Multi-dimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment system, device and analysis method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of avalanche simulation experiments, in particular to a multi-dimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment system and device and an analysis method. According to the technical scheme, the device comprises an object source sliding groove section fixedly installed at the top of an aluminum profile frame, a speed increasing sliding groove section is fixedly installed at the end of the object source sliding groove section, an erosion sliding groove section and a circulation sliding groove section are further fixedly installed at the top of the aluminum profile frame, and the speed increasing sliding groove section, the erosion sliding groove section and the circulation sliding groove section are in butt joint. According to the device, focused high-strength impact power is formed by injecting air at the directional injector, acts on the accumulated snow body avalanche object source push plate, is endowed with preset initial kinetic energy, drives the accumulated snow body to quickly move downwards along the preset sliding chute, and finally realizes accurate simulation of an avalanche scene; snow flows along the acceleration sliding groove section, the erosion sliding groove section, the circulation sliding groove section and the stacking bin, the high-speed camera is used for shooting an avalanche path, initial kinetic energy is given to an avalanche object source, and an avalanche scene caused by an earthquake is simulated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of avalanche simulation experiment technology, and in particular to a multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment system, device and analysis method. Background Technology

[0002] Avalanches are high-speed gravity geological hazards that occur in high-altitude, cold mountainous areas. The movement of avalanches is influenced by multiple factors, including topographic slope, snow mass structure, temperature changes, and external disturbances, and is characterized by its suddenness and complex evolution mechanisms. In-depth research into the movement characteristics and evolutionary patterns of avalanches is of significant scientific and engineering importance for the construction of avalanche disaster prevention and control systems. Currently, trough model experiments are an important tool for studying the dynamic processes of avalanches and related gravity geological hazards.

[0003] The patent document with publication number CN220232627U proposes an experimental simulation device for image monitoring of high-altitude avalanche disaster damage. It employs a multi-level, layered slope adjustment mechanism to more accurately simulate different slope conditions at different heights on a mountainside. A hand-cranked lifting screw is used to adjust the height of different support plates, facilitating experimental execution and control.

[0004] Existing chute models primarily rely on the material's own gravity to slide down, failing to provide an initial velocity for the accumulated snow. However, in real-world scenarios, avalanches may possess an initial velocity due to triggering factors such as earthquakes. Existing indoor models cannot simulate avalanche motion with initial velocity, leading to discrepancies between experimental results and actual conditions. This limits in-depth research into avalanche motion mechanisms. Furthermore, existing chute models typically use straight chutes, which cannot simulate the impact angles caused by terrain changes during actual avalanche motion. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to address the problems existing in the background art by proposing a multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental system, device, and analysis method.

[0006] The technical solution of this invention: a multi-dimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device, comprising:

[0007] The ramp support includes multiple trapezoidal aluminum profile frames placed on the ground. A directional injector is fixedly installed at the highest point of the aluminum profile frame, and a vent pipe is connected to the side of the directional injector.

[0008] An acrylic chute includes a material source chute section fixedly installed on the top of an aluminum profile frame. An acceleration chute section is fixedly installed at the end of the material source chute section. An erosion chute section and a flow chute section are also fixedly installed on the top of the aluminum profile frame. The acceleration chute section, erosion chute section, and flow chute section are connected together. A bend is formed at the erosion chute section. A storage bin is rotatably connected to the end of the flow chute section. A high-speed camera for capturing avalanche images is fixedly installed on the sides of the acceleration chute section, erosion chute section, flow chute section, and storage bin. A push plate is slidably connected inside the material source chute section through a guide rod.

[0009] The outer wall of the high-speed camera is equipped with a straightening component for adjusting the angle of the high-speed camera. The top of the aluminum profile frame is equipped with an angle-adjusting slope adapter between the material source chute section, the erosion chute section, and the flow chute section. The material source chute section, the acceleration chute section, the erosion chute section, and the flow chute section are all made of acrylic structure. A partition is inserted between the material source chute section and the acceleration chute section. The nozzle of the directional injector faces the material source chute section.

[0010] Optionally, the straightening component includes a side mounting frame fixedly installed on the side of the acceleration chute section, the erosion chute section, the flow chute section, and the stacking bin. A deflection ball is rotatably connected inside the side mounting frame. A deflection rod is fixedly installed at the center of the deflection ball. A high-speed camera is fixedly installed at the top of the deflection rod. A counterweight is ball-connected to the bottom of the deflection rod.

[0011] Optionally, a guide rod is fixedly installed inside the side mounting bracket, and a gripper is slidably connected inside the guide rod. Multiple grippers are provided, and the multiple grippers are distributed in a ring at equal angles about the deflection ball. The bottom ends of the multiple grippers are connected by a circular ring, and the multiple grippers clamp the deflection ball.

[0012] Optionally, the inner wall of the side mounting bracket is rotatably connected to a spiral propulsion cover, the spiral propulsion cover is threadedly connected to a pressure cap, a guide telescopic rod is fixedly installed between the top of the pressure cap and the guide rod, and the inner wall of the pressure cap contacts the outer arc surface of the gripper.

