Fluid conductivity sensor based on magnetic induction power transfer dissipation

Abstract

A fluid conductivity sensor (FCS) system (100) for determining a water void ratio in a flow of a fluid mixture includes: a conduit (130) containing the flow of the fluid mixture; a dielectric window system operably connected to the conduit (130) wherein the dielectric window system comprises a first dielectric window (142) built in a first surface of a wall of the conduit (130) and a second dielectric window (144) built in a second surface of the wall aligned and opposite to the first surface; a split annular loop gap resonator (split TLGR) system operably connected with the dielectric window system and the conduit (130), where the split TLGR system includes a first split TLGR (112) built in a first dielectric window (142) and a second split TLGR (116) built in a second dielectric window (144); and a vector network analyzer (VNA) operably connected with the split TLGR system and configured to measure the fluid conductivity wherein the water void ratio is derived from the fluid conductivity.

Description

Background Technology

[0001] Traditional techniques for determining the water porosity in conductive fluid mixtures using dielectric, conductive, inductive, or microwave sensors are limited by their inaccuracies. Currently, in multiphase flow meters, the water porosity in conductive fluid mixtures is determined using measurements of dielectric constant and / or gamma absorption. Both of these methods are simultaneously affected by all components of the mixture, complicating the estimation of water porosity in conductive fluid mixtures. Therefore, a system and method are needed to measure the water porosity in fluid mixtures without depending on the content of other components in the fluid mixture (such as electrically insulating elements, i.e., oil and gas). Summary of the Invention

[0002] This summary is provided to introduce a series of concepts that will be further described in the following detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to help limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0003] In general, in one aspect, the embodiments disclosed in this specification relate to a fluid conductivity sensor (FCS) system for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow. The FCS system includes: a conduit containing a fluid mixture flow; a dielectric window system operatively connected to the conduit, wherein the dielectric window system includes a first dielectric window embedded in a first surface of a wall of the conduit, and a second dielectric window embedded in a second surface of the wall aligned with and opposite to the first surface; a split-loop gap resonator (split-loop TLGR) system operatively connected to the dielectric window system and the conduit, wherein the split-loop TLGR system includes a first split-loop TLGR embedded in the first dielectric window and a second split-loop TLGR embedded in the second dielectric window; and a vector network analyzer (VNA) operatively connected to the split-loop TLGR system and configured to measure fluid conductivity, wherein the water porosity is derived from the fluid conductivity.

[0004] In general, in one aspect, the embodiments disclosed in this specification relate to a method for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow. The method includes: filling a pipe with the fluid mixture flow; arranging a first dielectric window on a first surface of a wall of the pipe; arranging a second dielectric window on a second surface of the wall aligned with and opposite to the first surface; arranging a first split-type TLGR in the first dielectric window; arranging a second split-type TLGR in the second dielectric window; connecting a vector network analyzer (VNA) to the first and second split-type TLGRs; measuring the fluid conductivity using the VNA; and deriving the water porosity from the fluid conductivity.

[0005] Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will become apparent from the following description and the appended claims. Attached Figure Description

[0006] Figure 1 An overview of a fluid conductivity sensor system for determining the porosity of water in a fluid mixture flow, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, is shown.

[0007] Figure 2A A cross-sectional view of a loop-to-loop resonator (TLGR) according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 2B A cross-sectional view of TLGR is shown.

[0008] Figure 3A A perspective view of a cylindrical loop gap resonator (CLGR) according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 3B A cross-sectional view of CLGR is shown.

[0009] Figure 4 A CLGR analysis diagram according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0010] Figure 5 A diagram illustrating a fluid conductivity sensor system for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0011] Figure 6 Calibration curves of a fluid conductivity sensor system for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are shown.

[0012] Figure 7 A process flow diagram for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0013] Figure 8A and Figure 8B A computing system according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0014] Specific embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. For consistency, similar elements in the figures are indicated by similar reference numerals.

[0015] In the following detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description.

[0016] Throughout the application, ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc.) may be used as adjectives for elements (i.e., any noun in the application). Unless explicitly stated otherwise, such as through the use of terms like “before,” “after,” “single,” and other such terms, the use of ordinal numbers does not imply or create any particular ordering of elements, nor does it limit any element to being a single element. Rather, the use of ordinal numbers is for the purpose of distinguishing between elements. For example, a first element is distinct from a second element, and a first element may contain more than one element and is ranked after (or before) the second element in the element order.

