Laminates with high energy absorption and improved roof compression properties

Abstract

Embodiments of a laminated glazing for a vehicle roof are disclosed herein. The laminated damascene glass includes a first glass interlayer having a first major surface and a second major surface. The second major surface is opposite the first major surface. The laminated damascene glass further includes a second glass interlayer having a third major surface and a fourth major surface. The fourth main surface is opposite to the third main surface. An adhesive layer is disposed between the second major surface and the third major surface. The first major surface and the second major surface define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer of 2.1 mm to 5 mm. The third major surface and the fourth major surface define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer from 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm. The laminated damascene glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 2000 N on the first major surface without damage as measured using a four-point bend test.

Description

Cross-reference to related applications

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 63 / 541,977, filed October 2, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure relates to glass laminate structures, and more particularly to asymmetric laminates that can be used as roof components or sunroofs of vehicles. Background Technology

[0003] The use of more glass in vehicles is increasing. Specifically, the size of inlaid glass (such as windshields, side windows, rear windows, and sunroofs) is increasing, and in some cases, bodywork components traditionally made of metal are being replaced with glass. While many of these changes are aesthetically driven, vehicles must still meet certain safety requirements. In particular, passengers must be protected from external hazards, such as other vehicles or environmental structures, as well as from internal hazards, such as broken glass. Summary of the Invention

[0004] According to one aspect, embodiments of this disclosure relate to a laminated glass for a vehicle roof. The laminated glass includes a first glass interlayer having a first main surface and a second main surface, wherein the second main surface is opposite to the first main surface. The laminated glass further includes a second glass interlayer having a third main surface and a fourth main surface. The fourth main surface is opposite to the third main surface, and the third main surface faces the second main surface. An adhesive layer is disposed between the second and third main surfaces. The first and second main surfaces define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer, and the first thickness is in the range of 2.1 mm to 5 mm. The third and fourth main surfaces define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, and the second thickness is in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm. The laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 2000 N on the first main surface, as measured using a four-point bending test on a sample of laminated glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage. The four-point bending test includes two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the second main surface. Two first side load points have a first span of 18 mm, and two second side load points have a second span of 36 mm. The first and second spans are parallel to the width of the laminated stained glass, and the first side load points are driven toward the stationary second side load points.

[0005] According to another aspect, embodiments of this disclosure relate to a laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof. The laminated inlaid glass includes a first glass interlayer having a first main surface and a second main surface, wherein the second main surface is opposite to the first main surface. The first glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered or ion-exchange strengthened. The laminated inlaid glass also includes a second glass interlayer having a third main surface and a fourth main surface, wherein the fourth main surface is opposite to the third main surface. The third main surface faces the second main surface, and the second glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened with a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa. An adhesive layer is disposed between the second and third main surfaces. The first and second main surfaces define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer, and the first thickness is in the range of 2.1 mm to 5 mm. The third and fourth main surfaces define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, and the second thickness is in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm. The laminated inlaid glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 8000 N on the first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of laminated inlaid glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage. The four-point bending test includes two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the second main surface. The two first lateral load points have a first span of 18 mm, and the two second lateral load points have a second span of 36 mm. The first and second spans are parallel to the width of the laminated glass, and the first lateral load points are driven toward the stationary second lateral load points.

[0006] According to another aspect, embodiments of this disclosure relate to a method of forming a laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof. In this method, a first glass interlayer is attached to a second glass interlayer using an adhesive layer. The first glass interlayer is formed of soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, and the second glass interlayer is formed of ion-exchange strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass. The first glass interlayer has a first main surface and a second main surface, with the second main surface opposite to the first main surface. The second glass interlayer has a third main surface and a fourth main surface, with the fourth main surface opposite to the third main surface. The third main surface faces the second main surface. The first and second main surfaces define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer. The third and fourth main surfaces define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, and the first thickness is at least 1.5 times the second thickness. The total glass thickness of the first and second thicknesses is 6.1 mm or less.

[0007] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description below, and will be partly apparent from the description or recognized by practice of the embodiments described herein, which include the detailed description below, the claims, and the drawings.

[0008] It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely illustrative and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of the claims. Attached Figure Description

[0009] The accompanying drawings are included to provide further understanding and are incorporated in and form a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operation of the various embodiments. In the drawings:

[0010] Figure 1 A top view of a vehicle including an asymmetrical glass laminate in the roof according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0011] Figure 2 A schematic side view of an asymmetric glass laminate according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0012] Figure 3 A schematic side view of a curved asymmetric glass laminate according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0013] Figure 4 This is a schematic side view of an asymmetric glass laminate with a functional layer according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0014] Figure 5 A graph depicting the load versus curvature of an asymmetric glass laminate according to an exemplary embodiment and a conventional symmetric glass laminate;

[0015] Figure 6 Describe the equipment used for four-point bending tests on laminated structures;

[0016] Figure 7 and Figure 9 Plot the load curves of a conventional symmetrical glass laminate subjected to a four-point bending test; and

[0017] Figure 8 and Figures 10 to 12 The load curves of an asymmetric glass laminate subjected to a four-point bending test according to an exemplary embodiment are depicted. Detailed Implementation

[0018] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of asymmetric glass laminates that can be used in vehicle roof structures, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Embodiments of this disclosure relate to asymmetric laminates comprising a thicker outer glass interlayer and a thinner inner glass interlayer. The thicker outer glass interlayer can be any of a variety of glass compositions and can be annealed, fully heat-tempered, semi-tempered, or ion-exchange strengthened. The inner glass interlayer can be ion-exchange strengthened. When such laminates are subjected to loads, the asymmetric glass laminates exhibit a dual load profile, indicating that the laminate can still withstand the load even after the outer glass interlayer fails. Advantageously, this dual load characteristic allows the laminate to withstand multiple load events. Furthermore, when the asymmetric laminate is used as a vehicle roof or sunroof, it is believed that the asymmetric laminate incorporated into the vehicle body will meet relevant safety standards, such as FMVSS Rule 216 concerning roof crush resistance, or achieve a good rating according to IIHS safety standards. The additional strength provided by the laminates described herein is particularly beneficial for heavier vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles, which tend to have a greater weight than similarly sized internal combustion engine-based vehicles. These and other aspects and advantages of the disclosed asymmetric laminates will be described more fully below. The embodiments discussed herein are presented in an illustrative rather than limiting manner.

