Intelligent agricultural sensor integrated control module and control method

Abstract

The invention discloses a smart agricultural sensor integrated control module and control method, and the module comprises a local node which integrates soil humidity, illumination intensity and air temperature and humidity sensing units, generates a multi-dimensional data frame through hardware synchronous collection and timestamp alignment, and uploads the multi-dimensional data frame to a regional coordination controller through LoRa; the controller generates an irrigation, sunshade or ventilation instruction based on an edge calculation crop model, and issues the instruction to the node driving execution mechanism through ZigBee. According to the application, multi-source environment parameter collaborative sensing, edge side closed-loop control and low-power-consumption long-endurance operation can be realized, and the response real-time performance and the system expansibility are remarkably improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of smart agriculture and Internet of Things control technology, and particularly to a smart agriculture sensor integrated control module and control method. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of modern agriculture, the demand for precision and intelligent management in agricultural production is increasing. In the complex and ever-changing farmland environment, crop growth is affected by various factors such as soil moisture, light intensity, and air temperature and humidity. To achieve efficient, energy-saving, and sustainable agricultural production, there is an urgent need for an intelligent monitoring and control method that can comprehensively sense and coordinately regulate multiple environmental parameters, promptly acquire farmland environmental status, and respond accordingly. Currently, single-function sensors or distributed acquisition systems are commonly used to monitor agricultural environmental parameters. However, existing systems have limitations in multi-source sensor data fusion, real-time control, and modular integration, and usually rely on multiple independent devices working together. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a highly integrated, scalable, and multi-parameter collaborative control smart agriculture sensor integrated control module and corresponding control methods to improve the overall efficiency and reliability of agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a smart agriculture sensor integrated control module and control method, which solves the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0004] This invention is implemented as follows: a smart agriculture sensor integrated control module and control method, comprising: deploying multiple sensing nodes in a farmland area, each sensing node including a soil moisture sensing unit, a light intensity sensing unit, an air temperature and humidity sensing unit, and a local control unit; the local control unit being connected to the soil moisture sensing unit, the light intensity sensing unit, and the air temperature and humidity sensing unit respectively via an SPI bus on a printed circuit board; the local control unit acquiring a first analog signal output by the soil moisture sensing unit, a second analog signal output by the light intensity sensing unit, and a third digital signal output by the air temperature and humidity sensing unit, and aligning the first analog signal and the second analog signal with the third digital signal after analog-to-digital conversion to form a... Multidimensional sensing data frames are transmitted to a regional coordination controller via a LoRa wireless communication module. The regional coordination controller is deployed on top of protective posts at the edge of the farmland and contains a main control chip and an edge computing unit. After receiving multidimensional sensing data frames from multiple sensing nodes, the regional coordination controller performs environmental status assessment on the local area corresponding to each sensing node based on a preset crop growth model, generates at least one of irrigation, shading, or ventilation commands, and transmits the commands back to the local control unit of the corresponding sensing node via the ZigBee protocol. The local control unit drives a relay module according to the received commands. The normally open contacts of the relay module are electrically connected to a solenoid valve, a shading curtain motor, and an exhaust fan, respectively, thereby performing corresponding field operations.