[0017] In general, embodiments of this disclosure provide a system and method for autonomously deploying geophysical cables for underground data transmission or sensing in sand dunes characterized by loose sand (e.g., in remote desert areas) or in coastal silt (shallow water) areas. Embodiments of this disclosure provide a fully autonomous system and method for deploying geophysical cables using one or more underground tunneling robots. A detailed description will follow with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0018] Figure 1 An overview of a fluid conductivity sensor system for determining the porosity of water in a fluid mixture flow, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, is shown. The fluid conductivity sensor (FCS) system 100 includes a split-loop gap resonator (split-loop TLGR) system 110, a vector network analyzer (VNA) 120, a conduit 130, and a dielectric window system 140. Reference will then be made to... Figure 5 Describe each of these components in detail.

[0019] Figure 2A A cross-sectional view of a loop-to-loop resonator (TLGR) according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 2BA cross-sectional view of the TLGR is shown. The TLGR 200 is also known as a toroidal magnetic induction resonator or a toroidal open-ring resonator (TSRS). The TLGR 200 has a resonant frequency and can be used to wirelessly (i.e., inductively) exchange or transfer energy from one separate TLGR (i.e., transmitter) to another identical separate TLGR (i.e., receiver) over a distance several times the maximum size of the separate TLGR used as a transmitter / receiver, via air or water. Energy transfer will have power dissipation, depending on the conductivity of the dielectric between the two separate TLGRs coupled through the same resonant frequency.

[0020] Sectional view ( Figure 2A The diagram shows that the TLGR 200 includes a borehole 205, a narrow gap 210, magnetic field lines 215 completely contained within the borehole 205 of the TLGR 200, and electric field lines 220 concentrated within the narrow gap 210 of the TLGR 200.

[0021] Cross-sectional view ( Figure 2B The dimensions of TLGR 200 are shown, where t is the thickness of the gap 210 of TLGR 200 and r0 is the radius of the drill hole 205 of TLGR 200.

[0022] Figure 3A A perspective view of a cylindrical loop gap resonator (CLGR) according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 3B A cross-sectional view of the CLGR is shown. The CLGR 300 includes a body 305 with a length (l), a gap 310 (narrow gap) with a width (w) along the length direction of the body 305, and a bore 315 with a radius (r0). The current on the inner surface of the bore 315 generates inductive reactance, while the electric field across the gap 310 generates capacitive reactance. The CLGR 300 resonates when the magnetic energy stored in the circuit 320 is equal to the electrical energy stored in the gap 310. The physical geometry of the CLGR 300 and the gap 310 can be designed to realize a high-Q resonator.

[0023] Figure 3A and Figure 3B A typical CLGR 300 is shown, where loop 320 acts as an inductor, and gap 310 is cut along the length of body 305 to create a capacitor. The capacitance of the CLGR 300 depends on the difference between the inner and outer radii of body 305, while the inductance of the CLGR 300 is a function of the inner radius of body 305. The resonant frequency can be adjusted by changing the inner radius of body 305 (inductance) or by increasing the difference between the inner and outer radii of body 305 (capacitance).

[0024] A coupling loop can be used to couple the signal inductance into and out of the CLGR 300 through drill hole 315. The coupling loop is a single-turn inductor made by short-circuiting the center conductor of a coaxial cable to its outer conductor. The coupling strength between the coupling loop and the nearby CLGR 300 can be easily adjusted by changing the distance between them.

[0025] The resonant frequency (ω) of CLGR 300 o The values ​​of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) in the CLGR 300 are directly dependent on the structural parameters shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), including the length (l) of the body 305, the gap width (w), the loop radius (r), the plate spacing (d), and the dielectric constant in the gap 310. These relationships are determined by the following equation (1):

[0026] (1)

[0027] The CLGR 300 uses a single loop (N = 1). The resonant frequency of the CLGR 300 (ω...) o The CLGR 300 is independent of the length (l) of the body 305. Its various physical dimensions can be adjusted to suit the specific application requirements. Resonant frequency (ω) o The resonant frequency (ω) is inversely proportional to the loop radius (r), therefore a larger loop hole can lower the resonant frequency (ω). o This reduces the electronic costs of operating the CLGR 300. The CLGR 300 can be modified by connecting its two ends to form the TLGR 200.

[0028] Figure 4 A CLGR analysis diagram according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure is shown. Although Figure 4 The CLGR400 is shown, but the following calculations can be applied to the geometry of both CLGR and TLGR.

[0029] Assume the oscillating magnetic field is in the form of B(x) = B0(x)cosω0t, where ω o This is the resonant frequency of the CLGR 400. In the region between the transmitting and receiving resonators, B0 initially decreases with distance from the transmitting resonator and then increases with proximity to the receiving resonator. Power dissipation is estimated by first determining the induced electromotive force ε generated around a circular loop 405 of radius r due to the change in magnetic flux. Then, the resistance along the path through which the resulting current flows is estimated. Next, the power dissipation associated with each infinitesimal current loop is calculated. Finally, the contributions of all current loops in a plane of width dx are summed.

