Integrated thermal energy storage and heat pump system for enhanced demand response

Abstract

A thermal management system is disclosed having an integrated thermal energy storage module that operates in a manner that provides energy saving demand response. The thermal management system monitors operating conditions including indoor and outdoor temperatures, a heat charge status of the integrated thermal energy storage module, a temperature of an energy storage medium of the integrated thermal energy storage module, and a cost of operating the thermal management system. Based on operating conditions, the thermal management system optimizes heating or cooling operations by utilizing the integrated thermal energy storage module when appropriate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The devices and methods disclosed in this document relate to thermal management systems, and more particularly to enhanced demand response using integrated thermal energy storage. Background Technology

[0002] Unless otherwise indicated herein, the material described in this section is not considered prior art by virtue of its inclusion in this section.

[0003] Increased use of renewable energy makes energy storage necessary to accommodate the growing mismatch between times of high energy demand (e.g., cooling homes during summer evenings / nights) and times of high power generation (e.g., wind farms tend to peak at night, or photovoltaic power peaks at midday).

[0004] Thermal energy storage is a relatively inexpensive, safe, and convenient method of energy storage. State-of-the-art heat pump systems are expected to incorporate thermal energy storage to improve energy efficiency and optimize performance by decoupling heating and cooling demands from fluctuations in energy supply. Such systems can utilize advanced thermal energy storage technologies, such as phase change materials or high-capacity water tanks, which will allow thermal energy to be stored during off-peak hours and released later when demand peaks. Summary of the Invention

[0005] A method for operating a thermal management system having a thermal energy storage module is disclosed. The method includes comparing the temperature of a first environment with a dead-zone temperature range near a setpoint temperature of the first environment using a controller. The first environment is then regulated by the thermal management system. The method further includes operating the thermal management system using the controller in response to the temperature of the first environment being outside the dead-zone temperature range to heat or cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy between (i) the first environment and (ii) a second environment or the thermal energy storage module. The method also includes operating the thermal management system using the controller in response to the temperature of the first environment being within the dead-zone temperature range to store or release thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module by transferring thermal energy between the second environment and the thermal energy storage module. Attached Figure Description

[0006] The foregoing aspects and other features of the system and method are explained in the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0007] Figure 1 An overview of the workflow for operating a thermal management system with an integrated thermal energy storage module is shown.

[0008] Figure 2 An exemplary component of a heat pump system for a building with integrated thermal energy storage is shown.

[0009] Figure 3A flowchart is shown for a method of operating a thermal management system, such as a heat pump system, which incorporates a thermal energy storage module.

[0010] Figure 4 A flowchart is shown for a method of selecting a control model for operating a thermal management system.

[0011] Figure 5A A flowchart is shown for a method of controlling a thermal management system using a primary heating model.

[0012] Figure 5B A flowchart is shown for a method of controlling a thermal management system using a primary cooling model. Detailed Implementation

[0013] For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of this disclosure, reference will now be made to embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the following written description. It should be understood that this is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. It should also be understood that this disclosure includes any changes and modifications to the illustrated embodiments, and includes further applications of the principles of this disclosure that would commonly occur to those skilled in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0014] Overview.

[0015] Figure 1 An overview of the workflow for operating a thermal management system with an integrated thermal energy storage module is shown. In exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, the thermal management system is a heat pump system for heating and cooling buildings. However, although the features of this disclosure are primarily described with respect to heat pump systems, it should be understood that the thermal management system may similarly include an air conditioner for cooling buildings, a thermal management system for heating or cooling motor vehicles, or any other thermal management system operating on similar principles, such as a refrigerator or freezer.

[0016] This document discloses a method for operating a thermal management system to optimize the storage and release of thermal energy from an integrated thermal energy storage module during heating and cooling operations, thereby providing energy-saving demand response. The thermal management system monitors (box 10) operating conditions, including indoor and outdoor temperatures, the charge status of the integrated thermal energy storage module, the temperature of the energy storage medium of the integrated thermal energy storage module, and the cost of operating the thermal management system. Based on the operating conditions, the thermal management system operates using either a primary heating model 20 or a primary cooling model 30.

[0017] Typically, during the cool season, the thermal management system operates in the main heating mode 20, and therefore, an integrated thermal energy storage module is used for efficient heating operation. In the main heating mode 20, the thermal management system intelligently operates in either a charging-heating mode 40, a dissipating-heating mode 42, a normal heating mode 44, a standby mode 46, or a normal cooling mode 48, depending on the current operating conditions.

[0018] Conversely, during the warmer season, the thermal management system typically operates in the primary cooling mode 30, and therefore, an integrated thermal energy storage module is used for efficient cooling operation. In the primary cooling mode 30, the thermal management system intelligently operates in either a charging-cooling mode 50, a dissipating-cooling mode 52, a normal cooling mode 48, a standby mode 46, or a normal heating mode 44, depending on the current operating conditions.

[0019] An exemplary heat pump system with integrated thermal energy storage.

[0020] In order to provide a better understanding of the features of this disclosure, an exemplary thermal management system in the form of a heat pump system that incorporates thermal energy storage is described in detail.

[0021] Figure 2 Exemplary components of a heat pump system 100 for a building with integrated thermal energy storage are shown. In the illustrated example, the heat pump system 100 includes an external air heat exchanger 104, an internal air heat exchanger 108, a refrigerant circuit 112, a compressor 116, and an expander 120. Furthermore, the heat pump system 100 includes a thermal energy storage module 130 or is integrated with a thermal energy storage module 130 by means of a plurality of switchable valves 140.

[0022] An external air heat exchanger 104 is configured to transfer heat between a first environment (i.e., including outside air 106) and refrigerant circulating through a refrigerant circuit 112. Structurally, in at least some embodiments, the external air heat exchanger 104 includes a series of coiled metal tubes or fins (not shown) through which the refrigerant circulates, increasing the surface area for heat exchange and promoting efficient absorption or dissipation of heat. The external air heat exchanger 104 is disposed outside a building and, in at least some embodiments, is provided within a housing (e.g., a metal casing (not shown)) to protect it from environmental factors. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a fan is mounted inside the housing to blow air through the coiled tubes or fins of the external air heat exchanger 104, thereby providing enhanced heat transfer.

