Regulation and control method for improving quality of peanut seed kernels

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of peanut cultivation and quality regulation and control. The invention provides a regulation and control method for improving the quality of peanut seeds. The regulation and control method comprises the steps of basal application treatment, regulation and control treatment in a flowering needle stage and strengthening treatment in a pod bearing stage. By implementing targeted nutrition regulation measures in different growth stages of peanuts, the synergistic effect of soil environment improvement and foliar nutrition supplement is achieved, so that accumulation of sugar and grease in seed kernels is promoted, fatty acid composition is optimized, the oil content and the protein content of the seed kernels are increased, and the yield of peanuts is increased. And finally, comprehensive improvement of flavor quality, grease quality and nutritional quality of the peanut seed kernels is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of peanut cultivation and quality control technology, and in particular to a method for improving the quality of peanut kernels. Background Technology

[0002] Peanuts are one of my country's important oilseed and cash crops, widely cultivated in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and some southern provinces. Their kernels are not only a significant source of edible vegetable oil but also an important source of protein, vitamins, and various bioactive components. With rising living standards and increasing demands for raw material quality from the food processing industry, the oil content, protein content, fatty acid composition, and appearance of peanut kernels are receiving increasing attention. Compared to simply pursuing yield, improving the overall quality of peanut kernels has become a key technical issue in current peanut cultivation and production management.

[0003] Currently, measures to improve peanut quality mainly focus on optimizing fertilizer structure, supplementing micronutrients, and regulating foliar nutrition. For example, applying organic fertilizers or returning straw to the field improves soil physical and chemical properties, increases soil organic matter content, and thus improves the crop growth environment; supplementing with calcium and boron fertilizers promotes peanut reproductive growth and pod development; and foliar spraying with amino acids, seaweed extracts, or other nutrients enhances plant resistance and nutrient absorption capacity. While these measures can improve peanut growth and some quality indicators to a certain extent, they still have significant shortcomings overall.

[0004] First, existing technologies often focus on supplementing with single fertilizers or single nutrients, lacking systematic research on the differences in nutritional needs at different growth stages of peanuts. From flowering to pegging, pod development, and kernel filling, peanuts exhibit significant differences in their demand for and utilization efficiency of nitrogen, calcium, and other nutrients. Using only a uniform fertilization method or simple, repeated foliar spraying makes it difficult to precisely control the kernel quality formation process. Second, while some technologies increase the application of organic fertilizers or micronutrients, they fail to fully consider the synergistic relationship between soil environment improvement and foliar nutrient supplementation. The lack of systematic coordination between basal application and foliar management measures often leads to asynchronous nutrient release and crop absorption, reducing nutrient utilization efficiency. Furthermore, some foliar supplementation measures primarily focus on nutrient supply while neglecting the quality stability during the kernel filling stage, easily resulting in large fluctuations and insufficient stability in quality improvement. Third, most studies on controlling peanut kernel quality concentrate on a single quality indicator, such as oil content or the proportion of a single fatty acid, lacking a comprehensive technical pathway for improving kernel quality. Especially in the later stages of kernel formation, the coordination mechanism between oil accumulation and antioxidant stability has not been fully utilized, which makes the quality of kernels susceptible to being affected during storage or processing.

[0005] Therefore, based on existing cultivation and management techniques, how to construct a regulation method that takes into account both soil environment improvement and management differences at different growth stages, so that basal application measures and foliar nutrient supplementation at different growth stages can be organically combined, thereby achieving a stable improvement in peanut kernel quality while ensuring normal plant growth, remains a technical problem that urgently needs to be solved in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to address the problems in existing peanut kernel quality improvement measures, which mostly rely on single fertilization or foliar nutrition supplementation, lacking targeted management for different growth stages, insufficient coordination between basal application and foliar management, and low stability of quality improvement. This invention provides a phased approach to peanut kernel quality control. By implementing differentiated nutrient control measures before sowing and at different growth stages, it coordinates soil environment improvement with nutrient supply during the reproductive growth stage, enhances nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, and promotes the coordinated process of kernel filling and quality formation, thereby achieving stable improvement in peanut kernel quality.

