High-stability low-temperature proton battery and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a high-stability low-temperature proton battery and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of proton batteries, a quinone polymer HMND with double active sites is used as a proton storage material, stable deintercalation of protons can be realized in a highly safe aqueous solution containing protons, and the proton storage efficiency is improved. The invention provides an intramolecular hydrogen bond stabilization strategy to solve the problem of dissolution of the organic electrode material, so that the electrochemical stability of the organic material is improved; according to the invention, manganese dioxide is used as a positive electrode material, a quinone polymer HMND is used as a negative electrode material, and a sulfuric acid-manganese sulfate solution is used as an electrolyte to prepare the proton battery; the constructed proton battery achieves the specific capacity of 212.5 mAh g <-1 > under the current density of 1 A g <-1 >, the capacity retention rate reaches 77% after 42000 cycles at 8 A g <-1 >, and the proton battery can operate well even in frozen electrolyte at the temperature of-60 DEG C and shows the energy storage potential at the extreme temperature.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of proton battery technology, specifically relating to a high-stability low-temperature proton battery and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Developing efficient, safe, and sustainable novel electrochemical energy storage technologies has become a frontier and hot topic in scientific research. With the rapid development of renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind power), the demand for large-scale energy storage systems is increasingly urgent. Among numerous energy storage technologies, aqueous proton batteries, as an emerging energy storage system, have received widespread attention in recent years. Protons, as charge carriers, possess unparalleled advantages: the smallest ionic radius, the lightest atomic mass, and a unique Grotthuss conduction mechanism. This "jumping" proton transport mode enables proton batteries to have ultrafast ion transport kinetics and potentially high power density. Compared with traditional metal ions (such as Li), proton batteries offer significantly faster ion transport dynamics and higher power density. + Na + Zn 2+ Compared to conventional batteries, protons migrate more efficiently in aqueous solutions, offering new possibilities for developing high-rate energy storage devices. However, proton batteries still face significant challenges. The dissolution of small-molecule organic materials in electrolytes severely impacts the battery's cycle stability. For example, the high solubility of p-benzoquinone (BQ) in acidic electrolytes leads to continuous loss of active material and rapid capacity decay. Secondly, most organic materials have poor electronic conductivity, limiting their rate performance. Furthermore, the large volume changes of organic materials during charge and discharge processes easily lead to structural damage and performance degradation. These problems severely restrict the practical application of organic electrode materials in proton batteries. Given these considerations, exploring the design and synthesis of novel organic electrode materials is crucial for constructing high-performance proton batteries.

[0003] Addressing the key challenges currently faced by organic electrode materials in aqueous proton battery applications, including poor cycle stability, easy solubility of active materials, and insufficient electronic conductivity, this application innovatively proposes a strategy to systematically improve material performance by constructing an intramolecular hydrogen bond network. The core of this design approach lies in utilizing the unique interaction mechanism of intramolecular hydrogen bonds to optimize the structural properties and electrochemical behavior of the material at the molecular level. Specifically, a class of quinone polymer materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds was designed and successfully synthesized. The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds significantly enhances the rigidity of the molecular structure, effectively suppressing the material's solubility in the electrolyte. More importantly, these hydrogen bond networks construct a stable spatial configuration, providing an ordered channel system for proton transport. From a molecular structural perspective, hydrogen bonding enables the polymer backbone to form a more regular planar structure, which not only improves the crystallinity of the material but also promotes the delocalization effect of π electrons.

[0004] By employing an intramolecular hydrogen bonding strategy, this study not only successfully addressed key challenges faced by organic electrode materials in proton battery applications but also provided new insights for developing high-performance organic electrode materials. This strategy, starting with molecular structure design and precisely controlling the hydrogen bond network, achieved a systematic improvement in the overall performance of the material, laying a crucial material foundation for the development of proton battery technology. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Technical Problem Solved: To address the dissolution issues of existing organic electrode materials, this invention proposes a stabilization strategy using quinone polymers with intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thereby significantly improving the electrochemical stability of organic materials. Simultaneously, by improving the π-conjugation effect of quinone polymers, charge transfer kinetics are enhanced, improving the electronic conductivity of the organic materials. The resulting aqueous proton battery possesses inherent safety, high cost-effectiveness, high ionic conductivity, and environmental friendliness, making it significant for large-scale energy storage and small wearable devices. Among numerous charge carriers, the proton is an ideal charge carrier due to its lightest mass and smallest ionic radius, enabling the aqueous proton battery to achieve high energy and power densities.

