Bioenergy feed fermentation yeast based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a biological energy feed fermentation yeast based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation and a preparation method thereof. According to the scheme, dual functions of mineral activation and microbial conversion are focused, clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite and kaolin are taken as mineral carriers, lignite humic acid is taken as a nutrient synergist, brown sugar, rice bran and bran organic matrixes are matched, and mineral lattice structures are broken through mechanical crushing and biological enzymolysis pretreatment, so that the mineral active substances are obtained. And through a double-stage fermentation process of'aerobic fermentation to activate flora and anaerobic aging to enrich metabolites' of microorganisms, mineral ions, humic acid active ingredients and probiotic metabolites are released to the maximum extent, and finally, the high-quality biological energy feed fermentation yeast with nutrition supply, digestion promotion and immune regulation functions is formed. According to the bioenergy feed prepared by conversion of the fermentation yeast, the feed crude protein improvement rate is greater than or equal to 20%, the crude fiber degradation rate is greater than or equal to 40%, the feed conversion rate is improved by 10-15%, the intestinal disease incidence rate is reduced by 60-70%, and the bioenergy feed is suitable for various livestock and poultry and aquaculture scenes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of feed technology, and in particular to a bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation and its preparation method. Technical Background The current feed industry faces challenges such as high raw material costs, low utilization rate of agricultural waste resources, poor efficiency of traditional fermentation processes, and high antibiotic dependence in animal husbandry. Traditional feed fermentation often adopts a single microbial community + single substrate model, which has drawbacks such as long fermentation cycle (10-15 days), narrow substrate compatibility, weak viable bacteria performance and low viable bacteria count in the product, and poor storage stability. At the same time, mineral raw materials such as clinoptilolite zeolite and lignite humic acid are only used as physical carriers in feed fermentation, and their functions, especially in nutrient supply and environmental regulation, have not been fully considered, scientifically and rationally utilized, or deeply researched, explored, and explored.

[0002] Therefore, developing a highly efficient technology that integrates mineral raw materials, organic substrates, compound enzyme preparations, and compound functional microbial communities for synergistic enzymatic hydrolysis and comprehensive fermentation, thereby activating the functions of mineral raw materials and improving the efficiency of fermentation processes, is an effective way to solve the current pain points in the feed industry, optimize feed grades, and reduce feed production costs. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention provides a bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation and its preparation method, in order to solve the pain points and problems existing in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0004] The first objective of this invention is to provide a bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation that can promote digestion and absorption, enhance immunity, optimize feed quality, supplement multiple nutrients, and improve the breeding environment. This is achieved through the following technical solution: A bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation comprises the following raw materials in the following weight percentages: 15% clinoptilolite, 10% sodium bentonite, 8% kaolin, 13% lignite humic acid, 25% rice bran, 20% wheat bran, 5% brown sugar, 1.5% EM stock solution, 1% Bacillus subtilis powder, and 1.5% compound enzyme preparation, wherein the compound enzyme preparation is composed of cellulase, protease, and amylase in a weight ratio of 2:1:1.

[0005] Furthermore, the clinoptilolite has a mineral purity ≥70%, a cation exchange capacity ≥60%, a silica content of 55-70%, and an aluminum oxide content of 10-25%, and contains magnesium and calcium as auxiliary components; the sodium bentonite has a montmorillonite content ≥80%, a cation exchange capacity ≥60%, a specific surface area of ​​600-800 m² / g, a silica content of 55-70%, and an aluminum oxide content of 10-25%, and also contains Fe₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O as auxiliary components; the kaolin has a mineral purity ≥90%. The cation exchange capacity is 5-15 cmol / kg, the specific surface area is ≥15 m² / g, the alumina content is 30-35%, the silica content is 40-45%, the calcium content is 0.5-2.0%, and the magnesium content is 0.1-0.5%; the lignite humic acid has a purity of ≤10% water-insoluble matter, ≥70% organic matter content, and ≥55% water-soluble lignite humic acid content, and contains calcium, magnesium, and potassium as auxiliary components; the rice bran contains 12-15% dietary fiber; the wheat bran contains 15-18% crude protein; and the EM bacteria stock solution has a viable bacteria count ≥2.0 × 10⁻⁶. 8 cfu / mL; the viable count of the Bacillus subtilis raw powder is ≥1.0×10⁻⁶. 9 cfu / g; protease activity ≥800 U / g; amylase activity ≥600 U / g; cellulase activity ≥300 U / g. Furthermore, a bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation, wherein: (1) Mineral indicators: calcium 1800~2200mg / kg, phosphorus 1200~1500mg / kg, potassium 3500~4200mg / kg, sodium 800~1000mg / kg, magnesium 900~1100mg / kg, iron 150~200mg / kg, zinc 80~100mg / kg, manganese 60~80mg / kg, copper 15~20mg / kg, selenium 0.3~0.5 mg / kg; (2) Bioenergy indicators: crude protein 18~22%, crude fat 3.5~5.0%, crude fiber 8~12%, soluble sugar 6~8%, small molecule peptide content ≥3.5%, total energy 16.5~17.5MJ / kg; (3) Functional activity indicators: soluble humic acid content ≥8%, viable bacteria count ≥10 6 CFU / g, protease activity ≥1200 U / g, amylase activity ≥1500 U / g, cellulase activity ≥800 U / g.

[0006] (4) Safety indicators: pH value 4.5~5.5, moisture content ≤12%, aflatoxin B1 ≤5μg / kg, Escherichia coli ≤10 4cfu / g, Salmonella not detectable, lead ≤2mg / kg, arsenic ≤1mg / kg GB.

[0007] The characteristics and functions of each raw material in the mineral bioenergy feed fermentation starter are as follows: 1. Clinoptilolite: As a carrier of mineral elements, it has the basic characteristics of strong adsorption and good stability, and its function in fermentation koji is as follows: (1) Optimize fermentation efficiency: By providing mineral nutrition and a stable microenvironment, it promotes the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, accelerates the decomposition and transformation of feed substrates, and improves the fermentation rate and maturity.

[0008] (2) Improve the quality of fermented grains: adsorb harmful substances to reduce odor and reduce the loss of nutrients during fermentation; at the same time, slowly release minerals to make the fermented grains more nutritious and meet the nutritional needs of livestock and poultry.

[0009] (3) Enhance the stability of the koji: inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria, reduce the risk of fermentation and spoilage, extend the shelf life of the fermented koji, and facilitate storage and transportation.

[0010] (4) Improve livestock and poultry performance: After fermentation, the zeolite in the koji can carry beneficial bacteria into the intestines of livestock and poultry, adsorb harmful bacteria and toxins in the intestines, supplement minerals, and improve the intestinal microecology.

[0011] 2. Sodium-based bentonite: Due to its high water absorption and swelling properties, strong colloidal adsorption, cation exchange capacity, physical stability, and suspension and carrier characteristics, it is used in fermentation koji. (1) Regulating the microenvironment of fermentation koji: By absorbing water and expanding and adjusting the pore size, the permeability and water retention of the fermentation substrate are optimized. The pH fluctuations during the fermentation process are buffered by ion exchange, creating a suitable growth environment for lactic acid bacteria and yeast, and improving the activity and reproduction rate of the strains.

[0012] (2) Improve the quality of fermented starter and reduce the loss of nutrients through volatilization; slow-released sodium, calcium and other mineral elements can balance the nutritional structure of the starter and enhance the mineral supply capacity of the feed.

[0013] (3) Enhance the stability and applicability of the music: extend the shelf life of the music; the colloidal properties can improve the molding properties of the music and reduce the problems of clumping and collapse during storage and transportation.

[0014] (4) Improve livestock and poultry breeding effect: After entering the intestines of livestock and poultry with the fermentation starter, it can adsorb harmful bacteria, toxins and undigested harmful substances in the intestines and maintain the intestinal mucosal barrier.

[0015] 3. Kaolin: With its excellent chemical stability, weak cation exchange capacity, mild physical adsorption, and properties of promoting flow and preventing caking, it is used in fermentation koji. (1) Optimize the structure of the fermentation koji system: Utilize the flow-aiding properties to reduce the stickiness of the fermentation substrate, improve the air permeability of the system, ensure the respiratory metabolism of aerobic / facultative microorganisms, and avoid local anaerobic putrefaction; reduce the clumping phenomenon after the koji is dried, and facilitate storage and subsequent feeding.

[0016] (2) Gently purifies the fermentation koji environment: adsorbs some of the harmful small molecules produced during fermentation, reduces the off-odor of the koji, and reduces the loss of nutrients due to volatilization; its gentle adsorption properties will not over-adsorb microorganisms and nutrients, ensuring the balance of the microbial community in the fermentation koji system.

[0017] (3) Supplementing trace mineral elements: Slowly release mineral elements such as aluminum, silicon, and calcium to provide mineral nutrition for the growth of beneficial bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria and yeast, promote the proliferation and metabolism of strains, and improve fermentation efficiency; enrich the mineral nutrition dimension of the koji and adapt to the trace mineral element needs of livestock and poultry.

[0018] (4) Enhance the storage stability of the koji: improve the looseness and air permeability of the koji, reduce the risk of secondary mold growth caused by moisture and airtightness during storage, and extend the shelf life of the koji; its chemical inertness will not cause changes in composition during storage.

[0019] 4. Lignite humic acid: With its complex nutritional profile, acid-base buffering properties, biostimulating activity, complexing and adsorption characteristics, it acts on fermentation starter: (1) Enhance the supply of nutrients for fermentation: directly provide organic carbon source, nitrogen source and mineral nutrition for fermentation microorganisms. Active ingredients such as fulvic acid can activate the metabolic pathways of microorganisms, accelerate the degradation and transformation of substrates such as straw and meal, and improve the fermentation rate and maturity of fermentation koji.

[0020] (2) Stabilize the fermentation microenvironment: suppress the drastic fluctuations in pH during fermentation through acid-base buffering capacity, and avoid microbial imbalance caused by excessively rapid acidification or alkalization of the substrate; at the same time, adsorb harmful gases such as ammonia nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide, reduce off-flavors of the koji, and optimize the fermentation environment.

[0021] (3) Improve the quality and function of fermented feed: Complex the mineral elements in the feed and improve the effectiveness of the mineral nutrition of the fermented feed; the residual humic acid after fermentation can enter the intestines of livestock and poultry with the fermented feed, regulate the acid-base balance of the intestines, promote the colonization of beneficial bacteria in the intestines, and enhance the digestive and absorptive capacity of livestock and poultry.

[0022] (4) Enhance the storage and application performance of the koji: inhibit the growth and reproduction of miscellaneous bacteria and molds, reduce the risk of mold growth during the storage of fermented koji; improve the shape of the koji, reduce the problem of collapse during drying and transportation, and extend the shelf life.

[0023] 5. Rice bran, with its high nutrient density, moderate water absorption and air permeability, easy degradation, and good carrier compatibility, is used in fermentation koji: (1) Core nutrient supply: Provide carbon, nitrogen and mineral nutrients for the microorganisms of fermentation koji, accelerate strain proliferation, increase fermentation start-up speed, and ensure continuous stability of the fermentation process.