[0023] An internal air heat exchanger 108 is configured to transfer heat between a refrigerant circulating through a refrigerant loop 112 and a second environment (i.e., including internal air 110). Structurally, in at least some embodiments, the internal air heat exchanger 108 includes a series of coiled metal tubes or fins (not shown) through which the refrigerant circulates, increasing the surface area for heat exchange and promoting efficient absorption or dissipation of heat. The internal air heat exchanger 108 is arranged inside a building, and in at least some embodiments, within an indoor ventilation system, such that a fan installed in the ventilation system blows air through the coiled tubes or fins of an external air heat exchanger 104 to distribute conditioned air throughout the building.

[0024] The refrigerant circuit 112 is a closed, continuous loop system that circulates refrigerant through various components of the heat pump system 100 to transfer heat energy. In some embodiments, the refrigerant circuit 112 may more broadly take the form of a heat transfer fluid circuit, whose circulating heat transfer fluid includes refrigerant, water, ethylene glycol solution (antifreeze), etc. Therefore, the refrigerant and refrigerant circuit 112 mentioned herein should be understood to alternatively incorporate any heat transfer fluid. The refrigerant circuit 112 consists of pipes connecting components of the heat pump system 100, including an external air heat exchanger 104, an internal air heat exchanger 108, a compressor 116, and an expander 120. The refrigerant flows through these components during the cycle, undergoing a phase change between liquid and gas in some cases when the refrigerant absorbs or releases heat. In addition, as will be discussed in more detail below, the refrigerant circuit 112 is also connected to the thermal energy storage module 130 by means of a plurality of switchable valves 140 to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module 130 and release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module 130.

[0025] Compressor 116 is disposed in refrigerant circuit 112 along a first circulation path between internal air heat exchanger 108 and external air heat exchanger 104. Compressor 116 is configured to compress refrigerant and circulate the refrigerant through refrigerant circuit 112. Compressor 116 includes a motor, which generally uses electrical energy to compress the refrigerant to increase both its pressure and temperature after the refrigerant has absorbed heat from elsewhere along refrigerant circuit 112. In some embodiments, heat pump system 100 includes a plurality of compressors 116.

[0026] An expander 120 is disposed in the refrigerant circuit 112 along a second circulation path between the internal air heat exchanger 108 and the external air heat exchanger 104, the second circulation path being different from the first circulation path including the compressor 116. The expander 120 is configured to further regulate the pressure of the refrigerant as it moves through the refrigerant circuit 112. In particular, the expander 120 includes an expansion valve or capillary tube, which is configured to generally reduce both the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant after it has released heat elsewhere along the refrigerant circuit 112. In some embodiments, the heat pump system 100 includes a plurality of expanders 120.

[0027] It should be understood that the illustrated embodiment of heat pump system 100 is in the form of an air-source heat pump. However, in alternative embodiments, heat pump system 100 may take the form of a ground-source (geothermal) heat pump or a water-source heat pump. Ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps transfer heat between a building and the ground or groundwater. These systems use an underground refrigerant loop that absorbs heat from or releases heat to the earth, which maintains a relatively constant temperature throughout the year. Similarly, water-source heat pumps exchange heat with a water tank in a building or with a body of water such as a lake, river, or well or others. These systems extract heat from the water for heating or release heat into the water for cooling.

[0028] In any case, the heat pump system 100 advantageously includes a thermal energy storage module 130. The thermal energy storage module 130 is configured to store excess thermal energy for later release. Specifically, when the heat pump system 100 generates more thermal energy than is needed for immediate use, the thermal energy storage module 130 captures the excess thermal energy. For example, during periods of high heat pump efficiency or low demand, the heat pump system 100 can divert excess thermal energy to the thermal energy storage module 130. When demand increases or the heat pump system 100 is not operating optimally, the stored thermal energy can be released back into the refrigerant circuit 112 to meet heating or cooling needs. This process helps balance the load, reduce peak energy consumption, and improve overall system efficiency.

[0029] The thermal energy storage module 130 typically comprises one or more insulated storage tanks (not shown) filled with a thermal storage medium, such as water or a phase change material (TES). In the illustrated embodiment, the thermal energy storage module 130 includes a phase change material 134 and a TES heat exchanger 138. The TES heat exchanger 138 is connected to the refrigerant circuit 112 via a plurality of switchable valves 140, which are operated to direct the flow of refrigerant between the thermal energy storage module 130 and the remainder of the heat pump system 100. In some embodiments, the thermal energy storage module 130 has its own compressor or expander (not shown), making it easier to improve existing designs compared to compressors 116 and expanders 120 that rely entirely on the heat pump system 100. The compressor within the thermal energy storage module 130 can be specifically optimized for the thermal energy storage module 130 and can therefore be more efficient and less costly.

[0030] The phase change material 134 in the thermal energy storage module 130 is a substance that stores and releases thermal energy through a phase change, typically from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. It should be understood that the phase change material 134 may alternatively include any other thermal storage medium, such as water. When the heat pump system 100 generates excess thermal energy, the phase change material 134 can absorb the thermal energy and undergo a phase change, thereby effectively storing the thermal energy at a constant temperature. Conversely, when there is a demand for thermal energy, the phase change material 134 can release the stored thermal energy upon reverting to its original phase.

[0031] In one embodiment, the thermal energy storage module 130 includes two different thermal storage media (not shown), specifically two different phase change materials 134. The first phase change material 134 is optimized for releasing heat energy into the indoor environment while heating it. The second phase change material 134 is optimized for storing heat energy extracted from the indoor environment while cooling it. The two different phase change materials 134 can be, for example, different materials or mixtures of different materials.

[0032] The TES heat exchanger 138 in the thermal energy storage module 130 is configured to transfer heat between the refrigerant circulating through the refrigerant loop 112 and the phase change material 134. Structurally, in at least some embodiments, the TES heat exchanger 138 includes a series of coiled metal tubes or fins (not shown) through which the refrigerant circulates. The TES heat exchanger 138 is arranged within or adjacent to the phase change material 134 to maximize the contact surface area and ensure efficient heat exchange.

[0033] The TES heat exchanger 138 is connected between the inlet and outlet connections (not shown) of the thermal energy storage module 130, allowing refrigerant from the refrigerant circuit 112 to flow through the TES heat exchanger 138 to store or release thermal energy in the phase change material 134. It should be understood that the “inlet connection” and “outlet connection” of the thermal energy storage module 130 do not necessarily refer to specific refrigerant connections, as refrigerant can flow through the thermal energy storage module 130 in either direction. Therefore, the “inlet connection” and “outlet connection” of the thermal energy storage module 130 should be understood as interchangeable.