[0007] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: This invention provides a method for improving the quality of peanut kernels, comprising the following steps: 1) Base application: 5-7 days before sowing or at sowing time, mix plant cake and husk calcium powder and apply it into the soil tillage layer of 10-20cm, and at the same time apply activator and biochar to the soil. 2) Flowering and pegging stage control treatment: Spray the first composition at 40-60 L / mu onto the peanut leaves during the flowering and pegging stage; The first composition comprises seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, polyamines, a boron source, and amino acids; 3) Enhanced treatment during the pod-setting stage: Spray the peanut leaves with 20-30 L / mu of the second composition during the pod-setting stage; The second composition contains nano-calcium, lipid promoters, and antioxidants.

[0008] Preferably, the plant cake material in step 1) is soybean meal and / or peanut meal, and the application rate of the plant cake material is 30~50 kg / mu.

[0009] Preferably, the shell calcium powder mentioned in step 1) is one or more of oyster shell powder, seashell powder, shrimp shell powder and crab shell powder, and the application rate of the shell calcium powder is 20~30 kg / mu.

[0010] Preferably, the activator in step 1) is one or more of potassium humate, potassium fulvate, potassium alginate and chitosan, and the application rate of the activator is 3-5 kg / mu. The application rate of biochar is 20-30 kg / mu.

[0011] Preferably, in step 2), the first composition is an aqueous solution containing: 2-5 g / L of seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, 0.02-0.05 g / L of polyamines, 1-2 g / L of boron source, and 0.1-0.3 g / L of amino acids.

[0012] Preferably, the seaweed-derived oligosaccharide is alginate oligosaccharide or fucoidan oligosaccharide; The polyamine is putrescine, spermidine, or spermine; The boron source is boric acid or sugar alcohol boron; The amino acid is glutamic acid, glycine, or proline.

[0013] Preferably, in step 3), the second composition is an aqueous solution containing: 10-20 g / L of nano-calcium, 2-4 g / L of lipid promoter, and 0.5-1 g / L of antioxidant.

[0014] Preferably, the particle size of the nano-calcium is 50~80nm.

[0015] Preferably, the nano-calcium is nano-calcium carbonate and / or nano-calcium phosphate; The lipid promoter is one or more of linoleic acid, oleic acid and betaine; The antioxidant is one or more of vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and tea polyphenols.

[0016] Preferably, the peanut variety is "Yuhua 176", "Yuhua 22", "Yuhua 37", "Yuhua 9326", "Haihua 1" or "Hutian".

[0017] The beneficial effects of this invention include the following: 1) This invention, by applying plant cakes, shell calcium powder, activators and biochar as basal treatment before sowing, can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and enhance the rhizosphere nutrient supply capacity, so that nutrients can be continuously released throughout the entire growth period, providing a stable nutritional foundation for peanut growth and kernel quality formation.

[0018] 2) The present invention sprays a first composition containing seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, polyamines, boron sources and amino acids during the pegging stage, which can promote the formation of pegging and its normal development into the soil, improve the physiological activity of the plant in the reproductive growth stage, and thus lay a good physiological foundation for the subsequent pod development and kernel filling.

[0019] 3) The present invention sprays a second composition containing nano-calcium, lipid promoter and antioxidant during the pod-filling stage, which can enhance the calcium nutrition supply and lipid metabolism regulation capacity during the kernel filling stage, and reduce the adverse effects of lipid oxidation, thereby promoting oil accumulation and improving the stability of oil quality.

[0020] 4) This invention uses a phased and coordinated management model of "basal application regulation + pegging stage regulation + pod-setting stage enhancement" to match the soil nutrient supply with the nutritional needs of peanuts at different growth stages. This can significantly increase the sucrose content, oleic acid content and O / L value of the kernels, while also increasing the oil content and protein content of the kernels, thus achieving a comprehensive improvement in the flavor, oil quality and nutritional quality of peanut kernels.

[0021] 5) The technical solution of the present invention has a simple structure and is easy to operate. It is applicable to the cultivation and management of various peanut varieties and has good applicability and promotion value. Detailed Implementation

[0022] This invention provides a method for improving the quality of peanut kernels, comprising the following steps: 1) Base application: 5-7 days before sowing or at sowing time, mix plant cake and husk calcium powder and apply it into the soil tillage layer of 10-20cm, and at the same time apply activator and biochar to the soil. 2) Flowering and pegging stage control treatment: Spray the first composition at 40-60 L / mu onto the peanut leaves during the flowering and pegging stage; The first composition comprises seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, polyamines, a boron source, and amino acids; 3) Enhanced treatment during the pod-setting stage: Spray the peanut leaves with 20-30 L / mu of the second composition during the pod-setting stage; The second composition contains nano-calcium, lipid promoters, and antioxidants.