[0024] (2) Optimize the microenvironment of the substrate: promote the metabolism of aerobic / facultative bacteria and reduce the growth of putrefactive bacteria such as butyric acid bacteria; the water absorption characteristics can adjust the moisture content of the substrate to a suitable range (50~60%).

[0025] (3) Enhance the feed value of rice bran: After fermentation, the anti-nutritional factors of rice bran are degraded, crude protein and amino acids increase, and digestive components such as lactic acid and small peptides are produced, which improve the palatability of livestock and poultry.

[0026] 6. Wheat bran: With its high crude fiber content, balanced nutrition, excellent water retention, and good formability, it is used in fermentation koji. (1) Enhance the permeability of the system: The porous structure of coarse fiber provides sufficient oxygen for microorganisms, promotes the reproduction of aerobic bacteria, and accelerates the decomposition of substrate; avoids rancidity caused by fermentation.

[0027] (2) Adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio: By combining with other substrates, the C / N ratio of the fermentation system is adjusted to the optimal range of 20~25:1 to avoid excessive nitrogen source leading to insufficient carbon source and fermentation stagnation.

[0028] (3) Improve the physical properties of the fermented koji: After fermentation, the granular structure is formed, which enhances the koji's resistance to clumping and facilitates transportation and feeding; the crude fiber supplements the dietary fiber of livestock and poultry and improves intestinal peristalsis.

[0029] (4) Expanding nutritional dimensions: During the fermentation process, crude fiber is partially degraded into prebiotics such as oligosaccharides, which work synergistically with mineral raw materials to increase the probiotic load and mineral nutrient utilization rate of the koji.

[0030] 7. Compound enzyme preparations (cellulase + protease + amylase): With their strong substrate targeting, significant synergistic effect, and good environmental adaptability, they act on fermentation starters. (1) Accelerate fermentation start-up: The compound enzyme can rapidly degrade macromolecular substrates in the early stage of fermentation, release nutrients that are easily utilized by microorganisms, provide sufficient carbon and nitrogen sources for EM bacteria and Bacillus subtilis, shorten the fermentation time by 1-2 days, and shorten the overall cycle by 20-30%.

[0031] (2) Improve substrate degradation rate: Cellulase can increase the degradation rate of crude fiber by 30-50%; protease converts macromolecular proteins into peptides and amino acids, increasing protein utilization by 15-20%; amylase completely degrades starch into soluble sugars, avoiding insufficient substrate saccharification in the later stage of fermentation. Ultimately, this significantly increases the crude protein and soluble sugar content of the fermentation starter.

[0032] (3) Improve the fermentation microenvironment: The enzymatic hydrolysis process rapidly consumes the easily fermentable components in the substrate, avoiding the production of harmful metabolites such as ammonia nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide by microorganisms due to insufficient nutrition; it enhances the permeability of the system and works synergistically with the adsorption of mineral raw materials to further purify the fermentation environment.

[0033] (4) Enhance the feeding function of fermented koji. The complex enzymes remaining in the fermented koji can enter the intestines of livestock and poultry with the feed, assisting the endogenous enzymes in the intestines to decompose feed nutrients. At the same time, the small molecule nutrients produced by enzymatic hydrolysis are more easily absorbed by livestock and poultry. Combined with mineral elements and probiotics, the feed conversion rate can be increased by 10-15%, improving the growth performance of livestock and poultry.

[0034] 8. Compound microorganisms (EM bacteria + Bacillus subtilis); with their strong synergistic effect, complementary metabolic functions, and good compatibility with mineral raw materials, they act on the fermentation starter: (1) Accelerate fermentation start-up: Bacillus subtilis’ aerobic metabolism rapidly consumes oxygen, preventing the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. At the same time, the secreted enzymes rapidly decompose macromolecular substrates, providing energy for the entire microbial community. EM bacteria then carry out anaerobic fermentation, converting the substrates into organic acids and other metabolic products, shortening the fermentation cycle by 20-30% and making the decomposition more thorough.

[0035] (2) Inhibit contamination by miscellaneous bacteria: The antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides secreted by Bacillus subtilis can directly inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and mold; the lactic acid and acetic acid produced by EM bacteria can reduce the pH value of the fermentation system, further inhibit the reproduction of miscellaneous bacteria, and work synergistically with the adsorption of mineral raw materials to greatly reduce the risk of fermentation spoilage.

[0036] (3) Enhance the nutritional and functional value of the broth: The complex microbial community synergistically degrades the substrate, increasing the crude protein content by 10-15% and the crude fiber degradation rate by 30%; at the same time, it produces functional components such as probiotics and organic acids, which combine with mineral elements to form a complex functional system of "probiotics + mineral elements + small molecule nutrition", thereby improving the palatability and digestibility of livestock and poultry.

[0037] (4) Enhanced application effect of koji: The formation of the microbial-mineral complex maintains the number of viable bacteria in the koji at 10 for up to 6 months at room temperature. 8 CFU / g or higher; after feeding, Bacillus subtilis can colonize the intestines of livestock and poultry and secrete enzymes, EM bacteria regulate the intestinal microecology, and mineral raw materials adsorb toxins. The three work together to improve the intestinal health of livestock and poultry, and improve feed conversion rate and immunity.

[0038] 9. Brown sugar: With its rapid nutritional effects, excellent water solubility, acid-base buffering properties, and strong compatibility with the system, it is used in fermentation koji. (1) Rapid activation of functional microbial communities: The fast-acting carbon source provided by brown sugar can directly supply EM bacteria and Bacillus subtilis, stimulating the microbial community to proliferate rapidly within 12-24 hours before fermentation, so that the microbial community concentration can quickly reach the threshold required for fermentation (≥10). 6 (CFU / g) to avoid slow or stalled fermentation start-up due to insufficient carbon source, shortening the start-up time by 1-2 days.

[0039] (2) Optimize the catalytic efficiency of enzyme preparations: The glucose produced by the decomposition of brown sugar can activate the activity of cellulase and protease in the compound enzyme preparation, and improve the binding efficiency of enzymes and substrates; at the same time, it provides energy for enzymatic hydrolysis, promotes the degradation of macromolecular substrates, and increases the degree of decomposition by 15-20%.

[0040] (3) Synergistic mineral raw material to improve system stability: The organic acid components of brown sugar can slightly acidify the surface of mineral raw materials, enhance the ion exchange capacity of clinoptilolite and sodium bentonite, and promote the slow release of elements such as calcium and magnesium in minerals; its sugar is adsorbed in the pores of minerals, which can maintain the nutrient supply in the middle and late stages of fermentation, prevent the microbial community from dying due to carbon source depletion, and reduce the risk of invasion by miscellaneous bacteria.

[0041] (4) Enhance the feed value and palatability of fermented koji: The small amount of brown sugar remaining after fermentation can improve the palatability of koji and increase the willingness of livestock and poultry to eat it; the minerals and vitamins contained therein can enrich the nutritional dimensions of koji, and work synergistically with the elements supplemented by mineral raw materials to further optimize the nutritional balance of feed.

[0042] (5) Reduce fermentation risk: Under unfavorable fermentation conditions such as low temperature and high moisture, brown sugar can quickly provide energy to the microbial community, maintain the activity of the microbial community, and reduce the probability of fermentation failure; at the same time, it can slow down the acidification rate of the system and avoid inhibiting the growth of beneficial bacteria due to excessively low pH value.

[0043] The second objective of this invention is to provide a method for preparing a bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation, which is achieved by the following technical solution: First, measure out the following raw materials by weight percentage: clinoptilolite 15%, sodium bentonite 10%, kaolin 8%, lignite humic acid 13%, rice bran 25%, wheat bran 20%, brown sugar 5%, EM enzyme stock solution 1.5%, Bacillus subtilis powder 1%, and compound enzyme preparation 1.5%. The compound enzyme preparation consists of cellulase, protease, and amylase in a weight ratio of 2:1:1. Then proceed with the following steps: S1. Using measured amounts of brown sugar, EM bacterial stock solution and Bacillus subtilis stock powder, a compound bacterial activation, propagation and dilution solution is prepared. S2. The measured clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, and lignite humic acid are mechanically and physically crushed to obtain pretreated mineral materials. S3. Mix the pretreated mineral materials from S2 with the measured compound enzyme preparation and stir them together. Use a compound biological enzymatic hydrolysis process to obtain the enzymatically hydrolyzed mineral materials. S4. Mix the mineral enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in S3 with the measured rice bran and wheat bran, and the compound bacteria activation, propagation and dilution solution prepared in S1. Then, use an anaerobic and aerobic two-stage fermentation method to obtain the finished bioenergy feed fermentation starter.

[0044] Furthermore, step S1 includes the following specific steps: Dissolve the measured brown sugar in 5 times its weight of clean water at 40℃. Then add the measured EM stock solution and Bacillus subtilis powder to obtain a mixture. Dilute the mixture with 100 times its weight of clean water and proceed with the activation and propagation reaction. Control the temperature at 20-25℃ for 8-10 hours. Stir the mixture every two hours in the dark during the initial stage of the propagation reaction. Then, wait for steam to appear on the surface of the liquid and allow it to stand for propagation. During this period, the pH value of the reaction system should drop to 4.5-5.5, which indicates that the bacteria have been activated and propagated, and the viable count should reach 10. 8 ~10 9 The cfu / g level indicates that the propagation is complete, and the activated and propagated diluted compound bacterial solution is obtained. It should be sealed and stored for later use.

[0045] Furthermore, step S2 includes the following specific steps: After measuring out impurities by sieving clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, and lignite humic acid, the samples were pulverized using an ultrafine pulverizer and passed through a 200-mesh sieve to ensure that the residue was ≤5% and that the particles were uniform. Then, the samples were placed in a drying device and dried for 2 hours at a temperature of 105°C to remove surface and core moisture. The pretreated mineral materials were then prepared.

[0046] Furthermore, step S3 includes the following specific steps: Measure 5% (by weight) of corn flour and 3% (by weight) of yeast extract powder from the pretreated mineral materials, mix them with the pretreated mineral materials, and stir evenly to obtain a mineral powder mixture. Measure 50-80% (by weight) of the compound enzyme preparation in 40℃ clean water and dissolve the compound enzyme preparation. Then slowly pour the solution into the mineral powder mixture while stirring, adjusting the water content of the system to 55-60%. The standard for judgment is that the mixture can be formed into a ball when squeezed in the hand but crumbles easily when pressed with a finger. If the water content is insufficient, add clean water to supplement it. Then, add the mixture to a reaction vessel and place it in a constant temperature environment of 30-32℃ for 24 hours for enzymatic hydrolysis, maintaining the pH value of the reaction system at 5.0-6.0. Stir once during the reaction to promote the full interaction between the minerals and the enzyme. After the reaction is completed, the enzymatically hydrolyzed mineral material is obtained.

[0047] The characteristics of S3 enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment are as follows: 1. Maximize nutrient preservation: The mild reaction environment avoids the destruction of heat-sensitive nutrients such as humic acid and vitamins. Minerals are released in a chelated state (absorption rate is more than 30% higher than that of acidification treatment). Organic nutrients are transformed into small molecules that are easily absorbed, with a nutrient retention rate of more than 90%, far exceeding that of high temperature (below 75%) and acidification (below 80%).