[0034] In some embodiments, the thermal energy storage module 130 further includes a resistance heating element 136 disposed adjacent to or within the phase change material 134. The resistance heating element 136 typically comprises high-resistance metal wires coiled or shaped to maximize surface area and disposed within an insulating material, such as ceramic. When electricity is passed through the resistance heating element 136, it heats the element, and the heat is absorbed by the phase change material 134, thereby charging the thermal energy storage module 130.

[0035] A plurality of switchable valves 140 are suitably arranged and operated to manage the storage and release of thermal energy within the thermal energy storage module 130, and to direct refrigerant flow through the external air heat exchanger 104 and / or the internal air heat exchanger 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of switchable valves 140 may include multi-way valves (e.g., three-way valves), or an equivalent arrangement of multiple valves. The plurality of switchable valves 140 may include a variety of possible configurations that allow the thermal energy storage module 130 to be selectively bypassed in a first switching state, selectively connected in series with the external air heat exchanger 104 in a second switching state, and selectively connected in series with the internal air heat exchanger 108 in a third switching state.

[0036] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the multiple switchable valves 140 are configured to selectively connect the compressor 116 and / or the expander 120 to the refrigerant circuit 112 between the external air heat exchanger 104 and the TES heat exchanger 138, to the refrigerant circuit 112 between the TES heat exchanger 138 and the internal air heat exchanger 108, and to the refrigerant circuit 112 between the external air heat exchanger 104 and the internal air heat exchanger 108, respectively, under different switching states. Finally, in some embodiments, the multiple switchable valves 140 are configured to allow the compressor 116 and / or the expander 120 to be reversed in the refrigerant circuit 112 under different switching states.

[0037] In at least some embodiments, the heat pump system 100 also includes a controller 150 configured to manage the overall operation of the heat pump system 100. For this purpose, the controller 150 is configured to monitor various parameters, including, for example, the temperature of the indoor environment, the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment, the temperature of the phase change material 134, and the charging status of the thermal energy storage module 130. By continuously monitoring these parameters, the controller 150 makes real-time adjustments to the operation of the heat pump system 100, such as modulating the speed of the compressor 116 or adjusting multiple switchable valves 140 to store or release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module 130.

[0038] In some embodiments, the controller 150 is operatively connected to various temperature sensors configured to measure different temperatures within the heat pump system 100. These temperature sensors may include thermocouples or thermistors strategically positioned to measure the corresponding temperature. In one embodiment, the indoor temperature sensor 152 measures one or both of the ambient indoor temperature (e.g., at a thermostat) and the air temperature entering the indoor air heat exchanger 108. In one embodiment, the outdoor temperature sensor 154 measures one or both of the ambient outdoor temperature and the air temperature entering the outdoor air heat exchanger 104. In one embodiment, the PCM temperature sensor 156 measures the temperature of the phase change material 134.

[0039] The controller 150 is configured to selectively operate the heat pump system 100 in heating mode, cooling mode, or standby mode. In standby mode, the heat pump system 100 does not actively heat or cool, but remains ready to engage when needed.

[0040] In heating mode, the heat pump system 100 operates by transferring heat from outside air to the interior of the building using a refrigerant circuit 112. A controller 150 operates a compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The higher-temperature, higher-pressure refrigerant from the compressor 116 circulates through an internal air heat exchanger 108, where it releases heat to warm the interior air 110. Next, the refrigerant passes through an expander 120, where it undergoes a decrease in pressure and temperature. The lower-temperature, lower-pressure refrigerant from the expander 120 circulates through an external air heat exchanger 104, where it absorbs heat from the outside air, even under cold conditions. The refrigerant then returns to the compressor 116 to repeat the cycle.

[0041] In cooling mode, the heat pump system 100 operates in reverse, transferring heat from the building's interior to the external environment. The controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The higher-temperature, higher-pressure refrigerant from the compressor 116 circulates through the external air heat exchanger 104, where it releases heat into the outside air 106. Next, the refrigerant passes through the expander 120, where it undergoes a decrease in pressure and temperature. The lower-temperature, lower-pressure refrigerant from the expander 120 circulates through the internal air heat exchanger 108, where it absorbs heat from the internal air 110. The refrigerant then returns to the compressor 116 to repeat the cycle.

[0042] In addition to operating the heat pump system 100 in conventional heating or cooling modes, the controller 150 also operates a plurality of switchable valves 140 to control the heat pump system 100 to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module 130, or to release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module 130 as needed in either heating or cooling mode.

[0043] When the heat pump system 100 operates to store heat energy in the heat storage module 130 (i.e., in heat charge mode), the controller 150 operates a plurality of switchable valves 140 in a specific manner to direct refrigerant flow from the compressor 116 or from the expander 120 toward the heat storage module 130. In heat charge mode, the controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to circulate the refrigerant, such that excess heat energy generated during operation is transferred to the heat storage module 130 instead of being released into the internal air 110 or the external air 106. Specifically, in cooling mode, the heat storage module 130 stores heat energy absorbed from the internal air 110 for the purpose of cooling the environment. Conversely, in heating mode, the heat storage module 130 stores heat energy absorbed from the external air 106.

[0044] When the heat pump system 100 operates to release heat from the thermal energy storage module 130 (i.e., in heat dissipation mode), the controller 150 operates a plurality of switchable valves 140 in a specific manner to direct refrigerant flow from the thermal energy storage module 130 to the internal air heat exchanger 108 or the external air heat exchanger 104. In heat dissipation mode, the controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to circulate the refrigerant, causing heat to be released from the thermal energy storage module 130 rather than absorbed from the external air 106 or the internal air 110. Specifically, in heating mode, the thermal energy storage module 130 releases heat into the internal air 110 for the purpose of heating the building. Conversely, in cooling mode, the thermal energy storage module 130 releases heat into the external air 106.

[0045] In some embodiments, the controller 150 incorporates a smart algorithm that, based on predictive analysis of energy demand, weather forecasts, and electricity rates, determines the optimal time for charging and discharging heat from the thermal energy storage module 130. The controller 150 adjusts the operation of the compressor 116 and uses multiple switchable valves 140 to regulate the flow path of the refrigerant circuit 112 to store or release heat in the thermal energy storage module 130, thereby minimizing energy costs, maximizing efficiency, and extending the lifespan of the heat pump system 100.