[0005] Secondly, this invention provides a smart agriculture sensor integrated control module, including a soil moisture sensing unit, a light intensity sensing unit, an air temperature and humidity sensing unit, a local control unit, a LoRa wireless communication module, a relay module, and a power management unit. The soil moisture sensing unit adopts a capacitive probe structure, with its two parallel metal plates embedded in an epoxy resin encapsulation shell. The encapsulation shell is fixed 10cm below the farmland surface via a threaded interface. The signal output terminal of the soil moisture sensing unit is soldered to pin A0 on the PCB board of the local control unit. The light intensity sensing unit is a silicon photodiode array, with its photosensitive surface facing upwards, mounted below a transparent acrylic window on the top of the sensing node housing. The current output terminal of the light intensity sensing unit is connected to pin A1 of the local control unit after passing through a transimpedance amplifier. The air temperature and humidity sensing unit is a digital SHT45 sensor, connected to the SDA / SCL pins of the local control unit via an I²C interface. The air temperature and humidity sensing unit is fixed inside a ventilation hole on the side wall of the sensing node housing. The hole is equipped with a dust filter; the local control unit uses an STM32L476RG microcontroller, which has a built-in 12-bit ADC module and a hardware SPI controller. The LoRa wireless communication module is an SX1278 chip, which is connected to the local control unit through the SPI interface. The antenna of the LoRa wireless communication module is externally connected to a rubber antenna on the top of the sensor node housing through a U.FL connector; the relay module contains three single-pole single-throw electromagnetic relays, whose coil ends are connected to the PB12, PB13, and PB14 pins of the local control unit, respectively. One end of their contact ends is connected to the positive terminal of a 24V DC power supply, and the other end is connected to the power input terminal of the solenoid valve, the forward rotation control terminal of the sunshade motor, and the power supply terminal of the exhaust fan, respectively; the power management unit includes a solar charging panel, a lithium battery pack, and a TP4056 charging management chip. The solar charging panel is fixedly connected to the mounting bracket on the back of the sensor node housing through a waterproof aviation plug. The positive and negative terminals of the lithium battery pack are connected to the VBAT pin of the local control unit through the XT30 terminal to power the entire sensor node.

[0006] Thirdly, this invention provides a regional coordination controller, including a main control chip, an edge computing unit, a LoRa receiving module, a ZigBee transmitting module, and a memory. The main control chip is an ESP32-S3, which is connected to the LoRa receiving module via a UART interface to receive multi-dimensional sensing data frames from various sensing nodes. The edge computing unit is integrated inside the main control chip and runs a lightweight crop growth decision model. The decision model uses soil moisture threshold range, daily integral value of light intensity, and upper limit of relative humidity as input variables, and outputs irrigation duration, shading opening angle, and ventilation start / stop signals. The ZigBee transmitting module uses a CC2530 chip and is connected to the main control chip via GPIO pins to broadcast control commands to sensing nodes at specified addresses. The memory is a 4MB SPI Flash, used to cache the multi-dimensional sensing data frames and corresponding control command logs for the most recent 72 hours.

[0007] Fourthly, the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a main control chip in a regional coordination controller, implements the steps of the smart agriculture sensor integration control method described in the first aspect.

[0008] Fifthly, the present invention provides a computer program product that, when running on a regional coordination controller, causes the regional coordination controller to execute the smart agriculture sensor integration control method described in the first aspect.

[0009] The advantages of this invention compared to existing technologies are as follows: In this invention, the soil moisture sensing unit, light intensity sensing unit, and air temperature and humidity sensing unit are integrated on the same printed circuit board, and the local control unit completes the synchronous acquisition and timing alignment of analog signals, avoiding data fusion errors caused by asynchronous sampling times in traditional distributed systems; the LoRa wireless communication module transmits multi-dimensional sensing data frames to the regional coordination controller in a low-power, long-distance manner, and the regional coordination controller directly generates control commands based on the built-in crop growth model and issues them through the ZigBee protocol, eliminating the relay link of the cloud server and shortening the response delay from sensing to execution; the contact end of the relay module directly drives the field actuator, eliminating the need for additional PLC or industrial controller configuration, reducing system complexity; the power management unit uses a combination of solar charging panels and lithium battery packs for power supply, enabling the sensing nodes to work continuously for more than 90 days without mains power. In addition, each sensing unit adopts standardized mechanical and electrical interfaces, supporting rapid replacement and expansion. For example, the soil moisture sensing unit can be replaced with a pH sensing unit to adapt to different crop needs, thereby achieving functional upgrades without changing the overall architecture. This integrated control module solves the problems of asynchronous multi-source data, excessively long control links, and poor scalability in existing agricultural sensing systems through hardware-level signal synchronization, edge-side decision-making closed-loop, and modular mechanical design. (See attached diagram.) Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the smart agriculture sensor integrated control module of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the connection between the local control unit and the sensor in the smart agriculture sensor integrated control module of the present invention.