[0019] Figure 1 A partial schematic top view depicting an example embodiment of vehicle 100. Vehicle 100 includes a body 110 defining an interior and at least one opening 120 communicating with the interior. Vehicle 100 further includes an automotive glass panel 130, i.e., a window, disposed in the opening 120. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the automotive glass panel 130 is a sunroof 140 of vehicle 100. In such embodiments, the sunroof 140 is disposed in the opening 120 in the roof 150 of vehicle 100. According to one or more other embodiments of the present disclosure, the glass panel 130 defines the roof 150 (or a portion thereof) of vehicle 100. According to yet another one or more other embodiments of the present disclosure, vehicle 100 includes a windshield 160, and the glass panel 130 is a continuous glass panel defining the windshield 160 and the roof 150 (or a portion thereof) of vehicle 100. As used herein, the term "vehicle" specifically refers to an automobile.

[0020] like Figure 2 As shown in the illustration, in one embodiment, the automotive inlay glass 130 is a laminate 200, the laminate including a first glass interlayer 202, a second glass interlayer 204, and at least one adhesive layer 206 disposed between the first glass interlayer 202 and the second glass interlayer 204. Figure 1 In the embodiments depicted, the laminate 200 includes a single adhesive layer 206 that bonds the first glass interlayer 202 to the second glass interlayer 204.

[0021] The first glass interlayer 202 includes a first main surface 208 and a second main surface 210. The second main surface 210 is opposite to the first main surface 208. A first surface 212 extends between the first main surface 208 and the second main surface 210 and around the periphery of the first glass interlayer 202. Additionally, the first main surface 208 and the second main surface 210 define a first thickness T1 of the first glass interlayer 202. In one or more embodiments, the first thickness T1 of the first glass interlayer 202 is in the range of 2.1 mm to 5 mm, particularly 2.1 mm to 3.5 mm. In one or more embodiments, the first main surface 208 faces the exterior of the vehicle.

[0022] In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 is formed of soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass. In one or more embodiments, any of the aforementioned glass compositions may further contain an alkali metal, particularly for ion exchange strengthening purposes. A particularly suitable borosilicate glass for use as the first glass interlayer 202 is the fused borosilicate glass disclosed in International Publication No. WO2022 / 125422 (filed December 6, 2021), entitled “Glass with Unique Fracture Behavior for Vehicle Windshield,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 is annealed, fully heat-tempered, semi-tempered, or ion-exchange strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the fully heat-tempered glass has a surface compressive stress in the range of about 70 MPa or greater, achieved by heating and cooling techniques known in the art. In one or more embodiments, the semi-tempered glass has a surface compressive stress in the range of about 24 MPa to about 70 MPa, achieved by heating and cooling techniques known in the art. In one or more embodiments in which the first glass interlayer 202 is ion-exchange strengthened, the first glass interlayer 202 includes a central tensile force of 10 MPa or less, particularly 7 MPa or less, and more particularly 5 MPa or less.

[0023] The second glass interlayer 204 includes a third main surface 214 and a fourth main surface 216. The fourth main surface 216 is opposite to the third main surface 214. A second surface 218 extends between the third main surface 214 and the fourth main surface 216 and around the periphery of the second glass interlayer 204. Furthermore, the third main surface 214 and the fourth main surface 216 define a second thickness T2 of the second glass interlayer 204 therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the second thickness T2 of the second glass interlayer 204 is less than the first thickness T1 of the first glass interlayer 202. In one or more embodiments, the second thickness T2 of the second glass interlayer 204 is in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly 0.7 mm to 1.1 mm. In one or more embodiments, the fourth main surface 216 faces the interior of the vehicle.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, the second glass interlayer 204 is formed of soda-lime silicate glass or alkali aluminosilicate glass (referred to as alkali aluminosilicate). In one or more embodiments, the second glass interlayer 204 is chemically strengthened by an ion exchange process.

[0025] In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 and the second glass interlayer 204 may be ion-exchange strengthened to contain compressive stress extending from the surface to the depth of compression (DOC). The compressive stress regions of the glass interlayers 202, 204 are balanced by exhibiting a central portion of tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress transitions from positive (compressive) stress to negative (tensile) stress. However, in the following discussion, all stresses are referred to by their absolute value and whether the stress is compressive or tensile.

[0026] In one or more embodiments, the glass interlayers 202 and 204 can be chemically strengthened by ion exchange. In the ion exchange process, ions at or near the surface of the glass substrate are replaced or exchanged with larger ions having the same valence or oxidation state. In embodiments where the glass interlayers 202 and 204 comprise alkali aluminosilicate glass, the ions in the surface layer of the glass interlayers 202 and 204 and the larger ions replacing these ions are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li. + Na + K + 、Rb + and Cs + Alternatively, the monovalent cations in the surface layer can be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations, such as Ag. + In such embodiments, monovalent ions (or cations) exchanged into the glass interlayers 202 and 204 generate stress.

[0027] Ion exchange processes are typically performed by immersing a glass interlayer in a molten salt bath (or two or more molten salt baths) containing larger ions to be exchanged with smaller ions in the glass interlayer. It should be noted that aqueous salt baths can also be used. Additionally, the composition of one or more baths may contain more than one type of larger ion (e.g., Na+). + and K + (or a single, larger ion). Those skilled in the art will understand that the parameters of an ion exchange process, including but not limited to bath composition and temperature, immersion time, number of immersions of the glass substrate in one or more salt baths, use of multiple salt baths, additional steps (e.g., annealing, washing), etc., are typically determined by the composition of the glass interlayer (including the structure of the article and any crystalline phases present) and the desired DOC and compressive stress (CS) of the glass substrate resulting from strengthening. An illustrative molten bath composition may contain nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of larger alkali metal ions. Typical nitrates include KNO3, NaNO3, LiNO3, NaSO4, and combinations thereof. The temperature of the molten salt bath is typically in the range of about 370°C to about 480°C, while the immersion time depends on the glass substrate thickness, bath temperature, and glass (or monovalent ion) diffusivity, ranging from about 15 minutes to about 100 hours. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above may also be used.

[0028] In one or more embodiments, the glass interlayers 202, 204 may be immersed in a molten salt bath of 100% NaNO3, 100% KNO3, or a combination of NaNO3 and KNO3 at a temperature of about 370°C to about 480°C. In some embodiments, the glass interlayers may be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath containing about 5% to about 90% KNO3 and about 10% to about 95% NaNO3. In one or more embodiments, the glass interlayers may be immersed in a first bath followed by immersion in a second bath. The first and second baths may have different compositions and / or temperatures. The immersion times in the first and second baths may vary. For example, immersion in the first bath may be longer than immersion in the second bath.

[0029] In one or more embodiments, the glass interlayer may be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath containing NaNO3 and KNO3 (e.g., 49% / 51%, 50% / 50%, 51% / 49%) at a temperature of less than about 420°C (e.g., about 400°C or about 380°C) for less than about 5 hours, or even about 4 hours or less.

