Early-maturing, high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for golden sunflower and tangerine

Abstract

The invention discloses an early-maturing, high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for hibiscus manihot and mandarin oranges, relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, and solves the technical problems that the hibiscus manihot and mandarin oranges are late in maturity and low in yield and quality. Healthy plants are cultivated, and high-yield trees are shaped; a spring bud fertilizer is applied in the bud emergence period or 14-16 days before spring shoot germination, a microelement fertilizer is sprayed in the bud period to protect and strengthen flowers, and summer shoots are controlled to protect and strengthen fruits; green pest control is implemented, fruit drop is reduced, and high yield is achieved; peanut bran fertilizer is applied from late winter to late April, summer shoots are used as fruiting mother branches, after autumn shoots are aged, water is controlled, nitrogenous fertilizer is not applied, winter shoots are controlled, flower bud differentiation and fruit ripening are promoted, the quality is improved, and ripening is accelerated through batch harvesting. The cultivation method can promote prematurity of the golden sunflower and the mandarin oranges, and the yield and the quality are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural planting technology, and to a cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges. Background Technology

[0002] Jin Kui Mandarin Orange is a new citrus variety bred by the Guangdong Provincial Fruit Tree Research Institute from superior bud mutation plants in the Shatang Mandarin Orange orchard in Fogang County, Guangdong Province. Its fruit is crisp, juicy, intensely sweet, and fragrant, with excellent quality. The plant is vigorous and possesses excellent characteristics such as early maturity, seedlessness, high quality, high yield, good storage life, strong resistance to adverse conditions and adaptability, and resistance to citrus canker.

[0003] In recent years, it has been introduced and planted in Guangdong and Guangxi. It generally matures 15-20 days earlier than ordinary tangerines. It begins to color in early to mid-October and matures in mid to late November. The new buds of the Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange sprout and flower in February and March. If it cannot be harvested in time, the fruit will continue to consume a large amount of nutrients and water stored in the tree. Since the tree prioritizes the survival of the fruit, the fruit will remain on the tree. As a result, the tree will not be able to store enough nutrients and water for the physiological differentiation of flower buds and the sprouting of spring shoots in winter and the following spring. This will lead to a decrease in the number and quality of flower buds in the following year, which will directly cause a sharp reduction in the yield in the following year.

[0004] Even within the same citrus variety, orchard, and tree, fruit ripens at different times. The later-ripening Jin Kui tangerines are harvested at the same time as other varieties like Satsuma mandarins and Wogan tangerines, leading to a concentrated harvest and increasingly noticeable overproduction. Recent sales data show that earlier-harvested, better-flavored Jin Kui tangerines command higher prices, while later-harvested varieties fetch relatively lower prices. Therefore, developing an early-maturing, high-yielding cultivation method for Jin Kui tangerines to produce early-ripening, high-quality fruit is crucial for improving the profitability of this variety's cultivation. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the above shortcomings, this invention provides a cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges, solving the technical problems of late maturity and low quality. This invention promotes early maturity of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges and results in high fruit quality. The specific technical solution is as follows: A cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges includes the following steps: (1) Select areas with relatively low latitudes, southward plots; (2) Cultivate robust plants and shape high-yield trees; (3) Promote flowering and strengthen flowers: Apply spring bud fertilizer when buds appear or 14 to 16 days before spring shoots sprout, and spray trace element fertilizer during the bud stage to promote flowering and strengthen flowers. (4) Fruit preservation and fruit strengthening: Control summer shoots from mid-April to late June, apply nitrogen fertilizer without roots from late March to late June to preserve fruit, and apply compound fertilizer to strengthen fruit in late June; (5) Green control of diseases and pests reduces fruit drop and achieves high yield; (6) Apply peanut bran fertilizer before late April after winter, let the late summer shoots serve as fruiting mother branches, control water and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, promote flower bud differentiation, fruit ripening and improve fruit quality; harvest in batches, harvest the ripe ones first and speed up the ripening.

[0006] Preferably, in step (2), the method for cultivating robust plants is as follows: select a relatively low latitude area, preferably a south-facing plot; plant the plants in planting holes with base fertilizer applied at the bottom from February to April; 20-30 days after planting, apply 5 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer and 50 g of compound fertilizer, and repeat the application after half a month; in the first and second years after planting, apply fertilizer twice per shoot, once 15 days before shoot emergence and once after shoot emergence is complete, each time applying 8-12 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer. Apply 50-150 grams of compound fertilizer solution per kilogram of plant, gradually increasing the amount each time. In winter, combine deep tilling and widening of the planting hole with burying 0.9-1.2 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.9-1.2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant. When each shoot and bud is 0.4-0.6 cm long, spray with a solution of 1.8% abamectin at 3000-5000 ppm, 2.5% imidacloprid at 2000 ppm, or 20% cypermethrin at 800-1000 times dilution for protection. Repeat the spraying after 7-10 days.

[0007] Preferably, in step (2), the method for shaping a high-yield tree shape is as follows: remove the terminal bud at 30cm to 50cm from the main trunk, retain 3 to 6 main branches, and perform pruning, pinching, and branch pulling on the main branches. The angle between the main branches and the main trunk is 48° to 53°. Cultivate multi-level secondary main branches, with 2 to 3 secondary main branches at each level and a branching angle of 28° to 32°. The tree crown extends outward in a radial pattern to form a multi-main-branch open-center high-yield tree shape.

[0008] Preferably, in step (3), the method for promoting flowering and strengthening flowers is as follows: Allow late summer shoots to serve as fruiting mother branches; control watering and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature; control winter shoots; perform branch twisting, bending, and pulling treatments in November, with the fruiting branches at an angle of 38°–42° to the ground; timely harvesting is beneficial for nutrient accumulation in the tree, and conducive to flower bud differentiation and strong flowering; apply spring bud fertilizer when buds appear or 14–16 days before spring shoots sprout; spray micronutrient fertilizer and pesticides during the bud stage to protect and strengthen flowers. The method for controlling watering and not applying nitrogen fertilizer is as follows: reduce the soil moisture content without subjecting the plant to drought; do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature.

[0009] Preferably, in step (3), the micronutrient fertilizer is 0.2% high-quality urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax + 0.2% magnesium sulfate, and the agent is one of the following: 200 times dilution of 25% carbaryl powder, 400-600 times dilution of 40% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, or 1500-2000 times dilution of 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate, sprayed 1-2 times.

[0010] Preferably, in step (4), the method for fruit preservation and strengthening is as follows: cut off the excessively long spring shoots of the fruit-bearing tree; after the first physiological fruit drop of the vigorous tree, perform ring cutting on a sunny day 12-16 days later to control the shoots; spray 20-30 ppm gibberellin solution for 2 / 3 to 1 week after the flowers have faded, and spray 30-35 ppm gibberellin solution again after 15-20 days, and add 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax to preserve the fruit; apply fertilizer after flowering for trees with many flowers; remove summer shoots; after the second physiological fruit drop is completed, apply N:P2O5:KO2=15:15:15 compound fertilizer to promote fruit enlargement and strengthen the fruit.

[0011] During fruit setting and strengthening, peeling is done in mid-April to block nutrient transport to the roots, weakening root growth and reducing the transport of nitrogen and other substances to the shoots. Simultaneously, during the physiological fruit drop period (late March to late June), root nitrogen fertilization is stopped to reduce the plant's nitrogen supply and lessen summer shoot growth. From late April to late June, newly emerging summer shoots are removed, allowing the nutrients produced by the leaves to be used for the growth of young fruits, thus achieving the goal of fruit setting. After physiological fruit drop, a compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:KO2 = 15:15:15) is applied to promote fruit enlargement and strengthen the fruit. This avoids contradicting the goal of fruit strengthening by not applying nitrogen fertilizer.