[0010] The attached diagram is labeled as follows: 1. Soil moisture sensing unit; 2. Light intensity sensing unit; 3. Air temperature and humidity sensing unit; 4. Local control unit; 5. LoRa wireless communication module; 6. Relay module; 7. Power management unit. Detailed implementation method. The specific implementation of the smart agriculture sensor integrated control module and control method of the present invention is illustrated in the appendix. Figure 1 Please provide a detailed explanation. For example... Figure 1 As shown, the entire system consists of multiple sensor nodes deployed in the farmland area and a regional coordination controller located on top of a protective post at the edge of the farmland. Each sensor node integrates a soil moisture sensor unit 1, a light intensity sensor unit 2, an air temperature and humidity sensor unit 3, a local control unit 4, a LoRa wireless communication module 5, a relay module 6, and a power management unit 7. It communicates with the regional coordination controller via a wireless link. Finally, the regional coordination controller generates control commands and sends them back to each sensor node to drive the solenoid valves, shade curtain motors, and exhaust fans of the field actuators.

[0011] In terms of specific hardware structure, the soil moisture sensing unit 1 adopts a capacitive probe structure, which contains two parallel metal plates. These plates are completely encapsulated in an epoxy resin shell. The outer surface of the shell has a standard threaded interface for screwing the entire unit into the soil to a depth of 10cm below the surface, ensuring full contact with the soil and providing good waterproof and moisture-proof performance. The signal output terminal of the soil moisture sensing unit 1 is soldered to the A0 analog input pin on the printed circuit board (PCB) of the local control unit 4 via a wire. This pin is connected to the 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) channel integrated inside the local control unit 4, used to convert the analog voltage signal caused by the change in soil dielectric constant into a digital quantity.

[0012] The light intensity sensing unit 2 uses a silicon photodiode array as the photosensitive element. Its photosensitive surface faces upwards and is mounted directly below the transparent acrylic window at the top of the sensing node housing to ensure maximum reception of natural light. The current output terminal of this unit is first connected to a transimpedance amplifier circuit, which is also integrated on the PCB board of the local control unit 4. This circuit converts the weak photocurrent signal into a measurable voltage signal. This voltage signal is then connected via a wire to the A1 analog input pin of the local control unit 4, where it is converted from analog to digital by the built-in 12-bit ADC.

[0013] The air temperature and humidity sensing unit 3 uses a digital SHT45 sensor chip, which communicates with the local control unit 4 via the I²C bus protocol. This sensing unit 3 is fixedly mounted inside a ventilation hole on the side wall of the sensing node housing. A dust filter is embedded inside the ventilation hole, ensuring airflow for accurate environmental parameter sensing while preventing dust and moisture from affecting the sensor's lifespan. The SDA data line and SCL clock line of the SHT45 are connected to the corresponding SDA / SCL pins of the local control unit 4 via PCB traces, enabling direct digital reading of temperature and humidity data without the need for additional analog-to-digital conversion.

[0014] The core of the local control unit 4 is an STM32L476RG microcontroller, which integrates a hardware SPI controller, a 12-bit ADC module, multiple general purpose input / output (GPIO) pins, and a low-power operating mode. In addition to the A0, A1, and SDA / SCL pins mentioned above, the local control unit 4 is also connected to the LoRa wireless communication module 5 via an SPI bus interface. The LoRa wireless communication module 5 uses an SX1278 RF chip, and its four SPI signal lines (MISO, MOSI, SCK, NSS) are connected to the PA6, PA7, PB3, and PB4 pins of the local control unit 4, respectively. Simultaneously, its reset pin (RST) and DIO0 interrupt pin are connected to the PC0 and PC1 pins of the local control unit 4, respectively, for status control and data reception interrupt triggering. The antenna interface of the LoRa wireless communication module 5 is a U.FL connector, which connects to a rubber antenna mounted on the top of the sensor node housing via a coaxial cable, enabling long-distance, low-power wireless data transmission.