[0030] Ion exchange conditions can be customized to provide a “spiking” or increase the slope of the stress distribution at or near the surface of the resulting glass substrate. Spikes can lead to larger surface CS values. Due to the unique properties of the glass compositions used in the glass interlayers described herein, this spike can be achieved through a single bath or multiple baths, where one or more baths contain a single composition or a mixture of compositions.

[0031] In one or more embodiments, when more than one monovalent ion is exchanged into the glass interlayer, different monovalent ions can be exchanged to different depths within the glass interlayer (and generate different amounts of stress at different depths within the glass interlayer). The resulting relative depths of the stress-generating ions can be determined, leading to different characteristics of the stress distribution.

[0032] CS is measured using methods known in the art, such as by using a surface stress meter (FSM) of a commercially available instrument, such as the FSM-6000 manufactured by Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan). Surface stress measurement relies on the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC) associated with the birefringence of the glass. SOC is measured using methods known in the art, such as the fiber method and the four-point bending method, as well as the bulk cylinder method. Both the fiber method and the four-point bending method are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013) entitled "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient," the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. As used herein, CS may refer to "maximum compressive stress," which is the highest compressive stress value measured within the compressive stress layer. In some embodiments, the maximum compressive stress is located at the surface of the glass interlayer. In other embodiments, the maximum compressive stress may occur at a depth below the surface, thus giving the compression distribution a “buried peak” appearance.

[0033] Depending on the strengthening method and conditions, DOC can be measured using either a fine-scanning microscope (FSM) or a scattered light polarizer (SCALP) (e.g., the SCALP-04 scattered light polarizer available from GlassStress Ltd. in Tallinn, Estonia). When the glass interlayer is chemically strengthened by ion exchange treatment, the choice between FSM and SCALP depends on which ions are exchanged into the glass interlayer. In cases where stress is generated in the glass interlayer by exchanging potassium ions, FSM is used to measure DOC. In cases where stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions, SCALP is used to measure DOC. In cases where stress is generated in the glass interlayer by exchanging both potassium and sodium ions, SCALP measures DOC because the exchange depth of sodium is believed to indicate DOC, and the exchange depth of potassium ions indicates the change in the magnitude of compressive stress (but not the change in stress from compression to tension); the exchange depth of potassium ions in such glass interlayers is measured by FSM. The central tensile force (CT) is the maximum tensile stress and is measured by SCALP.

[0034] In one or more embodiments, the glass interlayers may be strengthened to exhibit a DOC, which is described as a fraction of the thicknesses T1 and T2 of the glass interlayers 202 and 204 (as described herein). For example, in one or more embodiments, the DOC may range from about 0.05*(T1, T2) to about 0.25*(T1, T2). In some cases, the DOC may range from about 20 μm to about 300 μm. In one or more embodiments, the strengthened glass interlayers 202 and 204 may have a CS of about 200 MPa or greater, about 500 MPa or greater, 700 MPa or greater, or about 1050 MPa or greater (which may be found at the surface or depth within the glass substrate). In one or more embodiments, the second glass interlayer 204 is particularly strengthened to have a CS of 700 MPa or greater.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, the second glass interlayer 204 may have a maximum tensile stress or central tensile force (CT) in the range of about 20 MPa to about 100 MPa.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 (if ion-exchange strengthened) has a maximum tensile stress or CT of 10 MPa or less, particularly 7 MPa or less, and most particularly 5 MPa or less. To achieve the first glass interlayer 202 of ion-exchange strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass, a CS in the range of about 300 MPa to about 900 MPa and a DOC of about 20 μm to 40 μm are determined to produce a CT in the range of about 4 MPa to about 10 MPa. Providing a CT in this range advantageously contributes to the impact test performance of the laminate described herein by providing durability to the first glass interlayer 202. CTs greater than this range can lead to defect propagation and poor strength in the first glass interlayer 202.

[0037] At least one adhesive layer 206 is disposed between a second main surface 210 of the first glass interlayer 202 and a third main surface 214 of the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer 206 is bonded to both the second main surface 210 and the third main surface 214. In one or more embodiments, the at least one adhesive layer 206 has a thickness in the range of 0.36 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly 0.36 mm to 0.8 mm, between the first glass interlayer 202 and the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the at least one adhesive layer 206 is formed of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), acoustic PVB (APVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, polyester (PES), or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In one or more embodiments, the at least one adhesive layer 206 comprises one or more functional additives, such as solar energy absorbing pigments, colorants, UV absorbing compounds, or light scattering particles.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 or the second glass interlayer 204 may have a functional or decorative coating in addition to or as an alternative to the adhesive layer 206, which is a functional or decorative element. In embodiments, the coating is at least one of an infrared reflective (IRR) coating, a glass frit, an anti-reflective coating, or a pigment coating. In an exemplary embodiment of IRR, the second main surface 210 of the first glass interlayer 202 or the third main surface 214 of the second glass interlayer 204 is coated with an infrared reflective film and optionally coated with one or more layers of a transparent dielectric film. In embodiments, the infrared reflective film comprises a conductive metal, such as silver, gold, or copper, which reduces heat transfer through the coated interlayers 202, 204. In embodiments, an optional dielectric film may be used for the anti-reflective infrared reflective film and to control other properties and characteristics of the coating, such as color and durability. In embodiments, the dielectric film comprises one or more oxides of zinc, tin, indium, bismuth, and titanium. In an exemplary embodiment, the IRR coating comprises one or two silver layers, each silver layer sandwiched between two layers of the transparent dielectric film. In the embodiments, an IRR coating is applied using, for example, physical or chemical vapor deposition or via lamination.

[0039] In embodiments, the coating is an anti-reflective coating. In a particular embodiment, the anti-reflective coating is applied to a first primary surface 208 of the first glass interlayer 202 or to a fourth primary surface 216 of the second glass interlayer 204. In embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises multiple layers of low-refractive-index and high-refractive-index materials or low-refractive-index, medium-refractive-index, and high-refractive-index materials. For example, in an embodiment, the anti-reflective coating comprises two to twelve alternating layers of low-refractive-index and high-refractive-index materials, such as silica (low-refractive-index) and niobium oxide (high-refractive-index). In another example embodiment, the anti-reflective coating comprises three to twelve repeating layers of low-refractive-index, medium-refractive-index, and high-refractive-index materials, such as silica (low-refractive-index), alumina (medium-refractive-index), and niobium oxide (high-refractive-index). In yet another embodiment, the low-refractive-index material in the stack may be an ultra-low-refractive-index material, such as magnesium fluoride or porous silica. Generally, an anti-reflective coating with more layers in the stack will perform better at higher incident angles than an anti-reflective coating with fewer layers in the stack. For example, at an incident angle, such as greater than 60°, a stack of four antireflective coating layers will perform better (less reflection) than a stack of two antireflective coating layers. Additionally, in embodiments, a stack of antireflective coatings with an ultra-low refractive index material will perform better (less reflection) than a stack of antireflective coatings with a low refractive index material. Other antireflective coatings known in the art may also be applied to the laminate 200.