[0012] Preferably, in step (4), the fertilization method for preserving and strengthening fruit is as follows: in early February, during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.45-0.55 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.45-0.55 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; in late March, apply 0.15-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; in late April, apply 1.6-2.0 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per plant; in late June, apply 0.2-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots are pruned.

[0013] Preferably, in step (4), the fertilization method for ensuring fruit retention and growth of a 40kg / tree Golden Sunflower Mandarin orange is as follows: Apply 0.5kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per tree during the spring bud break period in early February; apply 0.2kg of compound fertilizer per tree in late March; apply 1.8kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per tree in late April; and apply 0.23kg of compound fertilizer per tree in late June. No nitrogen fertilizer is applied after the autumn shoots are pruned. This fertilization method has the best effect on promoting early maturity, high yield, high quality, and high efficiency in cultivation.

[0014] Preferably, in step (5), green pest control includes plant quarantine, agricultural control, physical and biological control, and chemical pesticide control to achieve high-quality and high-yield production.

[0015] Preferably, the fermentation method of the peanut bran liquid fertilizer is as follows: the ingredients are prepared according to the ratio of brown sugar: peanut bran: water = 1: (2.8~3.3): (14~16), and fermented under sealed conditions for 19~22 days.

[0016] Preferably, the peanut bran fertilizer is made by fermenting peanut bran powder (cake) and water in a ratio of 1:3 for 21 days; the peanut bran fertilizer contains 66.1% peanut bran organic matter, 8.95% total nitrogen, 2.21% total phosphorus, and 1.58% total potassium.

[0017] The present invention achieves at least the following beneficial effects: 1. The peanut bran fertilizer used in this invention promotes the ripening of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges, and increases yield, the ratio of first and second grade fruits, soluble solids, total sugar, solid-acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio, and vitamin C content. It also reduces the titratable acid content of the fruit, increases edibility, improves quality, and enhances flavor. Based on recent sales data, fruits with better flavor that are marketed earlier command higher prices. This method can improve the profitability of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange cultivation. Attached Figure Description

[0018] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0019] Figure 1 This is a photograph of the Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange bearing fruit in its third year, according to the present invention. Figure 2 This is a photograph of the Golden Sunflower Tangerine bearing fruit in its fourth year, according to the present invention. Figure 3 Photograph of the peanut bran powder used in this invention; Figure 4 These are photos taken on-site before the peanut bran powder used in this invention was mixed with calcium magnesium phosphate. Figure 5 These are photos of the mixture of peanut bran powder, calcium magnesium phosphate, and water used in this invention. Figure 6 These are photos of the process of mixing peanut bran powder with calcium magnesium phosphate and water and then sealing it for fermentation, as used in this invention. Figure 7 Photos of the fertilization ring trench at the site of this invention; Figure 8 These are photos of the application of peanut bran fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed together in this invention. Figure 9 This is a photo of the site after the peanut bran fertilizer and compound fertilizer used in this invention were mixed with soil and then covered with soil. Figure 10 These are on-site photos of the T5 processing maturity status of this invention on November 18, 2025. Figure 11 These are on-site photos of the maturity status of T4 treatment (left) and control T1 (right) on November 29, 2025, according to this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The specific embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, but it should be understood that the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments. Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used below have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art. The technical terms used herein are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Unless otherwise specifically stated, all raw materials, reagents, instruments, and equipment used in the present invention are commercially available or can be prepared by existing methods.

[0021] The endpoints and any values ​​of the ranges disclosed herein are not limited to the precise ranges or values, and these ranges or values ​​should be understood to include values ​​close to these ranges or values. For numerical ranges, the endpoint values ​​of the various ranges, the endpoint values ​​of the various ranges and individual point values, and individual point values ​​can be combined with each other to obtain one or more new numerical ranges, which should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.

[0022] The inventors of this application have been deeply involved in the field of agricultural planting for many years. Although they knew that applying organic fertilizer could promote early maturity, high yield, and high quality in citrus and other fruit trees, no literature disclosed which fertilizer could achieve the specific effects of early maturity, high yield, and high quality, nor did they know what effects different application amounts and times would produce. During the creative design, research, and exploration process, the inventors unexpectedly discovered that peanut bran fertilizer had a certain effect on the early maturity and improved quality of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges. In order to understand the effects of different application times and amounts of peanut bran fertilizer on the maturity, yield, and quality of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges, the inventors further creatively developed this invention, providing a reference for the early maturity, high yield, and high efficiency cultivation of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges.

[0023] To solve the above technical problems, the inventors have continuously conducted in-depth research and exploration in this field. They discovered that applying peanut bran fertilizer promotes the ripening of Golden Sunflower Tangerines, and further creatively devised the following solution: A cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Tangerines, comprising the following steps: 1. Fruit tree plant cultivation methods 1.1 Selecting seedlings Select Golden Sunflower Mandarin orange seedlings that meet the GB / T 9659 Grading and Inspection Standards for Citrus Grafting Seedlings, and choose those that are grade 2 or above for loose-skinned citrus. Use sour orange rootstock seedlings for mountainous and sloping orchards, and trifoliate orange rootstock seedlings for flat land.

[0024] 1.2 Planting 1.2.1 Planting time: February to April.

[0025] 1.2.2 Digging planting holes (ditches): Select a relatively low latitude area, facing south, and dig a ditch (planting hole) that is 1 meter long and wide and 0.8 to 1 meter deep or 1 meter wide and 0.8 to 1 meter deep before planting.

[0026] 1.2.3 Apply base fertilizer: Apply 100-150 kg of plant straw and 1 kg of lime to the bottom of each planting hole, cover with soil to 2 / 3 of the hole, then apply 3-5 kg ​​of peanut bran or 30-50 kg of organic fertilizer and 1 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, mix with soil, build a mound 30-50 cm above the ground on top, and plant after 2-3 months.

[0027] 1.2.4 Planting Method: Dig a 25 cm deep hole in the soil mound, and place a thin layer of soil at the bottom of the hole to separate the fertilizer. For bare-root seedlings, prune them appropriately, preserving as many fibrous roots as possible. Dip the seedling roots in yellow mud slurry, place them in the center of the hole, spread the roots, straighten the seedling, and gently lift and tamp the soil while filling it in, ensuring close contact between the roots and the soil. Build a 1-meter diameter tree basin; the grafting point should be 5-10 cm above the ground. For seedlings in nutrient cups, remove the cup (bag) and loosen the surrounding soil to expose part of the root system before planting; water thoroughly to settle the roots and keep moist until the seedling survives.

[0028] 1.2.5 Planting specifications: 2.5m~2.8m×3~3.3m for mountainous areas, and 3~3.3m×3.5~4m for flat areas.

[0029] 2. Fertilization Management of Young Trees 2.1 Fermentation of peanut bran liquid fertilizer: Mix brown sugar: peanut bran: water = 1: (2.8~3.3): (14~16) and ferment under sealed conditions for 19~22 days.

[0030] 2..2 First year fertilization: 20-30 days after planting, apply 5 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 1% compound fertilizer by watering. Apply again after half a month. After that, apply fertilizer twice a year. Apply fertilizer once 14-16 days before the shoots emerge and once after the shoots emerge uniformly. Gradually increase the amount of fertilizer each time.