[0013] Optionally, a forward and reverse motor is fixedly installed inside the side mounting bracket, a drive gear is fixedly installed at the bottom of the forward and reverse motor, the drive gear is meshed with a spiral propulsion cover, and an annular pressure sensor surrounding the deflection rod is fixedly installed on the top of the counterweight, the annular pressure sensor being electrically connected to the forward and reverse motor.

[0014] Optionally, the slope adaptation component includes multiple auxiliary hydraulic lifting rods, which are respectively located at the bottom of the material source chute section, the erosion chute section, and the flow chute section, and the bottom of the auxiliary hydraulic lifting rods is fixedly installed on the top of the aluminum profile frame.

[0015] Optionally, both the end of the acceleration chute section and the end of the erosion chute section are rotatably connected to an erosion section rubber pad. An erosion section sealing pad is fixedly installed at the bottom of the erosion section rubber pad. The erosion section rubber pad at the end of the acceleration chute section is laid on the top of the erosion chute section. The erosion section rubber pad at the end of the erosion chute section is laid on the top of the flow chute section. An acceleration section rubber pad extending onto the erosion chute section is rotatably connected to the end of the acceleration chute section. An acceleration section sealing pad is fixedly installed at the bottom of the acceleration section rubber pad.

[0016] Optionally, the aluminum profile frame includes vertical supports, horizontal supports, and inclined supports. The vertical supports and horizontal supports are constructed from aluminum profiles. The vertical supports have pre-set connection holes of different heights, and the inclined supports are constructed from aluminum profiles in a stepped structure.

[0017] The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental system includes the aforementioned multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device and multiple types of sensors. Data is collected through monitoring equipment and multiple types of sensors, and real-time quantitative analysis of threshold, motion velocity, and impact intensity is initiated.

[0018] The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment analysis method, applied to the aforementioned multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment system, comprises the following steps:

[0019] S1. The aluminum profile frame is constructed in the shape of a sloping surface. The slope can be adjusted through the connection holes on it, and the angles of the acceleration chute section, erosion chute section and flow chute section on it can be adjusted to achieve the function of adjustable avalanche slope.

[0020] S2. Air is ejected through the directional jet to form a focused high-intensity impact force, which acts on the snow avalanche source push plate. The initial kinetic energy is preset, which drives the snow mass to move rapidly downward along the preset chute, realizing the simulation of the avalanche scene. The snow flows along the acceleration chute section, erosion chute section, flow chute section and accumulation chamber, and the avalanche path is captured by a high-speed camera.

[0021] S3. Install and inspect the accelerometer, temperature probe, impact sensor, and micro-vibration probe to ensure they are securely installed; adjust the position of the high-speed camera so that its field of view covers the entire inclined plane movement area; check the communication status between the data acquisition device and each monitoring device to confirm that the signal transmission is normal.

[0022] S4. Arrange acceleration sensors, impact sensors, temperature sensors, and micro-vibration sensors, and connect them synchronously with the data acquisition module to obtain various experimental parameters.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:

[0024] 1. This invention generates focused, high-intensity impact force by injecting air through a directional jet, which is precisely applied to the avalanche source push plate of the snow mass, giving it a preset initial kinetic energy. This drives the snow mass to move rapidly downward along a preset chute, ultimately achieving a precise simulation of an avalanche scene. The snow flows along the acceleration chute section, erosion chute section, flow chute section, and accumulation chamber. A high-speed camera is used to capture the avalanche path, giving the avalanche source initial kinetic energy and simulating an avalanche scene triggered by an earthquake.

[0025] 2. In this invention, when the high-speed camera is tilted, the drive gear drives the spiral propulsion cover to rotate clockwise, causing the pressure cap to move downwards and no longer squeeze the gripper. The gripper opens, reducing the resistance between it and the deflection ball. Under the action of gravity, the deflection rod, counterweight, and high-speed camera return to a vertical state, avoiding visual distortion of length and speed caused by the tilted angle of the high-speed camera, which would affect the experimental data. After the deflection rod is no longer in contact with the annular pressure sensor, the drive gear drives the spiral propulsion cover to rotate counterclockwise, causing the pressure cap to move upwards and squeeze the gripper. The gripper clamps the deflection ball for positioning, avoiding the vibration caused by the avalanche experiment that would cause the high-speed camera to tilt.

[0026] 3. This invention uses an erosion section rubber pad as an extension to prevent gaps between the erosion chute section and the flow chute section, and an acceleration section rubber pad as an extension to prevent gaps between the acceleration chute section and the erosion chute section. This allows for positional replenishment when adjusting the slope. The erosion section sealing pad and the acceleration section sealing pad work together as flexible connectors to seal the gaps and prevent air leakage, which could affect the avalanche experiment and the experimental data due to air at the bottom of the material source chute section. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the material source chute section structure;

[0029] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a high-speed camera structure.

[0030] Figure 4 This is a sectional view of the side mounting bracket structure;

[0031] Figure 5 for Figure 4 Enlarged schematic diagram of the drive gear structure in part A;

[0032] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the deflection sphere structure in its separated state.

[0033] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram showing the structural separation state of the erosion chute section.