[0023] In this invention, the plant cake material mentioned in step 1) is preferably soybean meal and / or peanut meal; the application rate of the plant cake material is preferably 30~50 kg / mu, more preferably 35~45 kg / mu, and even more preferably 40 kg / mu.

[0024] In this invention, the plant oilseed cake serves as a source of organic nitrogen and organic matter. After being applied to the soil, it gradually decomposes and releases nitrogen nutrients, providing a continuous and stable nutrient supply for peanuts throughout their entire growth cycle. Simultaneously, the plant oilseed cake helps increase soil organic matter content, improves soil aggregate structure and water and fertilizer retention capacity, and provides a relatively stable rhizosphere environment for peanut root growth.

[0025] In this invention, the shell calcium powder mentioned in step 1) is preferably one or more of oyster shell powder, seashell powder, shrimp shell powder and crab shell powder; the application rate of the shell calcium powder is preferably 20~30 kg / mu, more preferably 24~26 kg / mu, and even more preferably 25 kg / mu.

[0026] In this invention, the shell-based calcium powder serves as a slow-release calcium source, gradually releasing calcium ions into the soil. This helps supplement the calcium requirements of peanuts during their growth, especially maintaining a relatively stable calcium supply during pod formation and kernel filling, thus providing a good nutritional foundation for kernel development. The presence of shell materials in the soil also helps improve the soil's ionic environment and structural stability.

[0027] In this invention, the activator in step 1) is preferably one or more of potassium humate, potassium fulvate, potassium alginate and chitosan; the application rate of the activator is preferably 3-5 kg / mu, more preferably 3.5-4.5 kg / mu, and more preferably 4 kg / mu. The preferred application rate of biochar is 20-30 kg / mu, more preferably 24-26 kg / mu, and even more preferably 25 kg / mu.

[0028] In this invention, the activator includes substances such as potassium humate, potassium fulvate, potassium alginate, or chitosan. Potassium humate and potassium fulvate help improve soil physicochemical properties and enhance nutrient retention and utilization efficiency; potassium alginate helps enhance soil water retention and ion exchange capacity; and chitosan, as a natural polymer material, helps improve rhizosphere environment stability and enhance plant adaptability. The synergistic effect of these activators and biochar further enhances the slow-release effect of soil nutrients and the stability of the rhizosphere environment. The biochar has a porous structure and a high specific surface area, enabling it to adsorb and slowly release nutrients, improve soil aeration and aggregate structure, thereby promoting root growth and nutrient absorption.

[0029] In this invention, step 2) the first composition is preferably an aqueous solution, which preferably contains: 2-5 g / L of seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, 0.02-0.05 g / L of polyamines, 1-2 g / L of boron source, and 0.1-0.3 g / L of amino acids.

[0030] In this invention, the first composition is further preferably composed of 3-4 g / L of seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, more preferably 3.5 g / L of seaweed-derived oligosaccharides.

[0031] In this invention, the seaweed-derived oligosaccharide is preferably alginate oligosaccharide or fucoidan oligosaccharide.

[0032] In this invention, the seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, as oligosaccharide substances derived from seaweed, help improve the physiological activity and stress resistance of plants during the reproductive growth stage, thereby promoting flower peg formation and subsequent development.

[0033] In this invention, the first composition is further preferably composed of 0.03~0.04 g / L of polyamines, more preferably 0.035 g / L of polyamines.

[0034] In this invention, the polyamine is preferably putrescine, spermidine, or spermine.

[0035] In this invention, the polyamines participate in the plant growth and development process, and help maintain the stability of cell metabolism and tissue growth during the flower needle formation stage.

[0036] In this invention, the first composition is further preferably composed of 1.4 to 1.6 g / L boron source, more preferably composed of 1.5 g / L boron source.

[0037] In this invention, the boron source is preferably boric acid or sugar alcohol boron.

[0038] In this invention, the boron source is closely related to plant reproductive growth, which helps to improve the quality of peanut flower pegging and promote normal pod development.

[0039] In this invention, the first composition is further preferably composed of 0.15~0.25 g / L amino acids, more preferably 0.2 g / L amino acids.

[0040] In this invention, the amino acid is preferably glutamic acid, glycine, or proline.

[0041] In this invention, the amino acids, as absorbable small molecule nutrients, help improve the efficiency of nutrient absorption from leaves and promote the accumulation of substances and metabolic activities during the peanut pegging stage.