[0015] Relay module 6 consists of three independent single-pole single-throw electromagnetic relays, used to control the solenoid valve, the sunshade motor, and the exhaust fan, respectively. One end of the coil of each relay is connected to the 3.3V power rail of the local control unit 4, and the other end is connected to the PB12, PB13, and PB14 GPIO pins of the local control unit 4, respectively. High and low levels are used to control the relay's on / off state. One end of the normally open contact of the relay is connected in parallel to the positive terminal of a 24V DC power supply, and the other end is connected to the power input terminal of the solenoid valve, the forward rotation control terminal of the sunshade motor, and the power supply terminal of the exhaust fan, respectively. When the local control unit 4 receives a control command from the regional coordination controller, it sets the corresponding GPIO pin according to the command type, causing the corresponding relay to engage, thereby connecting the 24V power supply to the corresponding actuator to complete the irrigation, sunshade, or ventilation actions.

[0016] The power management unit 7 includes a 5W monocrystalline silicon solar panel, a 3.7V / 5000mAh lithium battery pack, and a TP4056 charging management chip. The solar panel is mechanically fixed to the aluminum alloy mounting bracket on the back of the sensor node housing via a waterproof aviation connector and connected to the IN+ and IN- input terminals of the TP4056 chip via a two-core shielded cable. The TP4056's BAT output is connected to the positive and negative terminals of the lithium battery pack via an XT30 high-current terminal. Simultaneously, the lithium battery pack's output is also connected to the VBAT power pin of the local control unit 4 via the same XT30 terminal, providing operating voltage for the entire sensor node. The TP4056 chip integrates overcharge protection, over-discharge protection, and temperature monitoring functions, ensuring battery charging during sufficient sunlight and battery power at night or on cloudy days, achieving long-term operation without mains power dependence.

[0017] The regional coordination controller is deployed in a waterproof enclosure atop the farmland edge protection posts. Internally, it includes a main control chip, an edge computing unit, a LoRa receiver module, a ZigBee transmitter module, and memory. The main control chip uses an ESP32-S3 dual-core processor. Its UART0 interface is connected to the corresponding serial communication port of the LoRa receiver module via the TXD0 and RXD0 pins to receive multi-dimensional sensor data frames transmitted from each sensor node via the LoRa wireless communication module 5. The LoRa receiver module is also based on the SX1278 chip and configured with the same center frequency (e.g., 470MHz) and spreading factor (e.g., SF12) as the sensor nodes to ensure communication compatibility.

[0018] The edge computing unit is not a standalone hardware component, but rather a software module integrated within the ESP32-S3 main control chip, running a lightweight crop growth decision model. This model is based on a preset crop type (such as rice, tomato, or wheat), loading corresponding soil moisture threshold ranges (e.g., 25%–35% for rice), daily integral values ​​of light intensity (unit: mol / m² / d), and upper limits of relative humidity (e.g., 85%). When the regional coordination controller receives a multi-dimensional sensor data frame from a sensor node, it first parses out the three types of data—soil moisture, light intensity, and air temperature and humidity—after timestamp alignment. Then, it substitutes these data into the decision model for logical judgment: if the soil moisture is below the lower limit and there is no rainfall forecast for the next 24 hours, an irrigation command is generated, specifying the irrigation duration (e.g., 15 minutes); if the current light intensity exceeds the crop's light saturation point and the cumulative daily integral value has reached the threshold, a shading command is generated, specifying the shading curtain opening angle (e.g., 45°); if the relative humidity remains above the upper limit and the temperature is above 28°C, a ventilation command is generated, activating the exhaust fan. All instructions are encapsulated as ZigBee protocol data packets and sent to the target sensor node's address via GPIO pins controlled by the CC2530 ZigBee transmitter module.