[0030] The magnetic flux Φ passing through the ring induces a current i, which flows along the circumference of the ring and through the cross-sectional area given by drdx. Therefore, the conductance of this infinitesimal ring is δG = σdrdx / (2πr). The induced electromotive force ε is calculated from -dΦ / dt, and in the assumed geometry, it is approximately ε≈πr²ω₀B₀(x)sinω₀t. As a result, with... Figure 4 The power dissipation associated with the infinitesimal current loop is given by the following equation:

[0031] (2)

[0032] The power dissipated by all current loops in a disk of thickness dx is obtained by integrating δP with respect to r from zero to r0, where r0 is the radial range assuming B0(x) is non-zero and constant. The integral is calculated and averaged over a time interval to obtain:

[0033] (3)

[0034] To determine the total power dissipation in the space between the transmitting and receiving resonators, we need to integrate with respect to x and establish a suitable model for the spatial dependence of B0(x).

[0035] Several insights can be drawn from (3). First, the magnetic power dissipated by a conductive medium is proportional to its conductivity σ. Second, for a fixed conductivity, power dissipation can be reduced by decreasing ω0 or r0. Magnetic power loss increases with r0. 4 Changes, this compared to ω0 2 The dependence on [the specific component] is significantly greater. It is best to design the CLGR 400 as small as possible and then reduce the resonant frequency by filling the gap with a low-loss, high-dielectric-constant dielectric.

[0036] Figure 5 A diagram illustrating a fluid conductivity sensor system for determining the porosity of water in a fluid mixture flow according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. The fluid conductivity sensor (FCS) system 100 includes a split-loop gap resonator (split-loop TLGR) system 110, a vector network analyzer (VNA) 120, a conduit 130, and a dielectric window system 140, as shown... Figure 1 As shown. Each of these components will then be described.

[0037] The split-type TLGR system 110 is operatively connected to the dielectric window system 140 and the conduit 130. The split-type TLGR system 110 includes a first split-type TLGR 112 (transmitting split-type TLGR) integrated in a first dielectric window 142 and a second split-type TLGR 116 (receiving split-type TLGR) integrated in a second dielectric window 144. The first split-type TLGR 112 and the second split-type TLGR 116 are structurally identical. The distal end of the first split-type TLGR 112, remote from the first dielectric window 142, is connected to the distal end of the second split-type TLGR 116, remote from the second dielectric window 144, to form a TLGR. The TLGR includes a narrow gap 505 filled with dielectric material, a first coupling circuit 114 (transmit coupling circuit) located in the first split TLGR 112, a second coupling circuit 118 (receive coupling circuit) located in the second split TLGR 116, and includes an oscillating magnetic field transmitted by the first coupling circuit 114, passing through the conduit 130 via the first dielectric window 142 and the second dielectric window 144, and received by the second coupling circuit 118 to form a magnetic circuit.

[0038] VNA 120 is operatively connected to the split-type TLGR system 110. VNA 120 is configured to measure the fluid conductivity of a fluid mixture flow. The water porosity is derived from the measured fluid conductivity. VNA 120 includes a first port 124 connected to a first coupling loop 114 and a second port 128 connected to a second coupling loop 118. VNA 120 is configured to drive the first coupling loop 114 via the first port 124 to operate at a specific frequency at which the TLGR resonates. VNA 120 is also configured to measure the signal amplitude associated with the fluid mixture flow conductivity via the second port 128 and transmit this signal amplitude to a digital device for storage and analysis. If the split-type TLGR has only one resonant frequency, the water conductivity must be known to determine the water porosity. If the split-type TLGR is modified to generate a second resonant frequency, the water conductivity can also be measured. In an oil / water / gas mixture, the inductive power loss will depend on the water content, but not on the gas and oil content of the mixture, because these two components are not conductive.

[0039] The proportion of conductive fluid components in the fluid mixture determines the strength of the induced magnetic field, which in turn determines the induced power dissipation. This power loss is reflected in the signal read by the receiving coupling circuit.

[0040] |S 21 The semaphore value will depend on the conductivity of the fluid mixture. The conductivity of the mixture is related to the water porosity by the following expression:

[0041]

[0042] (4)

[0043] Pipe 130 contains a fluid mixture flow. The fluid mixture flow contained in pipe 130 will be a multiphase flow, drilling fluid, or any other conductive medium. An oscillating magnetic field can pass through the flowing medium by passing through a dielectric window system 140 built into the wall of pipe 130. The interaction between the flowing medium and the oscillating magnetic field will result in a power loss, which is a function of the medium's conductivity. The power loss will be measured and used to calculate the water porosity.