[0031] 2.3 Fertilization in the second year: In winter, combine deep plowing and hole expansion, bury 1 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 1 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; for shoot-promoting fertilizer, apply 10-15 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 1% compound fertilizer solution per plant each time.

[0032] 2.4 Shoot Release 2.4.1 Timely shoot release: In the first year, release shoots 4 to 5 times. The release time is as follows: spring shoots in February, summer shoots in early May, the second summer shoots in late June to early July, autumn shoots in mid to late August, and late autumn shoots in mid to late October. In the second year, release shoots 4 times, control late autumn shoots and winter shoots, and release late summer shoots in late July for trees that have just started bearing fruit.

[0033] 2.4.2 Bud Removal and Shoot Growth: Prune 15 days before shoot growth begins. First, prune the lower and middle branches of the plant. After new buds sprout, prune the upper and middle branches to ensure uniform shoot growth. When new buds reach 5-6 cm in length, promptly remove excess weak buds, taking into account the direction of bud growth. Leave only 2-3 well-distributed, strong buds on each basal shoot.

[0034] 2.4.3 Protection of new shoots: When the tender shoots are 0.4-0.6 cm long, spray with a solution of 1.8% abamectin at 3000-5000 ppm, 2.5% imidacloprid at 2000 ppm, or 20% cypermethrin at 800-1000 times dilution for protection. Repeat the spraying after 7-10 days.

[0035] 2.5 Cultivating high-yield tree types The method for cultivating a high-yield tree shape is as follows: Remove the terminal bud at 30cm to 50cm from the main trunk, retain and cultivate 3 to 6 main branches, and pull the branches to make the angle between the main branches and the main trunk 48° to 53°, with the main branches evenly distributed. Use methods such as shortening, pinching, and pulling the branches to cultivate 2 to 3 secondary main branches with a branching angle of 28° to 32°. Cultivate secondary main branches at all levels in this way so that the crown extends outward in a radial pattern, thus obtaining a high-yield tree shape with multiple main branches and an open center.

[0036] 2.6 Promoting flowering lays a good foundation for fruiting next year. The methods to promote flowering are as follows: after the autumn shoots mature, control watering and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer to control the winter shoots. In November, perform methods such as twisting, bending, and pulling branches to make the fruiting branches form an angle of 38° to 42° with the ground, thereby promoting flower bud differentiation and achieving the effect of promoting flowering and fruiting.

[0037] 3. Results Tree Management 3.1 Fertilization Management of Fruit Trees 3.1.1 Types of fertilizers: peanut bran liquid fertilizer, compound fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate, potassium fertilizer, micronutrient fertilizer, etc.

[0038] 3.1.2 Fertilizer application rate: The amount of fertilizer should meet the plant's growth needs, determined based on the tree's growth vigor, fruit load, fertilizer type, and soil conditions. Generally, for a tree yielding 40 kg per tree, the application rate is as follows: ① In early February (spring bud fertilizer), apply 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; during the flowering period, apply 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; in late April, apply 1.8 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.25 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per plant; and in late June, apply 0.23 kg of compound fertilizer per plant. ② In early February (spring bud fertilizer), apply 1.8 kg of peanut bran, 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, and 0.4 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; in late April, apply 0.25 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per plant; in late June, apply 0.53 kg of compound fertilizer per plant. ③ In early February (spring bud fertilizer): during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.45-0.55 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.45-0.55 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant. In late March (after flowering): apply 0.15-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant. In late April: apply 1.6-2.0 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per plant. In late June: apply 0.2-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant.

[0039] 3.1.3 Fertilization method: trench application. Dig a trench about 20-30 cm deep and 30-40 cm wide outside the drip line of the tree canopy and apply the fertilizer, mixing it evenly with the soil.

[0040] 3.2 Preserve and strengthen flowers 3.2.1 Spring bud fertilizer: Apply when the third and fourth year trees show buds, and apply 14 to 16 days before the spring shoots sprout on trees in the peak fruiting period.

[0041] 3.2.2 Take good care of pest and disease control during the flowering period. Spray pesticides 1-2 times before flowering to control pests and diseases.

[0042] 3.2.3 Apply micronutrient fertilizers such as boron according to the needs of the plants.

[0043] 3.3 Fruit preservation and growth 3.3.1 Prune the excessively long spring shoots of fruit-bearing trees; shake the trees on rainy days to prevent flower rot; apply fertilizer to trees with abundant flowers after flowering.

[0044] 3.3.2 Fruit preservation with chemicals: Spray 20-30 ppm of gibberellin solution 2 / 3 to 1 week after flowering, and spray again 30-35 ppm after 15-20 days. Add 0.2% high-quality urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax to preserve the fruit.

[0045] 3.3.3 Ringing to control shoot growth: Ringing can be done on vigorous trees, but not on old or weak trees; on vigorous trees, ringing should be done once on a sunny day 12-16 days after the first physiological fruit drop to control shoot growth.

[0046] 3.3.4 Use fruit to suppress shoot growth, retain more fruit to inhibit the emergence of summer shoots; remove summer shoots until the second physiological fruit drop ends.

[0047] 3.5 Cultivate strong fruiting branches to lay a solid foundation for high yield.

[0048] 3.5.1 Timely shoot release: For trees that are just beginning to bear fruit, release late summer shoots in late July. For orchards in their peak production period, release late summer shoots as fruiting mother branches in mid to late July. In mountainous areas and orchards with a large fruit load, release shoots earlier.

[0049] 3.5.2 The methods for fertilization, pruning, shoot growth, and thinning are the same as above.

[0050] 3.5.3 New shoot protection: Spray the shoots with pesticide when they are 0.5 cm long, and spray again after 7 to 10 days.

[0051] 3.5.4 In conjunction with pest and disease control, spray with a 0.3% KH2PO4 solution.

[0052] 3.5.5 Control late autumn shoots and winter shoots, and promote flowering using the same methods as above.

[0053] 4. Harvest the fruit at the appropriate time, after the color meets market requirements. Harvest in batches, picking the ripest fruits first to accelerate fruit ripening.

[0054] 5. Green control of diseases and pests Adhering to the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control", we will fully protect and utilize the natural ecological environment of the orchard, give full play to the role of ecological self-control, and supplement the agricultural and physical control with biological control. Based on the characteristics of pests and diseases throughout the year, we will focus on killing psyllids and strictly controlling Huanglongbing, and scientifically apply various control technologies to effectively control pests and diseases.

[0055] 5.1 Plant quarantine measures: Select healthy, disease-free seedlings free from quarantine pests to prevent citrus Huanglongbing and citrus canker from being introduced into the orchard through seedlings.

[0056] 5.2 Agricultural control: ① Select orchards with good isolation conditions and plant protective forests to prevent the introduction of Huanglongbing (HLB); ② Use sour orange and trifoliate orange rootstocks to improve resistance; ③ Implement grass cover cultivation and plant Ageratum conyzoides in the orchard to protect the natural enemy of spider mites, reduce spider mite occurrence, and maintain a relative water balance in the orchard to reduce fruit cracking; ④ Implement measures such as soil turning, drainage, pruning, shoot control, and orchard cleaning to improve ventilation and light penetration for fruit trees, reduce field humidity, improve the field microclimate, and reduce sources of pests and diseases; ⑤ Strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, enhance tree vigor, and improve the plant's own resistance to pests and diseases; ⑥ Implement double pruning of each fruit to reduce fruit wounds and lower the fruit rot rate.