[0019] The ZigBee transmitter module uses the TI CC2530 chip. Its P0_0 and P0_1 pins are connected to GPIO34 and GPIO35 of the ESP32-S3, respectively, for receiving command data and handshake signals. The CC2530 broadcasts commands to designated sensor nodes in the IEEE 802.15.4 network via its built-in 2.4GHz RF front-end. The local control unit 4 of each sensor node receives commands through a reserved ZigBee receiver interface (not shown in the code). Figure 1 (It is separately marked, but integrated on the PCB of the local control unit 4) receives, parses and executes instructions.

[0020] Regarding the data acquisition and transmission process, after power-on initialization, the local control unit 4 first configures the ADC sampling channel, I²C interface, SPI interface, and GPIO pins. It then enters a periodic sampling loop: triggering synchronous acquisition every 5 minutes. Specifically, the local control unit 4 simultaneously initiates ADC conversion on channels A0 and A1 to acquire analog voltage values ​​for soil moisture and light intensity, while simultaneously reading digital temperature and humidity data output by the air temperature and humidity sensing unit 3 via the I²C bus. Since both ADC conversion and I²C reading are millisecond-level operations, the local control unit 4 immediately appends a unified timestamp (based on the internal RTC or system tick counter) after acquiring the three types of data, forming a structured multidimensional sensing data frame. This data frame includes fields such as node ID, timestamp, soil moisture value (%), light intensity value (lux), air temperature (°C), and relative humidity (%). It is then written to the transmit buffer of the LoRa wireless communication module 5 via the SPI interface and calls the transmit function of the SX1278 to send the data frame to the regional coordination controller using LoRa modulation.

[0021] After receiving a data frame, the regional coordination controller stores it in a 4MB SPI Flash memory. This memory is connected to the VSPI host interface of the ESP32-S3 via the SPI bus. It caches multi-dimensional sensor data frames and corresponding control command logs from all sensor nodes within the last 72 hours, supporting data retention after power failure and subsequent offline analysis. The edge computing unit reads the latest data frame in real time, executes the aforementioned decision logic, generates control commands, and sends them through the ZigBee transmitter module. Upon receiving the ZigBee command, the local control unit 4 parses the command type and parameters, controls the corresponding PB12, PB13, or PB14 pins to output a high level, driving the corresponding relay in the relay module 6 to close, thereby connecting the 24V power supply to the solenoid valve, sunshade motor, or exhaust fan to perform field operations. After the operation is completed, the local control unit 4 optionally sends an execution confirmation frame back to the regional coordination controller, forming a closed-loop feedback.

[0022] In terms of mechanical structure, all sensing units adopt a standardized interface design. The soil moisture sensing unit 1 has a standard M12×1.5 threaded interface, which is easy to replace with a pH sensing unit or an EC conductivity unit; the light intensity sensing unit 2 has an acrylic window size of 20mm×20mm, which can be adapted to photoelectric sensors with different spectral response ranges; the air temperature and humidity sensing unit 3 is fixed to the inside of the ventilation hole by a snap-fit ​​structure, and can be removed by simply pressing the snaps on both sides. The local control unit 4, LoRa wireless communication module 5, relay module 6 and power management unit 7 are all soldered or plugged into the same multi-layer PCB board. This PCB board is fixed to the inside of an IP67-rated ABS engineering plastic shell by four M3 screws. The back of the shell has a solar panel mounting bracket and a waterproof aviation plug hole, the top has an antenna U.FL interface and a transparent window, and the side walls have ventilation holes and XT30 power output holes. The overall structure is compact, reliably sealed, and suitable for long-term outdoor deployment.