[0034] Figure 8 This is a diagram of an avalanche monitoring device.

[0035] Reference numerals: 1. Aluminum profile frame; 2. Directional injector; 3. Ventilation pipe; 4. Acrylic chute; 41. Material source chute section; 42. Acceleration chute section; 43. Erosion chute section; 44. Flow chute section; 45. Stacking bin; 46. High-speed camera; 47. Partition plate; 48. Push plate; 5. Straightening component; 51. Side mounting bracket; 52. Deflection ball; 53. Deflection rod; 54. Counterweight; 55. Gripper; 56. Guide rod; 57. Pressure cap; 58. Spiral propulsion cover; 59. Drive gear; 510. Forward and reverse motor; 511. Ring pressure sensor; 6. Slope adaptation component; 61. Auxiliary hydraulic lifting rod; 62. Erosion section rubber pad; 63. Erosion section sealing pad; 64. Acceleration section rubber pad; 65. Acceleration section sealing pad. Detailed Implementation

[0036] The technical solution of the present invention will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments.

[0037] The components of the embodiments of the invention described and shown in the accompanying drawings can typically be arranged and designed in a variety of different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention provided in the drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention.

[0038] Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0039] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that the terms "center," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing the invention and for simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0040] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0041] Example: Figure 1 As shown, the multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device includes a slope support, which comprises multiple trapezoidal aluminum profile frames 1 placed on the ground. A directional jet injector 2 is fixedly installed at the highest point of the aluminum profile frame 1, and a ventilation pipe 3 is connected to the side of the directional jet injector 2. The aluminum profile frame 1 includes vertical and horizontal supports. The vertical supports are constructed of 80mm×80mm aluminum profiles and have pre-set connection holes at different heights. The slope surface support structure is constructed of 40mm×80mm aluminum profiles in a stepped structure, and the slope can be adjusted through the connection holes.

[0042] To achieve controllable application of the initial velocity of the avalanche flow, an industrial air cannon device is mounted on the top of the aluminum profile frame 1 to apply adjustable initial kinetic energy to the avalanche material. The industrial air cannon device mainly includes a high-pressure air tank energy storage unit, an electromagnetic reversing valve and pressure sensor control unit, a directional injector 2, and sealing and fixing accessories. All components are sealed and connected to form a closed-loop power unit. Its implementation principle is as follows: compressed air is injected into the high-pressure air tank to a preset pressure through an air source device. When the avalanche simulation is initiated, the control unit receives a trigger signal and drives the electromagnetic reversing valve to operate. The high-pressure air stored in the air tank is instantaneously and directionally released through the directional injector 2, forming a focused, high-intensity impact force that precisely acts on the avalanche material source pusher plate, giving it a preset initial kinetic energy. This drives the snow mass to move rapidly downwards along a preset chute, ultimately achieving accurate simulation of the avalanche scenario.

[0043] When using a 30L industrial air cannon in this experimental model, the adjustable speed range of the device is 0–10 m / s, and the adjustment accuracy can reach ±0.3 m / s, which can meet the preset speed requirements of the experiment and make up for the technical defects of "unpowered loading" or single loading method in traditional models.

[0044] To further simulate the "layered initiation" characteristics of avalanches, a multi-zone pneumatic pusher structure can be employed. This pusher consists of several independently controllable zones, each with adjustable air pressure and triggering timing to simulate the initiation sequence of different snow layers, such as the surface layer sliding first, followed by weaker layers—typical layered initiation patterns. By precisely controlling the air pressure and triggering delay of each zone, the magnitude and spatial distribution of the avalanche's initial velocity can be quantitatively adjusted, thereby reproducing the interlayer velocity differences and non-uniform motion characteristics of the avalanche initiation phase.

[0045] During the experiment, the air cannon device instantaneously releases compressed gas through a solenoid valve according to set parameters. The gas expansion pushes a pneumatic pusher to apply initial thrust to the snow mass, giving it a set initial velocity. The control device adjusts loading parameters, including air pressure, injection duration, and trigger sequence, to simulate avalanche experiments under different trigger intensities and initiation modes. This design enables dynamic controllability and multi-level trigger simulation of the avalanche initiation process, effectively improving the physical model's ability to reproduce real avalanche dynamics and providing reliable experimental support for studying avalanche formation mechanisms and disaster prevention.

[0046] like Figure 2 and Figure 7 As shown, an acrylic chute 4 is provided on the top of the aluminum profile frame 1. The acrylic chute 4 includes a material source chute section 41 mounted on the top of the aluminum profile frame 1. An acceleration chute section 42 is fixedly installed at the end of the material source chute section 41. An erosion chute section 43 and a flow chute section 44 are also fixedly installed on the top of the aluminum profile frame 1. The acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43 and the flow chute section 44 are connected. A bend is formed at the erosion chute section 43. The avalanche impacts at multiple angles along the erosion chute section 43. The bottom of the erosion chute section 43 is 10cm deeper than the bottom of the acceleration chute section 42 and the flow chute section 44. The deeper part is filled with a mixture of soil and rock.