[0042] In this invention, step 3) the second composition is preferably an aqueous solution, which contains: 10-20 g / L of nano-calcium, 2-4 g / L of lipid promoter, and 0.5-1 g / L of antioxidant.

[0043] In this invention, the second composition is further preferably composed of 14-16 g / L of nano-calcium, more preferably 15 g / L of nano-calcium.

[0044] In this invention, the particle size of the nano-calcium is preferably 50-80 nm, more preferably 60-70 nm. A more preferred option is 65nm.

[0045] In this invention, the nano-calcium is preferably nano-calcium carbonate and / or nano-calcium phosphate.

[0046] In this invention, the nano-calcium, due to its small particle size and good dispersibility, helps to improve the efficiency of calcium supplementation on peanut leaves, enhances the utilization of calcium, and thus promotes the stable progress of kernel filling.

[0047] In this invention, the second composition is further preferably composed of 2.5 to 3.5 g / L of lipid promoter, more preferably composed of 3 g / L of lipid promoter.

[0048] In this invention, the lipid promoter is preferably one or more of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and betaine.

[0049] In this invention, the lipid promoter helps to promote the accumulation of lipid-related substances and the formation of quality during the pod formation and kernel filling stages.

[0050] In this invention, the second composition is further preferably composed of 0.6 to 0.8 g / L of antioxidant, more preferably 0.7 g / L of antioxidant.

[0051] In this invention, the antioxidant is preferably one or more of vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and tea polyphenols.

[0052] In this invention, the antioxidant helps alleviate oxidative stress that may occur in the later stages of growth and reduces the adverse effects of lipid oxidation, thereby helping to maintain kernel quality and storage stability.

[0053] In this invention, the preferred peanut varieties are "Yuhua 176", "Yuhua 22", "Yuhua 37", "Yuhua 9326", "Haihua 1" or "Hutian".

[0054] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0055] The preparation method of biochar according to the present invention is as follows: First, corn stalks are naturally dried until the moisture content is less than 15%, and then crushed to a length of less than 2 cm; then, pyrolysis is carried out under limited oxygen conditions at a pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ and a holding time of 2 hours; after pyrolysis, the biochar is naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain block biochar; then, it is mechanically crushed and passed through a 60-mesh sieve to obtain powdered biochar.

[0056] The "flowering peg stage" mentioned in this invention refers to the stage after peanut flowers begin to bloom, when the flower organs are fertilized and flower stigmas begin to penetrate the soil, generally about 5 to 10 days after the start of flowering; the "pod formation stage" refers to the stage after the flower stigmas penetrate the soil and begin to swell to form young pods.

[0057] Example 1: The peanut variety "Hutian" was selected for a field experiment. The soil type was sandy loam, and the previous crop was wheat. Before land preparation, the soil was conventionally tilled to a depth of about 25 cm, followed by harrowing and leveling. The experiment adopted a randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Each plot was 30 m², and isolation strips were set between plots to avoid mutual interference between water and fertilizer.

[0058] Basal application should be carried out 6 days before sowing. Mix 40 kg / mu of soybean meal with 25 kg / mu of oyster shell powder evenly, spread evenly on the surface, and then till it into the soil to a depth of about 15 cm using rotary tillage. At the same time, apply 4 kg / mu of potassium humate and 25 kg / mu of biochar to the soil. After completing the basal application, ridge the soil with a row spacing of about 65 cm.

[0059] Sowing was done manually at a depth of 5 cm, with a row spacing of 35 cm and a plant spacing of 15 cm. After sowing, the seeds were covered with soil and compacted. After emergence, seedlings were checked and replanted to ensure uniform emergence. During the growing season, irrigation was carried out according to soil moisture conditions to maintain suitable soil humidity. Weeding and cultivation were performed twice, depending on field conditions. Pest and disease control was carried out according to the recommendations of the local plant protection department. Except for the control measures described in this embodiment, all other management conditions remained consistent.

[0060] When peanuts enter the pegging stage, spray the first composition onto the peanut leaves. The first composition is prepared as follows: Weigh 3g of alginate oligosaccharide (an oligosaccharide obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate, with a number average molecular weight of approximately 5kDa), 0.03g of putrescine, 1.5g of boric acid, and 0.2g of glutamic acid. Add an appropriate amount of water to dissolve and bring the volume to 1L. Stir thoroughly to form an aqueous solution. Use a backpack electric sprayer to evenly spray the solution onto both sides of the leaves, ensuring the leaves are moist but not dripping. The application rate is 50L per acre. Spraying should be done on a sunny morning, provided there is no significant rainfall within 24 hours after spraying.