[0023] In a practical application scenario, suppose a tomato growing area has 20 sensor nodes deployed, each covering an area of ​​approximately 100 square meters. At 6:00 AM, the local control unit 4 collects data showing soil moisture of 22% (below the optimal lower limit of 25% for tomatoes), light intensity of 15,000 lux, air temperature of 26℃, and humidity of 78%. The multi-dimensional sensor data frame is sent to the regional coordination controller via LoRa at 6:01 AM. After parsing the data, the regional coordination controller calls the tomato growth model, determines that irrigation is needed, generates a "15-minute irrigation" command, and sends it to the node via ZigBee at 6:02 AM. The local control unit 4 receives the command at 6:02:05 AM, sets the PB12 pin, closes the first relay in relay module 6, connects the 24V power supply to the solenoid valve, and begins irrigation. After 15 minutes, the local control unit 4 automatically clears the PB12 pin, closes the solenoid valve, and completes the operation. The entire process, from sensing to execution, takes approximately 2 minutes and 5 seconds, requiring no cloud intervention, achieving rapid closed-loop control at the edge.

[0024] The electrical connections, mechanical installations, communication protocols, and control logic among the aforementioned components have been fully disclosed in this embodiment. Those skilled in the art can, based on the content of this specification and combined with conventional electronic engineering, embedded development, and agricultural automation knowledge, reproduce all the technical solutions of this invention, achieving synchronous sensing of multi-source environmental parameters, low-latency edge decision-making, and modular field execution. To better enable those skilled in the art to fully understand and implement this invention, the specific implementation principles of this invention are further supplemented below with a specific application scenario.

[0025] Step 1: When deploying sensor nodes in the tomato planting area, first screw the soil moisture sensor unit 1 into the field to a depth of 10cm below the surface through its M12×1.5 standard threaded interface, ensuring that the internal parallel metal plates are in close contact with the soil medium. Simultaneously, fix the entire sensor node to a field pole, ensuring that the transparent acrylic window at the top of the light intensity sensor unit 2 faces the sky unobstructed, and that the ventilation holes on the side wall of the air temperature and humidity sensor unit 3 are protected from direct rain. After mechanical installation, power on and initialize the local control unit 4. Configure the A0 pin of the STM32L476RG microcontroller as a 12-bit ADC input channel to receive the analog voltage output from the soil moisture sensor unit 1. The A1 pin is also configured as an ADC channel to receive the light intensity voltage signal converted by the transimpedance amplifier. The SDA / SCL pins are initialized to I²C host mode to periodically read the digital temperature and humidity data output from the SHT45 chip. This synchronous configuration mechanism ensures that the three types of sensor signals have a unified time reference in subsequent sampling, thus providing physical layer consistency for multi-source data fusion.

[0026] Step 2: After entering the periodic acquisition phase, the local control unit 4 triggers synchronous sampling every 5 minutes. First, the ADC is started to perform parallel conversion on channels A0 and A1 to obtain the voltage value corresponding to the change in soil dielectric constant and the photovoltage value corresponding to light intensity. At the same time, a read command is sent to the air temperature and humidity sensing unit 3 via the I²C bus, and the returned temperature and relative humidity digital values ​​are received within milliseconds. Since both ADC conversion and I²C communication are completed in the microsecond to millisecond range, the local control unit 4 can obtain three types of environmental parameters in a single sampling cycle. Based on the internal system tick counter, a unified timestamp is generated and encapsulated into a structured multi-dimensional sensing data frame containing node ID, timestamp, soil moisture (%), light intensity (lux), air temperature (°C), and relative humidity (%). Subsequently, this data frame is written to the transmit buffer of the LoRa wireless communication module 5 through the SPI interface and transmitted by the SX1278 chip in LoRa modulation mode with a center frequency of 470MHz and a spreading factor of SF12, realizing low-power long-distance transmission to the regional coordination controller.

