improvement and perfection of this invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of this invention should also include reasonable and foresightful improvements and extensions based on existing technology. As long as these improvements and extensions do not depart from the basic principles and core concepts of this invention, they should be considered equivalents of this invention and are equally protected by patent rights.

Claims

1. An integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage in concrete structures, characterized in that, include: Several collaborative reinforcement monitoring units are arranged inside the concrete structure. Each collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit includes: a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly for generating displacement under a controlled voltage to provide the driving force for tensioning the carbon fiber reinforced assembly; a carbon fiber reinforced assembly connected to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly for providing prestress to the concrete structure after tensioning, thus enhancing its load-bearing capacity; a stroke amplification structure connected between the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly and the carbon fiber reinforced assembly for amplifying the displacement generated by the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly; a piezoelectric monitoring array for acquiring stress wave signals from the concrete structure; and an environmental sensor for acquiring environmental parameters. The signal acquisition and control module, electrically connected to the collaborative enhancement monitoring unit, is used to apply control voltage to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly and acquire signals from the piezoelectric monitoring array and environmental sensors. The cloud-based analysis platform communicates with the signal acquisition and control module. The cloud-based analysis platform includes a prestress analysis module and a damage identification module. The prestress analysis module is used to calculate the prestress loss value in real time based on the control voltage and environmental parameters, and sends a tensioning command to the signal acquisition and control module when the loss rate exceeds a preset threshold. The damage identification module is used to calculate the damage factor and locate the damage based on the signal acquired by the piezoelectric monitoring array.

2. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 1, characterized in that, The collaborative enhancement monitoring unit is an integrated modular structure using a high-strength concrete matrix. The piezoelectric ceramic drive component consists of ring-stacked piezoelectric ceramic sheets, and the carbon fiber reinforcement component consists of multiple bundles of carbon fiber filaments that penetrate the high-strength concrete matrix and extend from both ends.

3. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 2, characterized in that, The piezoelectric monitoring array includes multiple focused piezoelectric ceramic sensors uniformly arranged circumferentially along the high-strength concrete matrix and multiple spherical piezoelectric ceramic sensors arranged axially along the high-strength concrete matrix.

4. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 1, characterized in that, The stroke amplification structure includes an upper piston connected to the top of the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly, a lower piston connected to the carbon fiber reinforced assembly, and a sealed amplification cavity located between the two and filled with hydraulic medium. The displacement amplification factor of the stroke amplification structure is determined by the area ratio of the upper piston to the lower piston.

5. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 1, characterized in that, Multiple collaborative enhanced monitoring units are arranged in a matrix with a first spacing at key stress points of the concrete structure, and in a matrix with a second spacing greater than the first spacing in general areas of the concrete structure. They are connected to the signal acquisition and control module via a bus to form a distributed monitoring network.

6. An integrated monitoring method for prestressing and damage in concrete structures, characterized in that, The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures as described in any one of claims 1 to 5 includes the following steps: S1. Construction Tensioning Stage: A collaborative reinforcement monitoring unit integrating piezoelectric ceramic drive components, carbon fiber reinforcement components, stroke amplification structure, piezoelectric monitoring array, and environmental sensors is implanted into the concrete structure. After the concrete structure reaches the predetermined strength, a control voltage is applied to the piezoelectric ceramic drive components to induce displacement, which is then amplified by the stroke amplification structure to tension the carbon fiber reinforcement components and apply prestress to the concrete structure. Simultaneously, the first stress wave signal is acquired in real time through the piezoelectric monitoring array, and the density of the concrete structure in the tensioning area is determined based on the first stress wave signal. S2, Service Monitoring Phase: Periodically collect the control voltage signal of the piezoelectric ceramic drive component, and calculate the current prestress of the concrete structure in combination with real-time environmental parameters; when the prestress loss rate exceeds the first threshold, adjust the control voltage signal applied to the piezoelectric ceramic drive component to compensate for the tensioning of the carbon fiber reinforced component; S3. Damage identification stage: The second stress wave signal of the concrete structure is periodically acquired through the piezoelectric monitoring array, and the damage factor is calculated. When the damage factor exceeds the second threshold, it is determined that there is damage in the concrete structure, and the damage location is located based on the characteristics of the second stress wave signal.

7. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S1, the density of the concrete structure in the tensioning zone is determined based on the first stress wave signal. Specifically, the first stress wave signal is decomposed into wavelet packets to extract the signal energy value. If the signal energy loss rate exceeds the third threshold, it is determined that the concrete has a non-dense defect.

8. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 6, characterized in that, The control voltage in step S1 is specifically as follows: in, To control the voltage; For prestressing; The length of the carbon fiber bundle in the tensioning direction; This is the adhesion strength adjustment factor; This is the tensioning method coefficient; This is the displacement amplification factor; The elastic modulus of the carbon fiber bundle; The number of piezoelectric ceramic sheets stacked in a ring; The piezoelectric strain constant of the piezoelectric ceramic; This is the environmental correction factor.

9. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 8, characterized in that, Environmental correction factor Specifically: in, The ambient temperature is collected by an environmental sensor.

10. The integrated monitoring system for prestressing and damage of concrete structures according to claim 9, characterized in that, The damage factor in step S3 is specifically the average voltage signal of the tested concrete structure. The voltage signal value of the concrete structure under healthy conditions within sampling period i; This represents the average voltage signal of the concrete structure under healthy conditions.

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