[0047] The end of the flow chute section 44 is rotatably connected to the accumulation chamber 45. The sides of the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43, the flow chute section 44 and the accumulation chamber 45 are all fixedly installed with high-speed cameras 46 for capturing avalanche images. The inside of the material source chute section 41 is slidably connected to the push plate 48 through the guide rod.

[0048] Multiple types of sensors are installed on the acrylic chute 4. The sensor types and installation positions are as follows: a 3D laser scanner is fixedly installed on the erosion chute section 43 and the accumulation chamber 45; a triaxial vibration acceleration sensor is fixedly installed on the bottom back of the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43 and the flow chute section 44; a friction force sensor is fixedly installed on the bottom of the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43 and the flow chute section 44; a temperature sensor is fixedly installed inside and on the surface of the filling material of the erosion chute section 43; an impact pressure sensor is fixedly installed at the upper and lower transition points of the erosion chute section 43, at the outlet end of the flow chute section 44 and the accumulation chamber 45; a micro-vibration sensor is fixedly installed on the bottom back of the erosion chute section 43 and the flow chute section 44; a triaxial force sensor is fixedly installed on the surface of the erosion chute section 43 and the accumulation chamber 45; a wind speed sensor is fixedly installed on the flow chute section 44 and the accumulation chamber 45; and an ultrasonic sensor is fixedly installed on the surface of the erosion chute section 43.

[0049] The material source chute section 41, the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43, and the flow chute section 44 are all made of acrylic. A partition 47 is inserted between the material source chute section 41 and the acceleration chute section 42. The nozzle of the directional injector 2 faces the material source chute section 41.

[0050] A servo motor for opening the partition 47 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the material source chute section 41. The directional injector 2 applies power to the push plate 48 for directional injection. The push plate 48 quickly pushes the material source forward. At the same time as the directional injector 2 injects material, the servo motor starts to open the partition 47.

[0051] like Figure 8 As shown, high-speed cameras are used to capture the complete trajectory of snow bodies from release, acceleration, erosion and entrainment of filling materials, to impact and accumulation, as well as the details of snow-rock-soil particle interaction. They record high-definition images and, in conjunction with data from other sensors, obtain accurate parameters such as avalanche flow velocity field and erosion amount, while also recording the morphological characteristics of avalanche accumulation.

[0052] The PIV particle velocimetry device is used to accurately measure the particle velocity field distribution of avalanche simulations. The professional PIVlab software can be used to calculate the instantaneous flow velocity of snow particles at different locations and the mixed flow velocity information after the particles are entrained in the erosion section.

[0053] A 3D laser scanner is used to collect the 3D morphology of the soil-rock mixture at the bottom of the erosion zone after being eroded and impacted by the avalanche flow, and the 3D morphology of the avalanche deposits in the deposition zone. This is used to analyze the correlation between the avalanche flow erosion intensity parameters and the morphology of the deposits and the avalanche components.

[0054] The triaxial vibration accelerometer is deployed at multiple points to monitor the three-component vibration acceleration generated by the avalanche flow impacting the chute, in order to analyze the avalanche process.

[0055] The friction sensor is deployed at multiple points to monitor the friction between the avalanche flow and the chute surface, and is used to analyze the correlation between the avalanche flow motion characteristics, energy dissipation and chute roughness.

[0056] Temperature sensors are used to collect temperature changes caused by sliding friction and impact during avalanches, and to analyze the thermal effects generated during avalanche impact and friction.

[0057] Impact pressure sensors are used to acquire instantaneous force signals generated during the impact of avalanche flows, so as to reflect the impact force characteristics of the sidewalls of the avalanche flow chute, the chute itself, and potential structures in the deposition zone.

[0058] The microseismic sensors are deployed at multiple points to collect the frequency and amplitude of the microseismic signals generated by the avalanche flow moving and impacting within the chute, and to analyze the impact vibration characteristics of the avalanche at different stages of its movement.

[0059] A triaxial force sensor is used to monitor the normal and shear stresses generated on the simulated surface by the impact load of avalanche flow.

[0060] Wind speed sensors are used to monitor the air pressure generated by simulated avalanche flows.

[0061] Ultrasonic sensors measure the depth of erosion of soil-rock mixtures in erosion zones by avalanche flows, which is used to analyze the erosion intensity of avalanche flows.

[0062] With avalanche multidimensional physical quantity monitoring as the core, through the precise deployment and data collection and fusion of the aforementioned monitoring equipment and sensors, real-time quantitative analysis of initiation threshold, movement speed, and impact intensity is carried out. This not only ensures the needs of visual observation but also fills the gap in traditional monitoring of avalanche-specific physical quantities, providing full-process data support for avalanche simulation experiments.

[0063] The observation equipment and sensors were deployed, and the accelerometer, temperature probe, impact sensor, micro-vibration probe and other equipment were installed and inspected to ensure that they were firmly installed; the position of the high-speed camera was adjusted so that its field of view covered the entire inclined plane movement area; the communication status between the data acquisition device and each monitoring device was checked to confirm that the signal transmission was normal.