[0006] Objective of the Invention: This application provides a high-stability low-temperature proton battery and its preparation method. Quinone polymers containing C=O active sites are used as high-capacity and long-cycle negative electrode materials for proton batteries. They exhibit proton storage capacity with multiple active sites and a proton redox chemical mechanism with two repeating units per cell. The quinone polymer forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds (C=O···NH) between the O in -C=O and the H in -NH2. This can not only significantly improve the cycle stability of the organic electrode, but also accelerate the proton transfer process through the Grotthuss mechanism, thereby endowing the organic electrode with excellent rate performance.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides the following technical solution: A method for preparing a highly stable low-temperature proton battery includes the following steps: The first step is to prepare quinone polymer proton battery anode materials: S1. Preparation of quinone polymers: The molar ratio of quinone compound to aromatic amine compound is 5:1. The quinone compound and aromatic amine compound are mixed evenly and dissolved in an alcohol reagent. After being heated in an oil bath at 70℃ for 300 min, the mixture is cooled to room temperature. The mixture is centrifuged three times with an alcohol reagent as the solvent, and then centrifuged three times with an ester reagent as the solvent. After centrifugation, the mixture is dried at 70℃~100℃ for 12h~36h to obtain the quinone polymer. S2. Preparation of electrode slurry: Mix 60-80 parts of quinone polymer, 10-30 parts of conductive agent and 10-30 parts of binder evenly according to the mass ratio to obtain electrode slurry; S3. Preparation of electrode film: The electrode slurry is rolled into a film with a thickness of no more than 1 mm on a roller press, dried and then cut into electrode films of 1 cm × 1 cm size. S4. Press the electrode film onto the current collector to obtain the negative electrode sheet, i.e., the quinone polymer proton battery negative electrode material; The second step is to prepare the manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material: S21, in the presence of Mn 2+ In an acidic electrolyte, an Ag / AgCl electrode is used as the reference electrode, activated carbon as the counter electrode, and commercial graphite felt (GF) as the working electrode, forming a three-electrode system; the Mn-containing... 2+ The acidic electrolyte consists of 2M MnSO4 and 2M H2SO4; S22. The three-electrode system is charged with constant current. The resulting MnO2@GF is washed with deionized water and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 2 hours to obtain the positive electrode sheet, i.e., the positive electrode material of manganese dioxide proton battery. Step 3: Using quinone polymer proton battery anode material as the anode, manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material as the cathode, and a mixed solution of manganese-containing substances and acidic substances as the electrolyte, a high-stability low-temperature proton battery is constructed.

[0008] Further, the quinone compound is one or more of 1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium, naphthoquinone-1,4-dione, anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium, and 9,10-anthraquinone; the aromatic amine compound is one or more of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 4-aminodiphenylamine, α-phenylethylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 8-hydroxyquinoline.

[0009] Further, the alcohol reagent is one or more of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, and tert-butanol; the ester reagent is one or more of methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl propionate, and methyl butyrate.

[0010] Furthermore, the quinone polymer is prepared by polymerization of 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. Specifically, 10 mmol of 1,4-benzoquinone and 2 mmol of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene are placed in a mortar and ground for 30 min. After mixing evenly, the mixture is dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous ethanol and placed in a three-necked flask. The mixture is then heated in an oil bath at 70°C and 600 r / min for 300 min. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture is centrifuged three times with anhydrous ethanol as the solvent, and then centrifuged three times with ethyl acetate as the solvent. After centrifugation, the mixture is placed in a vacuum drying oven and dried at 70°C for 12 h to obtain the quinone polymer, i.e., HMND material.

[0011] Furthermore, the conductive agent is one or more of Ketjen black, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, acetylene black, and carbon black.

[0012] Furthermore, the binder is one or more of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, and styrene-butadiene rubber.

[0013] Furthermore, the current collector is a solid mesh with high electronic conductivity, and the solid mesh is one or more of the following: conductive graphite mesh, titanium mesh, nickel mesh, molybdenum mesh, copper mesh, aluminum mesh, and stainless steel mesh.

[0014] Furthermore, in the third step, the manganese-containing substances are one or more of manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese carbonate, potassium permanganate, and manganese acetate; the acidic substances are one or more of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, and glacial acetic acid.

[0015] Furthermore, the Mn in the mixed solution of the manganese-containing substance and the acidic substance 2+ and H + The concentrations were all between 0.5 and 2 mol / L.