[0048] 2. Seamless integration with fermentation process: Enzymatic hydrolysis products (small molecule sugars and peptides) can be directly used as "fast-acting nutrients" for EM bacteria and Bacillus subtilis without additional adjustment. The activation speed of the bacterial community is 24 to 48 hours faster than high temperature (requires cooling) and acidification (requires neutralization), and the fermentation efficiency is increased by 40%.

[0049] 3. Safe, environmentally friendly and harmless: No strong acids or alkalis are used, no chemical residues or salt by-products are produced, and the products meet green feed standards; no high-temperature equipment is required, and the energy consumption is only 1 / 5 of that of high-temperature pretreatment, making operation safe and reducing environmental treatment costs.

[0050] 4. More precise function and effect: The compound enzyme decomposes the target substance in a targeted manner, which can activate minerals and degrade organic macromolecules, while laying a nutritional foundation for subsequent fermentation, realizing the synergistic function of "pretreatment-fermentation". In contrast, high temperature only focuses on sterilization and acidification only focuses on dissolution, with a single function.

[0051] 5. Enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment has significant advantages over high temperature and acidification pretreatment, as shown in Table 1: Table 1: Comparison of Enzymatic Pretreatment and High Temperature / Acidification Pretreatment

[0052] Furthermore, step S4 includes the following specific steps: S4.1 Organic matrix pretreatment: The measured rice bran and wheat bran are inspected to ensure that they are fresh and free from lumps and mold. They are then dried until the moisture content is ≤12%, crushed and passed through a 20-30 mesh sieve to remove lumps and impurities, thus obtaining pretreated rice bran and wheat bran. S4.2 Material Mixing: Mix the mineral enzymatic hydrolysate obtained in S3, the rice bran and wheat bran pretreated in S4.1, and the compound bacteria activation and propagation dilution solution obtained in S1. Stir evenly and adjust the moisture content to 55-60%. The judgment standard is that it can be formed into a ball by hand without dripping water and will crumble when released. If the moisture is insufficient, clean water can be added to supplement it. Then, pile up the materials and enter the fermentation step. S4.3 Aerobic fermentation: Control the material pile height to 60~80cm, and the initial fermentation ambient temperature to ≥20℃; turn the pile 1~2 times a day for the first 3 days during the fermentation process to maintain sufficient oxygen in the pile and control the temperature at 55~65℃; the total fermentation time is 7~10 days, fermenting until the material is odorless, has a loose texture, reaches the state of harmless treatment, and the material is basically decomposed. S4.4 Anaerobic Aging: After aerobic fermentation, the material is quickly loaded into a sealed device, compacted to remove air, ensuring a completely airtight seal throughout the process. During aging, the temperature is controlled at 20~28℃ for at least 15 days. During this period, the microbial community further transforms small molecule nutrients, reaching peak content, and the microbial community structure stabilizes, with a viable count of ≥10⁻⁶ in the material. 6 When the cfu / g of the material turns dark brown, becomes slightly raised, has a soft texture, and has an earthy and yeast aroma, and the pH value reaches 4.8-5.2, fermentation is successful, achieving the desired effect of thorough decomposition and nutrient enrichment, thus producing bioenergy feed fermentation starter.

[0053] A third objective of this invention is to provide the use of bioenergy feed fermentation starter for the preparation of bioenergy feed for livestock and poultry.

[0054] Furthermore, the livestock and poultry bioenergy feed includes the bioenergy fermentation starter and the basic diet. The bioenergy fermentation starter serves as the core carrier for the transmission and transformation of the livestock and poultry bioenergy feed. The percentage of its addition to the basic diet is as follows, depending on the livestock and poultry: 8-15% for fattening beef cattle, 8-10% for weaned piglets, 5-8% for fattening pigs, 6-8% for chicks, and 3-5% for laying hens.

[0055] Beneficial effects: I. The complementarity and superiority of the fermentation starter material combination in this invention This material system is based on inorganic mineral raw materials (clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin) + organic mineral raw materials (lignite humic acid) + organic substrates (rice bran, wheat bran) + compound functional microbial community (EM bacteria + Bacillus subtilis) + compound enzyme preparation (cellulase + protease + amylase) + fast-acting carbon source (brown sugar). Each component has a clear division of labor and complementary functions, forming a closed-loop system of "nutrient supply - microenvironment regulation - substrate degradation - functional enhancement." Compared with single or simple compound systems, it has significant complementarity and superiority. Specific details are as follows: (a) Complementarity of each material component 1. Complementarity among mineral raw materials (1) Clinoptilolite has strong adsorption and ion exchange properties, and is mainly used for the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen and toxins and the slow release of mineral elements; sodium bentonite has high water absorption and swelling properties and colloidal properties, and is responsible for moisture regulation and substrate pore optimization; kaolinite has mild adsorption and flow-aiding and anti-caking properties, which solves the problem of system caking. The physical functions of the three complement each other and cover all the needs of fermentation microenvironment regulation.

[0056] (2) As an organic mineral raw material, lignite humic acid has both nutritional supply (amino acids, trace elements) and environmental buffer (two-way pH regulation) functions, making up for the shortcomings of inorganic minerals that only have physical effects and no organic nutritional supply, and achieving a dual-effect synergy of "physical regulation + nutritional supply".

[0057] 2. Complementarity between organic substrates and mineral raw materials (1) Rice bran and wheat bran provide core nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and fat, which provide the material basis for the proliferation of microorganisms and enzymatic reactions; mineral raw materials fix microorganisms and enzyme molecules through adsorption and carrier characteristics, reducing nutrient loss and loss of functional components. The combination of the two achieves the balance of "nutrient supply and nutrient storage".

[0058] (2) The loose structure of rice bran and wheat bran, together with the expansibility of sodium bentonite and the flowability of kaolin, further enhance the permeability of the substrate, avoiding the problems of insufficient permeability or excessive looseness caused by a single substrate or a single mineral.

[0059] 3. Complementarity between functional microbiota and enzyme preparations (1) The compound enzyme preparation targets and degrades macromolecular substrates (cellulose, protein, starch), rapidly releases small molecule nutrients, provides "quick-acting food" for the microbial community, and shortens the fermentation start-up period; the functional microbial community produces organic acids, enzymes and other substances through metabolism, further degrading anti-nutritional factors. At the same time, the metabolic activities of the microbial community can activate the catalytic activity of the enzyme preparation, and the two form a positive cycle of "enzymatic hydrolysis promotes microbial growth, and microbial growth enhances enzyme efficiency".

[0060] (2) Bacillus subtilis’ aerobic metabolism consumes oxygen to create an anaerobic environment, which is suitable for the anaerobic proliferation needs of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in EM bacteria. The microbial community works together to create the optimal fermentation microbial community structure, while the enzyme preparation breaks through the substrate degradation bottleneck and ensures that the microbial community continuously obtains nutritional supply.

[0061] 4. Complementarity of fast-acting carbon source with other components: Brown sugar provides a fast-acting carbon source, quickly activating the microbial community and enzyme preparations, solving the problem of "nutrient lag" in the early stage of fermentation; at the same time, the organic acid components of brown sugar can slightly acidify the surface of minerals, enhance the ion exchange capacity of inorganic minerals, promote the release of mineral elements, and realize the linkage effect of "carbon source supply-mineral enhancement"; the buffering properties of brown sugar can assist the humic acid of lignite, alleviate the drastic pH fluctuations caused by enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial metabolism, ensure the acid-base stability of the system, and make up for the deficiency of insufficient buffering capacity of a single mineral.

[0062] (ii) Advantages of material combination 1. High fermentation efficiency and short cycle: Enzyme-bacteria synergy accelerates substrate degradation, brown sugar rapidly activates the system, and mineral raw materials optimize the microenvironment. The three working together shorten the fermentation start-up time by 1-2 days and the overall cycle by 20-30%, which is significantly more efficient than traditional fermentation systems (without enzyme preparations and without mineral synergy).

[0063] 2. High-quality and nutritionally balanced koji: Mineral raw materials adsorb ammonia nitrogen and toxins, reducing nutrient loss; enzyme-bacteria synergistic degradation of anti-nutritional factors, increasing crude protein and soluble sugar content; lignite humic acid and brown sugar supplement amino acids and trace elements, ultimately achieving a multi-dimensional nutritional structure of "probiotics + small molecule nutrients + mineral elements", significantly improving its feed value; good koji formation, anti-caking, and storage resistance, with the number of live bacteria maintained at room temperature for more than 6 months, which is superior to the storage stability of single bacterial groups or single mineral systems.

[0064] 3. Strong resistance and high fermentation success rate: Environmental regulation of mineral raw materials, emergency nutrient supply of brown sugar, and synergistic metabolism of microbial community and enzymes enable the system to adapt to complex conditions such as low temperature, high moisture, and different substrates (straw, meal, potato residue), reducing the fermentation failure rate to below 1%, solving the pain points of traditional fermentation "condition sensitivity and large fluctuations in success rate".

[0065] 4. Excellent feed effect and improved breeding efficiency: The probiotics in the koji regulate the intestinal microecology of livestock and poultry, the mineral raw materials adsorb intestinal toxins, and the small molecule nutrients are easily absorbed. The three work together to increase the feed conversion rate of livestock and poultry by 10-15%, enhance the body's immunity, and reduce the incidence of intestinal diseases such as diarrhea during the breeding process. It has the dual value of feed functionalization and antibiotic reduction in breeding.

[0066] 5. Wide range of raw material sources and controllable costs: The rice bran, wheat bran, lignite humic acid, and mineral raw materials in the system are mostly agricultural by-products or minerals, which are inexpensive and readily available; the amount of enzyme preparations and microbial groups added is small and the efficiency is high, and the overall raw material cost is reduced by 15-20% compared with the fermentation of complete feed, which has the controllability of economic benefits for industrial promotion.

[0067] II. The advanced nature and innovation of the fermentation starter preparation method and its application in this invention (a) Technological advancement 1. Enzyme-mineral synergistic effect and improved mineral utilization efficiency: Relying on enzyme-catalyzed reactions to break the mineral crystal structure, it promotes the efficient dissolution of mineral elements such as calcium, iron, and zinc in clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, and lignite humic acid carriers. Then, through the complexation of enzyme molecules and mineral ions, organic mineral complexes that are easily absorbed by animals are formed. The bioavailability of mineral elements is increased by 40-60% compared with traditional inorganic mineral additives.

[0068] 2. Bioenergy cascade conversion and enhanced feed nutritional quality: The complex enzyme system (cellulase + protease + amylase) and functional bacteria (EM bacteria + Bacillus subtilis) work synergistically to deeply degrade macromolecules in various compound feeds, and directionally generate high-energy nutrients such as small peptides (content ≥40%), organic acids, and soluble sugars. Feed digestibility can be increased by 15-20%, and the microbial protein can also increase the crude protein content of feed by 8-12%, achieving "simultaneous enhancement of energy and nitrogen".