[0040] exist Figure 2In the embodiment shown, the laminate 200 comprises a first glass interlayer 202, a second glass interlayer 204, and an adhesive layer 206. In the formed laminate 200, the second main surface 210 of the first glass interlayer 202 is bonded to the adhesive layer 206, and the third main surface 214 of the second glass interlayer 204 is bonded to the adhesive layer 206. Specifically, during the assembly of the laminate 200, sufficient heat and pressure are applied to the stack of the first glass interlayer 202, the adhesive layer 206, and the second glass interlayer 204 to expel substantially all air between the layers of the first glass interlayer 202, the adhesive layer 206, and the second glass interlayer 204, such that the adhesive layer 206 bonds the first glass interlayer 202 to the second glass interlayer 204.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, the laminate 200 includes at least one bent portion 220, such as Figure 3 As illustrated in the figure. For example, the laminate 200 may include a curved portion extending across at least a portion of the length and / or width of a first main surface 208 of the first glass interlayer 202 and / or a fourth main surface 216 of the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 and / or the second glass interlayer 204 are thermoformed at or above the softening temperature of the glass composition to produce the curved portion. In one or more embodiments, the first glass interlayer 202 and / or the second glass interlayer 204 are cold-formed at a temperature below the softening temperature of the glass composition, particularly at temperatures of 200°C or lower, 175°C or lower, 150°C or lower, 125°C or lower, 100°C or lower, or at room temperature to produce the curved portion. In one or more embodiments, the second glass interlayer 204 may include a curved portion 220 having a radius of curvature R in the range of 40 mm to 10,000 mm or greater (i.e., flat or without curvature), particularly 300 mm to 2000 mm. In one or more embodiments, the second glass interlayer 204 may have a cross-bend that intersects with the first bend 220, and in one or more embodiments, the cross-bend may have a radius of curvature in the range of 500 mm to 10,000 mm or greater (i.e., flat or without curvature), particularly 1,000 mm to 5,000 mm. In one or more embodiments, one or more bends are defined at 0 mm. -2 (mm) 2 (reciprocal) to 357 x 10 -7 mm -2 Within the range, especially in 1 x 10 -7 mm -2 Up to 3 x 10 -7 mm -2 Gaussian curvature within a given range. For example... Figure 3As shown, the first glass interlayer 202 can be pressed against the second glass interlayer 204 such that the first glass interlayer 202 conforms to the bend 224 of the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the second main surface 208 faces the exterior of the vehicle.

[0042] exist Figure 2 and Figure 3 In the embodiments depicted, the laminate 200 comprises only three layers: a first glass interlayer 202, a second glass interlayer 204, and an adhesive layer 206. However, in one or more other embodiments, the laminate 200 may include additional layers. For example, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the laminate 200 further includes a functional layer 304. In one or more such embodiments, a first adhesive layer 206 is disposed between the functional layer 304 and the first glass interlayer 202. In one or more embodiments, the functional layer 304 includes an infrared reflective layer. In one or more embodiments, the functional layer 304 includes a display module, such as an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, an electronic ink display, or a dispersed liquid crystal display. In one or more embodiments, the functional layer 304 is a layer in which the transmission of light in the visible spectrum through the first glass interlayer 202 can be varied by applying a voltage, such as dispersed liquid crystal, a suspended particle device, or an electrochromic film. In one or more embodiments, the laminate 200 further includes a second adhesive layer 306, such that the functional layer 304 is disposed between the first adhesive layer 206 and the second adhesive layer 306.

[0043] The laminate 200 for the inlaid glass 130 of vehicle 100 is particularly suitable for use on the roof 150 of vehicle 100, i.e., as a component of the roof 150, such as sunroof 140, or as the roof 150 itself. FMVSS Regulation 216 (2009) establishes regulations for the roof crush resistance of vehicles. For vehicles weighing less than 6,000 lbs, the roof 150 shall withstand at least three times the unloaded weight of vehicle 100. For vehicles weighing between 6,000 and 10,000 lbs, the roof 150 shall withstand at least 1.5 times the unloaded weight of vehicle 100. The requirements must be met for both the driver's and passenger's sides of vehicle 100. In addition, vehicle 100 with a roof 150 containing glass elements shall be able to withstand 80,000 Newtons (N).

[0044] During testing under FMVSS Rule 216 (2009), a force is applied at a rate not exceeding 13 mm / s in a downward direction perpendicular to the lower surface of the test apparatus to the front corner of each of the driver's and passenger's sides of the roof until a force (N) equal to 1.5 times the unloaded vehicle weight of the test vehicle (measured in kilograms and multiplied by 9.8) is reached, and the displacement of the test apparatus is measured. When it is determined whether the vehicle can withstand a force equal to 1.5 times its unloaded weight, the test apparatus does not move more than 127 mm. According to IIHS safety ratings, a vehicle capable of withstanding a force equal to at least 4 times its unloaded weight receives a "good" rating. According to embodiments of this disclosure, a vehicle 100 having a roof 150 or roof element (e.g., sunroof 140) that meets or exceeds the requirements of FMVSS Rule 216 (2009), the roof or roof element having a disclosed laminate 200 with highly asymmetrical glass interlayers 202, 204, is also described.

[0045] As vehicles transition from internal combustion engines to battery electric vehicles, the expected increase in vehicle weight is due to the weight of the battery cells within the vehicle. As discussed in the previous paragraph, the acceptable performance of a vehicle in roof crush tests under FMVSS Rule 216 (2009) is based on the vehicle's ability to withstand a multiple of its unloaded weight, and therefore, heavier vehicles will require more robust materials for construction. Furthermore, modern vehicle design has sought to incorporate increasingly more aesthetic elements, such as glass, into the vehicle design. Specifically, the roof 150 features a large sunroof 140, and in some cases, the entire roof 150 is made of glass. Therefore, the performance of new vehicles (especially new battery electric vehicles) in roof crush tests will increasingly depend on the strength of the glass elements in the roof 150. The applicant believes that, for vehicles with a roof or roof component having the asymmetric glass laminate disclosed in this invention, the load characteristics of the asymmetric glass laminate disclosed in this invention will contribute to achieving a “good” rating according to IIHS when tested in accordance with FMVSS Rule 216 (2009).