[0061] When peanuts enter the pod-setting stage, spray the peanut leaves with the second composition. The second composition is prepared as follows: Preparation method: Weigh 15g of nano-calcium carbonate (particle size 60nm), 3g of linoleic acid, and 0.8g of vitamin C. Add a small amount of water and disperse thoroughly, then bring the volume to 1L. Stir well to form a uniform suspension. Apply using the same spraying equipment, with a spraying rate of 25L per acre. The spraying method is the same as for the foliar spraying of the first composition.

[0062] Example 2: The peanut variety "Yuhua 176" was selected for a field trial. The soil type was sandy loam, and the previous crop was wheat. Before land preparation, the soil was conventionally tilled to a depth of about 20 cm, followed by harrowing. The experiment adopted a randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Each plot was 30 m², and isolation strips were set between plots to avoid mutual interference between water and fertilizer.

[0063] Apply basal fertilizer 7 days before sowing. Mix 30 kg / mu of peanut meal with 30 kg / mu of shell powder, spread evenly on the soil surface, and then till it into the soil to a depth of about 10 cm using rotary tillage. At the same time, apply 5 kg / mu of potassium humate and 20 kg / mu of biochar to the soil. After completing the basal fertilizer application, ridge the soil with a row spacing of about 60 cm.

[0064] Sowing was done manually at a depth of 5 cm, with a row spacing of 35 cm and a plant spacing of 15 cm. After sowing, the seeds were covered with soil and compacted. After emergence, seedlings were checked and replanted to ensure uniform emergence. During the growing season, irrigation was carried out according to soil moisture conditions to maintain suitable soil humidity. Weeding and cultivation were performed twice, depending on field conditions. Pest and disease control was carried out according to the recommendations of the local plant protection department. Except for the control measures described in this embodiment, all other management conditions remained consistent.

[0065] When peanuts enter the pegging stage, spray the first composition onto the peanut leaves. The first composition is prepared as follows: Weigh 2g of fucoidan (an oligosaccharide obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of fucoidan, with a number average molecular weight of approximately 5kDa), 0.05g of spermidine, 1g of boron sugar alcohol, and 0.3g of glycine. Add an appropriate amount of water to dissolve and bring the volume to 1L. Stir thoroughly to form an aqueous solution. Use a backpack electric sprayer to evenly spray the solution onto both sides of the leaves, ensuring the leaves are moist but not dripping. The application rate is 40L per acre. Spraying should be done on a sunny morning, provided there is no significant rainfall within 24 hours after spraying.

[0066] When peanuts enter the pod-setting stage, spray the peanut leaves with the second composition. The second composition is prepared as follows: weigh 10g of nano-calcium phosphate (particle size 50nm), 2g of oleic acid and 1g of vitamin E, add a small amount of water to fully disperse and then make up to 1L, stirring evenly to form a uniform suspension. Use the same spraying equipment for spraying, with a spraying rate of 20L per acre, and the spraying method is the same as that for foliar spraying the first composition.

[0067] Example 3: The peanut variety "Yuhua 37" was selected for a field trial. The soil type was sandy loam, and the previous crop was wheat. Before land preparation, the soil was conventionally tilled to a depth of about 30 cm, followed by harrowing. The experiment adopted a randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Each plot was 30 m², and isolation strips were set between plots to avoid mutual interference between water and fertilizer.

[0068] Five days before sowing, apply basal fertilizer. Mix 50 kg / mu of soybean meal with 20 kg / mu of shrimp shell powder, spread evenly on the soil surface, and then till it into the soil to a depth of about 20 cm using rotary tillage. At the same time, apply 3 kg / mu of potassium alginate and 30 kg / mu of biochar to the soil. After completing the basal application, ridge the soil with a row spacing of about 60 cm.

[0069] The sowing method is the same as in Example 1.

[0070] When peanuts enter the pegging stage, spray the first composition onto the peanut leaves. The first composition is prepared as follows: Weigh 5g of alginate oligosaccharide (an oligosaccharide obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate, with a molecular weight of 5kDa), 0.02g of spermine, 2g of boric acid, and 0.1g of proline, add an appropriate amount of water to dissolve, and then bring the volume to 1L. Stir thoroughly to form an aqueous solution. Use a backpack electric sprayer to evenly spray the solution onto both sides of the leaves, ensuring the leaves are moist but not dripping. The spraying rate is 60L per acre. Spraying should be done on a sunny morning, provided there is no significant rainfall within 24 hours after spraying.