[0069] 3. Low-cost localization and adaptation, lowering the application threshold: 80% of the feed is sourced locally, enabling local centralized recycling, local production and processing, and local conversion and utilization of raw materials, which can reduce the overall cost by 40%; the fermentation starter does not require complicated processing and can be directly added at a ratio of 5-10% to adapt to the feed of ruminants and monogastric animals, taking into account both economy and practicality.

[0070] 4. Outstanding ecological safety attributes, reducing pollution from animal husbandry: The mineral carrier has both adsorption and slow release functions, which can reduce the amount of mineral elements excreted from the animal body and reduce the pollution of soil and water bodies by mineral residues in manure; during the fermentation process, the functional bacteria can also inhibit the reproduction of harmful microorganisms in feed, reduce the incidence of intestinal diseases in animals, and reduce the need for antibiotics.

[0071] (ii) Technological innovation 1. Mechanism Innovation: Constructing a three-in-one synergistic pathway of "enzyme-mineral-microbe", breaking through the technical limitations of traditional feed additives of "combined use of microorganisms and enzymes" or "single mineral addition", pioneering a synergistic mechanism of "enzyme catalytic dissolution of minerals → mineral immobilization and enzyme activation → microbial transformation of nutrients", realizing the simultaneous occurrence of mineral activation, enzyme activation enhancement and nutrient transformation, forming a technical closed loop.

[0072] 2. Model Innovation: The raw materials for fermentation can be widely used from agricultural waste such as straw, the finished feed can be used in the breeding process, and the livestock manure can be made into bio-organic fertilizer to improve the soil. This connects the three major links of "soil improvement - feed production - livestock breeding" and supports an ecological circular agriculture model with bioenergy conversion as its core.

[0073] 3. Application Innovation: Multifunctional integrated feed additive form: Fermented koji has three functions: mineral supplementation, energy fortification and intestinal regulation. It replaces the combination of multiple additives such as inorganic minerals, probiotics and enzymes in traditional feed, simplifies the feed formulation design process and reduces the complexity of feed production. Detailed Implementation The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0074] Example 1: The preparation method of bioenergy feed fermentation starter is as follows: First, measure each basic raw material according to Table 2, and prepare corn flour and yeast extract powder.

[0075] Table 2: Raw material composition (mass percentage) of feed fermentation starter in Example 1

[0076] In this embodiment, clinoptilolite and sodium bentonite are from Inner Mongolia Lishang Rare Earth Technology Co., Ltd.; kaolin is from Inner Mongolia Mengxi Kaolin Co., Ltd.; lignite humic acid is from Inner Mongolia Laobing Agricultural Reclamation Technology Co., Ltd.; the compound enzyme preparation (cellulase + protease + amylase) is from Zhangjiagang Daheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; and the microbial preparation (EM stock solution + Bacillus subtilis stock powder) is from Shandong Yihao Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0077] Among them, the mineral purity of clinoptilolite is ≥70%, the cation exchange capacity is ≥60%, the silica content is 55~70%, the aluminum oxide content is 10~25%, and magnesium and calcium are contained as auxiliary components. The sodium bentonite has a montmorillonite content of ≥80%, a cation exchange capacity of ≥60%, a specific surface area of ​​600~800m² / g, a silica content of 55~70%, an aluminum oxide content of 10~25%, and also contains Fe2O3, CaO, Na2O, and K2O as auxiliary components. Kaolin mineral purity ≥90%, cation exchange capacity 5~15 cmol / kg, specific surface area ≥15 m² / g, alumina content 30~35%, silica content 40~45%, calcium content 0.5~2.0%, magnesium content 0.1~0.5%; The purity of lignite humic acid is ≤10% water-insoluble matter, ≥70% organic matter content, and ≥55% water-soluble lignite humic acid content. It contains calcium, magnesium, and potassium as auxiliary components. Rice bran contains 12-15% dietary fiber; wheat bran contains 15-18% crude protein; and EM stock solution contains ≥2.0×10⁻⁶ live bacteria. 8 CFU / g; viable count of Bacillus subtilis powder ≥1.0×10⁻⁶ 9 CFU / g; protease activity ≥800 U / g, amylase activity ≥600 U / g, cellulase activity ≥300 U / g. Then, the following steps are included: S1. Preparation of the compound bacterial activation and propagation dilution solution: Dissolve the measured amount of brown sugar in 5 times its weight of 40℃ clean water, then add the measured amount of EM enzyme stock solution and Bacillus subtilis stock powder to obtain a mixed solution. Dilute and blend the mixed solution with 100 times its weight of clean water and carry out the propagation reaction. Control the temperature at 20~25℃ for 10 hours. In the early stage of the propagation reaction (i.e., before bubbles appear on the liquid surface), stir every two hours in the dark. Then wait for bubbles to appear on the liquid surface and let it stand for propagation. During this period, the pH value of the reaction system drops to 4.5~5.5, which indicates that the bacterial strain is activated and propagated, and the viable count reaches 10. 8 ~10 9The cfu / g level indicates that the propagation is complete, and the activated and propagated diluted compound bacterial solution is obtained. It should be sealed and stored for later use.

[0078] S2. Obtaining pretreated mineral materials: After sieving the measured clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, and lignite humic acid to remove impurities, they are pulverized using an ultra-fine pulverizer and passed through a 200-mesh sieve to ensure that the residue is ≤5% and that the particles are uniform. Then, they are placed in a drying device and dried for 2 hours at a drying temperature of 105℃ to remove surface and core moisture. The pretreated mineral materials are thus obtained.

[0079] S3. Preparation of bioenergy feed fermentation starter: Measure 5% (by weight of the total mass of pretreated mineral materials) of corn flour and 3% (by weight of yeast extract powder), mix them with the pretreated mineral materials and stir evenly to obtain a mineral powder mixture; measure 70% (by weight of the compound enzyme preparation) of 40℃ clean water to dissolve the compound enzyme preparation, and then slowly pour it into the mineral powder mixture while stirring, adjusting the water content of the system to 55-60%, the judgment standard is that it can be formed into a ball by hand and crumbles when pressed with a finger. If the water content is insufficient, clean water can be added to supplement it; then add it all into a reaction vessel and place it in a constant temperature environment of 30-32℃ for 24 hours for enzymatic hydrolysis, maintaining the pH value of the reaction system at 5.0-6.0, stirring once during the period to promote the full interaction between minerals and enzymes; after the reaction is completed, the mineral enzymatic hydrolysate is obtained.

[0080] S4.1 Organic matrix pretreatment: The measured rice bran and wheat bran are inspected to ensure that they are fresh and free from lumps and mold. They are then dried until the moisture content is ≤12%, crushed and passed through a 20-30 mesh sieve to remove lumps and impurities, thus obtaining pretreated rice bran and wheat bran. S4.2 Material Mixing: The mineral materials obtained in S2, the rice bran and wheat bran obtained in S3.1, and the compound bacteria activation and propagation dilution solution obtained in S1 are mixed and stirred evenly in sequence. The moisture content is adjusted to 55-60%. The judgment standard is that it can be formed into a ball by hand without dripping water, and it will fall apart when released. If the moisture is insufficient, clean water can be added to supplement it. Then the materials are piled up and the fermentation step is started. S4.3 Aerobic Fermentation (Core Decomposition Stage): Control the material pile height to 60-80cm, and the initial fermentation ambient temperature to ≥20℃; during the first 3 days of fermentation, turn the pile 1-2 times a day to maintain sufficient oxygen in the pile, and control the temperature at 55-65℃ (this temperature can kill miscellaneous bacteria and insect eggs without damaging beneficial bacteria); the total fermentation time is 10 days, fermenting until the material is odorless, has a loose texture, and reaches the state of harmless treatment and basic decomposition; S4.4 Anaerobic Aging (Stabilizing Nutrients + Enriching Microorganisms): After aerobic fermentation, the material is quickly packed into a sealed container, compacted to remove air, ensuring a completely airtight seal (to prevent oxygen from entering and causing the growth of unwanted microorganisms). During aging, the temperature is controlled at 20~28℃ for more than 15 days. During this period, the microbial community further transforms small molecule nutrients (such as generating amino acids, organic acids, and small peptides), reaching peak content, stabilizing the microbial community structure, and achieving a viable count ≥10 in the material. 6 When the CFU / g of the material is observed to turn dark brown, become slightly raised, have a soft texture, and have an earthy and yeast aroma, and when the pH value reaches 4.8~5.2, fermentation is considered successful, achieving the desired effect of thorough decomposition and nutrient enrichment, thus producing bioenergy feed fermentation starter.

[0081] S4.5, Post-processing and Storage (1) Material drying: Spread out or dry the anaerobic aged bio-energy fermentation starter until the moisture content is ≤12% (to avoid mold and extend shelf life). Natural air drying or low-temperature drying (temperature ≤60℃ to protect the activity of probiotics) can be used.

[0082] (2) Crushing and sieving: Crush the material to a fineness of 20-40 mesh, sieve to remove large lumps, and ensure product uniformity.

[0083] (3) Packaging and storage: Double-layer plastic bags are used for sealed packaging (inner breathable film + outer waterproof layer), each bag weighing 20-40kg. Store in a cool, dry, ventilated and dark place. Shelf life is 6 months. The finished product of bioenergy feed fermentation koji is obtained.

[0084] Key technical points: (1) Mineral powder particle size: must reach 200 mesh or above, otherwise the enzymatic hydrolysis cannot fully break the crystal lattice, and the mineral utilization rate will be reduced by 20-30%.

[0085] (2) Humidity control: During the aerobic fermentation stage, the humidity should be maintained at 60-65%, and during the anaerobic aging stage, the humidity should be maintained at 55-60%. Avoid excessive or insufficient moisture throughout the process, which may affect the fermentation effect.

[0086] (3) Temperature control: During the aerobic fermentation stage, the temperature is controlled between 55 and 65℃ (sterilization + activation of bacteria), and during the anaerobic aging stage, the temperature is controlled between 20 and 28℃ (enrichment of metabolites).

[0087] (4) Synergistic balance of microbial community: Compound enzyme preparations (cellulase + protease + amylase) and compound functional bacteria (EM bacteria + Bacillus subtilis) should be added in proportion to avoid excessive reproduction of a single microbial community, which would affect the overall fermentation effect.

[0088] The livestock and poultry feed includes the bioenergy feed fermentation starter and the basic diet prepared in this embodiment. The bioenergy feed fermentation starter serves as the core carrier for the transmission and transformation of livestock and poultry bio-feed. The percentage of its addition amount to the basic diet is as follows, depending on the different livestock and poultry: 8-15% for fattening beef cattle, 8-10% for weaned piglets, 5-8% for fattening pigs, 6-8% for chicks, and 3-5% for laying hens.