[0046] In at least some embodiments, the heat pump system 100 also includes an IoT gateway 170. The IoT gateway 170 acts as a communication bridge between the controller 150 and the cloud backend 180 and / or mobile electronic devices 190. The IoT gateway 170 includes, for example, a microprocessor and a network communication module, which includes one or more transceivers (e.g., Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or cellular) for connecting to the cloud backend 180 and / or mobile electronic devices 190. The IoT gateway 170 enables data exchange and remote monitoring by transmitting system performance metrics (such as sensor data, energy usage, and operating status) to the cloud backend 180 and / or mobile electronic devices 190. Furthermore, the IoT gateway 170 enables users to control the heat pump system 100 via a mobile application on the mobile electronic device 190 or via a web application on the cloud backend 180.

[0047] In at least some embodiments, the cloud backend 180 includes one or more servers that act as a central hub for data processing, storage, and system management. The cloud backend 180 receives data (including sensor data, energy usage, and operational status) from the IoT gateway 170 and processes and stores this information for analysis and optimization. In some embodiments, the cloud backend 180 also facilitates user interaction by communicating with a mobile electronic device 190 or another computing device, allowing users to remotely monitor and control the heat pump system 100 via a mobile or web application.

[0048] In at least some embodiments, the mobile electronic device 190 operates as a user interface for remotely monitoring and controlling the heat pump system 100. The mobile electronic device 190 communicates directly or via the cloud backend 180 with the IoT gateway 170, allowing the user to monitor system performance, adjust temperature settings, schedule heating or cooling modes, etc.

[0049] Method for controlling a thermal management system with thermal energy storage.

[0050] Figure 3A flowchart of a method 200 for operating a thermal management system, such as a heat pump system 100, is shown, which incorporates a thermal energy storage module 130. Method 200 advantageously optimizes the storage and release of thermal energy from the integrated thermal energy storage module during heating and cooling operations to provide energy-efficient demand response.

[0051] Method 200 begins by measuring operating parameters of a thermal management system with a thermal energy storage module (block 210). Specifically, the controller 150 of the heat pump system 100 operates one or more sensors of the heat pump system 100 to measure values ​​of multiple parameters (or operating conditions) of the heat pump system 100. Specifically, the controller 150 operates the indoor temperature sensor 152 to measure the temperature of the indoor environment. The indoor environment is conditioned by a heat pump system 100, and an internal air heat exchanger 108 is installed within the indoor environment. A controller 150 operates an outdoor temperature sensor 154 to measure the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. An external air heat exchanger 104 is disposed in the outdoor environment. A controller 150 operates a PCM temperature sensor 156 to measure the temperature of the phase change material 134. .

[0052] Furthermore, the controller 150 is configured to estimate or directly measure the thermal state of the thermal energy storage module 130, for example, based on sensor data from various sensors (not shown). Alternatively, the controller 150 receives the estimated thermal state of the thermal energy storage module 130 from another device that estimates the thermal state.

[0053] Ultimately, controller 150 is configured to receive time-of-use (TOU) rate plans that indicate at least one time window during which the electricity cost of operating heat pump system 100 is relatively increased compared to another time window during which the electricity cost of operating heat pump system 100 is relatively reduced (referred to herein as a "off-peak time window"). TOU rate plans can be input, for example, by a user using mobile electronic device 190 via a mobile or web application, and received by controller 150 from mobile electronic device 190 via IoT gateway 170. Alternatively, controller 150 can receive TOU rate plans directly from the utility company providing the electricity (i.e., from a remote server).

[0054] Method 200 continues to select the operating mode of the thermal management system based on the measured parameters (block 220). Specifically, as will be discussed below, the controller 150 of the heat pump system 100 selects the operating mode of the heat pump system 100 based on multiple parameters of the heat pump system 100 and with reference to one or more setpoint temperatures or thresholds. The heat pump system 100 can be operated in a variety of different operating modes, and the controller 150 intelligently selects the appropriate operating mode.

[0055] In normal or conventional heating mode, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the outdoor environment and release it into the indoor environment, thereby heating the indoor environment. In normal or conventional cooling mode, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the indoor environment and release it into the outdoor environment, thereby cooling the indoor environment. In standby mode, the heat pump system 100 does not actively heat or cool, but remains ready to operate when needed.

[0056] In the charge-heat mode, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the outdoor environment and store it in the heat storage module 130, thereby charging the heat storage module 130. In the exhaust-heat mode, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the heat storage module 130 and release it into the indoor environment, thereby heating the indoor environment and exhausting heat from the heat storage module 130.

[0057] In the heat pump system 100, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the indoor environment and store it in the heat storage module 130, thereby cooling the indoor environment and charging the heat storage module 130. In the heat dissipation-cooling mode, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the heat storage module 130 and release it to the outdoor environment, thereby dissipating heat from the heat storage module 130.

[0058] Figure 4 A flowchart of a method 300 for selecting an operating control model for a thermal management system is shown. Specifically, in at least some embodiments, the controller 150 uses two different control models to operate the heat pump system 100: a primary heating model 320 and a primary cooling model 330. In the primary heating model 320, the heat pump system 100 is primarily, but not exclusively, used to heat the indoor environment, and the thermal energy storage module 130 is used only for heating purposes. Typically, during the cool season, the primary heating model 320 will be used by the controller 150. Conversely, in the primary cooling model 330, the heat pump system 100 is primarily, but not exclusively, used to cool the indoor environment, and the thermal energy storage module 130 is used only for cooling purposes. Typically, during the warm season, the primary cooling model 330 will be used by the controller 150.

[0059] Controller 150 determines the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment during a predetermined time period (e.g., within the previous month). The average value. Next, the controller 150 will measure the ambient temperature. The average value is compared with the threshold temperature (box 310). In some embodiments, the first threshold temperature is a setpoint temperature used to cool the indoor environment. In some embodiments, the first threshold temperature (e.g., This is a setpoint temperature offset by a predetermined degree for cooling the indoor environment. Response to ambient temperature The average value is less than the first threshold temperature (e.g., ), controller 150 selects the main heating model 320 for operating heat pump system 100. In response to ambient temperature The average value is greater than or equal to the first threshold temperature (e.g., The controller 150 selects the main cooling model 330 for operating the heat pump system 100.