[0071] When peanuts enter the pod-setting stage, spray the peanut leaves with the second composition. The second composition is prepared as follows: weigh 20g of nano-calcium carbonate (particle size 80nm), 4g of betaine and 0.5g of glutathione, add a small amount of water to fully disperse and then bring the volume to 1L, stirring well to form a uniform suspension. Spray using the same spraying equipment, with a spraying rate of 30L per acre, and the spraying method is the same as that for foliar spraying the first composition.

[0072] Examples 4-6: Examples 4-6 are the same as Example 1 in terms of operation steps and parameters, except that the peanut varieties tested are “Yuhua 9326”, “Haihua 1”, and “Yuhua 22”, respectively.

[0073] Comparative Example 1: Except for the absence of the basal application treatment and two foliar sprays of the present invention, the experimental conditions in this comparative example were the same as those in Example 1. Specifically, fertilization and field management were carried out according to local conventional cultivation methods, without the application of soybean meal, oyster shell powder, potassium humate, and biochar, and without spraying the first and second compositions during the pegging and pod-setting stages.

[0074] Comparative Example 2: This comparative example only involved basal application, without foliar spraying. The basal application procedure was the same as in Example 1, namely, applying 40 kg / mu of soybean meal, 25 kg / mu of oyster shell powder, 4 kg / mu of potassium humate, and 25 kg / mu of biochar 6 days before sowing. Neither the first nor the second composition was applied during the pegging and pod-setting stages.

[0075] Comparative Example 3: This comparative example does not implement the basal application treatment of the present invention; the first composition is only sprayed during the pegging stage. The basal application is carried out according to local conventional management practices, without the application of soybean meal, oyster shell powder, potassium humate, or biochar. During the pegging stage, the first composition is prepared according to the method of Example 1 and foliar sprayed at a rate of 50 L / acre. The second composition is not sprayed during the pod-setting stage.

[0076] Comparative Example 4: This comparative example does not implement the basal application treatment and the first composition spraying of the present invention; the second composition is sprayed only during the pod-setting stage. The basal application is carried out according to local conventional methods. The first composition is not sprayed during the pegging stage; the second composition is prepared according to the method of Example 1 and sprayed on the leaves during the pod-setting stage at a rate of 25 L / acre.

[0077] Comparative Example 5: This comparative example implemented basal application and spraying with the first composition during the pegging stage, but did not implement spraying with the second composition during the pod-setting stage. The preparation and spraying methods of the basal application and the first composition were the same as in Example 1, and the second composition was not sprayed during the pod-setting stage.

[0078] Comparative Example 6: This comparative example involves basal application, but the spraying stages of the two compositions are interchanged. The basal application steps are the same as in Example 1. The second composition is prepared and sprayed according to the method of Example 1 at the pegging stage, with a spraying rate of 25 L / acre; the first composition is prepared and sprayed according to the method of Example 1 at the pod-setting stage, with a spraying rate of 50 L / acre.

[0079] To verify the effectiveness of the phased regulation method of "basal application to improve rhizosphere nutrient supply + regulation during flowering and pegging stage + enhancement during pod formation" in improving peanut kernel quality, field comparative experiments were conducted on Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-6. The experiments employed a randomized block design, with three replicates per treatment. Harvesting was carried out uniformly at maturity, and samples were taken from each replicate plot and mixed to obtain representative samples. The kernel samples were dehulled, dried at 60℃ to constant weight, pulverized, and passed through a 60-mesh sieve for subsequent physicochemical index determination. The tested indicators included: kernel sucrose content, total oil content, fatty acid composition (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and O / L value), and protein content, to comprehensively characterize kernel flavor, oil quality, and nutritional value. All data are expressed as the average of three replicates.

[0080] (1) Determination of sucrose content in kernels Sucrose content was determined using the anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method. 0.5 g of peanut kernel powder sample was weighed, and 10 mL of 80% ethanol solution was added. Extraction was performed in an 80℃ water bath for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 8000 r / min for 10 min. The supernatant was collected. 1.0 mL of the extract was transferred to a test tube, and 5.0 mL of anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent was added. After mixing, the mixture was placed in a boiling water bath for 10 min, cooled to room temperature, and the absorbance was measured at 620 nm. The sucrose content was calculated based on the sucrose standard curve, and the results were expressed as a mass fraction (%). The results of the sucrose content determination of peanut kernels under different treatment conditions are shown in Table 1.