[0044] The dielectric window system 140 is operatively connected to the conduit 130. The dielectric window system 140 includes a first dielectric window 142 embedded in a first surface of the wall of the conduit 130 and a second dielectric window 144 embedded in a second surface of the wall of the conduit 130, aligned with and opposite to the first surface. The first dielectric window 142 and the second dielectric window 144 are structurally identical.

[0045] Figure 6 Calibration curves for a fluid conductivity sensor system for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, are shown. The FCS system 100 can be calibrated with static fluid by creating a calibration curve 600 by filling the FCS system 100 with distilled water and water with different conductivity, which creates a calibration curve that converts the |S12| signal value into conductivity.

[0046] The FCS system 100 also includes another TLGR connected in series with the aforementioned TLGR and structurally identical to it. These TLGRs are spaced a predetermined distance apart and are configured to determine the flow velocity of the fluid mixture using the time delay of the signal waveforms between the TLGRs. The signal waveform x(t) on the first TLGR and the signal waveform y(t-τ) on the second TLGR will be similar, therefore the time delay between the two signals can be calculated using a cross-correlation function.

[0047] (5)

[0048] The flow rate is calculated by dividing the distance between the TLGRs by the time delay obtained through cross-correlation analysis.

[0049] Figure 7 A process flow diagram for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. The process for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow can be performed on a computer system, such as... Figure 8A As shown.

[0050] In step S700, the FCS system 100 is configured as follows: a fluid mixture is filled into the pipe 130; a first dielectric window 142 is arranged in a first surface of the wall of the pipe 130; a second dielectric window 144 is arranged in the second surface of the wall that is aligned with and opposite to the first surface; a first split TLGR 112 is arranged in the first dielectric window 142; a second split TLGR 116 is arranged in the second dielectric window 144; and a VNA 120 is connected to the first split TLGR 142 and the second split TLGR 116.

[0051] In step S710, the FCS system 100 is calibrated. A narrow gap 505 is filled with static fluid, and a calibration curve 600 is generated by filling the narrow gap 505 with distilled water and water with different conductivities. By calibrating the FCS system 100 and measuring the induced power loss against different reference fluids (i.e., brine) with different conductivities, the conductivity of the medium at a fixed distance and oscillation frequency can be determined.

[0052] In step S720, VNA 120 drives the first coupling loop 114 located in the first split TLGR 112 via its first port 124, causing it to operate at a specific frequency of TLGR resonance. VNA 120 includes a first port 124 connected to the first coupling loop 114 located in the first split TLGR 112 and a second port 128 connected to the second coupling loop 118 located in the second split TLGR 116.

[0053] In step S730, an oscillating magnetic field is transmitted by a first coupling loop 114 located in the first split-type TLGR 112. The oscillating magnetic field passes through the pipe 130 via a first dielectric window 142 and a second dielectric window 144 embedded in the wall of the pipe 130. The oscillating magnetic field is received by a second coupling loop 118 located in the second split-type TLGR 116 to form a magnetic circuit.

[0054] In step S740, the VNA 120 measures the signal amplitude related to the conductivity of the fluid mixture via the second port 128 of the VNA 120 connected to the second coupling loop 118 located in the second split TLGR 116.

[0055] In step S750, the signal amplitude related to the conductivity of the fluid mixture, measured by VNA 120, is transmitted to a digital device for storage and analysis. |S21| The signal value will depend on the conductivity of the fluid mixture. The conductivity of the mixture is related to the porosity of the water.

[0056] In step S760, the conductivity of the fluid mixture and the porosity of the water in the fluid mixture are derived based on the measured signal amplitude. The proportion of conductive fluid components in the fluid mixture determines the strength of the induced magnetic field, which in turn determines the induced power dissipation, which is reflected in the signal read by the second coupling circuit 116.

[0057] In step S770, the flow rate of the fluid mixture is determined. The FCS system 100 also includes another TLGR connected in series with and structurally identical to the TLGR. These TLGRs are spaced a predetermined distance apart and are configured to determine the flow rate of the fluid mixture using the time delay of the signal waveforms between the TLGRs. This flow rate is determined by dividing the distance between the TLGRs by the time delay obtained through cross-correlation analysis.

