Soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of soil seepage, and discloses an angle-adjustable bearing frame, the right side of the top of the angle-adjustable bearing frame is fixedly connected with a hinge seat, the hinge seat is hinged with a fixed connecting bracket through a rotating shaft, and the left side of the top of the angle-adjustable bearing frame is fixedly connected with a servo electric cylinder. The movable end of the servo electric cylinder is rotationally connected with a movable connecting support through a rotating shaft hinge seat. According to the soil mass seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device, through cooperative arrangement of an angle-adjustable bearing frame, a hinge seat, a servo electric cylinder, a movable connecting bracket, a limiting sliding rod, a buffer spring, an adjusting limiting frame and a digital angle instrument, the effect of testing the internal erosion transparent soil model before a test or in the test process is achieved; the effect of high-precision, stepless and automatic setting and keeping of any inclination angle of the model box is achieved, core geometric conditions are provided for simulating complex seepage fields in actual projects such as side slopes and dams, and accurate, stable and automatic adjustment of the inclination angle of the model is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of soil seepage technology, specifically to a test device for a transparent soil model of soil seepage erosion. Background Technology

[0002] Internal erosion due to seepage is a common progressive failure phenomenon in geotechnical engineering. It mainly refers to the migration and removal of fine particles from the soil under seepage, leading to gradual expansion of the pore structure, changes in seepage permeability, and potentially causing soil structural instability. This mechanism is widely present in dams, roadbeds, slopes, and underground engineering, and in-depth research on its impact on engineering safety is crucial.

[0003] Currently, indoor physical model testing is the main method for studying this problem. However, traditional test devices have obvious limitations: First, most device models are fixed vertical structures, which cannot simulate the non-horizontal seepage field in actual slopes or sloping soil layers, resulting in deviations between test conditions and engineering reality; second, existing adjustable angle devices mostly use manual mechanical adjustment, which has low precision and poor stability, and it is difficult to maintain a constant angle during the test; third, when conventional devices visualize the erosion process, uneven lighting or limited observation angles often affect the accurate capture of the initiation and expansion of erosion channels; in addition, seepage control mostly relies on fixed water heads, making it difficult to achieve precise and dynamic control of flow rate or pressure.

[0004] To address the aforementioned issues, particularly the insufficient simulation of inclined seepage conditions and the current state of rough control of experimental conditions, there is an urgent need to develop an integrated experimental device that can precisely adjust and maintain any model tilt angle, achieve accurate control of seepage parameters, and integrate high-quality panoramic observation and real-time loss measurement functions. This device would be used to simulate and study soil seepage erosion under complex boundary conditions in a more realistic and detailed manner. Therefore, a transparent soil model experimental device for soil seepage erosion is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] (a) Technical problems to be solved To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a transparent soil model test device for soil seepage erosion. It has the advantages of high-precision automatic adjustment and maintenance of inclination angle, flexible programmable control of seepage parameters (flow velocity / flow rate), panoramic high-definition visualization and synchronous recording of the erosion process, real-time dynamic and accurate measurement of erosion loss, and convenient modular operation. It solves the problems of traditional devices that are difficult to realistically simulate inclined seepage fields, have coarse control of seepage boundary conditions, limited observation of internal erosion processes and cannot be strictly synchronized with quantitative data, and are cumbersome to operate and have poor adaptability.

[0006] (II) Technical Solution To achieve the aforementioned objectives of high-precision automatic adjustment and maintenance of inclination angle, flexible programmable control of seepage parameters (flow velocity / flow rate), panoramic high-definition visualization and synchronous recording of the erosion process, real-time dynamic and accurate measurement of erosion loss, and convenient overall modular operation, this invention provides the following technical solution: A transparent soil model test device for internal erosion in soil seepage, comprising an angle-adjustable bearing frame, a hinge seat fixedly connected to the top right side of the angle-adjustable bearing frame, a fixed connecting bracket hinged to the hinge seat via a rotating shaft, a servo electric cylinder fixedly connected to the top left side of the angle-adjustable bearing frame, the moving end of the servo electric cylinder being rotatably connected to a movable connecting bracket via a rotating shaft hinge seat, a limiting slide rod passing through the interior of the movable connecting bracket, and a buffer spring sleeved on one side of the limiting slide rod on the movable connecting bracket. The spring, both ends of the limiting slide rod are fixedly connected to an adjusting limiting frame, and the top of the fixed connecting bracket and the adjusting limiting frame are fixedly connected to a transparent soil model test box. The front observation panel of the transparent soil model test box is a high-transmittance bulletproof glass plate, and the inner sides of its left and right side panels and rear wall panel are all embedded with uniform backlight LED array light source plates. The left side wall of the transparent soil model test box is fixedly connected to a seepage liquid storage tank through a bracket. The top of the seepage liquid storage tank is provided with a water inlet with a threaded sealing cap, and a filter screen is fixedly connected inside. A peristaltic pump is fixedly installed on the top of the seepage liquid storage tank. The suction pipe of the peristaltic pump extends into the bottom of the seepage liquid storage tank, and its outlet pipe passes through and is sealed and fixed to the side wall of the transparent soil model test box for conveying seepage liquid into the tank.