[0081] Table 1. Results of sucrose content determination in peanut kernels under different treatment conditions.

[0082] As shown in Table 1, compared with the comparative examples, the treatment in Example 1 of this invention significantly increased the sucrose content of peanut kernels. The sucrose content in Example 1 was 11.2%, while in Comparative Examples 1-6 it was only 9.1-9.6%. Among them, Comparative Example 1 (conventional cultivation management) had the lowest sucrose content, at only 9.1%. Even with only basal application and / or only single foliar regulation measures (Comparative Examples 2-5), although the sucrose content increased, it was still significantly lower than the treatment level of the examples of this invention. Furthermore, in Comparative Example 6, after swapping the application times of the two foliar regulation measures, the sucrose content of the kernels also decreased significantly, indicating that different compositions have important effects when applied at corresponding growth stages. Therefore, this invention, through a phased regulation method of "basal application to improve rhizosphere nutrient supply + regulation during the pegging stage + strengthening during the pod-setting stage," can effectively promote the accumulation of sugar in peanut kernels, thereby improving the flavor and quality of the kernels.

[0083] (2) Determination of fatty acid composition (oleic acid content and O / L value) Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. 0.1 g of kernel powder sample was weighed and placed in a test tube, dissolved in 2 mL of petroleum ether, followed by 2 mL of 0.5 mol / L potassium hydroxide methanol solution. The mixture was thoroughly shaken and allowed to react at room temperature for 10 min to convert the fatty acids in the sample into fatty acid methyl esters. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to stand and separate into layers; the upper organic phase was taken as the sample to be tested.

[0084] Samples were injected into a gas chromatograph for analysis using a capillary column (DB-23 analytical column) and a flame ionization detector (FID). The injection port temperature was 250℃, the detector temperature was 260℃, and the column temperature program was as follows: initial temperature 180℃ held for 5 min, then increased to 220℃ at a rate of 5℃ / min and held for 10 min. Nitrogen or helium was used as the carrier gas. Qualitative analysis was performed by comparing the retention times of the methyl ester peaks of various fatty acids, and the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid were calculated using the area normalization method. The ratio (O / L value) of oleic acid to linoleic acid was calculated to evaluate the quality of peanut oil. The results of the determination of fatty acid composition of peanut kernels under different treatment conditions are shown in Table 2.

[0085] Table 2. Results of fatty acid composition determination of peanut kernels under different treatment conditions

[0086] Table 2 shows that, compared with the comparative examples, the treatments in Example 1 of this invention significantly increased the oleic acid content and decreased the linoleic acid content in peanut kernels, thereby increasing the O / L value. The oleic acid content in the Example 1 treatment was 41.3%, significantly higher than that in the comparative examples, while the O / L value reached 1.04. In contrast, the O / L value in Comparative Example 1 was only 0.78. Although basal application and / or single foliar regulation measures (Comparative Examples 2-5) can improve fatty acid composition to some extent, the improvement is still significantly lower than that in the Examples of this invention. In Comparative Example 6, the interchange of the application stages of the two foliar regulation measures resulted in a decrease in both oleic acid content and O / L value. It is evident that the staged regulation measures of this invention can optimize the fatty acid composition of peanut kernels and improve oil stability and quality.

[0087] (3) Determination of total oil content Total oil content was determined using Soxhlet extraction. 2g of dried peanut kernel powder sample was weighed and placed in a filter paper tube, then placed in a Soxhlet extractor. Petroleum ether was used as the extraction solvent, and extraction was carried out continuously for 6 hours under reflux conditions. After extraction, the solvent was recovered, and the extraction flask was dried in an oven at 105℃ until constant weight. The oil content of the kernels was calculated based on the mass difference before and after extraction, and the results were expressed as a mass fraction (%). The results of the determination of peanut kernel oil content under different treatment conditions are shown in Table 3.

[0088] Table 3. Results of oil content determination in peanut kernels under different treatment conditions

[0089] As shown in Table 3, compared with the comparative examples, the treatments in Example 1 of this invention all increased the oil content of peanut kernels. The oil content of the kernels under the example treatments was 51.45%, significantly higher than that of the comparative examples, with Comparative Example 1 having the lowest oil content at only 48.61%. When only basal application and / or single foliar spraying treatments (Comparative Examples 2-5) were implemented, the oil content increased somewhat, but still significantly lower than the levels achieved by the treatments in the examples of this invention. In Comparative Example 6, due to the mismatch in the control stages, the effect of increasing oil content was also not significant. Therefore, the staged control method described in this invention can promote the accumulation of oil in the kernels and improve the quality of peanut oilseeds.