[0046] The disclosed asymmetric laminate 200 has a first (outer) glass interlayer 202 that is thicker than the second (inner) glass interlayer 204. As discussed above, the first glass interlayer 202 has a thickness ranging from 2.1 mm to 5 mm, and the second glass interlayer 204 has a thickness ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm. In one or more embodiments, the first thickness (T1) of the first glass interlayer 202 is at least 1.5 times, at least 2 times, at least 2.5 times, at least 3 times, at least 3.5 times, or at least 4 times the second thickness (T2) of the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the first thickness (T1) of the first glass interlayer 202 is at most 10 times, particularly at least 5 times, the second thickness (T2) of the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the laminate 200 has a total glass thickness of 6.1 mm or less, particularly 5.0 mm or less (i.e., the combined thickness of the first glass interlayer 202 and the second glass interlayer 204). In one or more embodiments, the laminate 200 has a total glass thickness of 2.6 mm or greater, particularly 3.0 mm or greater.

[0047] Compared to some existing symmetrical laminates, the asymmetric laminate 200 exhibits significantly higher stiffness (i.e., lower flexural strength) under load and an increased failure load on the first (outer) glass interlayer 202. This improved performance is particularly evident in laminates where the first thickness T1 of the first glass interlayer 202 is at least 2.5 times the second thickness T2 of the second glass interlayer 204. In one or more embodiments, the laminate 200 is configured to withstand loads of at least 2000 N, at least 3000 N, or at least 4000 N as measured using a four-point bending test as described below. In one or more embodiments, the laminate 200 is configured to withstand loads of at least 8000 N, at least 9000 N, or at least 10,000 N as measured using a four-point bending test. Furthermore, after the first glass interlayer 202 fails, the second (inner) glass interlayer 204 is able to withstand additional loads before its failure and therefore before the complete failure of the laminate 200. These concepts are... Figure 5 The curve is shown in the graph.

[0048] In particular, Figure 5For both existing symmetrical laminates and the asymmetrical laminate 200 according to this disclosure, a curvature versus load curve is plotted according to ASTM D6272 using a four-point test. For the symmetrical glass laminate, each glass interlayer is annealed soda-lime glass with a thickness of 2.1 mm. For the asymmetrical laminate 200, the first (outer) glass interlayer 202 is fully tempered soda-lime glass with a thickness of 3.2 mm, and the second (inner) glass interlayer 204 is ion-exchanged alkali aluminosilicate glass (Gorilla® glass, available from Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY) with a thickness of 1.1 mm. Therefore, the two laminates have a total glass thickness of 4.2 mm. Additionally, both laminates include a PVB adhesive layer with a thickness of 0.8 mm.

[0049] exist Figure 5 As can be seen, despite having the same total glass thickness, the disclosed asymmetrical laminate 200 exhibits a steeper slope in its load curve compared to existing symmetrical laminates, resulting in a smaller camber. Furthermore, the symmetrical laminate fails under a lower load (426 lbf), while the disclosed asymmetrical laminate 200 can withstand up to 1150 lbf before failure. Additionally, the second inner glass interlayer of the symmetrical laminate fractures under essentially the same load as the first outer glass interlayer, while the second (inner) glass interlayer 204 of the asymmetrical laminate 200 remains intact after the first glass interlayer 202 fractures. Figure 5 As demonstrated, despite the failure of the first (outer) glass interlayer 202, the second (inner) glass interlayer 204 was able to continue to support the additional load (approximately an additional 900 lbf). Therefore, compared to existing symmetrical laminates, the asymmetrical laminate 200 was able to withstand approximately 3 times the load before initial fracture, and the two interlayers 202 and 204 withstood 5 times the total failure load.

[0050] Table 1 below provides additional comparative examples of symmetrical laminates and examples of the disclosed asymmetrical laminates. Each of the laminates was loaded onto the outer glass interlayer via a four-point bending test until failure.

[0051] Figure 6A glass laminate 200 is depicted undergoing a four-point bending test according to ASTM D6272 using test apparatus 400. As shown, apparatus 400 includes two first lateral load points 410 and two second lateral load points 420, which are respectively bars extending across a first main surface 208 of a first glass interlayer 202 and a fourth main surface 216 of a second glass interlayer 204 and contacting said main surfaces. The two first lateral load points 410 and the two second lateral load points 420 have blunt, rounded ends such that they can generate stress in the glass laminate 200 without forming surface defects at their contact points. Unless otherwise noted, the ends of the first lateral load points 410 and the two second lateral load points 420 include a 5 mm radius. The first lateral load point 410 is shown in contact with the first main surface 208, and the second lateral load point 420 is shown in contact with the fourth main surface 216. The first lateral load points 410 are laterally spaced from each other closer to each other than the second lateral load points 420. In operation, the first side load point 410 translates in the first direction 430 to apply a force to the first main surface 208, which causes the second side load point 420 (which does not translate) to also apply a force in the second direction 440, opposite to the first direction 430. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the first side load point 410 translates in the first direction at a speed of 5 mm / min to apply a force to the glass laminate 200.

[0052] While not wishing to be limited by theory, apparatus 400 places a large area of ​​glass laminate 200 under approximately uniform stress. During operation, the applied force is increased and measured over time until glass laminate 200 fractures. The maximum applied force corresponds to the force that causes glass laminate 200 to fracture. As reported below, the fracture of glass laminate 200 is provided based on the fracture load of the first glass interlayer 202, the fracture load of the second glass interlayer 204, and the total fracture load of glass laminate 200. Using the dimensions of glass laminate 200 and the maximum applied load, the stress at fracture can be calculated. The following formula can be used to calculate the stress at failure, in megapascals (MPa):

[0053] Where L1 is the support span distance (mm) between the two second side load points 420, F is the applied load (N), L2 is the length (mm) of the glass laminate 200, and t is the total glass thickness (T1 + T2).

[0054] In the measurements conducted herein, L2 is 100 mm, L1 is 36 mm, and t is provided in Table 1 below. The span under the assumed load (which is the distance between the two first lateral load points 410) is half the distance of the support span of the glass laminate 200 from L1 (i.e., 18 mm in this case). Individual glass laminates 200 may have higher or lower fracture resistance, but on average, these four-point bending measurements characterize the distribution of the component. The mean of this distribution and its standard deviation can be reasonably characterized by causing five glass laminates 200 manufactured in a batch to break, where more statistical data is beneficial. For the comparative examples and examples according to this disclosure discussed below, laminates were tested in samples having a length (L2) of 100 mm and a width of 50 mm (measured perpendicular to length L2). The first side load point 410 and the second side load point 420 each have a rod length longer than the width of the sample, such that the entire width of the sample is in contact with the first side load point 410 and the second side load point 420 along the load line.