[0016] This application also discloses a high-stability low-temperature proton battery prepared by any of the above preparation methods, wherein the high-stability low-temperature proton battery can operate at a temperature of -60°C.

[0017] Explanation of principle: In this invention, the aqueous proton battery constructed based on a quinone polymer negative electrode and a manganese dioxide positive electrode has the following charging and discharging process: Charging process: Positive electrode: MnO2 + 4H + à Mn 2+ + 2H₂O - 2e - Negative electrode: (HMND-2H) → HMND + 2H + + 2e - Discharge process: Positive electrode: Mn 2+ + 2H₂O - 2e - à MnO2 + 4H + Negative electrode: HMND + 2H + + 2e - à (HMND-2H).

[0018] This application provides a highly stable low-temperature proton battery and its preparation method, which has the following advantages compared with the prior art: 1. In this invention, quinone polymers, by introducing hydrogen bonding, uniformly distributing charges, and extending the molecular π-conjugated structure, endow the HMND organic electrode with excellent structural stability and redox reversibility. The HMND organic electrode achieves energy storage through a proton-coupled two-electron redox process. 2. In this invention, the proton battery utilizes protons (H... + Proton batteries have advantages such as light weight, small size and high conductivity. Compared with traditional metal-ion batteries, proton batteries achieve efficient energy storage through the proton hopping conduction mechanism (Grotthuss mechanism). 3. In this invention, the HMND organic electrode exhibits extremely high specific capacity (212.5 mAh g⁻¹). -1 Excellent cycling stability (77% capacity retention after 42,000 cycles) and high rate performance (70 A g). -1 At that time, it was 91.4 mAh g. -1 Furthermore, the HMND / / MnO2 battery can operate normally even in an ice-cold electrolyte at -60 °C, demonstrating great potential for energy storage at extreme temperatures; 4. In this invention, protons have very high ionic conductivity in acidic electrolytes. The high ionic conductivity of protons is due to the Grotthuss mechanism, in which protons can move between adjacent crystal lattices as hydrogen bonds break and form. At the same time, a series of similar displacements can be triggered through the hydrogen bond network, which gives protons ultra-fast migration along the water chain. 5. In this invention, the sulfuric acid-manganese sulfate electrolyte exhibits relatively good conductivity at low temperatures, enabling it to maintain relatively stable battery performance in cold environments and improving the problem of battery capacity decay at low temperatures. By optimizing the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte, the structure and interface design of the electrode materials, the stability problems of existing batteries under high voltage, low temperature and long-cycle use are solved, thereby obtaining a battery with high energy density, long life and high rate performance. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of the operation of the aqueous proton battery constructed based on the quinone-based polymer negative electrode and the MnO2 positive electrode in this application; Figure 2 The aqueous proton battery constructed in this application based on a quinone-based polymer anode and a MnO2 cathode exhibits a current density of 8 A g at room temperature (25 °C). -1 Cyclic performance graph; Figure 3 This application describes an aqueous proton battery constructed based on a quinone-based polymer anode and a MnO2 cathode, which, at room temperature (25 °C), achieves a yield of 1 A g. -1 2 A g -1 5 A g -1 10 A g -1 20 A g -1 30 A g -1 40A g -1 50 A g -1 60A g -1 70 A g -1 Rate performance diagram at current density; Figure 4 The aqueous proton battery constructed based on a quinone-based polymer anode and a MnO2 cathode in this application exhibits a current density of 0.2 A g at temperatures of 25℃, -30℃, -40℃, -50℃, and -60℃. -1 Charge and discharge curves; Figure 5 The aqueous proton battery constructed based on a quinone-based polymer anode and a MnO2 cathode in this application exhibits a current density of 0.5 A g at a temperature of room temperature to 60°C. -1 The cyclic performance diagram. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments. These embodiments will help those skilled in the art to further understand the present invention, but do not limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention. These all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0021] Example 1: This example provides a method for preparing a quinone polymer proton battery anode material for a high-stability low-temperature proton battery, comprising the following steps: S1. Preparation of quinone polymer: In a molar ratio of quinone compound to aromatic amine compound = 5:1, take 10 mmol of 1,4-benzoquinone and 2 mmol of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, grind them in a mortar for 30 min, mix them evenly, dissolve them in 50 mL of anhydrous ethanol, and then place them in a three-necked flask. After 300 min in an oil bath at 70℃ and 600 r / min, cool to room temperature, centrifuge three times with anhydrous ethanol as solvent, and then centrifuge three times with ethyl acetate as solvent. After centrifugation, place them in a vacuum drying oven and dry at 70℃ for 12 h to obtain the quinone polymer, i.e., HMND material. S2. Preparation of electrode slurry: Mix 60 parts of quinone polymer, 30 parts of conductive agent Ketjen black and 10 parts of binder polytetrafluoroethylene according to the mass ratio, and grind them in a mortar for 30 min to obtain electrode slurry. S3. Preparation of electrode film: The electrode slurry is rolled into a film with a thickness of no more than 1 mm on a roller press, dried and then cut into electrode films of 1 cm × 1 cm size. S4. The electrode film is uniformly pressed onto the current collector titanium mesh to obtain the negative electrode sheet, namely the quinone polymer proton battery negative electrode material.