[0090] (4) Protein content determination Protein content was determined using the Kjeldahl method. 0.5 g of peanut kernel powder sample was weighed and placed in a digestion tube. Concentrated sulfuric acid and a catalyst were added, and digestion was carried out in a digestion furnace to convert organic nitrogen in the sample into ammonium salts. After digestion, sodium hydroxide solution was added for distillation, releasing ammonia which was absorbed by boric acid solution. The sample was then titrated with standard hydrochloric acid solution. The protein content was calculated based on the nitrogen content and converted using a factor of 6.25. The results are expressed as a mass fraction (%). The determination results of peanut kernel protein content under different treatment conditions are shown in Table 4.

[0091] Table 4. Results of determination of peanut kernel protein content under different treatment conditions

[0092] As shown in Table 4, compared with the comparative examples, the treatments in Example 1 of this invention all increased the protein content of peanut kernels. The protein content in the Example 1 treatment was 22.14%, significantly higher than that in the comparative examples, with Comparative Example 1 having the lowest protein content at only 19.24%. When only basal application and / or single foliar regulation measures (Comparative Examples 2-5) were implemented, the protein content increased, but still remained lower than the level of the Examples of this invention. Comparative Example 6 showed a decreased effect in increasing protein content due to the mismatch in the regulation stages. Therefore, the regulation method of this invention can not only improve the sugar and oil quality of peanut kernels but also promote protein accumulation, thereby achieving a comprehensive improvement in peanut kernel quality.

[0093] In summary, this invention, through a combination of basal application and staged foliar regulation, can significantly improve the sucrose content, oleic acid content, O / L value, oil content, and protein content of peanut kernels, thereby achieving a comprehensive improvement in the flavor, oil, and nutritional quality of peanut kernels.

[0094] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for controlling the quality of peanut kernels, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: 1) Base application: 5-7 days before sowing or at sowing time, mix plant cake and husk calcium powder and apply it into the soil tillage layer of 10-20cm, and at the same time apply activator and biochar to the soil. 2) Flowering and pegging stage regulation treatment: Spray the first composition at 40-60 L / mu on the peanut leaves during the flowering and pegging stage; the first composition contains seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, polyamines, boron sources and amino acids; 3) Enhanced treatment during the pod-setting stage: Spray the peanut leaves with 20-30 L / mu of the second composition during the pod-setting stage; the second composition contains nano-calcium, lipid promoters and antioxidants.

2. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 1) The plant cake material mentioned is soybean meal and / or peanut meal, and the application rate of plant cake material is 30~50 kg / mu.

3. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 1) The shell calcium powder is one or more of oyster shell powder, seashell powder, shrimp shell powder and crab shell powder, and the application rate of shell calcium powder is 20~30 kg / mu.

4. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 1) The activator is one or more of potassium humate, potassium fulvate, potassium alginate and chitosan, and the application rate of the activator is 3-5 kg / mu; the application rate of the biochar is 20-30 kg / mu.

5. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 2) The first composition is an aqueous solution containing: 2-5 g / L of seaweed-derived oligosaccharides, 0.02-0.05 g / L of polyamines, 1-2 g / L of boron source, and 0.1-0.3 g / L of amino acids.

6. The control method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The seaweed-derived oligosaccharide is alginate oligosaccharide or fucoidan oligosaccharide; The polyamine is putrescine, spermidine, or spermine; The boron source is boric acid or sugar alcohol boron; The amino acid is glutamic acid, glycine, or proline.

7. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 3) The second composition is an aqueous solution containing: 10-20 g / L of nano-calcium, 2-4 g / L of lipid promoter, and 0.5-1 g / L of antioxidant.

8. The control method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The particle size of the nano-calcium is 50~80nm.

9. The control method according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that, The nano-calcium is nano-calcium carbonate and / or nano-calcium phosphate; The lipid promoter is one or more of linoleic acid, oleic acid and betaine; The antioxidant is one or more of vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and tea polyphenols.

10. The control method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The peanut varieties mentioned are "Yuhua 176", "Yuhua 22", "Yuhua 37", "Yuhua 9326", "Haihua 1" or "Hutian".

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