[0089] Table 3: Detection indicators of the finished product of bioenergy feed fermentation koji prepared in Example 1 (results are dry basis data)

[0090] The indicators are explained as follows: 1. Among the mineral indicators, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, etc., mainly come from mineral carriers such as clinoptilolite and bentonite. After enzymatic pretreatment, they exist in a chelated state, and the animal absorption rate is 30-50% higher than that of ordinary feed. 2. Bioenergy-related indicators (crude protein, soluble sugar, small peptides, etc.) depend on the conversion of organic matrix of rice bran and wheat bran and the synthesis by microbial fermentation. The total energy meets the basic energy requirements of livestock, poultry and aquatic products. 3. Functional activity indicators are directly related to the digestive promotion (enzyme activity) and immune regulation (live bacteria count, humic acid) functions of feed fermentation starter, and are the core efficacy manifestations; 4. All indicators meet the requirements of the "Feed Hygiene Standard" (GB 13078-2017) and "Organic Feed Raw Materials" (NY / T1975-2010), and can be safely applied in aquaculture scenarios.

[0091] Experimental Example 1: I. Experimental Scenario: The main body of this embodiment was carried out in more than 20 farms in western Inner Mongolia (Hohhot, Ordos, Bayannur and other areas) from 2018 to 2023, and the experiment was carried out on site.

[0092] II. Experimental Content: In this experiment, the mineral bioenergy feed fermentation starter prepared in Example 1 was used as the additive for the experimental group. The control group was fed a basal diet. The pre-feeding period was 7-15 days, and the formal trial period was 45-120 days. The data were analyzed by SPSS 26.0 statistical software. P<0.05 was considered significant, and P<0.01 was considered extremely significant.

[0093] 1. Controlled experiment in dairy cows (1) Experimental Design: Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows weighing (600±30) kg and in mid-lactation (90-120 days postpartum) were randomly divided into a control group, experimental group I, and experimental group II, with 20 cows in each group. The control group was fed a total mixed basal diet (TMR); experimental group I was fed a basal diet supplemented with 10% of the fermented koji prepared in Example 1 by weight of the basal diet; experimental group II was fed a basal diet supplemented with 15% of the fermented koji prepared in Example 1 by weight of the basal diet. The pre-feeding period was 10 days, and the trial period was 110 days. Milk yield, milk composition, and feed digestibility were recorded.

[0094] (2) Experimental results: Table 4: Results of the Controlled Experiment in Dairy Cows (Example 1)

[0095] (3) Experimental conclusion: Adding 10% to 15% of the fermentation starter prepared in Example 1 can significantly increase the milk yield (9.1% to 13.6%) and milk quality of dairy cows, increase the dry matter digestibility of feed by 10.7% to 14.3%, and at the same time reduce rumen ammonia nitrogen emissions and methanogenic bacteria abundance, and reduce energy loss. The effect of Experiment II group is better.

[0096] 2. Beef cattle control experiment (1) Experimental design: Ninety-six Simmental crossbred beef cattle with a body weight of (350±25) kg and in good condition were randomly divided into a control group, experimental group I, experimental group II, and experimental group III, with 24 cattle in each group (3 replicates, 8 cattle per replicate). The control group was fed a basal fattening diet; the experimental groups were supplemented with 8%, 12%, and 15% of the basal fattening diet, respectively, of the fermented koji prepared in Example 1. The pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the formal trial period was 90 days. Growth performance and serum immune indicators were recorded.

[0097] (2) Experimental results: Table 5: Results of the Controlled Trial on Beef Cattle in Experiment Example 1

[0098] (3) Experimental conclusion: Adding 12% of the fermentation starter prepared in the example is the optimal dosage for beef cattle, which can increase the average daily weight gain by 24.7%, reduce the feed conversion ratio by 17.7%, increase the serum IgG content by 38.2%, and increase the slaughter rate by 6.9%, taking into account both growth performance and immune function, and achieving the best economic benefits.

[0099] 3. Meat sheep control experiment (1) Experimental design: Sixty healthy 5-month-old Tibetan sheep weighing (28±3) kg were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 30 sheep in each group (5 replicates, 6 sheep per replicate). The control group was fed a basal diet (corn-soybean meal-straw type); the experimental group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 12% of the fermented koji prepared in Example 1 by weight of the basal diet. The pre-feeding period was 15 days, and the formal trial period was 60 days. Growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters and antioxidant indicators were measured.

[0100] (2) Experimental results: Table 6: Results of the Controlled Trial of Meat Sheep in Experiment Example 1

[0101] (3) Experimental conclusion: Adding 12% of the fermentation starter prepared in Example 1 can significantly improve the rumen fermentation mode of meat sheep, increase the digestibility of nutrients, enhance the body's antioxidant capacity, significantly increase the average daily weight gain, reduce the feed conversion ratio, and shorten the breeding cycle by 10 to 15 days.

[0102] 4. Controlled trial of live pigs (finishing pigs) (1) Experimental design: Two hundred healthy Duroc × Landrace × Large White three-way crossbred fattening pigs weighing (25±2) kg were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 100 pigs in each group (10 replicates, 10 pigs per replicate). The control group was fed a basal fattening diet; the experimental group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 6% of the fermented starter culture from Example 1 by weight of the basal diet. The pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the formal trial period was 75 days. Growth performance and intestinal health indicators were recorded.

[0103] (2) Experimental results: Table 7: Results of the control experiment with a single pig in the experimental case.

[0104] (3) Experimental conclusion: Adding 6% of the fermentation koji prepared in Example 1 can significantly improve the growth rate and feed conversion rate of fattening pigs, reduce the incidence of intestinal diseases and the emission of breeding pollutants, and improve the quality of pork. The average income per fattening pig is about 138 yuan.

[0105] 5. Laying hen control experiment (1) Experimental design: 360 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 21 weeks and weighing (1.5±0.1) kg were randomly divided into a control group, experimental group I, and experimental group II, with 120 hens in each group (6 replicates, 20 hens per replicate). The control group was fed a basal laying diet; experimental group I was fed a basal laying diet supplemented with 3% of the fermented koji prepared in Example 1 by weight of the basal laying diet; experimental group II was supplemented with 5% of the fermented koji prepared in Example 1 by weight of the basal laying diet. The pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the trial period was 120 days. Laying performance and egg quality were recorded.

[0106] (2) Experimental results: Table 8: Results of the control experiment with laying hens in Experiment Example 1

[0107] (2) Experimental conclusion: Adding 3-5% of the fermentation starter prepared in Example 1 can significantly increase the egg production rate of laying hens (5.8-8.6%), reduce the feed conversion ratio (9.8-12.8%), enhance eggshell strength, and reduce mortality. The comprehensive benefits of Experiment II are the best, with an increase of RMB 215 per 100 laying hens per month.

[0108] Example 2: To prepare complete silage using the bioenergy feed fermentation starter prepared in Example 1, the raw materials were first measured according to Table 8. Table 9: Composition and proportion of raw materials for complete silage in Example 2 (total mass 1000 kg, fresh feed basis)

[0109] In this embodiment, the earthworm powder / earthworm castings came from an earthworm farm in Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia.

[0110] Then, the following steps are included: S1, Raw material pretreatment (1) Whole fresh corn: Chop into 2-3cm pieces (retain corn kernels to increase energy density), and control the moisture content at 65-70% (if the moisture content is too high, dry for 1-2 hours; if it is too low, spray water to adjust).

[0111] (2) Protein Mulberry / Protein Grass / Protein Chrysanthemum: Remove old branches and impurities, and chop into 1-2cm small pieces (to reduce silage gaps and avoid oxygen residue).

[0112] (3) Earthworm castings / earthworm powder: earthworm castings are passed through a 10-mesh sieve to remove clumps, and then mixed evenly with earthworm powder for later use.

[0113] (4) Fermentation starter prepared in Example 1: Activate with 30°C warm water for 30 minutes in advance (add 25kg water for every 100kg fermentation starter) to activate probiotic activity.

[0114] S2, Mixed loading (1) Layered mixing: According to the proportion, spread whole fresh corn kernels, protein mulberry, protein grass and protein chrysanthemum in sequence. Spray the activated fermented koji once every 20cm thick layer, and then spread the earthworm castings-earthworm powder mixture evenly. While spreading, compact it with a compactor (compact each layer to a density ≥600kg / m³ and remove air).

[0115] (2) Total humidity control: The humidity of the mixed material should be maintained at 60-65% (it should be able to be clump together when squeezed in the hand, and there should be no water dripping between the fingers). If the humidity is insufficient, spray a small amount of warm water; if it is too high, add a small amount of dry bran to adjust it.

[0116] (3) Filling requirements: Silage pits / bags must be cleaned and disinfected in advance, and the filling speed should not exceed 8 hours to avoid the material being exposed to the air for too long, which could lead to contamination by bacteria.

[0117] Sealed fermentation (40 days, phased management) (1) Aerobic fermentation stage ① Sealing method: After filling and compacting, cover with 2 to 3 layers of plastic film, and seal the edges with soil to prevent air leakage.

[0118] ② Temperature monitoring: On the 2nd to 3rd day, the material temperature rises to 45 to 50℃ (which is normal fermentation temperature rise). If the temperature exceeds 55℃, check the sealing condition in time (there may be air leakage) and re-press and seal.

[0119] ③ Core objective: To utilize the aerobic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) in the fermentation starter to rapidly consume the residual oxygen in the pores of the sealed material, kill harmful bacteria, and create conditions for anaerobic fermentation.

[0120] (2) Anaerobic fermentation stage ① Environmental control: Maintain the temperature of the silage pit / bag at 20-25℃ and avoid direct sunlight and rain soaking.

[0121] ② Fermentation monitoring: On the 15th day, a sample should be taken for inspection. The material should be dark green or yellowish-green, with a sour aroma (lactic acid content ≥3.5%), and no putrid odor. If a musty or alcoholic smell appears, it should be resealed or discarded in time.

[0122] ③ Core objective: The EM bacteria (mainly lactic acid bacteria) in the fermentation starter decompose sugars to produce lactic acid, lower the pH of the material to 4.0-4.5, inhibit the growth of putrefactive bacteria, and at the same time convert macromolecular nutrients into small molecules (such as proteins being broken down into small peptides).

[0123] (3) Aging and stabilization stage ① Static aging: Keep the material sealed to allow the nutrients to further transform and stabilize, and for the probiotic metabolites (organic acids, enzymes) to accumulate fully.

[0124] ② Maturity indicators: The material is soft and moist, with a strong sour aroma, a stable pH of 4.0–4.5, a lactic acid content ≥4.0%, and an effective viable bacteria count ≥10. 8 cfu / g.

[0125] S4. Opening the cellar for use and storage (1) Timing of opening the cellar: The cellar can be opened after 45 days of aging. It is preferable to open it from one end to avoid large-area exposure to air.

[0126] (2) Method of use: After each use, cover the opening with plastic film and press it tightly to seal it to prevent secondary fermentation and mold.

[0127] (3) Storage period: Under good sealing conditions, it can be stored in a cool and dry place for 6 to 8 months. It is recommended to use it within 15 days after opening.

[0128] Table 10: Comparison of nutritional indicators between the silage prepared in Example 2 and ordinary corn silage (dry basis data)

[0129] The advantages of silage formulation and processing in this embodiment 1. Fully balanced nutrition: Through a multi-dimensional combination of "energy (whole fresh corn kernels) + plant protein (protein mulberry, protein grass, protein chrysanthemum) + animal protein (earthworm powder) + minerals (fermented starter) + organic matter (earthworm castings), the crude protein and mineral content far exceeds that of ordinary silage, and the needs of ruminants during the fattening period can be met without the need for additional premixed feed.