[0022] Example 2: This example provides a method for preparing a highly stable low-temperature proton battery, comprising the following steps: The first step is the same as in Example 1; The second step is to prepare the manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material: S21, in the presence of Mn 2+ In an acidic electrolyte, an Ag / AgCl electrode is used as the reference electrode, activated carbon as the counter electrode, and commercial graphite felt (GF) as the working electrode, forming a three-electrode system; the Mn-containing... 2+ The acidic electrolyte consists of 2M MnSO4 and 2M H2SO4; S22. The three-electrode system is charged with constant current. The resulting MnO2@GF is washed with deionized water and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 2 hours to obtain the positive electrode sheet, i.e., the positive electrode material of manganese dioxide proton battery. Step 3: Using quinone polymer proton battery anode material as the anode, manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material as the cathode, and a mixed solution of 2M MnSO4 and 2M H2SO4 as the electrolyte, a high-stability low-temperature proton battery is constructed.

[0023] Example 3: This example provides a method for charging and discharging a high-stability low-temperature proton battery on a Blue Electric Charge-Discharge Tester, including the following steps: Similar to Example 2, a high-stability low-temperature proton battery was constructed using a quinone polymer proton battery anode material as the anode, a manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material as the cathode, and a mixed solution of 2M MnSO4 and 2M H2SO4 as the electrolyte. The proton battery was tested for charge and discharge on a Blue Electric charge-discharge meter, with an operating potential range of 0.4 V-1.4 V and an operating temperature of 25 °C. Figure 2 As shown, the battery is at 8 A g -1 After being charged and discharged at a current density of 42,000 cycles, the capacity retention rate reached 77%.

[0024] Example 4: The proton battery prepared in Example 2 was subjected to charge-discharge tests on a Blue Electric charge-discharge apparatus. The operating potential range was 0.4 V-1.4 V, and the operating temperature was 25 °C. The proton battery was charged and discharged at a rate of 0.2 A·g. -1 0.5 A·g -1 1 A·g -1 2 A·g -1 5 A·g -1 10 A·g -1 20 A·g -1 30 A·g -1 40 A·g -1 50 A·g -1 60 A·g -1 70A·g -1 80A·g -1 The rate performance of the battery is obtained by charging and discharging it at a given current density, such as... Figure 3 As shown in the figure. It can be seen from the figure that this aqueous proton battery operates at 0.2 A·g -1 The discharge capacity at the current density is 176.4 mAh g. -1 Even at a high current density of 80 A·g⁻¹, it can still reach 100.9 mAh·g⁻¹. -1 The good discharge capacity indicates that it has excellent rate performance.

[0025] Example 5: The proton battery prepared in Example 2 was subjected to charge-discharge tests on a Blue Electric charge-discharge apparatus. The operating potential range was 0.2 V-1.4 V, and the operating temperatures were 25 ℃, -30 ℃, -40 ℃, -50 ℃, and -60 ℃. The battery was charged at a rate of 0.2 A·g. -1 The current density was used for charging and discharging, and the results were as follows: Figure 4 As shown, the battery capacity calculated based on the amount of active material in the working electrode is 205 mAh·g. -1 150 mAh·g -1 148 mAh·g -1130 mAh·g -1 120 mAh·g -1 This indicates that even at temperatures as low as -60°C, this aqueous proton battery still exhibits a high capacity of up to 120 mAh·g. -1 The specific discharge capacity.