[0058] Figure 8A and Figure 8B A computing system according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. The process of autonomously deploying geophysical cables in a dune region can be performed on the computing system, such as... Figure 8A and Figure 8B As shown. Any combination of mobile devices, desktops, servers, routers, switches, embedded devices, or other types of hardware can be used. For example, computing system 800 may include one or more computer processors 805, non-persistent memory 810 (e.g., volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), cache memory), persistent memory 815 (e.g., hard disk, optical drive such as an optical disc (CD) drive or digital versatile optical disc (DVD) drive, flash memory, etc.), communication interface 820 (e.g., Bluetooth interface, infrared interface, network interface, optical interface, etc.), and many other components and functions.

[0059] The computer processor 805 may be an integrated circuit for processing instructions. For example, the computer processor 805 may be one or more cores or microcores of a processor. The computing system 800 may also include one or more input devices 825, such as a touch screen, keyboard, mouse, microphone, touchpad, electronic pen, or any other type of input device.

[0060] The communication interface 820 may include an integrated circuit for connecting the computing system 800 to a network (not shown) (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, a mobile network, or any other type of network) and / or to another device (such as another computing device).

[0061] The computing system 800 may also include one or more output devices 830, such as a screen (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display, touch screen, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, projector, or other display device), printer, external storage, or any other output device. The one or more output devices may be the same as or different from the input devices. Input devices 825 and output devices 830 may be locally or remotely connected to the computer processor 805, non-persistent storage 810, and persistent storage 815. Many different types of computing systems exist, and the aforementioned input devices 825 and output devices 830 may take other forms.

[0062] Software instructions in the form of computer-readable program code for performing embodiments of the present disclosure may be stored, in whole or in part, temporarily or permanently, on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as a CD, DVD, storage device, floppy disk, magnetic tape, flash memory, physical memory, or any other computer-readable storage medium. Specifically, the software instructions may correspond to computer-readable program code that, when executed by a processor, is configured to perform one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0063] Figure 8A The computing system 800 in the middle can be connected to a network or a part of a network. For example, such as Figure 8B As shown, network 840 may include multiple nodes (e.g., node X 842, node Y 844). Each node may correspond to a computing system, for example... Figure 8A The computing system shown, or a combination of nodes, can correspond to Figure 8A The computing system shown is illustrated. As an example, embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented on nodes in a distributed system connected to other nodes. As another example, embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented on a distributed computing system with multiple nodes, wherein each part of this disclosure can reside on a different node within the distributed computing system. Furthermore, one or more elements of the aforementioned computing system 800 can be located in remote locations and connected to other elements via a network.

[0064] Although Figure 8B Not shown, but a node can correspond to a blade in a server chassis connected to other nodes via a backplane. As another example, a node can correspond to a server in a data center. As yet another example, a node can correspond to a computer processor or a microcore of a computer processor with shared memory and / or resources.

[0065] Nodes in network 840 (e.g., node X 842, node Y 844) can be configured to provide services to client device 846. For example, a node may be part of a cloud computing system. A node may include the ability to receive requests from client device 846 and send responses to client device 846. Client device 846 may be a computing system, such as... Figure 8A The computing system shown. Furthermore, the client device 846 may include and / or perform all or part of one or more embodiments of this disclosure.

[0066] Figure 8A and 8B The computing systems or groups of computing systems described herein may include functionality that performs the various operations disclosed herein. For example, a computing system may perform communication between processes on the same or different systems. Various mechanisms employing some form of active or passive communication can facilitate data exchange between processes. Representative examples of such inter-process communication include, but are not limited to, implementations of files, signals, sockets, message queues, pipes, semaphores, shared memory, message passing, and memory-mapped files. Further details regarding several examples of these non-limiting examples are provided below.

[0067] Based on the client-server network model, sockets can act as interfaces or communication channel endpoints, enabling bidirectional data transfer between processes on the same device. First, following the client-server network model, the server process (e.g., the process providing data) creates a first socket object. Next, the server process binds the first socket object, associating it with a unique name and / or address. After creating and binding the first socket object, the server process then waits and listens for incoming connection requests from one or more client processes (e.g., processes seeking data). When a client process wants to retrieve data from the server process, it first creates a second socket object. The client process then continues to generate connection requests, which include at least the second socket object and the unique name and / or address associated with the first socket object. The client process then sends the connection request to the server process. Depending on availability, the server process can accept the connection request, thus establishing a communication channel with the client process; or, if the server process is busy with other operations, it can queue the connection request in a buffer until it is ready. The established connection notifies the client process that communication can begin. In response, the client process can generate a data request specifying the data it wishes to obtain. The data request is then sent to the server process. Upon receiving the data request, the server process analyzes the request and collects the requested data. Finally, the server process generates a response that includes at least the requested data and sends it to the client process. Data is more commonly transmitted in the form of datagrams or character (e.g., byte) streams.