[0064] However, after adjusting the slope, the high-speed camera will tilt, which will cause visual distortion of length and speed during shooting. Due to the perspective effect, there will be a "near is larger and far is smaller" deviation. Directly converting the actual path length using the image pixels will underestimate the movement distance in the far area, thus causing calculation errors in key dynamic parameters such as speed and acceleration.

[0065] The device integrates multiple types of sensors, including acceleration, impact force, temperature, and micro-vibration sensors. It is synchronously connected to the data acquisition module through a standardized interface and relies on a high-performance computing platform to achieve real-time acquisition and processing of multi-channel signals, ensuring high accuracy and time synchronization of data acquisition. This provides a reliable data foundation for the quantitative study of avalanche movement characteristics.

[0066] This invention uses two directional jets to spray air to create focused, high-intensity impact force, which is precisely applied to the avalanche source push plate of the snow mass, giving it a preset initial kinetic energy. This drives the snow mass to move rapidly downward along a preset chute, ultimately achieving a precise simulation of the avalanche scene. The snow flows along the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43, the flow chute section 44, and the accumulation chamber 45, and the avalanche path is captured by a high-speed camera 46.

[0067] like Figures 3 to 6 As shown, the outer wall of the high-speed camera 46 is provided with a straightening component 5 for adjusting the angle of the high-speed camera 46. The straightening component 5 includes a side mounting bracket 51 fixedly installed on the side of the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43, the flow chute section 44 and the accumulation bin 45. A deflection ball 52 is rotatably connected inside the side mounting bracket 51. A deflection rod 53 is fixedly installed at the center of the deflection ball 52. The high-speed camera 46 is fixedly installed on the top of the deflection rod 53. A counterweight block 54 is ball-connected to the bottom of the deflection rod 53.

[0068] After adjusting the slope of the aluminum profile frame 1, the high-speed camera 46 at the acceleration chute section 42, erosion chute section 43, flow chute section 44, and accumulation bin 45 is tilted. The tilt of the image on the camera causes visual distortion of length and speed due to the tilted angle: the avalanche movement distance along the tilt direction will have a "nearer is larger, farther is smaller" deviation due to perspective effect. If the actual path length is directly converted from the image pixels, the movement distance in the far area will be underestimated, thus causing calculation errors in key dynamic parameters such as speed and acceleration. The weight of the counterweight 54 is greater than the weight of the high-speed camera 46. The counterweight 54 uses gravity to keep the deflection rod 53 in a vertical state, thereby correcting the image of the counterweight 54.

[0069] A guide rod 56 is fixedly installed inside the side mounting bracket 51. A gripper 55 is slidably connected inside the guide rod 56. Multiple grippers 55 are arranged in a ring at equal angles about the deflection ball 52. The bottom ends of the multiple grippers 55 are connected by a ring. The multiple grippers 55 clamp the deflection ball 52. A spiral propulsion cover 58 is rotatably connected to the inner wall of the side mounting bracket 51. A pressure cap 57 is threadedly connected to the spiral propulsion cover 58. A guide telescopic rod is fixedly installed between the top of the pressure cap 57 and the guide rod 56.

[0070] Multiple pressure caps 57 squeeze the gripper 55 to move it toward the deflection ball 52. The gripper 55 clamps the deflection ball 52. Since there is vibration during the avalanche experiment, the vibration is prevented from causing the deflection ball 52 and deflection rod 53 to shake, which would cause the high-speed camera 46 to be unstable.

[0071] The inner wall of the pressure cap 57 contacts the outer arc surface of the gripper 55. A forward / reverse motor 510 is fixedly mounted inside the side mounting bracket 51. A drive gear 59 is fixedly mounted at the bottom of the forward / reverse motor 510, and the drive gear 59 meshes with a spiral propulsion cover 58. An annular pressure sensor 511 surrounding the deflection rod 53 is fixedly mounted on the top of the counterweight 54, and the annular pressure sensor 511 is electrically connected to the forward / reverse motor 510. The electrical connection between the annular pressure sensor 511 and the forward / reverse motor 510 is a common technique in the prior art.

[0072] When the high-speed camera 46 tilts, the deflection rod 53 is also tilted. The counterweight 54 is vertical due to gravity. At this time, the deflection rod 53 contacts the annular pressure sensor 511. The annular pressure sensor 511, when compressed, transmits an electrical signal to the controller. The controller then causes the forward / reverse motor 510 to rotate forward. The forward rotation of the motor 510 causes the drive gear 59 to rotate the spiral propulsion cover 58. Because the pressure cap 57 is restricted from rotating by the bottom telescopic rod of the guide rod 56, the pressure cap 57 can only move vertically. The cap 57 moves downward and no longer squeezes the gripper 55. The gripper 55 opens, reducing the resistance between it and the deflection ball 52. Under the action of gravity, the deflection rod 53, the high-speed camera 46, and the counterweight 54 are in a vertical state. Subsequently, the deflection rod 53 no longer contacts the annular pressure sensor 511. At this time, the controller causes the forward and reverse motor 510 to reverse, causing the drive gear 59 to drive the spiral propulsion cover 58 to rotate. The cap 57 moves upward and squeezes the gripper 55. Multiple grippers 55 close and clamp the deflection ball 52, increasing the resistance. At this time, the position of the high-speed camera 46 is fixed.