[0130] 2. High conversion efficiency: The "mineral activation + microbial transformation" function of the fermentation starter, combined with the microbial community of earthworm castings, increases feed digestibility by more than 30%, and the small peptide content is ≥4.0%, solving the pain points of traditional silage being low in protein and difficult to digest.

[0131] 3. Excellent palatability and stability: The three protein forages complement each other to improve the flavor, with sufficient lactic acid content (4.0-5.0%), stable pH at 4.0-4.5, mold rate of less than 1%, and storage period extended by 2-3 months compared to ordinary silage.

[0132] 4. Adaptable to local resources: Protein mulberry, protein grass, and protein chrysanthemum are cold-resistant, drought-resistant, salt-alkali-resistant, and high-yielding perennial plants, which are suitable for the climate of western Inner Mongolia; earthworm powder / manure and minerals (clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, lignite humic acid) are readily available local raw materials, which can reduce raw material procurement costs by 40%.

[0133] This embodiment describes the silage feeding method. 1. Lactating dairy cows (Holstein cows, lactation period 3-10 months) (1) Matching principle: Example 2: silage + whole plant corn silage + concentrate supplement (corn, soybean meal, wheat bran) + hay (alfalfa, sheep grass) to achieve a balance of energy, protein and fiber.

[0134] (2) Feeding method: ① The silage prepared by the method in Example 2 should be opened 12 hours in advance, allowed to thaw naturally (in winter), and cut into 1-2cm pieces (to facilitate consumption and digestion).

[0135] ② Mix all feeds in proportion and use a TMR (Total Mixed Ration) mixer to mix them evenly. Feed three times a day (6 am, 12 pm, and 6 pm), and provide clean drinking water after each feeding.

[0136] ③ A 7-day transition period is required for the initial feeding: add 20% of the total daily ration on days 1-3, increase to 50% on days 4-5, and increase to 100% on days 6-7 to avoid stress. (Total daily ration refers to the total amount of silage + whole corn silage + concentrate supplement + hay.) (3) Table 11: The amount of silage used to feed dairy cows in this embodiment (based on a dairy cow with a body weight of 550 kg and a daily milk production of 30 kg).

[0137] 2. Beef cattle (Simmental fattening cattle, 6-12 months old, weighing 300-500kg) (1) Combination principle: The silage + corn stalks + concentrate (corn, soybean meal, premix) prepared in Example 2 focuses on the synergy of energy and protein to promote fattening.

[0138] (2) Feeding method ① Silage does not need to be chopped separately (the original 2-3cm size is suitable). It can be directly mixed with other feeds and fed twice a day (8 am and 7 pm). Water is available freely.

[0139] ③ Transition period of 5 days: Add 30% of the total daily ration on the first and second days, increase to 70% of the total daily ration on the third and fourth days, and feed the full amount on the fifth day (the total daily ration refers to the total amount of silage, corn stalks and concentrate (corn, soybean meal and premix) prepared in Example 2).

[0140] ④ Leftover feed should be consumed within 24 hours to prevent mold growth. Any leftovers should be cleaned up promptly.

[0141] (3) Table 12: Quantity of silage used to feed beef cattle in this embodiment (based on fattening cattle weighing 400kg)

[0142] 3. Meat sheep (Hu sheep fattening sheep, 3-6 months old, weight 20-40kg) (1) Combination principle: The silage, pasture (sheep grass, ryegrass) and concentrate (corn, soybean meal) prepared in Example 2 have a slightly higher protein ratio, which is suitable for the rapid growth needs of meat sheep.

[0143] (2) Feeding method: ① Cut the silage into pieces less than 1cm (to prevent sheep from being picky eaters), mix it evenly with concentrate and pasture, and feed it twice a day (7 am and 6 pm), with plenty of drinking water.

[0144] ② Transition period of 3 days: On the first day, add 40% of the total daily ration; on the second day, increase to 70% of the total daily ration; and on the third day, feed the full amount. (Total daily ration refers to the total weight of silage prepared in Example 2 + forage (sheep grass, ryegrass) + concentrate (corn, soybean meal)) ③ Clean the feeding trough promptly after feeding to prevent residual feed from becoming moldy and causing diarrhea.

[0145] (3) Table 13: The amount of silage used to feed meat sheep in this embodiment (based on a fattening sheep weighing 30kg)

[0146] 4. Domestic donkeys (Dezhou donkeys, fattening period 6-8 months, weight 250-350kg) (1) Combination principle: The silage prepared in Example 2 + straw (wheat straw, corn straw) + concentrate (corn, soybean meal, wheat bran) has a slightly higher fiber ratio, which is suitable for the herbivorous digestive characteristics of donkeys.

[0147] (2) Feeding method: ① Cut the silage into 2cm pieces, mix it with crushed straw and concentrate, and feed it twice a day (9 am and 8 pm). Provide free access to drinking water at a temperature not lower than 10℃ (in winter).

[0148] ② Transition period of 6 days: On the first 1-2 days, add 20% of the total daily feed; on the 3rd-4th days, increase to 50% of the total daily feed; on the 5th-6th days, increase to 100% of the total daily feed. Donkeys are less adaptable to new feed and need to transition slowly.

[0149] ③ Avoid overfeeding silage (it can easily cause bloating). If bloating occurs, stop feeding for 12 hours and give a stomach-strengthening powder to relieve the symptoms.

[0150] (3) Table 14: The amount of silage used to feed domestic donkeys in this embodiment (based on a fattening donkey weighing 300 kg)

[0151] Experimental Example 2: I. Experimental Scenario: From 2018 to 2023, on-site experiments were carried out in more than 20 farms in western Inner Mongolia (Hohhot, Ordos, Bayannur, etc.).

[0152] II. Experimental Design 1. Experimental objective: To verify the improvement effect of the silage prepared in Example 2 (hereinafter referred to as "experimental silage") on the growth performance, production performance, health status and economic benefits of different farmed animals compared with conventional silage (hereinafter referred to as "control group feed").

[0153] 2. Experimental Design (1) Table 15: Selection and grouping of experimental animals in Experiment Example 2

[0154] (2) Trial period: Lactating dairy cows: 60 days (including a 7-day transitional adaptation period); Beef cattle / donkeys: 90 days (including a 5-6 day transitional adaptation period); Meat sheep: 60 days (including a 3-day transitional adaptation period) 3. Feeding and Management (1) All experimental animals were raised in the same farm with consistent environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, ventilation), free access to water, and the enclosures were cleaned twice a day.

[0155] (2) The nutritional composition and feeding amount of the basal diet (concentrate, hay, etc.) remained consistent between the control group and the experimental group.

[0156] (3) Record the daily feeding amount, remaining feed amount, and animal health status (diarrhea, cough, etc.), and measure body weight and production performance indicators regularly.

[0157] 4. Test Results (1) Table 16: Detection indicators of test case 2

[0158] (2) Data processing: SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Independent samples t test was used for intergroup comparison. P < 0.05 was considered significant and P < 0.01 was considered highly significant.

[0159] 5. Analysis of Experimental Results (1) Table 17: Comparison of growth / production performance of different livestock and poultry in Experiment Example 2

[0160] (2) Table 18: Comparison of digestive performance and health status of different livestock and poultry in Experiment Example 2

[0161] (3) Table 19: Comparison of economic benefits of Experiment Example 2 (calculated according to the experimental period)

[0162] III. Core Conclusions of the Experiment 1. Significantly improved production performance: The silage in this embodiment is rich in small peptides, chelated minerals and probiotics, which significantly improves the absorption rate of animal nutrients. The daily milk production of dairy cows increases by 11.6%, and the daily weight gain of beef cattle / sheep / donkeys increases by 25-41.4%. Milk quality (milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage) is also optimized.

[0163] 2. Improved digestion and health: The digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber is increased by about 20%, the rate of diarrhea and morbidity in animals is reduced by more than 85%, and the amount of veterinary drugs used is reduced by 76-85%, which reflects the intestinal regulation and immune enhancement effects of the functional components (humic acid and probiotics) in the silage in this embodiment.

[0164] 3. Outstanding economic benefits: Although the cost of raw materials for silage in this embodiment is slightly higher than that of conventional silage, the overall profit is increased by 25-61.1% due to the improved feed conversion rate and increased production income. The profit of meat sheep and donkeys is significantly improved, which is suitable for the needs of large-scale breeding.

[0165] 4. Differences in species adaptability: All experimental animals showed positive responses. Among them, meat sheep showed the best adaptability to the silage of this scheme (daily weight gain increased by 41.4%), dairy cows showed a stable increase in production performance due to their high nutritional requirements during lactation, and donkeys showed an increase in both daily weight gain and profit of more than 25%. This indicates that the complete nutritional silage of this embodiment has broad-spectrum adaptability.

[0166] Example 3: To prepare granular compound feed using the bioenergy feed fermentation starter prepared in Example 1, the raw materials were first measured according to Table 20.

[0167] Table 20: Pelletized Compound Feed Combination and Ratio in Example 3 (Total Raw Material Mass 1000 kg)

[0168] In this embodiment, the earthworm powder / earthworm castings were both sourced from an earthworm farm in Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia.

[0169] Then, the following steps are included: S1, Raw material pretreatment (1) Grinding standard: whole fresh corn kernels, soybean meal, rice bran and wheat bran are ground to 40 mesh (particle diameter ≤ 0.45 mm); earthworm powder, protein mulberry powder, protein grass powder, protein inulin, earthworm castings and fermented yeast are ground to 60 mesh (diameter ≤ 0.25 mm).

[0170] (2) Moisture adjustment: Before mixing all raw materials, the moisture content should be controlled at 12-14% (it should clump together when squeezed in the hand and crumble when touched). If the moisture content is too high, dry at 60℃ for 2 hours; if it is too low, spray with clean warm water at 30℃ to adjust.

[0171] (3) Activation of fermentation starter: Add 14kg of 30℃ warm water to 70kg of fermentation starter, stir evenly and let stand for 30 minutes to activate the activity of probiotics (Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria).

[0172] S2, Mixing and Conditioning (1) Step-by-step mixing: First, put the energy raw materials (pre-treated whole fresh corn kernels, rice bran, and wheat bran) into a twin-shaft mixer and mix for 10 minutes. Then, add the protein raw materials (soybean meal, earthworm powder, and three kinds of plant protein grass powder) and mix for 15 minutes. Finally, add the activated fermented starter and earthworm castings and mix at high speed for 20 minutes (300 r / min) to ensure that the coefficient of variation of the mixing uniformity is ≤7%.

[0173] (2) Steam conditioning: The mixed materials are fed into the conditioner and saturated steam at 0.3 MPa is introduced. The temperature is controlled at 85-90℃ and the conditioning time is 3 minutes. The moisture content of the materials is increased to 16-18%, starch is gelatinized and protein is moderately denatured, thereby improving the adhesion and digestibility of the particles.