[0068] Shared memory refers to the allocation of virtual memory space to establish a mechanism for multiple processes to communicate and / or access data. In implementing shared memory, the initialization process first creates a shareable segment in persistent or non-persistent memory. After creation, the initialization process then mounts the shareable segment, subsequently mapping it into the address space associated with the initialization process. After mounting, the initialization process continues to identify and grant access permissions to one or more authorized processes, which can also write and read data from the shareable segment. Changes made by one process to data in the shareable segment immediately affect other processes also connected to the shareable segment. Furthermore, when one of the authorized processes accesses the shareable segment, the shareable segment is mapped into that authorized process's address space. Typically, at any given time, an authorized process can mount a shareable segment, in addition to the initialization process.

[0069] Without departing from the scope of this disclosure, other techniques may be used to share data between processes, such as the various types of data described in this application. These processes may be part of the same or different applications and may execute on the same or different computing systems.

[0070] In addition to sharing data between processes or as a supplement, the computing system 700 performing one or more embodiments of this disclosure may include the ability to receive data from a user. For example, in one or more embodiments, a user may submit data via a graphical user interface (GUI) on a user device. A user may submit data via the GUI by selecting one or more GUI controls, or by inserting text and other data into the GUI controls using a touchpad, keyboard, mouse, or any other input device. In response to the selection of a specific item, the computer processor 705 may retrieve information about that specific item from persistent or non-persistent memory. After the user selects an item, the retrieved data about that specific item may be displayed on the user device in response to the user's selection.

[0071] As another example, a request for data about a specific item can be sent to a server operatively connected to a user device via a network. For instance, a user can select a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) link within their network client, initiating a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or other protocol request to the network host associated with that URL. In response to the request, the server can retrieve data about the selected specific item and send that data to the device that initiated the request. Once the user device receives the data about the specific item, the content of that data can be displayed on the user device in response to the user's selection. Further referring to the example above, the data received from the server after selecting a URL link can provide a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) webpage, which can be rendered by the network client and displayed on the user device.

[0072] Once data is acquired (e.g., by using the techniques described above or from memory), the computing system 800, while executing one or more embodiments of this disclosure, can extract one or more data items from the acquired data. For example, this extraction can be performed by… Figure 8A The computing system 800 performs the following steps: First, it determines the data organization pattern (e.g., syntax, schema, layout), which can be based on one or more of the following: position (e.g., bit or column position, the Nth token in the data stream, etc.), attributes (where attributes are associated with one or more values), or a hierarchical / tree structure (composed of layers of nodes with varying levels of detail—e.g., in nested packet headers or nested document sections). Then, within the context of the organization pattern, the raw, unprocessed data symbol stream is parsed into a token stream (or hierarchical structure) (where each token can have an associated token "type").

[0073] Next, extraction criteria are used to extract one or more data items from the tag stream or structure, where the extraction criteria are processed according to an organizational pattern to extract one or more tags (or nodes from a hierarchical structure). For location-based data, tags located at the locations identified by the extraction criteria are extracted. For attribute / value-based data, tags and / or nodes associated with attributes that satisfy the extraction criteria are extracted. For hierarchical / layered data, tags associated with nodes that match the extraction criteria are extracted. Extraction criteria can be as simple as an identifier string or can be a query submitted to a structured data repository (where the data repository can be organized according to a database schema or data format such as XML).

[0074] The extracted data can be used for further processing by the computing system. For example, Figure 8A The computing system 800, when executing one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, can perform data comparisons. Data comparisons can be used to compare two or more data values ​​(e.g., A, B). For example, one or more embodiments can determine A > B, A = B, A != B, A < B, etc. The comparison can be performed by submitting A, B, and an opcode specifying the operation associated with the comparison to an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) (i.e., circuitry that performs arithmetic and / or bitwise logic operations on two data values). The ALU outputs the numerical result of the operation and / or one or more status flags associated with the numerical result. For example, the status flags can indicate that the numerical result is positive, negative, zero, etc. The comparison can be performed by selecting an appropriate opcode and then reading the numerical result and / or the status flags. For example, to determine whether A > B, B can be subtracted from A (i.e., A - B), and the status flags can be read to determine whether the result is positive (i.e., if A > B, then A - B > 0). In one or more embodiments, B can be considered a threshold, and A is considered to meet the threshold if A = B or A > B (as determined using the ALU). In one or more embodiments of this disclosure, A and B can be vectors, and comparing A and B includes comparing the first element of vector A with the first element of vector B, comparing the second element of vector A with the second element of vector B, and so on. In one or more embodiments, if A and B are strings, the binary values ​​of the strings can be compared.