[0055] Table 1. Layer thickness and load characteristics of laminated components

[0056] Comparative Example 1 (CE1) comprises two interlayers of annealed soda-lime glass. It can be seen that the symmetrical laminate can withstand an initial load of 1649 N before the outer interlayer fails, and an additional 1116 N before the inner interlayer fails. Therefore, for a total glass thickness of 4.2 mm, CE1 can withstand a total load of 2765 N. Comparative Example 2 (CE2) is slightly asymmetrical, with a thickness difference of 0.5 mm between the outer and inner glass interlayers. Both glass interlayers are annealed soda-lime glass. For a total load of 1919 N, the outer glass interlayer fails under a load of 1376 N, and the inner glass interlayer fails under a load of 543 N. CE2 demonstrates that slight asymmetry does not provide reinforcement for the laminate.

[0057] Example 1 (E1) features a significant thickness difference (1 mm) between the outer and inner glass interlayers. The outer glass interlayer is annealed soda-lime glass, and the inner glass interlayer is ion-exchanged alkali aluminosilicate glass (Gorilla® glass). Despite the reduced total glass thickness to 3.2 mm and the same outer interlayer thickness as CE1 and CE2, the highly asymmetrical laminate is able to withstand a total load of up to 3041 N.

[0058] Example 2 (E2) also comprises an outer glass interlayer of soda-lime glass with a thickness of 2.1 mm and an inner glass interlayer of ion-exchanged alkali aluminosilicate glass. In E2, the asymmetry is further increased to a thickness difference of 1.4 mm. As can be seen from Table 1, the total damage load is less than that of E1, but the total glass thickness is less than that of E1. Nevertheless, the asymmetric laminate is still able to withstand loads exceeding 2000 N.

[0059] Example 3 (E3) is similar to Example 1 in that the outer glass interlayer is soda-lime glass with a thickness of 2.1 mm, and the inner glass interlayer is alkali aluminosilicate glass with a thickness of 1.1 mm. However, the outer glass interlayer in E3 is not annealed, and the alkali aluminosilicate glass has a higher compressive stress. As can be seen from Table 1, the inner glass interlayer can withstand a high failure load of up to 3233 N, and the total failure load is 3815 N.

[0060] Example 4 (E4) is an asymmetric laminate with an increased total glass thickness of 3.4 mm, comprising a 2.7 mm outer glass interlayer and a 0.7 mm inner glass interlayer. The outer glass interlayer is soda-lime glass (annealed), and the inner glass interlayer is alkali-aluminosilicate glass (same as E1 and E2). It can be seen that by slightly increasing the total glass thickness, the total failure load increases to 4081 N.

[0061] Example 5 (E5) further increases the total glass thickness to 3.9 mm, comprising an outer glass interlayer with a thickness of 3.2 mm and an inner glass interlayer with a thickness of 0.7 mm. The outer glass interlayer is soda-lime glass, and the inner glass interlayer is alkali-aluminosilicate glass (the same as E1, E2, and E4). Furthermore, increasing the total glass thickness increases the total failure load to a maximum of 4492 N.

[0062] Example 6 (E6) further increases the total glass thickness to 4.3 mm, comprising an outer glass interlayer with a thickness of 3.2 mm and an inner glass interlayer with a thickness of 1.1 mm. The outer glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered soda-lime glass, and the inner glass interlayer is alkali-aluminosilicate glass (the same as in E3). As can be seen from Table 1, the failure loads of the outer and inner interlayers significantly increase to 5418 N and 4538 N, respectively. The total failure load is 9956 N.

[0063] Example 7 (E7) reduces the total glass thickness to 3.6 mm, but both glass interlayers are ion-exchange strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass (both are the same glass as E3 and E6). The outer glass interlayer has a thickness of 2.85 mm, and the inner glass interlayer has a thickness of 0.7 mm. The outer glass interlayer has a CS of 785 MPa and a DOL of 33 μm, while the inner glass interlayer has a CS of 844 MPa and a DOL of 42 μm. The outer glass interlayer can withstand a load of 10,020 N, and the inner glass interlayer can withstand a load of 3233 N. The total failure load is 13,254 N.

[0064] Therefore, Table 1 shows that highly asymmetrical glass laminates withstand higher loads compared to symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical glass laminates. Furthermore, the properties of the glass laminate can be manipulated to achieve desired results. For example, the thickness of the laminate can be manipulated to provide sufficient strength, for instance, to meet FMVSS Code 216, while also optimizing vehicle weight reduction. Additionally, the composition and tempering of the glass laminate can be manipulated according to the needs of specific applications to increase the failure load.

[0065] Figure 7 and Figure 8 Load and flexural curves were plotted for a symmetrical glass laminate (a 2.1 mm soda-lime glass interlayer) and an asymmetrical glass laminate (a 3.1 mm soda-lime glass outer interlayer and an ion-exchange strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass inner interlayer). Both laminates were loaded to approximately 400 lbf. Figure 7 and Figure 8 The comparison shows that the symmetrical glass laminate exhibits a greater curvature (0.805 mm) than the asymmetrical glass laminate (0.619 mm). Therefore, the asymmetrical glass laminate according to this disclosure is harder than the symmetrical glass laminate.

[0066] Figure 9 and Figure 10 Depicting Figure 7 and Figure 8 The load and flexural curves of identical symmetrical and identical asymmetrical glass laminates. When subjected to Figure 9 The symmetrical laminated component failed under the loads shown in the diagram. Figure 9 As can be seen, the symmetrical laminate was able to withstand a load of 426.86 lbf before failure, and the laminate deflected 0.832 mm at that load level. When the laminate in question was subjected to... Figure 10 The glass interlayer remained undamaged under the loads shown in the diagram. Figure 10 It can be seen that the asymmetric laminate was loaded to 757 lbf without any interlayer damage, and even at the much higher load level, the flexural strength was only 0.902 mm. Figure 11 Depicting Figure 10 The asymmetric laminate, as shown in the figure, was loaded until the outer glass interlayer failed, under a load of 1152.36 lbf. At the time of outer glass interlayer failure, the curvature was 1.184 mm. Although the outer glass interlayer cracked, the inner glass interlayer remained intact. Specifically, as... Figure 12 As shown, asymmetric glass laminates can contain support for additional loads. Figure 12 In the middle, the inner laminate continues to support 771.57 lbf and flexes up to 2.250 mm.

[0067] Therefore, as Figure 12 As shown, the asymmetric laminate according to this disclosure exhibits dual load curves: an initial, steeper load curve reflecting the stiffness of the two intact sandwich layers of the asymmetric laminate, and a later, flatter load curve reflecting the intact inner sandwich layer after the outer sandwich layer fails. Advantageously, and unlike existing symmetric laminates where two sandwich layers fail simultaneously, the asymmetric laminate according to this disclosure can withstand multiple loads, such as potentially multiple rollovers or other load events experienced by the vehicle roof.