[0174] S3, Granulation and Cooling (1) Pelletizing parameters: A ring die pellet mill is used. The die diameter is adjusted according to the breeding species: 8mm for beef cattle / donkeys, 4mm for sheep / piglets, and 3mm for laying hens / broilers. The ring die speed is 300r / min, the pressing temperature is 95~100℃, and the pellet length is 2~3 times the diameter (to avoid excessive length affecting feeding).

[0175] (2) Cooling and drying: After granulation, the pellets are immediately sent to a counter-current cooler with a cold air temperature of ≤25℃, a wind speed of 1.5m / s, and a cooling time of 20 minutes to reduce the moisture content of the pellets to below 12% (standard: not sticky when held and not crushed when dropped), to prevent mold growth during storage.

[0176] S4. Post-ripening and screening (1) Post-maturation treatment: The cooled pellets are sent to a constant temperature maturation chamber and kept at 60°C for 2 hours to further gelatinize the residual starch, stabilize the colonization of probiotics, and improve the palatability and nutritional stability of the feed.

[0177] (2) Grading and screening: Remove broken particles, powders and oversized particles by vibrating screen (with apertures of 80% and 120% of the particle diameter). After screening, the qualified particles are ≥95%, and the broken particles are recycled and re-granulated.

[0178] S5. Packaging and Storage (1) Packaging standard: Double-layer composite film packaging bag (inner layer PE moisture-proof, outer layer woven bag for pressure resistance), 25kg per bag, vacuum sealed (if long-term storage is required, add 5g of food-grade silica desiccant per bag).

[0179] (2) Storage conditions: cool, dry and well-ventilated warehouse, temperature ≤25℃, relative humidity ≤65%, stacking height ≤8 layers, shelf life 6 months (vacuum packaging).

[0180] Table 21: Nutritional values ​​(dry basis) of the granular compound feed prepared in Example 3

[0181] The indicators are explained as follows: 1. Core Enhancement Logic: This embodiment achieves a significant increase in high-efficiency nutrients such as crude protein, small peptides, and chelated minerals through "bioconversion (enzymatic hydrolysis of fermented koji + microbial synergy) + process optimization (steam conditioning + post-maturation)", while reducing crude fiber. At the same time, it adds functional components such as humic acid and highly active probiotics, far exceeding the positioning of conventional granular compound feed that "only meets basic nutrition".

[0182] 2. Compatibility Note: The index values ​​are for general formulas (suitable for most farmed animals). If optimization is needed for specific animals (such as piglets or high-yielding dairy cows), the ingredient ratio can be adjusted. For example, increase the lysine content in piglet feed to 1.5-1.6% and the calcium content in dairy cow feed to 3000-3200 mg / kg.

[0183] 3. Testing Consistency: All indicators are tested using national standard methods. Actual values ​​may fluctuate slightly due to minor differences in raw material batches and process parameters. It is recommended to conduct sampling re-inspection before mass production to ensure compliance with quality standards.

[0184] Advantages of the formulation and processing of granular compound feed in this embodiment 1. Balanced nutrition: Animal protein (earthworm meal) + plant protein (soybean meal + protein mulberry meal + protein grass meal + protein inulin) work synergistically, with crude protein reaching 22-24%, and the amino acid composition is close to the ideal pattern, eliminating the need for additional protein premix; the utilization rate of chelated minerals (calcium, phosphorus, etc.) is increased by 50%, solving the pain point of "more added, less absorbed" minerals in traditional granular compound feed.

[0185] 2. Synergistic Functions: The probiotics (Bacillus, Lactic acid bacteria) in the fermentation koji and the indigenous bacteria in earthworm castings create a synergistic effect, resulting in an effective live bacteria count ≥10. 8 CFU / g inhibits harmful intestinal bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella) and enhances animal immunity; small peptide content ≥5.0%, directly absorbed by the intestines, reducing digestive burden.

[0186] 3. Palatability and stability: Steam conditioning and post-maturation processes result in a starch gelatinization rate of over 85%, moderate particle hardness (compressive strength 15-20N), excellent palatability, and a 10-15% increase in feed intake; vacuum packaging locks in nutrients, with a mold rate of ≤0.5%, and a shelf life extended by 2 months compared to ordinary granular compound feed.

[0187] 4. Resource adaptability: The three plant powders (protein mulberry, protein grass, and protein chrysanthemum) are cold- and drought-resistant and suitable for the climate of western Inner Mongolia; earthworm castings and earthworm powder can be produced locally; rice bran, wheat bran, and soybean meal are conventional feed ingredients with low procurement costs. The overall cost of raw materials is 15-20% lower than that of imported high-protein granular compound feed.

[0188] This embodiment describes a feeding scheme for granular compound feed (dairy cows / beef cattle / pigs / laying hens). 1. Lactating dairy cows (Holstein cows, lactation period 3-10 months, weight 550-600kg) (1) Combination principle: The granular compound feed prepared by the method in Example 3 + whole plant corn silage + alfalfa hay + a small amount of concentrate (corn / soybean meal) focuses on the balance of energy, protein and fiber, and is suitable for the nutritional needs of milk production.

[0189] (2) Feeding method ① Pelleted compound feed requires no additional treatment. It is mixed with whole corn silage, alfalfa hay, and concentrate in a certain proportion and then stirred evenly using a TMR mixer (mixing time ≥ 15 minutes).

[0190] ② Feed three times a day (6 am, 12 pm, and 6 pm), and provide clean drinking water 30 minutes after each feeding (water temperature ≥ 10℃, and prevent freezing in winter).

[0191] ③ For the initial feeding, a 7-day transition period is recommended: add 20% of the total daily ration on days 1-3, increase to 50% on days 4-5, and increase to 100% on days 6-7 to avoid stress-induced milk reduction. (Total daily ration refers to the total amount of pelleted compound feed + whole-plant corn silage + concentrate supplement + alfalfa hay.) ④ Leftover feed must be cleaned up within 24 hours to prevent mold and contamination. Feed troughs should be rinsed once a day.

[0192] (3) Table 22: Usage of granular compound feed for dairy cows in this embodiment (based on dairy cows producing 30-35 kg of milk per day)

[0193] 2. Beef cattle (Simmental fattening cattle, 6-12 months old, weighing 300-500kg) (1) Combination principle: The granular compound feed prepared by the method in Example 3 + corn straw (crushed) + a small amount of concentrate (corn) focuses on the synergy of energy and protein to promote muscle deposition and fattening efficiency.

[0194] (2) Feeding method ① Mix the granular compound feed with crushed corn stalks (2-3cm in length) and concentrate feed evenly, and feed twice a day (8 am and 7 pm), with free access to water (sufficient supply, daily water intake ≥50L / head).

[0195] ② 5-day transition period: On days 1-2, add 30% of the total daily ration; on days 3-4, increase to 70% of the total daily ration; on day 5, feed the full amount to avoid bloating. (Total daily ration refers to the total amount of silage + corn stalks + concentrate supplement + wheat straw) ③ The amount of feed should be dynamically adjusted according to the weight gain. Weigh the animal once every 15 days and optimize the amount of feed according to the daily weight gain (if the daily weight gain is less than 1.4kg, increase the amount of pelleted compound feed by 1-2kg / head).

[0196] ④ Ventilate the enclosure twice a day to keep it dry and reduce the impact of ammonia concentration on feed intake.

[0197] (3) Table 23: Usage of granular compound feed for beef cattle in this embodiment (based on 400kg fattening cattle)

[0198] 3. Meat pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White three-way crossbred pigs) Table 24: Usage of the granular compound feed prepared by the method in Example 3 for feeding fattening pigs (based on body weight at different stages)

[0199] 4. Laying hens (Hy-Line Brown laying hens, laying period 21-72 weeks, weight 1.5-1.8kg) (1) Combination principle: The granular compound feed prepared by the method in Example 3 + shell powder (to supplement calcium) focuses on improving egg quality and egg production sustainability, and there is no need to add mineral premix.

[0200] (2) Feeding method: ① Feed the pelleted compound feed (3mm in diameter) directly, and place the shell powder separately in the supplementary feeding trough (free access). Feed twice a day (7 am and 5 pm), with the morning feed accounting for 40% and the evening feed accounting for 60%.

[0201] ② Maintain 16 hours of light per day (natural light + artificial light), and provide clean drinking water promptly after feeding (water intake ≥200ml / animal / day).

[0202] ③ Initial feeding transition period of 4 days: Add 30% of the total daily feed on the first 1-2 days, increase to 60% of the total daily feed on the 3rd day, and feed the full amount on the 4th day to avoid stress-induced drop in egg production.

[0203] ④ Clean the feed troughs daily, leaving ≤5% of feed to prevent mold from affecting egg quality.

[0204] (3) Table 25: Amount of granular compound feed used in this embodiment for feeding laying hens (based on laying hens during the laying period)

[0205] Experimental Example 3: I. Experimental Scenario: From 2018 to 2023, on-site experiments were carried out in more than 20 farms in western Inner Mongolia (Hohhot, Ordos, Bayannur, etc.).

[0206] II. Experimental Design 1. Experimental Objective: To systematically verify the improvement effect of the compound granular compound feed prepared in Example 3 (hereinafter referred to as "experimental group feed") on the growth performance, production performance, health status and economic benefits of dairy cows, beef cattle, pigs and laying hens compared with conventional granular compound feed (hereinafter referred to as "control group feed"), and to provide a scientific basis for large-scale promotion.

[0207] 2. Selection and grouping of experimental animals Table 26: Experimental Design Contents of Experiment Example 3

[0208] (3) Experimental period: Lactating dairy cows → 60 days (including a 7-day transition period); Beef cattle → 90 days (including a 5-day transition period); Pigs → 140 days (including a 3-day transition period, covering piglets → early fattening → late fattening); Laying hens → 120 days (including a 4-day transition period, covering the start of laying → peak laying period) 3. Feeding and Management (1) All experimental animals were raised in the same farm with consistent environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, ventilation, and light), and the enclosures were cleaned and disinfected according to conventional breeding standards.

[0209] (2) The nutritional composition and feeding amount of the basic diet (silage, hay, straw, shell powder, etc.) remained the same between the control group and the experimental group, except that the type of granular compound feed in the experimental group was replaced with the compound granular compound feed prepared in Example 3.

[0210] (3) Feeding should be carried out strictly in accordance with the previously determined "feeding method and amount of feed". Daily records of feed intake and remaining feed amount should be kept, and free access to drinking water (water quality meets the standards) should be ensured.

[0211] (4) Observe the health status of animals daily, record diarrhea, cough, disease, and the amount of veterinary drugs used; weigh and test production performance indicators regularly.

[0212] 4. Test Results (1) Table 27: Detection indicators and frequencies in Experiment 3

[0213] (2) Data processing: SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used for analysis. Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Independent samples t test was used for intergroup comparison. P < 0.05 was considered significant and P < 0.01 was considered highly significant.