[0057] 5.3 Physical and biological control measures: ① Use yellow sticky traps to attract and kill aphids, psyllids, whiteflies, and other pests; ② Use sex pheromones to attract and kill oriental fruit flies; ③ Use biopesticides for pest and disease control. Reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

[0058] 5.4 Rational use of chemical pesticides for pest control: ① Select highly effective, low-toxicity, and low-residue pesticides, and prohibit the use of highly toxic, high-residue, and restricted pesticides; ② Use pesticides in accordance with safe pesticide use regulations; ③ Rationally rotate and mix pesticides, and use the same type of pesticide no more than twice a year to avoid pests developing resistance; ④ Improve the effect of pesticide application, select nozzles with fine mist, and spray both the upper and lower surfaces of leaves; ⑤ Use pesticides only when the control indicators are reached, and apply pesticides during the appropriate control period; ⑥ Implement combined control measures to reduce the number of applications and the amount of pesticides used.

[0059] 5.5 Major Pests and Diseases and Their Control Measures 5.5.1 Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB): ① Select well-isolated gardens free of Rutaceae plants and plant protective forests; plant seedlings free of quarantine pests and diseases; ② Kill psyllids to cut off the virus transmission vector; ③ Remove diseased trees and replant with disease-free seedlings; ④ Psyllid control measures: Clean the garden in winter, promote uniform shoot growth, and remove scattered branches. Spray protective pesticides during the new shoot emergence period. Spray once when the new shoots reach 0.5cm in length, and repeat after 7-10 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprays. Suitable pesticides include quinalphos, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, pyrethroids, and pymetrozine.

[0060] 5.5.2 Anthracnose: Strengthen cultivation management, control nitrogen fertilizer application, increase the application of organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and supplement with micronutrient fertilizer to enhance tree vigor and improve disease resistance. Timely pruning improves ventilation and light penetration; spray protective agents before flowering, after flowering, and before typhoons, especially from the coloring stage. Suitable pesticides include: lime sulfur, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, mancozeb, prochloraz, cyproconazole, and azoxystrobin.

[0061] 5.5.3 Control of gray mold: Shake the tree after rain during the flowering period; spray 1-2 times with fungicide before flowering for prevention, and spray 2-3 times during the young fruit stage to prevent the spread of lesions. The fungicide can be: pyraclostrobin, cyazofamid, thiamethoxam, mancozeb, or amistar, etc.

[0062] 5.5.4 Citrus Flower Maggot: ① Agricultural Control: Orchard sanitation; till the soil in winter and spring to reduce the source of insects; remove infested flower buds and kill them. ② Chemical Control: Apply pesticides to the ground before adults emerge (early budding stage) or when larvae enter the soil (early flowering stage), or spray twice, once every 7-10 days; or when most citrus flower buds turn from green to white, spray once every 5-7 days, for two consecutive times. Suitable pesticides include carbaryl powder, phoxim EC, and cypermethrin EC.

[0063] 5.5.5 Control of Red Spider Mites and Rust Spider Mites: Select appropriate pesticides based on the occurrence period, severity, control indicators, pesticide characteristics, and safe application requirements of red spider mites and rust spider mites: ① Use lime sulfur mixture, pine resin mixture, or propargite for winter orchard sanitation; ② Use pyridaben, spirodiclofen, abamectin, 10% liuyangmycin EC, matrine, and dichlorvos before and after flowering; ③ Use amitraz, bismuth submersible, or triazophos during the fruit-setting stage; ④ Use tetradifon or etoxazole after fruit setting; ⑤ Use triazophos, abamectin, 10% liuyangmycin EC, matrine, and mineral oil before and after autumn shoot emergence; ⑥ Use tetradifon, bismuth submersible, etoxazole, or spirodiclofen in the later stages of shoot setting; ⑦ Use abamectin, 10% liuyangmycin EC, matrine, and dichlorvos before harvest.

[0064] 5.5.6 Leafminer: Control shoot growth by removing excess shoots and allowing them to emerge uniformly. Begin the first spray when new shoots are 5-10 mm long, repeating every 7-10 days for 2-3 consecutive applications. Suitable pesticides include abamectin, imidacloprid, and pyrethroids.

[0065] 5.5.7 Scale insect control: Spray pesticides during the peak egg hatching period (when larvae hatch). Highly refined mineral oil (such as Ruihu or Lvying) or 25% quinalphos or pymetrozine can be selected.

[0066] 5.5.8 Control of Oriental fruit fly: Use sex pheromones to trap and kill the flies, or use cypermethrin, cyromazine, etc. for control. Alternatively, before the peak egg-laying period of adults, spray the tree canopy with 20% cypermethrin EC plus 3% brown sugar, once every 5 to 10 days, for 3 to 4 consecutive sprays.

[0067] Example 1 A cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges includes the following steps: (1) Select areas with relatively low latitudes, southward plots; (2) Cultivate robust plants and shape a high-yield tree shape. The method for cultivating robust plants is as follows: select a relatively low latitude area, south of the site; plant in planting holes with base fertilizer applied at the bottom from February to April; 20 days after planting, apply 5 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 50 g of compound fertilizer, and apply again after half a month; in the first and second years after planting, apply fertilizer twice for each shoot, once 15 days before shoot emergence and once after shoot emergence is neat, each time apply 12 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 80 g of compound fertilizer, and gradually increase the amount; in winter, combine deep plowing and hole expansion to bury 0.9 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.9 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; when each shoot bud is 0.4 cm long, spray with 1.8% abamectin 3000 ppm solution for protection, and spray again after 7 days; The method for shaping a high-yield tree is as follows: remove the terminal bud at 30cm from the main trunk, retain 3 to 6 main branches, and perform pruning, pinching, and branch training on the main branches, with the angle between the main branches and the main trunk being 48°; cultivate multiple levels of secondary main branches, with 2 to 3 secondary main branches at each level, a branching angle of 28°, and extend the crown outward in a radial pattern to form a high-yield tree shape with multiple main branches and an open center. (3) Apply spring bud fertilizer when the buds appear or 14 days before the spring shoots sprout, and spray trace element fertilizer and pesticides during the bud stage to promote flowering and strengthen the flowers. The methods for promoting flowering are as follows: cultivate strong fruiting branches to lay a good foundation for high yield, and release shoots at the appropriate time: release late summer shoots in late July for trees that are just beginning to bear fruit, release late summer shoots as fruiting branches in mid-to-late July for orchards in full-production period, release shoots earlier in mountainous areas and orchards with a lot of fruit, and spray pesticides to protect the shoots. Spray once when the tender buds are 0.5 cm long, and spray again after 7-10 days, adding 0.3% KH2PO4 solution; release late summer shoots as fruiting branches, control water and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, and control winter shoots. In November, perform twisting, bending, and pulling of branches, so that the fruiting branches are at a 38° angle to the ground to promote flower bud differentiation and achieve the effect of promoting flowering and fruiting; The methods for promoting vigorous flowering are as follows: Spring bud fertilizer: Apply when the third and fourth year trees show buds, and apply 14 days before the spring shoots sprout on trees in their peak fruiting period; Control pests and diseases during the flowering period, and spray pesticides 1-2 times before flowering; Spray boron and other trace element fertilizers according to the needs of the plants; Timely harvesting is beneficial for the accumulation of nutrients in the tree, which is conducive to flower bud differentiation and vigorous flowering; The trace element fertilizer is 0.2% high-quality urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax + 0.2% magnesium sulfate, and the pesticide is a 200-fold dilution of 25% carbaryl powder, sprayed once; (4) Control summer shoots and apply fertilizer scientifically to protect and strengthen fruit: Control summer shoots from mid-April to late June, apply nitrogen fertilizer to the roots from late March to late June to protect fruit, and apply compound fertilizer to strengthen fruit in late June. The methods for fruit preservation and strengthening are as follows: prune the excessively long spring shoots of fruit-bearing trees, shake the trees on rainy days to prevent flower rot; 12 days after the first physiological fruit drop on vigorous trees, perform ring pruning on a sunny day to control shoot growth; chemical fruit preservation: spray with 20ppm gibberellin solution 2 / 3 to 1 week after flowering, and spray again with 30ppm gibberellin solution 15 days later, adding 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax to preserve fruit; apply fertilizer after flowering to trees with many flowers; suppress shoot growth with fruit, retain more fruit, inhibit the emergence of summer shoots, remove summer shoots, and after the second physiological fruit drop, apply N:P2O5:KO2=15:15:15 compound fertilizer to promote fruit enlargement and strengthen the fruit; The fertilization method for fruit preservation and growth is as follows: In early February, during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.45 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.45 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per tree; in late March, apply 0.15 kg of compound fertilizer per tree; in late April, apply 1.6 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.2 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per tree; and in late June, apply 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer per tree. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots have been pruned. Fertilization method: trench application. Dig a trench about 20 cm deep and 30 cm wide outside the drip line of the tree canopy and apply the fertilizer, mixing it evenly with the soil. (5) Green control of diseases and pests reduces fruit drop and achieves high yield; Green control of diseases and pests includes plant quarantine, agricultural control, physical and biological control, and chemical pesticide control to achieve high quality and high yield. (6) Apply peanut bran fertilizer from winter to May, let late summer shoots serve as fruiting mother branches, control watering and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, promote flower bud differentiation, fruit ripening and improve fruit quality; harvest the fruit in a timely manner after the fruit color meets market requirements, harvest in batches, harvest the ripe ones first and speed up the ripening.