[0075] Figure 8A The computing system in the context can implement and / or connect to a data repository. For example, one type of data repository is a database. A database is a collection of information configured to facilitate data retrieval, modification, reorganization, and deletion. A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that provides an interface for users to define, create, query, update, or manage databases.

[0076] Users or software applications can submit statements or queries to the DBMS. The DBMS then interprets the statement. Statements can be SELECT, UPDATE, CREATE, DELETE, etc., requesting information. Furthermore, statements can include parameters specifying data, or data containers (databases, tables, records, columns, views, etc.), identifiers, conditions (comparison operators), functions (such as JOIN, FULL JOIN, COUNT, AVERAGE, etc.), sorting (such as ascending, descending), or others. The DBMS can execute statements. For example, the DBMS can access memory buffers, references, or index files to read, write, delete, or any combination thereof in response to a statement. The DBMS can load data from persistent or non-persistent storage and perform calculations in response to a query. The DBMS can then return the results to the user or software application.

[0077] Figure 8A The computing system 800 may include functionality to present raw and / or processed data (e.g., comparison results and other processing results). For example, data presentation can be achieved through various presentation methods. Specifically, data can be presented through a user interface provided by the computing device. The user interface may include a GUI that displays information on a display device (e.g., a computer monitor or a touchscreen on a handheld computing device). The GUI may include various GUI controls that organize what data is shown and how it is presented to the user. Furthermore, the GUI may present data directly to the user, such as data presented as actual data values ​​via text, or a visual representation of the data rendered by the computing device, for example, through a visual data model.

[0078] For example, a GUI might first receive a notification from a software application requesting that a specific data object be rendered within the GUI. Next, the GUI can determine the data object type associated with that specific data object, for example, by retrieving data from data attributes within the data object that identify its type. Then, the GUI can determine any rules specified for displaying that data object type, such as rules specified by the software framework for the data object class, or rules specified based on any local parameters defined by the GUI for rendering that data object type. Finally, the GUI can retrieve data values ​​from the specific data object and render a visual representation of those values ​​within a display device according to the rules specified for that data object type.

[0079] Data can also be presented through various audio methods. In particular, data can be rendered into audio formats and presented as sound through one or more speakers operatively connected to a computing device.

[0080] Data can also be presented to users through tactile methods. For example, tactile methods can include vibrations or other physical signals generated by the computing system. For instance, data can be presented to the user using vibrations of a predetermined duration and intensity generated by a handheld computing device to convey the data.

[0081] The above functional description only demonstrates the features provided by [the company / organization]. Figure 8A The computing system 800 and Figure 8B Several examples of the functions performed by the nodes and / or client devices 846 in this disclosure. Other functions may be performed using one or more embodiments of this disclosure.

[0082] The embodiments of this disclosure offer at least one of the following advantages. The embodiments of this disclosure provide a high intrinsic quality factor (Q factor) due to the toroidal geometry of the FCS system 100, requiring no additional shielding, where the magnetic field lines are completely contained within the borehole of the resonator, and outward leakage is negligible. The embodiments of this disclosure provide a stable and compact resonator, ideally suited for characterizing the electromagnetic properties of liquids and gases. The embodiments of this disclosure allow for the measurement of water porosity independent of the content of other components in the mixture (in cases where these components are electrically insulating, i.e., oil and gas). The embodiments of this disclosure allow for the measurement of large electrical conductivities of fluid mixtures without suffering significant signal attenuation, while being sensitive only to the water porosity within the fluid mixture flow. The FCS system 100 can operate using two or more resonant frequencies, allowing for the simultaneous measurement of the electrical conductivities of water and the overall fluid mixture flow. The FCS system 100 can operate on flowing or static fluids under varying pressure conditions, high temperatures, and in handling hazardous fluids. Flow velocity can be measured by the cross-correlation of the power dissipation of a pair of TLGRs connected in series along the pipe.

[0083] While only a few exemplary embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily understand that many modifications can be made to the exemplary embodiments without substantially departing from the invention. Therefore, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. A fluid conductivity sensor (FCS) system (100) for determining the porosity of water in a fluid mixture flow, the system comprising: A conduit (130) that contains the fluid mixture flow; A dielectric window system (140) operatively connected to the conduit (130), wherein the dielectric window system (140) comprises: A first dielectric window (142) is embedded in the first surface of the wall of the conduit (130), and The second dielectric window (144) is built into the second surface of the wall that is aligned with and opposite to the first surface; A split-type ring-loop gap resonator (split-type TLGR) system (110) is operatively connected to the dielectric window system (140) and the conduit (130), wherein the split-type TLGR system (110) comprises: A first split-type TLGR (112) is built into the first dielectric window (142); and The second split-type TLGR (116) is integrated within the second dielectric window (144); and A vector network analyzer (VNA) (120) is operatively connected to the split-type TLGR system (110) and configured to measure fluid conductivity, wherein the water porosity is derived from the fluid conductivity.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein, The first dielectric window (142) and the second dielectric window (144) are structurally identical.