[0027] Step 3: The ESP32-S3 main control chip in the regional coordination controller receives the data frame from the LoRa receiver module via the UART0 interface and temporarily stores it in the 4MB SPI Flash memory. The edge computing unit then parses the frame content, extracts the three types of environmental parameters after timestamp alignment, and loads the pre-stored tomato crop growth decision model. This model has a built-in suitable soil moisture range of 25%–40%, a light saturation point of 20,000 lux, a solar integral threshold of 15 mol / m² / d, and an upper limit of air humidity of 85%. When the soil moisture is detected to be 22% and the meteorological interface does not forecast rainfall in the next 24 hours, the model determines that irrigation needs to be started and generates a control command containing an "irrigation" type identifier and a 15-minute duration parameter. This command is encapsulated as a ZigBee protocol data packet and sent by the ESP32-S3 to the CC2530 ZigBee transmitter module via the GPIO34 / GPIO35 pins. The latter broadcasts the data to the IEEE 802.15.4 network address of the target sensor node in the 2.4GHz band.

[0028] Step 4: The local control unit 4 of the target sensing node captures the command frame through the ZigBee receiving interface reserved on the PCB, parses the command type as "irrigation" and the duration as 15 minutes, and then sets the PB12 GPIO pin to output a high level, energizing the coil of the first relay in the relay module 6. Its normally open contact closes, connecting the positive terminal of the 24V DC power supply to the power input terminal of the solenoid valve, thus starting irrigation. Simultaneously, the local control unit 4 starts its internal timer, which automatically clears the PB12 pin after 15 minutes, cutting off the relay coil current, opening the contacts, and closing the solenoid valve. If the execution feedback mechanism is enabled, the local control unit 4 can also construct an "irrigation complete" confirmation frame, which is transmitted back to the regional coordination controller via the LoRa wireless communication module 5, forming a closed-loop control link. The entire process, from environmental perception and edge decision-making to the completion of the execution action, relies solely on the dual-mode wireless communication between the local control unit 4 and the regional coordination controller, without needing to access the Internet or cloud platform, effectively avoiding the risks of network latency and service interruption.

[0029] Step 5: During long-term system operation, the power management unit 7 charges the 3.7V / 5000mAh lithium battery pack during the day via a 5W monocrystalline silicon solar charging panel. The TP4056 chip monitors the battery voltage and temperature in real time, automatically cutting off the charging circuit under overcharging or high temperature conditions. At night or on cloudy or rainy days, the lithium battery pack provides stable power to the local control unit 4 through the XT30 terminal. Because the STM32L476RG supports multiple low-power modes and LoRa communication uses a burst transmission strategy, the average power consumption of the entire device is less than 15mA@3.7V, which, combined with the 5000mAh battery capacity, allows for continuous operation for more than 90 days. Furthermore, when expanded monitoring functions are needed, simply unscrew the soil moisture sensing unit 1 and replace it with a pH sensing probe with the same M12×1.5 threaded interface. The local control unit 4 can adapt to the new sensor output characteristics by switching the ADC channel configuration, without replacing the PCB or casing, demonstrating the scalability advantages of modular design.

[0030] All contents not described in detail in the specification are existing technologies known to those skilled in the art, and the model parameters of each electrical appliance are not specifically limited; conventional equipment can be used. Electrical control components not mentioned in this technical solution are not shown in the figures because they are existing technologies, and will not be described here.

[0031] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A smart agriculture sensor integrated control module and control method, characterized in that, include: Multiple sensing nodes are deployed in the farmland area. Each sensing node includes a soil moisture sensing unit (1), a light intensity sensing unit (2), an air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3), and a local control unit (4). The local control unit (4) is connected to the soil moisture sensing unit (1), the light intensity sensing unit (2), and the air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3) respectively via the SPI bus on the printed circuit board. The local control unit (4) collects the first analog signal output by the soil moisture sensing unit (1), the second analog signal output by the light intensity sensing unit (2), and the third digital signal output by the air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3). The first analog signal and the second analog signal are converted from analog to digital and then timestamped with the third digital signal to form a multidimensional sensing data frame. The multidimensional sensing data frames are sent to the regional coordination controller via the LoRa wireless communication module (5). The regional coordination controller is deployed on the top of the protective pillar at the edge of the farmland and has a main control chip and an edge computing unit inside. After receiving the multidimensional sensing data frames from multiple sensing nodes, the regional coordination controller performs environmental status assessment on the local area corresponding to each sensing node based on the preset crop growth model, generates at least one of irrigation instructions, shading instructions or ventilation instructions, and transmits the instructions back to the local control unit (4) of the corresponding sensing node via the ZigBee protocol. The local control unit (4) drives the relay module (6) according to the received instructions. The normally open contacts of the relay module (6) are electrically connected to the solenoid valve, the shading curtain motor and the exhaust fan, respectively, thereby performing the corresponding field operations.