[0068] Specifically, the fermentation method for peanut bran liquid fertilizer is as follows: the ingredients are prepared according to the ratio of brown sugar: peanut bran: water = 1:2.8:14, and fermented under sealed conditions for 19 days; peanut bran fertilizer is made by fermenting peanut bran powder (cake): water = 1:3 for 21 days; the peanut bran fertilizer contains 66.1% organic matter, 8.95% total nitrogen, 2.21% total phosphorus, and 1.58% total potassium.

[0069] Example 2 A cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges includes the following steps: (1) Select areas with relatively low latitudes, southward plots; (2) Cultivate robust plants and shape a high-yield tree shape. The method for cultivating robust plants is as follows: Select a relatively low latitude area, south of the site; plant in a planting hole with base fertilizer applied at the bottom in April; 30 days after planting, apply 5 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer and 50 g of compound fertilizer, and apply again after half a month; in the first and second years after planting, apply fertilizer twice per shoot, once 15 days before shoot emergence and once after shoot emergence is neat, each time apply 8 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 150 g of compound fertilizer, and gradually increase the amount; in winter, combine deep plowing and hole expansion, bury 1.2 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 1.2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; when each shoot bud is 0.6 cm long, spray with 800-1000 times dilution of 20% cypermethrin for protection, and spray again after 10 days; The method for shaping a high-yield tree is as follows: remove the terminal bud at 50cm from the main trunk, retain 3 to 6 main branches, and perform pruning, pinching, and branch training on the main branches. The angle between the main branches and the main trunk should be 53°. Cultivate multiple levels of secondary main branches, with 2 to 3 secondary main branches at each level and a branching angle of 32°. The tree crown should extend outward in a radial pattern to form a high-yield tree shape with multiple main branches and an open center. (3) Apply spring bud fertilizer when the buds appear or 16 days before the spring shoots sprout, and spray trace element fertilizer and pesticides during the bud stage to promote flowering and strengthen the flowers. The methods for promoting flowering are as follows: cultivate strong fruiting branches to lay a good foundation for high yield, and release shoots at the appropriate time: release late summer shoots in late July for trees that are just beginning to bear fruit, release late summer shoots as fruiting branches in mid-to-late July for orchards in full-production period, and release shoots earlier in mountainous areas and orchards with a large fruit load; spray pesticides to protect shoots, spray once when the tender buds are 0.5 cm long, and spray again after 7-10 days, adding 0.3% KH2PO4 solution; release late summer shoots as fruiting branches, control water and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, and control winter shoots; in November, perform twisting, bending, and pulling of branches, so that the fruiting branches are at a 42° angle to the ground to promote flower bud differentiation and achieve the effect of promoting flowering and fruiting; The methods for promoting vigorous flowering are as follows: Apply spring bud fertilizer when the trees are in their third and fourth years, and apply it 16 days before the spring shoots sprout on trees in their peak fruiting period; control pests and diseases during the flowering period, and spray pesticides 1-2 times before flowering; spray micronutrient fertilizers according to the needs of the plants; timely harvesting is beneficial for the accumulation of nutrients in the tree, which is conducive to flower bud differentiation and vigorous flowering; spray micronutrient fertilizers and pesticides during the bud stage to protect and strengthen flowers; the micronutrient fertilizer is 0.2% high-quality urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax + 0.2% magnesium sulfate, and the pesticide is a 40% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate solution diluted 400-600 times, sprayed twice; (4) Control summer shoots and apply fertilizer scientifically to protect and strengthen fruit: Control summer shoots from mid-April to late June, apply nitrogen fertilizer to the roots from late March to late June to protect fruit, and apply compound fertilizer to strengthen fruit in late June. The methods for fruit preservation and strengthening are as follows: prune the excessively long spring shoots of fruit-bearing trees; 16 days after the first physiological fruit drop on vigorous trees, perform ring pruning on a sunny day to control shoot growth; spray with 30ppm gibberellin solution 2 / 3 to 1 week after flowering, and spray again with 35ppm gibberellin solution 20 days later, adding 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax to preserve fruit; apply fertilizer after flowering on trees with many flowers; remove summer shoots; after the second physiological fruit drop, apply N:P2O5:KO2=15:15:15 compound fertilizer to promote fruit enlargement and strengthen the fruit. The fertilization method for fruit preservation and growth is as follows: In early February, during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.55 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.55 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per tree; in late March, apply 0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per tree; in late April, apply 2.0 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.3 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per tree; and in late June, apply 0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per tree. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots have been pruned. Fertilization method: trench application. Dig a trench about 30 cm deep and 40 cm wide outside the drip line of the tree canopy and apply the fertilizer, mixing it evenly with the soil. (5) Green control of diseases and pests reduces fruit drop and achieves high yield; Green control of diseases and pests includes plant quarantine, agricultural control, physical and biological control, and chemical pesticide control to achieve high quality and high yield. (6) Apply peanut bran fertilizer from winter to May, let late summer shoots serve as fruiting mother branches, control watering and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, promote flower bud differentiation, fruit ripening and improve fruit quality; harvest in batches, harvest the ripe ones first to speed up ripening.

[0070] More specifically, the fermentation method for peanut bran liquid fertilizer is as follows: the ingredients are prepared in the ratio of brown sugar: peanut bran: water = 1:3.3:16, and fermented under sealed conditions for 22 days; peanut bran fertilizer is made by fermenting peanut bran powder (cake): water = 1:3 for 21 days; the peanut bran fertilizer contains 66.1% organic matter, 8.95% total nitrogen, 2.21% total phosphorus, and 1.58% total potassium.