3. The system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The first split-type TLGR (112) and the second split-type TLGR (116) are structurally identical.

4. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the distal end of the first split TLGR (112) away from the first dielectric window (142) is connected to the distal end of the second split TLGR (116) away from the second dielectric window (144) to form a TLGR.

5. The system according to claim 4, wherein, The TLGR includes: Narrow gap (505) filled with dielectric material; The first coupling circuit (114) is located in the first split TLGR (112); A second coupling circuit (118) is located in the second split TLGR (116); and Oscillating magnetic field, the oscillating magnetic field: Transmitted by the first coupling loop (114), Passing through the conduit (130) via the first dielectric window (142) and the second dielectric window (144), and It is received by the second coupling circuit (118) to form a magnetic circuit.

6. The system according to claim 5, wherein, The VNA (120) includes: The first port (124) is connected to the first coupling loop (114). The second port (128) is connected to the second coupling loop (118).

7. The system according to claim 6, wherein, The VNA (120) is configured as follows: The first coupling circuit (114) is driven via the first port (124) to operate at a specific frequency of the TLGR resonance; The signal amplitude related to the conductivity of the fluid mixture is measured via the second port (128); and The signal amplitude is transmitted to a digital device for storage and analysis.

8. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein, The system (100) also includes another TLGR connected in series with the TLGR and structurally identical to the TLGR.

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein, These TLGRs are separated by a predetermined distance and are configured to determine the flow rate of the fluid mixture flow by utilizing the time delay of the signal waveforms between these TLGRs.

10. The system according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein, The system (100) is calibrated using a static fluid and is configured to create a calibration curve (600) by filling the narrow gap (505) with distilled water and water with different conductivity.

11. A method for determining the water porosity in a fluid mixture flow, the method comprising: The pipe (130) is filled with the fluid mixture flow. A first dielectric window (142) is arranged on the first surface of the wall of the pipe (130); A second dielectric window (144) is arranged on the second surface of the wall that is aligned with and opposite to the first surface. A first split TLGR (112) is arranged in the first dielectric window (142); A second split TLGR (116) is arranged in the second dielectric window (144); Connect the vector network analyzer (VNA) (120) to the first split TLGR (112) and the second split TLGR (116). Fluid conductivity was measured using the VNA (120); and The water porosity is derived from the fluid conductivity.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The first dielectric window (142) and the second dielectric window (144) are structurally identical.

13. The method according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, The first split-type TLGR (112) and the second split-type TLGR (116) are structurally identical.

14. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein, The method further includes connecting the distal end of the first split TLGR (112) away from the first dielectric window (142) to the distal end of the second split TLGR (116) away from the second dielectric window (144) to form a TLGR.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein, The TLGR includes a narrow gap (505) filled with dielectric material, a first coupling loop (114) located in the first split TLGR (112), a second coupling loop (118) located in the second split TLGR (116), and an oscillating magnetic field, wherein the method further includes: The oscillating magnetic field is transmitted using the first coupling loop (114); The oscillating magnetic field is passed through the pipe (130) via the first dielectric window (142) and the second dielectric window (144); and The oscillating magnetic field is received by the second coupling circuit (118) to form a magnetic circuit.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein, The method further includes: Connect the first port (124) of the VNA (120) to the first coupling loop (114); and Connect the second port (128) of the VNA (120) to the second coupling loop (118).

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein, The method further includes: The first coupling circuit (114) is driven (S720) via the first port (124) using the VNA (120) to operate at a specific frequency of the TLGR resonance; The signal amplitude related to the flow conductivity of the fluid mixture is measured (S740) using the VNA (120) via the second port (128); and The signal amplitude is transmitted (S750) to a digital device using the VNA (120) for storage and analysis.

18. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein, The method also includes connecting another TLGR, which is structurally identical to the TLGR, in series with the TLGR.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein, The method also includes separating the TLGRs by a predetermined distance and using the time delay of the signal waveforms between the TLGRs to determine the flow rate of the fluid mixture.

20. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein, The method further includes filling the narrow gap (505) with a static fluid and creating a calibration curve (600) by filling the narrow gap (505) with distilled water and water with different conductivity.

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