[0068] Furthermore, a head-mold tear test was performed on the fourth primary surface of the glass laminate. A head-mold weighing 4.8 kg, covered with two chamois leather pads (each 0.8 mm thick), was aimed at the inner glass interlayer at an impact velocity of 13.4 m / s and an incident angle of 45°. When the head-mold impacted the existing soda-lime silicate interlayer, the chamois leather exhibited multiple significant tears. In contrast, the chamois leather contacting the inner glass interlayer of the alkali aluminosilicate glass did not exhibit significant tears. Therefore, it is believed that the asymmetric glass laminate according to this disclosure will reduce the likelihood of tearing after impact.

[0069] The embodiments of this disclosure can be further understood based on the following aspects.

[0070] Aspect (1) of this disclosure relates to a laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof, comprising: a first glass interlayer having a first main surface and a second main surface, the second main surface being opposite to the first main surface; a second glass interlayer having a third main surface and a fourth main surface, the fourth main surface being opposite to the third main surface, the third main surface facing the second main surface; an adhesive layer disposed between the second main surface and the third main surface; wherein the first main surface and the second main surface define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer, the first thickness being in the range of 2.1 mm to 5 mm; wherein the third main surface and the fourth main surface define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, the second thickness being in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm; and wherein the laminated inlaid glass is configured to withstand at least 2000 bending tests on the first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated inlaid glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm. The four-point bending test includes two first side load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second side load points in contact with the fourth main surface. The two first side load points have a first span of 18 mm and the two second side load points have a second span of 36 mm. The first span and the second span are parallel to the length of the laminated glass. The first side load points and the second side load points extend across the width of the sample, and the first side load points are driven toward the stationary second side load points.

[0071] Aspect (2) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to aspect (1), wherein the first glass interlayer comprises soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass.

[0072] Aspect (3) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (2), wherein the first glass interlayer is annealed.

[0073] Aspect (4) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (2), wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered.

[0074] Aspect (5) of this disclosure relates to laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (2), wherein the first glass interlayer is semi-tempered.

[0075] Aspect (6) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (2), wherein the first glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

[0076] Aspect (7) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to aspect (6), wherein the first glass interlayer comprises a maximum central tensile force of 10 MPa or less.

[0077] Aspect (8) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (7), wherein the second glass interlayer is a soda-lime silicate glass or an alkaline aluminosilicate glass.

[0078] Aspect (9) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (8), wherein the second glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

[0079] Aspect (10) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to aspect (9), wherein the second glass interlayer includes a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa.

[0080] Aspect (11) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (9) to (10), wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered or ion-exchange strengthened.

[0081] Aspect (12) of this disclosure relates to the laminated glass according to aspect (11), wherein the laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 8000 N as measured by the four-point bending test.

[0082] Aspect (13) of this disclosure relates to laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (12), wherein the first thickness is at least 1.5 times the second thickness.

[0083] Aspect (14) of this disclosure relates to laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (13), wherein the first thickness is at most 10 times the second thickness.

[0084] Aspect (15) of this disclosure relates to laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (14), wherein the total thickness of the first thickness and the second thickness is 5.0 mm or less.

[0085] Aspect (16) of this disclosure relates to a laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof, comprising: a first glass interlayer having a first main surface and a second main surface, the second main surface being opposite to the first main surface, the first glass interlayer being fully heat-tempered or ion-exchange strengthened; a second glass interlayer having a third main surface and a fourth main surface, the fourth main surface being opposite to the third main surface and the third main surface facing the second main surface, the second glass interlayer being ion-exchange strengthened with a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa; an adhesive layer disposed between the second main surface and the third main surface; wherein the first main surface and the second main surface define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer, the first thickness being in the range of 2.1 mm to 5 mm; wherein the third main surface and the fourth main surface define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, the second thickness being in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm; and wherein the laminated inlaid glass is configured to withstand at least 8000 bending stresses on the first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated inlaid glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm. The four-point bending test includes two first side load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second side load points in contact with the fourth main surface. The two first side load points have a first span of 18 mm and the two second side load points have a second span of 36 mm. The first span and the second span are parallel to the length of the laminated glass. The first side load points and the second side load points extend across the width of the sample, and the first side load points are driven toward the stationary second side load points.

[0086] Aspect (17) of this disclosure relates to the laminated glass according to aspect (16), wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat tempered.

[0087] Aspect (18) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to aspect (17), wherein the first glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

[0088] Aspect (19) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to aspect (18), wherein the first glass interlayer includes a maximum central tensile force of 10 MPa or less.

[0089] Aspect (20) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (16) to (19), wherein the first glass interlayer comprises soda-lime silicate glass or aluminosilicate glass.

[0090] Aspect (21) of this disclosure relates to a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (16) to (20), wherein the second glass interlayer comprises soda-lime silicate glass or aluminosilicate glass.

[0091] Aspect (22) of this disclosure relates to a vehicle comprising: a vehicle body defining an interior and an exterior of the vehicle, the vehicle body including a roof having an opening; and a laminated glass according to any one of aspects (1) to (15) or (16) to (21) disposed within the opening; wherein a first main surface is disposed on the exterior of the vehicle and a fourth main surface is disposed on the interior of the vehicle.

[0092] Aspect (23) of this disclosure relates to a vehicle according to aspect (22), wherein the vehicle includes an unloaded weight and wherein the roof is configured to bear at least 1.5 times the unloaded weight of the vehicle as measured in accordance with FMVSS Rule 216.

[0093] Aspect (24) of this disclosure relates to a vehicle according to any one of aspects (22) to (23), wherein the roof is configured to withstand a force of 80,000 N as measured in accordance with FMVSS Rule 216.

[0094] Aspect (25) of this disclosure relates to a method of forming a laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof, the method comprising: attaching a first glass interlayer to a second glass interlayer using an adhesive layer, the first glass interlayer comprising soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, and the second glass interlayer comprising ion-exchange strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass; wherein the first glass interlayer comprises a first main surface and a second main surface, the second main surface being opposite to the first main surface; wherein the second glass interlayer comprises a third main surface and a fourth main surface, the fourth main surface being opposite to the third main surface, the third main surface facing the second main surface; wherein the first main surface and the second main surface define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer; wherein the third main surface and the fourth main surface define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, the first thickness being at least 1.5 times the second thickness; and wherein the total glass thickness of the first thickness and the second thickness is 6.1 mm or less.