[0214] 5. Experimental Results and Analysis (1) Table 28: Comparison of growth / production performance of different livestock and poultry in Experiment Example 3

[0215] (2) Table 29: Comparison of digestive performance and health status of different livestock and poultry in Experiment Example 3

[0216] (3) Table 30: Comparison of the quality of different livestock and poultry products in Experiment Example 3

[0217] (4) Table 31: Comparison of economic benefits of Experiment Example 3 (calculated based on single head / unit test cycle)

[0218] III. Core Conclusions of the Experiment (1) Overall improvement in production performance: Through bioconversion and complete nutrition formulation, the experimental group feed increased the average daily milk production of dairy cows by 12.2%, the average daily weight gain of beef cattle by 27.3%, the average slaughter weight of pigs by 12.7%, and the average egg production rate of laying hens by 10.1%. In addition, the product quality (milk fat percentage, lean meat percentage, eggshell hardness, etc.) was optimized simultaneously, and the core production indicators were all better than those of conventional granular compound feed.

[0219] (2) Significant advantages in digestion and health: The digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber is increased by more than 20%, the feed conversion rate is increased by 22.1%, the rate of animal diarrhea and the incidence of disease are reduced by more than 85%, and the amount of veterinary drugs used is reduced by more than 75%. This not only reduces the risk of breeding, but also avoids drug residues, which is in line with the trend of green breeding.

[0220] (3) Outstanding economic benefits: Although the unit price of feed in the experimental group was slightly higher than that of conventional granular compound feed, resulting in an increase in input cost per head / animal, the overall profit increased by 14.9-35.2% due to the more significant increase in production income. Among them, the profit increase of laying hens and meat pigs was particularly obvious, which met the needs of cost reduction and efficiency improvement in large-scale farming.

[0221] (4) Broad-spectrum adaptability: The experiment covered ruminants (dairy cows, beef cattle) and monogastric animals (pigs, laying hens). All varieties showed positive responses, indicating that the nutritional formula and process design of this granular compound feed have broad adaptability and do not require large-scale adjustments for a single variety, making it easy to promote and apply.

[0222] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation, characterized in that, The raw materials include the following percentages by weight: 15% clinoptilolite, 10% sodium bentonite, 8% kaolin, 13% lignite humic acid, 25% rice bran, 20% wheat bran, 5% brown sugar, 1.5% EM stock solution, 1% Bacillus subtilis powder, and 1.5% compound enzyme preparation, wherein the compound enzyme preparation is composed of cellulase, protease, and amylase in a mass ratio of 2:1:

1.

2. The bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The clinoptilolite mineral purity is greater than or equal to 70%, cation exchange capacity is greater than or equal to 60%, silica content is 55-70%, alumina content is 10-25%, and contains magnesium and calcium as auxiliary components; the Na-bentonite contains montmorillonite content greater than or equal to 80%, cation exchange capacity greater than or equal to 60%, specific surface area 600-800 m² / g, silica content 55-70%, alumina content 10-25%, and contains Fe2O3, CaO, Na2O, K2O as auxiliary components; the kaolin mineral purity is greater than or equal to 90%, cation exchange capacity 5-15 cmol / kg, specific surface area greater than or equal to 15 m² / g, alumina content 30-35%, silica content 40-45%, calcium content 0.5-2.0%, and magnesium content 0.1-0.5%; the humic acid of lignite contains water insoluble content less than or equal to 10%, organic matter content greater than or equal to 70%, water-soluble humic acid of lignite content greater than or equal to 55%, and contains calcium, magnesium, and potassium as auxiliary components; the rice bran contains dietary fiber content 12-15%; the bran contains crude protein content 15-18%; the EM bacteria stock solution contains viable bacteria count greater than or equal to 2.0 x 10 8 cfu / g; the Bacillus subtilis stock powder contains viable bacteria count greater than or equal to 1.0 x 10 9 cfu / g; protease activity greater than or equal to 800 U / g, amylase activity greater than or equal to 600 U / g, and cellulase activity greater than or equal to 300 U / g.

3. The bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 2, characterized in that, in: (1) Mineral indicators: calcium 1800~2200mg / kg, phosphorus 1200~1500mg / kg, potassium 3500~4200mg / kg, sodium 800~1000mg / kg, magnesium 900~1100mg / kg, iron 150~200mg / kg, zinc 80~100mg / kg, manganese 60~80mg / kg, copper 15~20mg / kg, selenium 0.3~0.5 mg / kg; (2) Bioenergy indicators: crude protein 18~22%, crude fat 3.5~5.0%, crude fiber 8~12%, soluble sugar 6~8%, small molecule peptide content ≥3.5%, total energy 16.5~17.5MJ / kg; (3) Functional activity indicators: soluble humic acid content ≥8%, viable bacteria count ≥10 6 CFU / g, protease activity ≥1200 U / g, amylase activity ≥1500 U / g, cellulase activity ≥800 U / g; (4) Safety indicators: pH value 4.5~5.5, moisture content ≤12%, aflatoxin B1 ≤5μg / kg, Escherichia coli ≤10 4 cfu / g, Salmonella not detectable, lead ≤2mg / kg, arsenic ≤1mg / kg.

4. The method for preparing bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation as described in any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, First, measure the following raw materials by mass percentage: clinoptilolite 15%, sodium bentonite 10%, kaolin 8%, lignite humic acid 13%, rice bran 25%, wheat bran 20%, brown sugar 5%, EM stock solution 1.5%, Bacillus subtilis powder 1%, and compound enzyme preparation 1.5%. The compound enzyme preparation consists of cellulase, protease, and amylase in a mass ratio of 2:1:

1. Then proceed with the following steps: S1. Using measured amounts of brown sugar, EM bacterial stock solution and Bacillus subtilis stock powder, a compound bacterial activation, propagation and dilution solution is prepared. S2. The measured clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, and lignite humic acid are sieved and mechanically crushed to obtain pretreated mineral materials. S3. Mix the pretreated mineral materials from S2 with the measured compound enzyme preparation and stir them together. Use a compound biological enzymatic hydrolysis process to obtain mineral enzymatic hydrolysate. S4. Mix the mineral enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in S3 with the measured rice bran and wheat bran, and the compound bacteria activation, propagation and dilution solution prepared in S1. Then, use an anaerobic and aerobic two-stage fermentation method to obtain the finished bioenergy feed fermentation starter.

5. The method for preparing bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 4, characterized in that, S1 includes the following specific steps: Dissolve the measured brown sugar in 5 times its weight of clean water at 40℃. Then add the measured EM stock solution and Bacillus subtilis powder to obtain a mixture. Dilute the mixture with 100 times its weight of clean water and proceed with the activation and propagation reaction. Control the temperature at 20-25℃ for 8-10 hours. Stir the mixture every two hours in the dark during the initial stage of the propagation reaction. Then, wait for steam to appear on the surface of the liquid and allow it to stand for propagation. During this period, the pH value of the reaction system should drop to 4.5-5.5, which indicates that the bacteria have been activated and propagated, and the viable count should reach 10. 8 ~10 9 The cfu / g level indicates that the propagation is complete, and the activated and propagated diluted compound bacterial solution is obtained. It should be sealed and stored for later use.

6. The method for preparing bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 4, characterized in that, S2 includes the following specific steps: After measuring out impurities by sieving clinoptilolite, sodium bentonite, kaolin, and lignite humic acid, the samples were pulverized using an ultrafine pulverizer and passed through a 200-mesh sieve to ensure that the residue was ≤5% and that the particles were uniform. Then, the samples were placed in a drying device and dried for 2 hours at a temperature of 105°C to remove surface and core moisture. The resulting pretreated mineral powder material was then prepared.

7. The method for preparing bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 4, characterized in that, S3 includes the following specific steps: Measure 5% (by weight) of corn flour and 3% (by weight) of yeast extract powder from the pretreated mineral materials, mix them with the pretreated mineral materials, and stir evenly to obtain a mineral powder mixture. Measure 50-80% (by weight) of the compound enzyme preparation in 40℃ clean water and dissolve the compound enzyme preparation. Then slowly pour the solution into the mineral powder mixture while stirring, adjusting the water content of the system to 55-60%. The standard for judgment is that the mixture can be formed into a ball by hand but crumbles easily when pressed with a finger. If the water content is insufficient, add clean water to supplement it. Then, add the mixture to a reaction vessel and place it in a constant temperature environment of 30-32℃ for 24 hours for enzymatic hydrolysis, maintaining the pH value of the reaction system at 5.0-6.

0. Stir once during the reaction to promote the full interaction between the minerals and the enzyme. After the reaction is completed, the enzymatically hydrolyzed mineral material is obtained.

8. The method for preparing bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 4, characterized in that, S4 includes the following specific steps: S4.1 Organic matrix pretreatment: The measured rice bran and wheat bran are inspected to ensure that they are fresh and free from lumps and mold. They are then dried until the moisture content is ≤12%, crushed and passed through a 20-30 mesh sieve to remove lumps and impurities, thus obtaining pretreated rice bran and wheat bran. S4.2 Material Mixing: Mix the mineral enzymatic hydrolysate obtained in S3, the rice bran and wheat bran pretreated in S4.1, and the compound bacteria activation and propagation dilution solution obtained in S1. Stir evenly and adjust the moisture content to 55-60%. The judgment standard is that it can be formed into a ball by hand without dripping water and will crumble when released. If the moisture is insufficient, clean water can be added to supplement it. Then, pile up the materials and enter the fermentation step. S4.3 Aerobic fermentation: Control the material pile height to 60~80cm, and the initial fermentation ambient temperature to ≥20℃; turn the pile 1~2 times a day for the first 3 days during the fermentation process to maintain sufficient oxygen in the pile and control the temperature at 55~65℃; the total fermentation time is 7~10 days, fermenting until the material is odorless, has a loose texture, and reaches the state of harmless treatment and basic decomposition. S4.4 Anaerobic Aging: After aerobic fermentation, the material is quickly loaded into a sealed device, compacted to remove air, ensuring a completely airtight seal throughout the process. During aging, the temperature is controlled at 20~28℃ for at least 15 days. During this period, the microbial community further transforms small molecule nutrients, reaching peak content, and the microbial community structure stabilizes, with a viable count of ≥10⁻⁶ in the material. 6 When the cfu / g of the material turns dark brown, becomes slightly raised, has a soft texture, and has an earthy and yeast aroma, and the pH value reaches 4.8-5.2, fermentation is successful, achieving the desired effect of thorough decomposition and nutrient enrichment, thus producing bioenergy feed fermentation starter.

9. The bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation as described in any one of claims 1-3 is used to prepare bioenergy feed for livestock and poultry.

10. The bioenergy feed fermentation starter based on enzyme-mineral synergistic activation according to claim 9 is used to prepare livestock and poultry bioenergy feed, characterized in that, The livestock and poultry bioenergy feed includes the bioenergy fermentation starter and the basic diet. The bioenergy fermentation starter serves as the core carrier for the transmission and transformation of the livestock and poultry bioenergy feed. The percentage of its addition to the basic diet is as follows, depending on the livestock and poultry: 8-15% for fattening beef cattle, 8-10% for weaned piglets, 5-8% for fattening pigs, 6-8% for chicks, and 3-5% for laying hens.

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