[0060] Figure 5A A flowchart of a method 400A for controlling a thermal management system using a main heating model 320 is shown. Specifically, once it has been decided to operate using the main heating model 320 (i.e., when...) (At that time), the controller 150 will control the indoor temperature. Compare the dead zone temperature range to the setpoint temperature of the indoor environment (boxes 404 and 406). In the main heating model 320, the dead zone temperature range is determined by the setpoint temperature used to heat the indoor environment. Nearby positive and negative dead zone offsets To define (i.e., ).

[0061] Responding to indoor temperature Outside the dead zone temperature range, the controller 150 selects an operating mode that allows the indoor environment to be heated or cooled as needed. In contrast, it responds to the temperature of the indoor environment. Within the dead zone temperature range, for the purpose of future heating operations, the controller 150 selects an operating mode to manage the charging state of the thermal energy storage module 130.

[0062] More specifically, controller 150 checks (box 404) the temperature of the indoor environment. Is it less than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., ). Response to indoor ambient temperature If the temperature is below the dead zone, the controller 150 selects an operating mode that allows the indoor environment to be heated as needed, such as selecting heat dissipation-heating mode 408 or normal heating mode 410.

[0063] In some embodiments, when the indoor ambient temperature Less than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., When the controller 150 evaluates one or more additional conditions to determine whether the heat dissipation-heating mode 408 or the normal heating mode 410 should be selected.

[0064] In one embodiment, controller 150 checks (box 418) whether the current time is within a peak time window as defined by the time-sharing rate plan (i.e., The electricity cost of operating the heat pump system 100 during the peak time window is relatively higher than that during the off-peak time window, when the electricity cost is relatively lower. This is in response to the current time being within the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects the heat dissipation-heating mode 408. Otherwise, in response to the current time being outside the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects normal heating mode 410.

[0065] In one embodiment, controller 150 also checks (block 420) whether the thermal state of charge of thermal storage module 130 exceeds a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be a value indicating the minimum expected thermal state of charge of thermal storage module 130 (e.g., 0 or 0% SOC). In response to the thermal state exceeding the predetermined threshold (e.g., ...), ), controller 150 selects the heat dissipation-heating mode 408. Otherwise, in response to the charging state being less than or equal to a predetermined threshold (e.g., ), controller 150 selects normal heating mode 410.

[0066] In one embodiment, the controller 150 also controls the temperature of the phase change material 134. Ambient temperature of the outdoor environment Compared to (box 422). The temperature response of phase change material 134. Ambient temperature greater than the outdoor environment (Right now, ), controller 150 selects heat dissipation-heating mode 408. Otherwise, in response to the temperature of phase change material 134 Lower than the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment (Right now, ), controller 150 selects normal heating mode 410.

[0067] In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 150 responds only to all three conditions (i.e., , and If all conditions are true, then the heat dissipation-heating mode 408 is selected. Otherwise, the controller 150 selects the normal heating mode 410. However, it should be understood that in some embodiments, different combinations or subsets of these conditions may be used.

[0068] Referring again to box 404, if the indoor temperature is determined... Not less than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., Then controller 150 checks (box 406) the indoor ambient temperature. Is it within the dead zone temperature range (i.e., ). Response to indoor ambient temperature Within the dead zone temperature range, for the purpose of future heating operations, the controller 150 selects an operating mode as needed to manage the charging state of the thermal energy storage module 130, for example, selecting charging-heating mode 416 or standby mode 414.

[0069] In some embodiments, when the indoor ambient temperature Within the dead zone temperature range (i.e., When the controller 150 evaluates one or more additional conditions to determine whether to select the charge-heating mode 416 or the standby mode 414.

[0070] More specifically, in one embodiment, controller 150 checks (box 424) whether the current time is outside the peak time window as defined by the time-sharing rate plan (i.e., The electricity cost of operating the heat pump system 100 during the peak time window is relatively higher compared to the off-peak time window during which the electricity cost is relatively lower. This is in response to the current time being outside the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects the charging-heating mode 416. Otherwise, it responds to the current time being within the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects standby mode 414.

[0071] In one embodiment, controller 150 also checks (block 426) whether the state of charge of thermal storage module 130 is less than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be a value indicating the maximum expected state of charge of thermal storage module 130 (e.g., 1 or 100% SOC). In response to the state of charge being less than the predetermined threshold (e.g., ...), ), controller 150 selects the charge-heat mode 416. Otherwise, in response to the charge state being greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold (e.g., ), controller 150 selects standby mode 414.

[0072] In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 150 responds to two conditions (i.e., and If all conditions are true, the heating-charging mode 416 is selected. Otherwise, the controller 150 selects the standby mode 414. However, it should be understood that in some embodiments, different combinations of these conditions or only one condition may be used.

[0073] Referring again to box 406, if the indoor temperature is determined... If it is not within the dead zone temperature range, then it responds to the indoor ambient temperature. Greater than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., The controller 150 selects an operating mode that allows the indoor environment to be cooled as needed, for example, selecting normal cooling mode 412 or standby mode 414.

[0074] In some embodiments, when the indoor ambient temperature Greater than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., When the controller 150 evaluates one or more additional conditions to determine whether normal cooling mode 412 or standby mode 414 should be selected.

[0075] More specifically, in one embodiment, the controller 150 also includes the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. Compared with a second threshold temperature (box 428). In at least one embodiment, the predetermined threshold temperature is the building equilibrium temperature. Building equilibrium temperature Indicates the outdoor temperature at which the building's heat gain (such as from internal sources like occupants, appliances, and lighting) equals its heat loss (such as through walls, windows, and roof). In other words, the building's equilibrium temperature. This is the temperature at which a building maintains its indoor temperature without requiring heating or cooling. It is the temperature in response to the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. greater than the building's equilibrium temperature (Right now, ), controller 150 selects normal cooling mode 412. Otherwise, it responds to the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. Less than the building's equilibrium temperature (Right now, The controller 150 selects standby mode 414. In this case, it can be expected that the indoor environment will cool naturally due to the cold outdoor temperature.

[0076] Figure 5B A flowchart of a method 400B for controlling a thermal management system using a primary cooling model 330 is shown. Specifically, once it has been decided to operate using the primary cooling model 330 (i.e., (At that time), the controller 150 will control the indoor temperature. Compare the dead zone temperature range to the setpoint temperature of the indoor environment (boxes 430 and 432). In the main cooling model 330, the dead zone temperature range is determined by the setpoint temperature used to cool the indoor environment. Nearby positive and negative dead zone offsets To define (i.e., ).