[0073] When the high-speed camera 46 is tilted, the drive gear 59 drives the spiral propulsion cover 58 to rotate clockwise, causing the pressure cap 57 to move downward and stop squeezing the gripper 55. The gripper 55 opens, reducing the resistance between it and the deflection ball 52. Under the action of gravity, the deflection rod 53, the counterweight 54, and the high-speed camera 46 return to a vertical state, avoiding visual distortion of length and speed caused by the tilted angle of the high-speed camera 46, which would affect the experimental data. After the deflection rod 53 is no longer in contact with the annular pressure sensor 511, the drive gear 59 drives the spiral propulsion cover 58 to rotate counterclockwise, causing the pressure cap 57 to move upward and squeeze the gripper 55. The gripper 55 clamps the deflection ball 52 for positioning, avoiding the vibration caused by the avalanche experiment that would cause the high-speed camera 46 to tilt.

[0074] like Figure 2 and Figure 7As shown, an adjustable slope adapter 6 is provided between the top of the aluminum profile frame 1 and the material source chute section 41, the erosion chute section 43, and the flow chute section 44. The slope adapter 6 includes multiple auxiliary hydraulic lifting rods 61, which are located at the bottom of the material source chute section 41, the erosion chute section 43, and the flow chute section 44, respectively. The bottom of the auxiliary hydraulic lifting rods 61 is fixedly installed on the top of the aluminum profile frame 1.

[0075] The tilt angles of the material source chute section 41, the erosion chute section 43, and the flow chute section 44 are adjusted by the auxiliary hydraulic lifting rod 61, and then fixed by the connecting holes on the aluminum profile frame 1 to avoid continuous stress on the auxiliary hydraulic lifting rod 61.

[0076] The ends of the acceleration chute section 42 and the erosion chute section 43 are rotatably connected to erosion section rubber pads 62. The bottom of the erosion section rubber pads 62 is fixedly installed with an erosion section sealing pad 63. The erosion section rubber pads 62 at the ends of the acceleration chute section 42 are laid on the top of the erosion chute section 43. The erosion section rubber pads 62 at the ends of the erosion chute section 43 are laid on the top of the flow chute section 44. The ends of the acceleration chute section 42 are rotatably connected to acceleration section rubber pads 64 extending to the erosion chute section 43. The bottom of the acceleration section rubber pads 64 is fixedly installed with an acceleration section sealing pad 65.

[0077] The erosion section rubber pad 62 serves as an extension to prevent gaps between the erosion chute section 43 and the flow chute section 44. Similarly, the acceleration section rubber pad 64 serves as an extension to prevent gaps between the acceleration chute section 42 and the erosion chute section 43. Soil and rock are then used to fill both the erosion section rubber pad 62 and the acceleration section rubber pad 64.

[0078] This invention uses the erosion section rubber pad 62 as an extension to prevent gaps between the erosion chute section 43 and the flow chute section 44, and the acceleration section rubber pad 64 as an extension to prevent gaps between the acceleration chute section 42 and the erosion chute section 43. This allows for positional replenishment when adjusting the slope. The erosion section sealing pad 63 and the acceleration section sealing pad 65 work together as flexible connectors to seal the gaps and prevent air leakage, which could affect the avalanche experiment and the experimental data due to air at the bottom of the material source chute section 41.

[0079] The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental system includes the aforementioned multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device and multiple types of sensors. Data is collected through monitoring equipment and multiple types of sensors, and real-time quantitative analysis of threshold, motion velocity, and impact intensity is initiated.

[0080] The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment analysis method, applied to the aforementioned multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment system, comprises the following steps:

[0081] S1. The aluminum profile frame 1 is constructed in the shape of a sloping slope. The slope can be adjusted through the connecting holes on it. The angles of the acceleration chute section 42, erosion chute section 43, and flow chute section 44 on it can be adjusted to achieve the function of adjustable avalanche slope.

[0082] S2. By spraying air at two directional jets, a focused high-intensity impact force is formed, which acts on the avalanche source push plate of the snow body. The initial kinetic energy is preset, which drives the snow body to move rapidly downward along the preset chute, and finally realizes the simulation of the avalanche scene. The snow flows along the acceleration chute section 42, the erosion chute section 43, the flow chute section 44 and the accumulation chamber 45, and the avalanche path is captured by a high-speed camera.

[0083] S3. Install and inspect the accelerometer, temperature probe, impact sensor, and micro-vibration probe, ensuring they are securely installed; adjust the high-speed camera to position 46 so that its field of view covers the entire inclined plane movement area; check the communication status between the data acquisition device and each monitoring device to confirm that signal transmission is normal.

[0084] The S4 integrates an accelerometer, impact sensor, temperature sensor, and micro-vibration sensor. It achieves synchronous connection with the data acquisition module through a standardized interface. The high-performance computing platform enables real-time acquisition and processing of multi-channel signals, ensuring high accuracy and time synchronization of data acquisition.