[0095] Aspect (26) of this disclosure relates to the method according to aspect (25), wherein the laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 2000 N on a first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage, the four-point bending test comprising two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the fourth main surface, the two first lateral load points having a first span of 18 mm and the two second lateral load points having a second span of 36 mm, the first span and the second span being parallel to the length of the laminated glass, the first lateral load points and the second lateral load points extending across the width of the sample, and the first lateral load points being driven toward the stationary second lateral load points.

[0096] Aspect (27) of this disclosure relates to a method according to any one of aspects (25) to (26), wherein the first glass interlayer is annealed.

[0097] Aspect (28) of this disclosure relates to a method according to any one of aspects (25) to (26), wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat tempered.

[0098] Aspect (29) of this disclosure relates to a method according to any one of aspects (25) to (26), wherein the first glass interlayer is semi-tempered.

[0099] Aspect (30) of this disclosure relates to a method according to any one of aspects (25) to (26), wherein the first glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

[0100] Aspect (31) of this disclosure relates to the method according to aspect (30), wherein the first glass interlayer comprises a maximum central tensile force of 10 MPa or less.

[0101] Aspect (32) of this disclosure relates to a method according to any one of aspects (25) to (31), wherein the second glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

[0102] Aspect (33) of this disclosure relates to the method according to aspect (32), wherein the second glass interlayer comprises a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa.

[0103] Aspect (34) of this disclosure relates to a method according to any one of aspects (32) to (33), wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered or ion-exchange strengthened.

[0104] Aspect (35) of this disclosure relates to the method according to aspect (35), wherein the laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 8000 N on a first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage, the four-point bending test comprising two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the fourth main surface, the two first lateral load points having a first span of 18 mm and the two second lateral load points having a second span of 36 mm, the first span and the second span being parallel to the length of the laminated glass, the first lateral load points and the second lateral load points extending across the width of the sample, and the first lateral load points being driven toward the stationary second lateral load points.

[0105] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is not intended to interpret any method set forth herein as requiring its steps to be performed in a particular order. Therefore, no particular order is intended to be inferred where a method claim does not actually describe the order in which its steps are followed, or where the claims or description do not specifically state that the steps should be limited to a particular order. Furthermore, as used herein, the article “a” is intended to include one or more parts or elements, and is not intended to be construed as meaning only one.

[0106] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosed embodiments. Since modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and variations of the disclosed embodiments in conjunction with the spirit and substance of the embodiments will be conceived by those skilled in the art, the disclosed embodiments should be construed as encompassing all contents within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof, comprising: A first glass interlayer has a first main surface and a second main surface, the second main surface being opposite to the first main surface; The second glass interlayer has a third main surface and a fourth main surface, the fourth main surface being opposite to the third main surface and the third main surface facing the second main surface; An adhesive layer is disposed between the second main surface and the third main surface; The first main surface and the second main surface define a first thickness of the first glass interlayer, the first thickness being in the range of 2.1 mm to 5 mm; The third and fourth main surfaces define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, the second thickness being in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm; and The laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 2000 N on the first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage. The four-point bending test includes two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the fourth main surface. The two first lateral load points have a first span of 18 mm and the two second lateral load points have a second span of 36 mm. The first span and the second span are parallel to the length of the laminated glass. The first lateral load points and the second lateral load points extend across the width of the sample, and the first lateral load points are driven toward the stationary second lateral load points.

2. The laminated inlaid glass according to claim 1, wherein the first glass interlayer comprises soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass.

3. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first glass interlayer is annealed.

4. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered.

5. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first glass interlayer is semi-tempered.

6. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

7. The laminated glass of claim 6, wherein the first glass interlayer comprises a maximum central tensile force of 10 MPa or less.

8. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the second glass interlayer is soda-lime silicate glass or alkali aluminosilicate glass.

9. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the second glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

10. The laminated glass of claim 9, wherein the second glass interlayer comprises a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa.

11. The laminated inlaid glass according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the first glass interlayer is fully heat-tempered or ion-exchange strengthened.

12. The laminated glass of claim 11, wherein the laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 8000 N as measured by the four-point bending test.

13. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the first thickness is at least 1.5 times the second thickness.

14. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the first thickness is at most 10 times the second thickness.

15. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the total thickness of the first thickness and the second thickness is 5.0 mm or less.

16. A vehicle comprising: The vehicle body, which defines the interior and exterior of the vehicle, includes a roof with an opening; as well as The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 15 is disposed within the opening; The first main surface is disposed on the exterior of the vehicle, and the fourth main surface is disposed on the interior of the vehicle.

17. The vehicle of claim 16, wherein the vehicle includes an unloaded weight, and wherein the roof is configured to bear at least 1.5 times the unloaded weight of the vehicle as measured in accordance with FMVSS Rule 216.

18. The vehicle of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the roof is configured to withstand a force of 80,000 N as measured in accordance with FMVSS Rule 216.

19. A method of forming a laminated inlaid glass for a vehicle roof, the method comprising: A first glass interlayer is attached to a second glass interlayer using an adhesive layer. The first glass interlayer comprises soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, and the second glass interlayer comprises ion-exchange strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass. The first glass interlayer includes a first main surface and a second main surface, wherein the second main surface is opposite to the first main surface; The second glass interlayer includes a third main surface and a fourth main surface, wherein the fourth main surface is opposite to the third main surface and the third main surface faces the second main surface; The first main surface and the second main surface define the first thickness of the first glass interlayer; The third and fourth main surfaces define a second thickness of the second glass interlayer, wherein the first thickness is at least 1.5 times the second thickness; and The total glass thickness of the first thickness and the second thickness is 6.1 mm or less.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 2000 N on the first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage, the four-point bending test comprising two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the fourth main surface, the two first lateral load points having a first span of 18 mm and the two second lateral load points having a second span of 36 mm, the first span and the second span being parallel to the length of the laminated glass, the first lateral load points and the second lateral load points extending across the width of the sample, and the first lateral load points being driven toward the stationary second lateral load points.

21. The method according to claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the first glass interlayer is annealed, fully heat-tempered, or semi-tempered.

22. The method of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the first glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first glass interlayer comprises a maximum central tensile force of 10 MPa or less.

24. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 23, wherein the second glass interlayer is ion-exchange strengthened.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the second glass interlayer comprises a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the laminated glass is configured to withstand a load of at least 8000 N on the first main surface, as measured by a four-point bending test on a sample of the laminated glass having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm, without damage, the four-point bending test comprising two first lateral load points in contact with the first main surface of the first glass interlayer and two second lateral load points in contact with the fourth main surface, the two first lateral load points having a first span of 18 mm and the two second lateral load points having a second span of 36 mm, the first span and the second span being parallel to the length of the laminated glass, the first lateral load points and the second lateral load points extending across the width of the sample, and the first lateral load points being driven toward the stationary second lateral load points.

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