[0077] Responding to indoor temperature Outside the dead zone temperature range, the controller 150 selects an operating mode that allows the indoor environment to be heated or cooled as needed. In contrast, it responds to the temperature of the indoor environment. Within the dead zone temperature range, for the purpose of future cooling operations, the controller 150 selects an operating mode that manages the thermal energy storage module 130's charging state.

[0078] More specifically, controller 150 checks (box 430) the temperature of the indoor environment. Is it greater than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., ). Response to indoor ambient temperature If the temperature exceeds the dead zone range, the controller 150 selects an operating mode that allows the indoor environment to be cooled as needed, for example, selecting a heat charging-cooling mode 434 or a normal cooling mode 412.

[0079] In some embodiments, when the indoor ambient temperature Greater than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., When the controller 150 evaluates one or more additional conditions to determine whether the heat charging-cooling mode 434 or the normal cooling mode 412 should be selected.

[0080] In one embodiment, controller 150 checks (box 438) whether the current time is within a peak time window as defined by the time-sharing rate plan (i.e., The electricity cost of operating the heat pump system 100 during the peak time window is relatively higher than that during the off-peak time window, when the electricity cost is relatively lower. This is in response to the current time being within the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects the charging-cooling mode 434. Otherwise, it responds to the current time being outside the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects normal cooling mode 412.

[0081] In one embodiment, controller 150 also checks (block 440) whether the state of charge of thermal storage module 130 is less than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be a value indicating the maximum expected state of charge of thermal storage module 130 (e.g., 1 or 100% SOC). In response to the state of charge being less than the predetermined threshold (e.g., ...), ), controller 150 selects the charging-cooling mode 434. Otherwise, in response to the charging state being greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold (e.g., ), controller 150 selects normal cooling mode 412.

[0082] In one embodiment, the controller 150 also controls the temperature of the phase change material 134. Ambient temperature of the outdoor environment Compared to (box 442). The temperature response of phase change material 134. Lower than the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment (Right now, ), controller 150 selects the charging-cooling mode 434. Otherwise, in response to the temperature of phase change material 134 Ambient temperature greater than the outdoor environment (Right now, ), controller 150 selects normal cooling mode 412.

[0083] In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 150 responds only to all three conditions (i.e., , and If all conditions are true, then the heating-cooling mode 434 is selected. Otherwise, the controller 150 selects the normal cooling mode 412. However, it should be understood that in some embodiments, different combinations or subsets of these conditions may be used.

[0084] Referring again to frame 430, if the indoor temperature is determined... Not greater than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., Then controller 150 checks (box 432) the indoor ambient temperature. Is it within the dead zone temperature range (i.e., ). Response to indoor ambient temperature Within the dead zone temperature range, for the purpose of future cooling operations, the controller 150 selects an operating mode as needed to manage the thermal state of the thermal energy storage module 130, for example, selecting the heat dissipation-cooling mode 436 or the standby mode 414.

[0085] In some embodiments, when the indoor ambient temperature Within the dead zone temperature range (i.e., When the controller 150 evaluates one or more additional conditions to determine whether the heat dissipation-cooling mode 436 or the standby mode 414 should be selected.

[0086] More specifically, in one embodiment, controller 150 checks (box 446) whether the current time is outside the peak time window as defined by the time-sharing rate plan (i.e., The electricity cost of operating the heat pump system 100 during the peak time window is relatively higher compared to the off-peak time window during which the electricity cost is relatively lower. This is in response to the current time being outside the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects heat dissipation-cooling mode 436. Otherwise, it responds to the current time being within the peak time window (i.e., ), controller 150 selects standby mode 414.

[0087] In one embodiment, controller 150 also checks (block 448) whether the state of charge of thermal storage module 130 is greater than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be a value indicating the minimum expected state of charge of thermal storage module 130 (e.g., 0 or 0% SOC). In response to a state of charge less than the predetermined threshold (e.g., ...), the controller will detect if the thermal storage module 130 is in a state of charge less than the predetermined threshold. ), controller 150 selects heat dissipation-cooling mode 436. Otherwise, in response to a charging state less than or equal to a predetermined threshold (e.g., ), controller 150 selects standby mode 414.

[0088] In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 150 responds to two conditions (i.e., and If all conditions are true, the heat dissipation-cooling mode 436 is selected. Otherwise, the controller 150 selects the standby mode 414. However, it should be understood that in some embodiments, different combinations of these conditions or only one condition may be used.

[0089] Referring again to box 432, if the indoor temperature is determined... If it is not within the dead zone temperature range, then it responds to the indoor ambient temperature. Less than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., The controller 150 selects an operating mode that allows the indoor environment to be heated as needed, for example, selecting normal heating mode 410 or standby mode 414.

[0090] In some embodiments, when the indoor ambient temperature Less than the dead zone temperature range (i.e., When the controller 150 evaluates one or more additional conditions, it determines whether to select normal heating mode 410 or standby mode 414.

[0091] More specifically, in one embodiment, the controller 150 also includes the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. Compared to a second threshold temperature (box 450). In at least one embodiment, the predetermined threshold temperature is the building equilibrium temperature. Building equilibrium temperature Indicates the outdoor temperature at which the building's heat gain (such as from internal sources like occupants, appliances, and lighting) equals its heat loss (such as through walls, windows, and roof). In other words, the building's equilibrium temperature. This is the temperature at which a building maintains its indoor temperature without requiring heating or cooling. It is the temperature in response to the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. Less than the building's equilibrium temperature (Right now, ), controller 150 selects normal heating mode 410. Otherwise, it responds to the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. greater than the building's equilibrium temperature (Right now, The controller 150 selects standby mode 414. In this case, it can be expected that the indoor environment will naturally warm up due to the warm outdoor temperature.

[0092] In some embodiments where the thermal energy storage module 130 incorporates a resistance heating element 136, the controller 150 is configured to selectively operate the resistance heating element 136 to add thermal energy to the thermal energy storage module 130 by heating the phase change material 134. In some embodiments, the controller 150 operates the resistance heating element 136 as an alternative to the charge-heat mode 416, and does so in response to the same conditions discussed above regarding the charge-heat mode 416.

[0093] Furthermore, in one embodiment, controller 150 determines and compares (i) the energy efficiency of operating resistance heating element 136 to store thermal energy in thermal energy storage module 130, and (ii) the energy efficiency of operating compressor 116 to circulate refrigerant through TES heat exchanger 138 to store thermal energy in thermal energy storage module 130 (i.e., in charge-heating mode 416). Controller 150, for example, bases its decisions on the ambient temperature of the outdoor environment. Temperature of phase change material 134 To determine these energy efficiencies. In response to determining that operating the resistance heating element 136 to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module 130 is more energy efficient, the controller 150 operates the resistance heating element 136 to store additional thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module 130 by heating the phase change material 134.