[0026] Example 6: The proton battery assembled in Example 2 was subjected to charge-discharge tests on a Blue Electric charge-discharge instrument. The operating potential range was 0.2 V-1.4 V, and the operating temperature was -60 ℃. The results are as follows: Figure 5 As shown, this proton battery operates at 0.5 A·g -1 We conducted charge-discharge cycles at current densities and found that the system could stably perform more than 3,000 charge-discharge cycles at low temperatures with a capacity retention rate of 80.0%.

[0027] The embodiments selected in the above materials are for ease of understanding and not for limiting the process method. Those skilled in the art can easily modify the process flow or transfer it to other cases without inventive change. If these modifications also fall under the category of similar claims or similar technology of this invention, then the intent of this invention also includes these modifications.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The first step is to prepare quinone polymer proton battery anode materials: S1. Preparation of quinone polymers: The molar ratio of quinone compound to aromatic amine compound is 5:

1. The quinone compound and aromatic amine compound are mixed evenly and dissolved in an alcohol reagent. After being heated in an oil bath at 70℃ for 300 min, the mixture is cooled to room temperature. The mixture is centrifuged three times with an alcohol reagent as the solvent, and then centrifuged three times with an ester reagent as the solvent. After centrifugation, the mixture is dried at 70℃~100℃ for 12h~36h to obtain the quinone polymer. S2. Preparation of electrode slurry: Mix 60-80 parts of quinone polymer, 10-30 parts of conductive agent and 10-30 parts of binder evenly according to the mass ratio to obtain electrode slurry; S3. Preparation of electrode film: The electrode slurry is rolled into a film with a thickness of no more than 1 mm on a roller press, dried and then cut into electrode films of 1 cm × 1 cm size. S4. Press the electrode film onto the current collector to obtain the negative electrode sheet, i.e., the quinone polymer proton battery negative electrode material; The second step is to prepare the manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material: S21, in the presence of Mn 2+ In an acidic electrolyte, an Ag / AgCl electrode is used as the reference electrode, activated carbon as the counter electrode, and commercial graphite felt (GF) as the working electrode, forming a three-electrode system; the Mn-containing... 2+ The acidic electrolyte consists of 2M MnSO4 and 2M H2SO4; S22. The three-electrode system is charged with constant current. The resulting MnO2@GF is washed with deionized water and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 2 hours to obtain the positive electrode sheet, i.e., the positive electrode material of manganese dioxide proton battery. Step 3: Using quinone polymer proton battery anode material as the anode, manganese dioxide proton battery cathode material as the cathode, and a mixed solution of manganese-containing substances and acidic substances as the electrolyte, a high-stability low-temperature proton battery is constructed.

2. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The quinone compound is one or more of 1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium, naphthoquinone-1,4-dione, anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium, and 9,10-anthraquinone; the aromatic amine compound is one or more of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 4-aminodiphenylamine, α-phenylethylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 8-hydroxyquinoline.

3. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The alcohol reagent is one or more of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, and tert-butanol; the ester reagent is one or more of methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl propionate, and methyl butyrate.

4. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The quinone polymer is prepared by polymerization of 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. Specifically, 10 mmol of 1,4-benzoquinone and 2 mmol of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene are placed in a mortar and ground for 30 min. After mixing evenly, the mixture is dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous ethanol and placed in a three-necked flask. The mixture is then heated in an oil bath at 70°C and 600 r / min for 300 min. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture is centrifuged three times with anhydrous ethanol as the solvent, and then centrifuged three times with ethyl acetate as the solvent. After centrifugation, the mixture is placed in a vacuum drying oven and dried at 70°C for 12 h to obtain the quinone polymer, i.e., HMND material.

5. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The conductive agent is one or more of Ketjen black, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, acetylene black, and carbon black.

6. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adhesive is one or more of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, and styrene-butadiene rubber.

7. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The current collector is a solid mesh with high electronic conductivity, and the solid mesh is one or more of the following: conductive graphite mesh, titanium mesh, nickel mesh, molybdenum mesh, copper mesh, aluminum mesh, and stainless steel mesh.

8. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The manganese-containing substances in the third step are one or more of manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese carbonate, potassium permanganate, and manganese acetate; the acidic substances are one or more of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, and glacial acetic acid.

9. The method for preparing a high-stability low-temperature proton battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The Mn in the mixed solution of manganese-containing substances and acidic substances 2+ and H + The concentrations were all between 0.5 and 2 mol / L.

10. A high-stability low-temperature proton battery prepared by any one of the preparation methods described in claims 1-9, characterized in that, The high-stability low-temperature proton battery can operate at a temperature of -60℃.

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