[0071] Example 3 A cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges includes the following steps: (1) Select areas with relatively low latitudes, southward plots; (2) Cultivate robust plants and shape a high-yield tree shape. The method for cultivating robust plants is as follows: select a relatively low latitude area, south of the site; plant in planting holes with base fertilizer applied at the bottom in March, and apply 5 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer and 50 g of compound fertilizer 25 days after planting, and apply again after half a month; in the first and second years after planting, apply fertilizer twice for each shoot, once 15 days before shoot emergence and once after shoot emergence is neat, each time apply 10 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 100 g of 1% compound fertilizer, and gradually increase the amount; in winter, combine deep plowing and hole expansion to bury 1.0 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 1.0 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; when each shoot bud is 0.5 cm long, spray with 2.5% imidacloprid 2000 ppm solution for protection, and spray again after 8 days; The method for shaping a high-yield tree is as follows: remove the terminal bud at 40cm from the main trunk, retain 3 to 6 main branches, and perform pruning, pinching, and branch training on the main branches, with the angle between the main branches and the main trunk being 50°; cultivate multiple levels of secondary main branches, with 2 to 3 secondary main branches at each level, a branching angle of 30°, and extend the crown outward in a radial pattern to form a high-yield tree shape with multiple main branches and an open center. (3) Apply spring bud fertilizer when the buds appear or 15 days before the spring shoots sprout. Spray micronutrient fertilizer during the bud stage to promote flowering and strengthen the flowers. The method for promoting flowering and strengthening the flowers is as follows: release late summer shoots as fruiting mother branches, control water and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature to control winter shoots, and perform twisting, bending, and pulling of branches in November so that the fruiting branches are at a 40° angle to the ground. Timely harvesting is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in the tree and to the differentiation of flower buds and strengthening of flowers. Spray micronutrient fertilizer and pesticides during the bud stage to protect and strengthen the flowers. The micronutrient fertilizer is 0.2% high-quality urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax + 0.2% magnesium sulfate, and the pesticide is 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1500-2000 times. Spray twice. (4) Control summer shoots and apply fertilizer scientifically to protect and strengthen fruit: Control summer shoots from mid-April to late June, apply nitrogen fertilizer to the roots from late March to late June to protect fruit, and apply compound fertilizer to strengthen fruit in late June. The methods for fruit preservation and strengthening are as follows: prune the excessively long spring shoots of fruit-bearing trees; 14 days after the first physiological fruit drop on vigorous trees, perform ring pruning on a sunny day to control shoot growth; spray with 25ppm gibberellin solution 2 / 3 to 1 week after flowering, and spray again with 33ppm gibberellin solution 18 days later, adding 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax to preserve fruit; apply fertilizer after flowering on trees with many flowers; remove summer shoots; after the second physiological fruit drop, apply N:P2O5:KO2=15:15:15 compound fertilizer to promote fruit enlargement and strengthen the fruit. The fertilization method for ensuring fruit retention and growth in Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange trees with a yield of 40kg per tree is as follows: In early February, during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.5kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per tree; in late March, apply 0.2kg of compound fertilizer per tree; in late April, apply 1.8kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per tree; and in late June, apply 0.23kg of compound fertilizer per tree. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots have been pruned. (5) Green control of diseases and pests reduces fruit drop and achieves high yield; Green control of diseases and pests includes plant quarantine, agricultural control, physical and biological control, and chemical pesticide control to achieve high quality and high yield. (6) Apply peanut bran fertilizer from winter to May, let late summer shoots serve as fruiting mother branches, control watering and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, promote flower bud differentiation, fruit ripening and improve fruit quality; harvest in batches, harvest the ripe ones first to speed up ripening.

[0072] More specifically, the fermentation method for peanut bran liquid fertilizer is as follows: the ingredients are prepared in the ratio of brown sugar: peanut bran: water = 1:3:15, and fermented under sealed conditions for 20 days; the peanut bran fertilizer is made by fermenting peanut bran powder (cake): water = 1:3 for 21 days; the peanut bran fertilizer contains 66.1% organic matter, 8.95% total nitrogen, 2.21% total phosphorus, and 1.58% total potassium.

[0073] Screening test To verify the effect of peanut bran fertilizer on the efficacy, the following experiment was conducted: using compound fertilizer as the control (CK), six treatments were set up, including different application rates of peanut bran fertilizer at the same time and the same application rate at different times; by measuring yield, agronomic traits, and quality, the effects of peanut bran fertilizer on the yield, quality, and maturity of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange were analyzed.

[0074] 1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Experimental Orchard The experimental orchard is located in the Jin Kui mandarin orange orchard in Chengdan Group, Chengdan Village, Guangping Town, Longxu District (23°16′41″N, 111°25′32″E, altitude 75.3m). Planted in 2018, using trifoliate orange rootstock, the average spacing between plants was 202cm × 307cm, the average plant height was 265cm, the crown diameter (east-west) was 260cm × north-south was 200cm, and the trunk circumference was 22.4cm. The plants showed relatively uniform growth and were growing well, with normal production management. The orchard terrain was flat, with sandy loam soil and a topsoil layer of 40-60cm. Physical and chemical properties: organic matter 25.8g·kg⁻¹. -1 The pH value was 4.3, and the total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were 169 g·kg⁻¹. -1 0.899 g·kg -1 8.25 mg·kg -1 It has good drainage.

[0075] 1.2 Test Materials The experimental materials were commercially available: peanut bran fertilizer (66.1% organic matter, 8.95% total nitrogen, 2.21% total phosphorus, and 1.58% total potassium); compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15); calcium magnesium phosphate (P2O5 12%); and potassium sulfate (K2O5 2%).

[0076] 1.3 Experimental Design The experiment included six treatments, with fertilizer applied based on a yield of 40 kg per plant. A control group received compound fertilizer. All treatments had the same N and K₂O dosage, and the same P₂O₅ dosage from T₂ to T₆. The experiment was replicated three times, with a total of 18 plots, each containing 5 plants. Plots were separated by drainage ditches and protective rows, and arranged in a randomized block design. The specific fertilizer type, quantity, and timing for each treatment are as follows: (1) T1 (control): On February 4, March 29 and June 28, 2024, 1 kg, 0.2 kg and 0.8 kg of compound fertilizer were applied per plant, respectively; a total of 2 kg of compound fertilizer was applied. (2) T2: On February 4, 2024, 0.9 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.8 kg of compound fertilizer were applied per plant; on April 28, 0.13 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer was applied; on June 28, 0.66 kg of compound fertilizer was applied. (3) T3: On February 4, 2024, apply 1.8 kg of peanut bran fertilizer, 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate and 0.4 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; on April 28, apply 0.25 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer; on June 28, apply 0.53 kg of compound fertilizer. (4) T4: On February 4, 2024, apply 2.7 kg of peanut bran fertilizer, 1 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, and 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; on April 28, apply 0.38 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer; on June 28, apply 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer. (5) T5: On February 4, 2024, apply 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; on March 29, apply 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer; on April 28, apply 1.8 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.25 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer; on June 28, apply 0.23 kg of compound fertilizer. (6) T6: On February 4, 2024, apply 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; on March 29, apply 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer; on April 28, apply 0.25 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer; on June 28, apply 1.8 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.23 kg of compound fertilizer.

[0077] Table 1. Types of fertilizers applied, amount of fertilizer applied, and date of application for each treatment. 1.4 Fertilization Methods Before applying the experimental peanut bran fertilizer, it was prepared by mixing the experimental amount of peanut bran powder with water at a 1:3 ratio and sealing it for 21 days. The fertilizer was applied in trenches, with a depth of 20-30 cm dug around the tree canopy drip line. The fertilizer was mixed with the soil and then covered with soil. The orchard was managed according to conventional production practices.