[0094] Method 200 continues to operate the thermal management system (block 230) in the selected operating mode. In particular, once an operating mode has been selected, the controller 150 operates the heat pump system 100 in the selected operating mode to heat or cool the indoor environment and / or charge or dissipate heat to the thermal energy storage module 130.

[0095] When normal heating mode 410 is selected, heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the outdoor environment and release it into the indoor environment, thereby heating the indoor environment. Controller 150 operates compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The refrigerant at higher temperature and pressure from compressor 116 circulates through internal air heat exchanger 108, where it releases heat to warm the indoor air 110. Next, the refrigerant passes through expander 120, where it undergoes a decrease in pressure and temperature. The refrigerant at lower temperature and pressure from expander 120 circulates through external air heat exchanger 104, where it absorbs heat from the outside air, even under cold conditions. The refrigerant then returns to compressor 116 to repeat the cycle.

[0096] In normal cooling mode 412, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat from the indoor environment and release it to the outdoor environment, thereby cooling the indoor environment. The controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The refrigerant at higher temperature and pressure from the compressor 116 circulates through the external air heat exchanger 104, where it releases heat into the outside air 106. Next, the refrigerant passes through the expander 120, where it undergoes a decrease in pressure and temperature. The refrigerant at lower temperature and pressure from the expander 120 circulates through the internal air heat exchanger 108, where it absorbs heat from the internal air 110. The refrigerant then returns to the compressor 116 to repeat the cycle.

[0097] When the heat dissipation-heating mode 408 is selected, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the thermal energy storage module 130 and release it into the indoor environment, thereby heating the indoor environment and dissipating heat from the thermal energy storage module 130. Specifically, the controller 150 operates multiple switchable valves 140 to allow refrigerant from the internal air heat exchanger 108 to circulate through the expander 120, having already been cooled by releasing heat into the internal air 110. The lower-temperature, lower-pressure refrigerant from the expander 120 circulates through the TES heat exchanger 138, where it absorbs heat from the phase change material 134, releasing heat energy for heating. The controller 150 operates the multiple switchable valves 140 to allow the refrigerant from the TES heat exchanger 138 to circulate through the compressor 116. The controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The refrigerant, which is at a higher temperature and pressure, from the compressor 116 then returns to the internal air heat exchanger 108 to repeat the cycle.

[0098] When the charge-heat mode 416 is selected, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the outdoor environment and store it in the heat storage module 130, thereby charging the heat storage module 130. Specifically, the controller 150 operates multiple switchable valves 140 to circulate refrigerant from the external air heat exchanger 104 through the compressor 116, which has already been heated by absorbing heat from the external air 106. The controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The higher-temperature, higher-pressure refrigerant from the compressor 116 circulates through the TES heat exchanger 138, where the refrigerant releases heat into the phase change material 134, thereby storing heat energy for heating. The controller 150 operates the multiple switchable valves 140 to circulate the refrigerant from the TES heat exchanger 138 through the expander 120. The refrigerant, at a lower temperature and lower pressure, from the expander 120 circulates through the external air heat exchanger 104, where it absorbs heat from the outside air 106. The refrigerant then returns to the compressor 116 to repeat the cycle.

[0099] When the heat pump system 100 is selected in the heat charge-cooling mode 434, it operates to extract heat energy from the indoor environment and store it in the heat storage module 130, thereby cooling the indoor environment and charging the heat storage module 130. Specifically, the controller 150 operates multiple switchable valves 140 to circulate refrigerant from the internal air heat exchanger 108 through the compressor 116, which has been heated by absorbing heat from the internal air 110. The controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The higher-temperature, higher-pressure refrigerant from the compressor 116 circulates through the TES heat exchanger 138, where it releases heat into the phase change material 134, thereby storing heat energy for cooling. The controller 150 operates the multiple switchable valves 140 to circulate the refrigerant from the TES heat exchanger 138 through the expander 120. The refrigerant at a lower temperature and lower pressure from the expander 120 then returns to the internal air heat exchanger 108 to repeat the cycle.

[0100] When the heat dissipation-cooling mode 436 is selected, the heat pump system 100 operates to extract heat energy from the thermal energy storage module 130 and release it to the outdoor environment, thereby dissipating heat from the thermal energy storage module 130. Specifically, the controller 150 operates multiple switchable valves 140 to circulate refrigerant from the TES heat exchanger 138 through the compressor 116, which has been heated by absorbing heat from the phase change material 134. The controller 150 operates the compressor 116 to compress the refrigerant, increasing its temperature and pressure. The higher-temperature, higher-pressure refrigerant from the compressor 116 circulates through the external air heat exchanger 104, where it releases heat into the outside air 106, thus releasing heat energy for cooling. The controller 150 operates the multiple switchable valves 140 to circulate the refrigerant from the external air heat exchanger 104 through the expander 120. The refrigerant, at a lower temperature and lower pressure, from the expander 120 circulates through the TES heat exchanger 138, where it absorbs heat from the phase change material 134. The refrigerant then returns to the compressor 116 to repeat the cycle.

[0101] Ultimately, in standby mode, the heat pump system 100 does not actively heat or cool, but is still ready to engage when needed.

[0102] Embodiments within the scope of this disclosure may also include non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable media for carrying or causing computer-executable instructions (also known as program instructions) or data structures to be stored thereon. Such non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable media can be any available medium accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example and not limitation, such non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable media.

[0103] Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data that cause a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a special-purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Computer-executable instructions also include program modules that are executed by a computer in a standalone or networked environment. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, and data structures that perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. Computer-executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules represent examples of program code apparatuses for performing steps of the methods disclosed herein. A particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding actions for implementing the functions described in such steps.

[0104] While the present disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the accompanying drawings and foregoing description, these drawings and description should be considered illustrative in nature and not restrictive. It is to be understood that only preferred embodiments have been presented, and all changes, modifications, and other applications within the spirit and scope of this disclosure are intended to be protected.