[0085] Experimental steps:

[0086] Step 1, Experimental Preparation

[0087] Set up the experimental setup: Assemble the aluminum profile frame 1 and the acrylic slide 4, and adjust the slope of the preset ramp structure through the lifting module to make the slide sections of each section connect smoothly.

[0088] Material preparation: The top of the acrylic trough 4 is filled with the target snow material (real snow or similar material) in layers to ensure the uniformity of the snow layer and simulate the snow body structure of a real avalanche; Erosionable materials (such as glacial moraine, colluvium, etc. simulated by soil and rock mixture) are filled into the erosion trough section 43 of the erosion zone to reproduce the scouring and erosion behavior of the ground surface during the avalanche movement.

[0089] Observation equipment and sensor deployment: Install and inspect equipment such as accelerometers, temperature probes, impact sensors, and micro-vibration probes to ensure they are securely installed; adjust the high-speed camera position 46 so that its field of view covers the entire moving area of ​​the acrylic slide 4; check the communication status between the data acquisition system and each monitoring device to confirm that signal transmission is normal.

[0090] Step 2, Calibration of the experimental setup

[0091] The slope of the inclined chute can be adjusted by using a lifting module: loosen the connecting bolts between the lifting module and the aluminum profile bracket 1, operate the lifting mechanism (manual or electric) to change the height of each section or the whole of the inclined chute, adjust to the target slope, and then tighten the bolts again to ensure that the inclination angle of the inclined chute is stable and reliable.

[0092] Material parameter measurement: The physical properties of the avalanche simulator and the filling material of the erosion section were measured, including key parameters such as density, moisture content and particle size distribution, and the data were recorded as experimental input conditions.

[0093] Ambient temperature setting: Turn on the experimental environment temperature control system and adjust the temperature to the set low temperature range to simulate a real avalanche environment. After the temperature stabilizes, maintain a constant temperature to ensure the consistency and repeatability of the experimental environment.

[0094] Step 3, Experiment Start

[0095] The gate is opened, and the aerodynamic device at the top of the chute is activated. The air cannon applies a steady initial thrust to the snow in the chute according to preset air pressure and jet duration parameters, simulating the natural release process of an avalanche flow.

[0096] A multi-dimensional measurement system, including a PIV particle velocimetry system, a high-speed camera, and various sensors, is activated to achieve real-time monitoring and data acquisition of the entire process of avalanche initiation, acceleration, erosion, and deposition.

[0097] Step 4: Experiment End and Data Processing

[0098] Once the avalanche simulator had completely accumulated and stabilized in the buffer deposition zone, the PIV system, high-speed camera 46, and various sensors were sequentially shut down to terminate data acquisition. Subsequently, residual snow particles and filling material in the eroded sections were cleaned from the chute, and the equipment connections and chute structural integrity were checked in preparation for the next round of experiments.

[0099] Experimental data collected from multiple sources and sensors are processed and fused for analysis to extract key parameters such as velocity field, acceleration, impact force, and erosion depth, and to analyze the characteristics and dynamic laws of avalanche motion.

[0100] In summary, the multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental system, through the integration of an adjustable slope structure, aerodynamic loading device, and multidimensional monitoring system, achieves high-precision and controllable simulation of the entire avalanche initiation, movement, and erosion process. The system adopts a modular assembly design, resulting in a stable structure that facilitates rapid assembly and adjustment. The height and angle adjustment mechanism allows for flexible and controllable slope, suitable for various terrains and triggering conditions. The air cannon and zoned pneumatic pusher structure enable precise control of the initial avalanche velocity and layered initiation characteristics, significantly improving the controllability and reproducibility of dynamic loading. Combined with multi-source sensors and a high-speed photogrammetry system, key parameters such as avalanche velocity, acceleration, and impact characteristics can be acquired simultaneously. The overall system possesses advantages such as adjustable structure, convenient operation, and comprehensive measurement capabilities, realistically reproducing the avalanche dynamic evolution process and providing reliable experimental support for avalanche disaster mechanism research and prevention.

[0101] The above specific embodiments are merely several optional embodiments of the present invention. Based on the technical solutions of the present invention and the relevant teachings of the above embodiments, those skilled in the art can make various alternative improvements and combinations to the above specific embodiments.

Claims

1. A multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device, characterized in that, include: The ramp support includes multiple trapezoidal aluminum profile frames (1) placed on the ground. A directional injector (2) is fixedly installed at the highest point of the aluminum profile frame (1). A vent pipe (3) is connected to the side of the directional injector (2). An acrylic chute (4) includes a material source chute section (41) mounted on top of an aluminum profile frame (1). An acceleration chute section (42) is fixedly installed at the end of the material source chute section (41). An erosion chute section (43) and a flow chute section (44) are also fixedly installed on the top of the aluminum profile frame (1). The acceleration chute section (42), the erosion chute section (43), and the flow chute section (44) are connected together. A bend is formed at the erosion chute section (43). A stacking bin (45) is rotatably connected to the end of the flow chute section (44). A high-speed camera (46) for capturing avalanche images is fixedly installed on the sides of the acceleration chute section (42), the erosion chute section (43), the flow chute section (44), and the stacking bin (45). A push plate (48) is slidably connected inside the material source chute section (41) through a guide rod. The outer wall of the high-speed camera (46) is provided with a straightening component (5) for adjusting the angle of the high-speed camera (46), and a slope adapter component (6) for adjusting the angle is provided between the top of the aluminum profile frame (1) and the material source chute section (41), the erosion chute section (43), and the flow chute section (44).

2. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The material source chute section (41), acceleration chute section (42), erosion chute section (43) and flow chute section (44) are all made of acrylic structure. A partition (47) is inserted between the material source chute section (41) and the acceleration chute section (42). The nozzle of the directional injector (2) faces the material source chute section (41).

3. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The straightening component (5) includes a side mounting bracket (51) fixedly installed on the side of the acceleration chute section (42), the erosion chute section (43), the flow chute section (44) and the accumulation bin (45). A deflection ball (52) is rotatably connected inside the side mounting bracket (51). A deflection rod (53) is fixedly installed at the center of the deflection ball (52). A high-speed camera (46) is fixedly installed at the top of the deflection rod (53). A counterweight (54) is ball-connected to the bottom of the deflection rod (53).

4. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 3, characterized in that: A guide rod (56) is fixedly installed inside the side mounting bracket (51). A gripper (55) is slidably connected inside the guide rod (56). Multiple grippers (55) are provided. The multiple grippers (55) are distributed in a ring at equal angles about the deflection ball (52). The bottom ends of the multiple grippers (55) are connected by a ring. The multiple grippers (55) clamp the deflection ball (52). A spiral propulsion cover (58) is rotatably connected to the inner wall of the side mounting bracket (51). A pressure cap (57) is threadedly connected to the spiral propulsion cover (58). A guide telescopic rod is fixedly installed between the top of the pressure cap (57) and the guide rod (56). The inner wall of the pressure cap (57) is in contact with the outer arc surface of the gripper (55).

5. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 4, characterized in that: A reversible motor (510) is fixedly installed inside the side mounting bracket (51). A drive gear (59) is fixedly installed at the bottom of the reversible motor (510). The drive gear (59) is meshed with a spiral propulsion cover (58). An annular pressure sensor (511) surrounding the deflection rod (53) is fixedly installed on the top of the counterweight (54). The annular pressure sensor (511) is electrically connected to the reversible motor (510).

6. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The slope adaptation component (6) includes multiple auxiliary hydraulic lifting rods (61), which are located at the bottom of the material source chute section (41), the erosion chute section (43), and the flow chute section (44), respectively. The bottom of the auxiliary hydraulic lifting rods (61) is fixedly installed on the top of the aluminum profile frame (1). The ends of the acceleration chute section (42) and the ends of the erosion chute section (43) are rotatably connected to the erosion section rubber pads (62).

7. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 6, characterized in that: The bottom of the erosion section rubber pad (62) is fixedly installed with an erosion section sealing pad (63). The erosion section rubber pad (62) at the end of the acceleration chute section (42) is laid on the top of the erosion chute section (43). The erosion section rubber pad (62) at the end of the erosion chute section (43) is laid on the top of the flow chute section (44). The end of the acceleration chute section (42) is rotatably connected with an acceleration section rubber pad (64) extending to the erosion chute section (43). The bottom of the acceleration section rubber pad (64) is fixedly installed with an acceleration section sealing pad (65).

8. The multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental device according to claim 7, characterized in that: The aluminum profile frame (1) includes a vertical support, a horizontal support and a ramp support. The vertical support and the horizontal support are respectively constructed from aluminum profiles. The vertical support has pre-set connection holes of different heights. The ramp support is constructed from aluminum profiles in a stepped structure.

9. A multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experimental system, characterized in that: The experiment includes the aforementioned multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation device and multiple types of sensors. Data is collected through monitoring equipment and multiple types of sensors, and real-time quantitative analysis is performed using threshold-motion speed-impact intensity.

10. A multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment analysis method, applied to the multidimensional adjustable avalanche dynamic process simulation experiment system described in claim 9, comprising the following steps: S1. The aluminum profile frame (1) is built in the shape of a sloping slope. The avalanche slope can be adjusted through the connection holes set on it, and the angles of the acceleration chute section (42), erosion chute section (43), and flow chute section (44) on it can be adjusted. S2. By spraying air through the directional jet (2) to form a focused high-intensity impact force, it acts on the snow avalanche source push plate, preset the initial kinetic energy, and drive the snow body to move rapidly downward along the preset chute to realize the avalanche scene simulation. The snow flows along the acceleration chute section (42), erosion chute section (43), flow chute section (44) and accumulation chamber (45), and the avalanche path is captured by a high-speed camera. S3. Install and inspect the accelerometer, temperature probe, impact sensor and micro-vibration probe; adjust the position of the high-speed camera (46) so that its field of view covers the entire inclined groove movement area; check the communication status between the data acquisition device and each monitoring device to confirm that the signal transmission is normal. S4. Arrange acceleration sensors, impact sensors, temperature sensors, and micro-vibration sensors, and connect them synchronously with the data acquisition module to obtain various experimental parameters.

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