[0078] 1.5 Experimental Procedure The experimental orchard was pruned in January 2024. After flowering, a 25ppm solution of 920 was sprayed on April 3 and April 17 respectively. On April 18, the orchard was girdled. From late April to late June, the emerging summer shoots were removed. The same management measures were taken for disease and pest control.

[0079] 1.6 Investigation and Testing Methods 1.6.1 Fruit setting rate observation: One plant was randomly selected from each plot, and one two-year-old branch was taken from each of the four cardinal directions of the plant. The number of flowers and fruits on each branch was investigated on March 10, June 21 and November 2 respectively (see Table 1).

[0080] 1.6.2 Appearance quality and edible rate testing. On November 21, 3 kg of fruit was randomly collected from each plot, and 30 fruits were randomly selected to calculate the weight of a single fruit, measure the fruit diameter, peel thickness, and edible rate.

[0081] 1.6.3 Quality determination: 21 fruits were randomly selected from each plot in 1.6.2 to determine the content of soluble solids, total sugar, titratable acid, and vitamin C. The determination of soluble solids and titratable acid was carried out according to GB / T8210-2011 Inspection Method for Fresh Citrus Fruit, the determination of total sugar was carried out according to SB / T 10203-1994 General Test Method for Fruit Juice, and the determination of vitamin C was carried out according to GB 5009.86-2016 National Food Safety Standard for Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Food (Third Method).

[0082] 1.7 Data Processing: Use Excel spreadsheets for data processing.

[0083] 2 Results and Analysis 2.1 Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer treatments on fruit setting rate and yield of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange 2.1.1 As shown in Table 2, after the physiological fruit drop ended, a survey conducted on June 21st revealed that the fruit setting rates of treatments T2, T3, and T4, which applied peanut bran fertilizer during the budding stage, were 8.41%, 3.11%, and 5.65% higher than the control treatment T1, respectively. The fruit setting rates of treatments T5 (applied at the end of April) and T6 (applied at the end of June) were 12.7% and 10.6% lower than the control T1 (applied only with compound fertilizer), respectively. A survey conducted on November 2nd, 11 months before harvest, showed that the fruit setting rates of treatments T2, T3, and T4, which applied peanut bran fertilizer during the budding stage (February 4th), were 10.13%, 4.92%, and 3.04% higher than T1, respectively. The fruit setting rates of treatments T5 (applied at the end of April) and T6 (applied at the end of June) were 12.01% and 13.89% lower than the control T1, respectively. The results indicate that applying peanut bran fertilizer during the germination period can improve the fruit setting rate, but the fruit setting rate decreases as the proportion of peanut bran fertilizer increases; applying peanut bran fertilizer at the end of April and the end of June has little effect on improving the fruit setting rate.

[0084] 2.1.2 The yields of the treatments applying peanut bran fertilizer were T6 > T2 > T5 > T3 > T4 > T1, which were 18.27%, 14.82%, 14.60%, 2.84%, and 2.71% higher than the control, respectively. This indicates that the combined application of peanut bran fertilizer and compound fertilizer can increase the yield of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges. During the budding stage, the treatment with 0.9 kg of peanut bran fertilizer per plant (T2) yielded higher than the treatment with 1.8 kg per plant (T3) yielded higher than the treatment with 2.7 kg per plant (T4). Yield decreased with increasing application rate of peanut bran fertilizer. For the same application rate (1.8 kg per plant) at different times, the treatment T6, applied at the end of June, yielded higher than the treatment T5, applied at the end of April, which in turn yielded higher than the treatment T3, which received budding fertilizer.

[0085] 2.2 Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer treatments on agronomic traits of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges Fruit transverse diameter T5 > T1 > T6 > T3 > T2 > T4; pericarp thickness T5 > T1 > T6 > T2 > T3 > T4; average single fruit weight T5 > T1 > T2 > T6 > T4 > T3. This indicates that treatments applying peanut bran fertilizer at the end of April and June, and those applying only compound fertilizer, resulted in relatively larger fruit transverse diameters, thicker pericarps, and heavier average single fruit weights. Treatments applying peanut bran fertilizer during the germination period resulted in relatively smaller fruit transverse diameters, thinner pericarps, and lighter average single fruit weights. The proportion of first and second-grade fruit T3 > T4 > T2 > T5 > T1 > T6 was 3.7, 3.59, 1.85, 0.92, 0, and -3.71 percentage points higher than the control T1, respectively, indicating that applying peanut bran fertilizer during the germination period can increase the proportion of first and second-grade fruit.

[0086] Table 2 Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer application treatments on agronomic traits 2.3 Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer treatments on the quality of Golden Sunflower Mandarins As can be seen from Table 3, the soluble solid content is T4 > T5 > T3 > T2 > T6 > T1, which are 10.10%, 6.29%, 3.96%, 2.10%, and 0.23% higher than T1 respectively; the titratable acid is T4 < T2 = T5 < T6 = T3 < T1, which are 13.51%, 10.81%, 10.81%, 2.7%, and 2.7% lower than T1 respectively; the solid-acid ratio is T4 > T5 > T2 > T6 > T3 > T1, which are 25.76%, 17.95%, 15.37%, 11.42%, and 7.75% higher than the control T1 respectively; the total sugar content is T4 > T2 > T5 > T6 > T1 > T3, which are 5.63%, 4.34%, 3.36%, 2.96%, and -0.59% higher than the control T1 respectively; the sugar-acid ratio is T4 > T2 > T5 > T6 > T3 > T1, which are 21.33%, 17.50%, 15.04%, 11.86%, and 3.70% higher than the control T1 respectively; the vitamin C content is T2 > T4 > T5 > T6 > T3 > T1, which are 16.41%, 10.06%, 8.04%, 5.36%, and 4.38% higher than T1 respectively; the edible rate is T2 > T6 > T4 > T5 > T1 > T3, which are 2.18%, 2.09%, 0.91%, 0.35%, and -2.18% higher than the control T1 respectively. It shows that applying peanut bran fertilizer compound fertilizer can increase the soluble solid, vitamin C, total sugar content, solid-acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio, and edible rate, and reduce the titratable acid content. The soluble solid content of peanut bran fertilizer applied at the germination stage increases with the increase of application rate; for the same application rate (1.8 kg per plant) at different times, the treatment T5 applied at the end of April has the best effect. T4 has the highest soluble solid, total sugar content, solid-acid ratio, and sugar-acid ratio, and the lowest titratable acid content; the soluble solid and solid-acid ratio of T5 are second only to T4, the total sugar, sugar-acid ratio, and vitamin C are lower than T4 and T2, the titratable acid is equivalent to T2 and lower than T4, and the edible rate is lower than the highest T2, T6, and T4. All treatments with peanut bran fertilizer have a strong flavor and better taste, and the treatment T4 has the sweetest and best flavor. <00​​​​​​​​​(100%) T5 > T3 > T2 > T4 > T6 > T1, which were 68.31%, 61.36%, 58.63%, 54.58%, and 3.10% higher than the control, respectively. T5 showed significant differences from T6 and T1, but not from T2, T3, and T4. The weight and percentage of the first harvested fruit were both higher than the control, indicating that the application of peanut bran fertilizer promoted early maturity. The first harvested fruit weight of T5 differed significantly from T6 and T1, and the percentage of the first harvested fruit weight of T5 also differed significantly from T6 and T1, indicating that T5 had the best effect in promoting early maturity. The percentage of the first and second harvested fruit weights of T5 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T6 > T1, which were 38.54%, 36.17%, 26.54%, 20.46%, and 17.07% higher than the control, respectively; indicating that among all treatments applying peanut bran fertilizer up to the second harvest, T5 had the best effect in promoting early maturity.