2. The smart agriculture sensor integration control method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The soil moisture sensing unit (1) adopts a capacitive probe structure, with its two parallel metal plates embedded in an epoxy resin encapsulation shell. The encapsulation shell is fixed 10cm below the surface of the farmland through a threaded interface. The signal output terminal of the soil moisture sensing unit (1) is soldered to the A0 pin on the PCB board of the local control unit (4).

3. The smart agriculture sensor integration control method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The light intensity sensing unit (2) is a silicon photodiode array, with its photosensitive surface facing upward and mounted below the transparent acrylic window on the top of the sensing node housing. The current output terminal of the light intensity sensing unit (2) is connected to the A1 pin of the local control unit (4) after passing through a transimpedance amplifier.

4. The smart agriculture sensor integration control method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3) is a digital SHT45 sensor, which is connected to the SDA / SCL pin of the local control unit (4) through the I²C interface. The air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3) is fixed inside the ventilation hole on the side wall of the sensing node housing, and a dust filter is provided inside the ventilation hole.

5. A smart agriculture sensor integrated control module, characterized in that, The system includes a soil moisture sensing unit (1), a light intensity sensing unit (2), an air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3), a local control unit (4), a LoRa wireless communication module (5), a relay module (6), and a power management unit (7). The signal output terminal of the soil moisture sensing unit (1) is connected to the A0 pin of the local control unit (4). The current output terminal of the light intensity sensing unit (2) is connected to the A1 pin of the local control unit (4) after passing through a transimpedance amplifier. The air temperature and humidity sensing unit (3) is connected to the SDA / SCL pin of the local control unit (4) through an I²C interface. The local control unit (4) uses an STM32L476RG microcontroller, which has a built-in 12-bit... The LoRa wireless communication module (5) is an SX1278 chip, which is connected to the local control unit (4) through the SPI interface. The relay module (6) contains three single-pole single-throw electromagnetic relays, whose coil ends are connected to the PB12, PB13, and PB14 pins of the local control unit (4) respectively. One end of its contact end is connected to the positive terminal of the 24V DC power supply, and the other end is connected to the power input terminal of the solenoid valve, the forward rotation control terminal of the sunshade motor, and the power supply terminal of the exhaust fan respectively. The power management unit (7) includes a solar charging panel, a lithium battery pack and a TP4056 charging management chip. The positive and negative terminals of the lithium battery pack are connected to the VBAT pin of the local control unit (4).

6. The smart agriculture sensor integrated control module as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The system includes a main control chip, an edge computing unit, a LoRa receiver module, a ZigBee transmitter module, and a memory. The main control chip is an ESP32-S3, which connects to the LoRa receiver module via a UART interface. The edge computing unit is integrated within the main control chip and runs a lightweight crop growth decision model. This model uses soil moisture threshold range, daily integral value of light intensity, and upper limit of relative humidity as input variables, and outputs irrigation duration, shading angle, and ventilation start / stop signals. The ZigBee transmitter module uses a CC2530 chip and connects to the main control chip via GPIO pins. The memory is a 4MB SPI Flash, used to cache multi-dimensional sensor data frames and corresponding control command logs from the past 72 hours.

7. The smart agriculture sensor integrated control module as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program, which, when executed by the main control chip in the regional coordination controller, implements the steps of the smart agriculture sensor integration control method as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

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