Claims

1. A method for operating a thermal management system having a thermal energy storage module, the method comprising: Using a controller, the temperature of the first environment is compared with the dead zone temperature range near the setpoint temperature of the first environment, and the thermal management system adjusts the temperature of the first environment. In response to the temperature of the first environment being outside the dead zone temperature range, the thermal management system is operated by the controller to heat or cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy between (i) the first environment and (ii) the second environment or the thermal energy storage module; as well as In response to the temperature of the first environment being within the dead zone temperature range, the controller operates the thermal management system to store or release thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module by transferring thermal energy between the second environment and the thermal energy storage module.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first environment is an indoor environment and the second environment is an outdoor environment.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat or cool the first environment: In response to the temperature of the first environment being less than the dead zone temperature range, the thermal management system is operated to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the second environment or from the thermal energy storage module to the first environment; as well as In response to the temperature of the first environment being greater than the dead zone temperature range, the thermal management system is operated to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the second environment or the thermal energy storage module.

4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat the first environment: Receive the charging status of the thermal energy storage module; In response to the charging state exceeding a first threshold, the thermal management system is operated to release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module and to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module to the first environment; as well as In response to the thermal state being below the first threshold, the thermal management system is operated to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the first environment.

5. The method according to claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat the first environment: Receive a time-of-use tariff plan, which indicates at least one time window during which the electricity cost of operating the thermal management system increases compared to another time window; During the at least one time window, the thermal management system is operated to release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module and to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module to the first environment; as well as Outside of the at least one time window, the thermal management system is operated to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the first environment.

6. The method according to claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat the first environment: The temperature of the thermal storage medium of the thermal energy storage module is compared with the temperature of the second environment; In response to the temperature of the thermal storage medium being greater than the temperature of the second environment, the thermal management system is operated to release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module and to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module to the first environment. as well as In response to the temperature of the thermal storage medium being lower than the temperature of the second environment, the thermal management system is operated to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the first environment.

7. The method according to claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat the first environment: The average temperature of the second environment within a predetermined time period is compared with the first threshold temperature; as well as In response to the average temperature of the second environment being greater than the first threshold temperature, the thermal management system is activated to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the first environment.

8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat the first environment: Compare the current temperature of the second environment with the second threshold temperature; as well as In response to (i) the average temperature of the second environment being greater than the first threshold temperature and (ii) the current temperature being less than the second threshold temperature, the thermal management system is operated to heat the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the first environment.

9. The method of claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to cool the first environment: Receive the charging status of the thermal energy storage module; In response to the thermal state being below a second threshold, the thermal management system is operated to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module, and the first environment is cooled by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the thermal energy storage module; as well as In response to the heating state exceeding the second threshold, the thermal management system is activated to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the second environment.

10. The method of claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to cool the first environment: Receive a time-of-use tariff plan, which indicates at least one time window during which the electricity cost of operating the thermal management system increases compared to another time window; During the at least one time window, the thermal management system is operated to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module and to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the thermal energy storage module; as well as Outside of the at least one time window, the thermal management system is operated to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the second environment.

11. The method of claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to cool the first environment: The temperature of the thermal storage medium of the thermal energy storage module is compared with the temperature of the second environment; In response to the temperature of the thermal storage medium being lower than the temperature of the second environment, the thermal management system is operated to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module and to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the thermal energy storage module; as well as In response to the temperature of the thermal storage medium being lower than the temperature of the second environment, the thermal management system is operated to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the second environment.

12. The method of claim 3, further comprising operating the thermal management system to cool the first environment: The average temperature of the second environment within a predetermined time period is compared with the first threshold temperature; as well as In response to the average temperature of the second environment being less than the first threshold temperature, the thermal management system is activated to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the second environment.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising operating the thermal management system to heat the first environment: Compare the current temperature of the second environment with the second threshold temperature; as well as In response to (i) the average temperature of the second environment being less than the first threshold temperature and (ii) the current temperature being greater than the second threshold temperature, the thermal management system is operated to cool the first environment by transferring thermal energy from the first environment to the second environment.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein operating the thermal management system in response to the temperature of the first environment within the dead zone temperature range further comprises: The average temperature of the second environment within a predetermined time period is compared with the first threshold temperature; Receive the charging status of the thermal energy storage module; as well as In response to the average temperature of the second environment being less than the first threshold temperature and (ii) the thermal state being lower than the second threshold, the thermal management system is operated to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the thermal energy storage module.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein operating the thermal management system in response to the temperature of the first environment within the dead zone temperature range further comprises: The average temperature of the second environment within a predetermined time period is compared with the first threshold temperature; Receive a time-of-use tariff plan, which indicates at least one time window during which the electricity cost of operating the thermal management system increases compared to another time window; as well as Outside of the at least one time window, in response to the average temperature of the second environment being less than the first threshold temperature, the thermal management system is operated to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module by transferring thermal energy from the second environment to the thermal energy storage module.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein operating the thermal management system in response to the temperature of the first environment being within the dead zone temperature range further comprises: The average temperature of the second environment within a predetermined time period is compared with the first threshold temperature; Receive the charging status of the thermal energy storage module; as well as In response to (i) the average temperature of the second environment being greater than the first threshold temperature and (ii) the thermal charge state being greater than the first threshold, the thermal management system is operated to release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module by transferring thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module to the second environment.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein operating the thermal management system in response to the temperature of the first environment within the dead zone temperature range further comprises: The average temperature of the second environment within a predetermined time period is compared with the first threshold temperature; Receive a time-of-use tariff plan, which indicates at least one time window during which the electricity cost of operating the thermal management system increases compared to another time window; as well as Outside of the at least one time window, in response to the average temperature of the second environment being greater than the first threshold temperature, the thermal management system is operated to release thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module by transferring thermal energy from the thermal energy storage module to the second environment.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal energy storage module includes a resistance heating element configured to add thermal energy to the thermal energy storage module by heating the thermal storage medium of the thermal energy storage module.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: Using the controller, the energy efficiency of (i) operating the resistance heating element to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module and (ii) operating the compressor to circulate the refrigerant through the heat exchanger of the thermal energy storage module, thereby storing thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module, are compared. as well as In response to determining that operating the resistance heating element to store thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module is more energy efficient, the controller operates the resistance heating element of the thermal energy storage module to store additional thermal energy in the thermal energy storage module by heating the thermal energy storage medium.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal energy storage module comprises (i) a first thermal storage medium configured to release thermal energy into the first environment while heating the first environment, and (ii) a second thermal storage medium configured to store thermal energy extracted from the first environment while cooling the first environment.

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