[0088] Table 4. Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer application treatments on the ripening of Kumquat mandarins. Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

[0089] 2.5 Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer treatments on the economic benefits of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange cultivation Table 5 shows that the net income per mu is T2 > T5 > T6 > T3 > T1 > T4, and the profit rate is T2 > T5 > T6 > T1 > T3 > T4. This indicates that treatment T2 (0.9 kg / plant of peanut bran fertilizer during the germination period) has the highest benefit, followed by treatment T5 (1.8 kg / plant at the end of April). The benefits of different treatments with different amounts of peanut bran fertilizer during the germination period tend to decrease as the amount of fertilizer applied increases. For the same amount of peanut bran fertilizer applied at different times, treatment T5 with the application at the end of April has a higher benefit than treatment T6 with the application at the end of June, which in turn has a higher benefit than treatment T3 with the application at the germination period.

[0090] Table 5. Effects of different peanut bran fertilizer application treatments on the economic benefits of Kumquat mandarin orange cultivation. Experiments show that the combined application of peanut bran fertilizer and compound fertilizer of the present invention can promote early maturity of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges, increase yield, the proportion of first and second grade fruits, soluble solids, solid acid ratio, total sugar, and vitamin C content, reduce titratable acid content, increase edibility, improve quality, and enhance flavor. Judging from the sales situation in recent years, fruits with better flavor that are marketed earlier command better prices. This method can improve the planting benefits of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges.

[0091] During the experiment, the inventors discovered that the best fertilization method for T5 Golden Sunflower Mandarin orange trees that produce 40 kg of fruit is to apply 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per tree during the budding stage, 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer per tree at the end of March (after flowering), 1.8 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.25 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per tree at the end of April, and 0.23 kg of compound fertilizer per tree at the end of June. This method promotes early maturity, high yield, high quality and high efficiency in cultivation. Based on numerous creative experiments, the inventors of this application finally determined the technical solution of this application, especially the fertilization scheme: In early February (spring bud fertilizer), during the spring bud germination period, apply 0.45-0.55 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.45-0.55 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; in late March (after flowering), apply 0.15-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; in late April, apply 1.6-2.0 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per plant; and in late June, apply 0.2-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant.

[0092] The foregoing description of specific exemplary embodiments of the invention is for illustrative and explanatory purposes. These descriptions are not intended to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and it will be apparent that many changes and variations can be made in accordance with the foregoing teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the specific principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to implement and utilize various different exemplary embodiments of the invention, as well as various different choices and variations. The scope of the invention is intended to be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Select areas with relatively low latitudes, southward plots; (2) Cultivate robust plants and shape high-yield trees; (3) Promote flowering and strengthen flowers: Spray micronutrient fertilizers and pesticides during the bud stage to promote flowering and strengthen flowers; (4) Fruit preservation and fruit strengthening: Control summer shoots from mid-April to late June, apply nitrogen fertilizer without roots from late March to late June to preserve fruit, and apply compound fertilizer to strengthen fruit in late June; (5) Green prevention and control of diseases and pests.

2. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the method for cultivating robust plants is as follows: Select a relatively low latitude area, southward plot; plant in planting holes with base fertilizer applied at the bottom from February to April; 20 to 30 days after planting, apply 5 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 50 g of compound fertilizer, and apply again after half a month; in the first and second years after planting, apply fertilizer twice per shoot, once 15 days before shoot emergence and once after shoot emergence is uniform, each time applying 8 to 12 kg of 0.5% peanut bran liquid fertilizer + 50 to 150 g of compound fertilizer; in winter, combine deep plowing and widening of the planting hole, bury 0.9 to 1.2 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.9 to 1.2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; when each shoot bud is 0.4 to 0.6 cm long, spray with a solution of 1.8% abamectin 3000 to 5000 ppm or 2.5% imidacloprid 2000 ppm or 20% cypermethrin 800 to 1000 times for protection, and spray again after 7 to 10 days.

3. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the method for shaping a high-yield tree is as follows: remove the terminal bud at 30cm to 50cm from the main trunk, retain 3 to 6 main branches, and perform pruning, pinching, and branch pulling on the main branches. The angle between the main branches and the main trunk is 48° to 53°. Cultivate multi-level secondary main branches, with 2 to 3 secondary main branches at each level and a branching angle of 28° to 32°. The tree crown extends outward in a radial pattern to form a multi-main-branch open-center high-yield tree shape.

4. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the method for promoting flowering and strengthening flowers is as follows: release late summer shoots as fruiting mother branches, control water and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots mature, control winter shoots, and carry out twisting, bending and pulling of branches in November, so that the fruiting branches are at an angle of 38° to 42° with the ground; apply spring bud fertilizer when buds appear or 14 to 16 days before the spring shoots sprout, and spray trace element fertilizer and agents during the bud stage to protect and strengthen flowers.

5. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that, In step (3), the micronutrient fertilizer is 0.2% high-quality urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax + 0.2% magnesium sulfate, and the agent is one of the following: 200 times dilution of 25% carbaryl powder, 400-600 times dilution of 40% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, or 1500-2000 times dilution of 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate. Spray 1-2 times.

6. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the method for fruit preservation and strengthening treatment is as follows: cut off the excessively long spring shoots of the fruit-bearing tree; after the first physiological fruit drop of the vigorous tree, perform ring cutting on a sunny day 12-16 days later to control the shoots; spray 20-30 ppm gibberellin solution for 2 / 3 to 1 week after the flowers have withered, and spray 30-35 ppm gibberellin solution again after 15-20 days, and add 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax to preserve the fruit; apply fertilizer after flowering for trees with many flowers; remove summer shoots; after the second physiological fruit drop, apply N:P2O5:KO2=15:15:15 compound fertilizer to strengthen the fruit.

7. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the fertilization method for preserving and strengthening fruit is as follows: in early February, during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.45-0.55 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.45-0.55 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per plant; in late March, apply 0.15-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; in late April, apply 1.6-2.0 kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per plant; in late June, apply 0.2-0.25 kg of compound fertilizer per plant; do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots are pruned.

8. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin Oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the fertilization method for ensuring fruit preservation and strengthening of 40kg per tree of Golden Sunflower Mandarin Orange is as follows: in early February, during the spring bud sprouting period, apply 0.5kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per tree; in late March, apply 0.2kg of compound fertilizer per tree; in late April, apply 1.8kg of peanut bran fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per tree; in late June, apply 0.23kg of compound fertilizer per tree; do not apply nitrogen fertilizer after the autumn shoots are pruned.

9. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (5), green pest control includes plant quarantine, agricultural control, physical and biological control, and chemical pesticide control.

10. The cultivation method for early-maturing, high-quality, and high-yielding Golden Sunflower Mandarin oranges according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fermentation method of the peanut bran liquid fertilizer is as follows: the ingredients are prepared according to the ratio of brown sugar: peanut bran: water = 1: (2.8~3.3): (14~16), and fermented under sealed conditions for 19~22 days; the peanut bran fertilizer is made by fermenting peanut bran powder (cake): water = 1:3 for 21 days; the peanut bran powder of the peanut bran fertilizer has 66.1% organic matter, 8.95% total nitrogen, 2.21% total phosphorus, and 1.58% total potassium.

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