[0007] Preferably, the top edge of the transparent soil model test chamber is rotatably connected to a protective top cover via a damping shaft. A high-definition industrial camera is fixedly installed in the middle of the inner top wall of the protective top cover, and waterproof supplementary lights are installed on both sides of it.

[0008] Preferably, the inner wall of the transparent soil model test chamber is fixedly connected to a snap-fit ​​bracket, and a porous composite permeable plate is detachably snap-fitted onto the snap-fit ​​bracket.

[0009] Preferably, the transparent soil model test chamber has a water outlet on the lower right side and is fixedly connected to a soil seepage pipe.

[0010] Preferably, a detachable erosion product collection tray is detachably connected to the right side of the angle-adjustable support frame via a spring clip. An experimental electronic scale is fixedly installed on the detachable erosion product collection tray. A soil seepage collection cylinder for collecting turbid water flowing out from the soil seepage conduit is placed on the weighing platform of the experimental electronic scale. The servo electric cylinder, peristaltic pump, high-definition industrial camera, waterproof supplementary light, LED array light source board, and experimental electronic scale are all electrically connected to a central control system. The soil seepage collection cylinder is made of transparent material, and the seepage erosion products collected inside can be used for subsequent analysis of water turbidity, particle size distribution, or material content.

[0011] Preferably, a digital angle gauge is fixedly installed on the bottom outer side of the transparent soil model test chamber to display the tilt angle of the test chamber in real time.

[0012] Preferably, the porous composite permeable plate is composed of a base plate with a retaining edge, a high-precision stainless steel filter screen laid on the base plate, and a perforated pressure plate pressed on the filter screen, which are combined by a retaining groove and are fixed in the retaining frame as a whole. The bottom of the porous composite permeable plate is engaged with the groove on the inner bottom wall of the transparent soil model test box.

[0013] Preferably, the servo electric cylinder, peristaltic pump, high-definition industrial camera, waterproof supplementary light, LED array light source board, and experimental electronic scale are all electrically connected to a central control system.

[0014] A test apparatus for a transparent soil model of internal erosion caused by soil seepage, characterized by comprising the following steps: 1) Sample loading and angle preset: The prepared transparent soil or conventional soil sample is filled into the transparent soil model test box. It can be moved to the outside of the limiting slide rod by the extension and retraction drive of the servo electric cylinder, through the moving connecting bracket and the buffer spring. Its moving track is set inside the adjusting limiting frame, so that the test box rotates stably around the hinge seat, thereby adjusting and fixing it at the preset tilt angle. 2) System initialization: Close the protective top cover, turn on the LED array light source board and waterproof supplementary light to provide uniform illumination; place the soil seepage collection cylinder on the experimental electronic scale and ensure that it is aligned with the outlet of the soil seepage pipe; set the flow rate of the peristaltic pump and the shooting parameters of the high-definition industrial camera through the central control system; 3) Start seepage and synchronous monitoring: Start the peristaltic pump to pump the seepage fluid from the storage tank into the soil sample in the test chamber to simulate the seepage process; at the same time, the central control system synchronously triggers the high-definition industrial camera to continuously or periodically acquire images and record the real-time data of the soil seepage collection tube mass displayed on the experimental electronic scale. 4) Process observation and data recording: Real-time observation of particle transport and the formation and development of erosion channels within the soil using images transmitted from high-definition industrial cameras; data from the experimental electronic balance is used to calculate the real-time loss rate and cumulative mass of erosion products. 5) Parameter adjustment and multi-condition test: During the test or between different test groups, the stroke of the servo electric cylinder is changed through the central control system to adjust the tilt angle of the model box, and / or the flow rate of the peristaltic pump is changed to adjust the seepage velocity, simulating the erosion process under various hydraulic boundary and geometric boundary combination conditions. 6) Comprehensive analysis: Combining the erosion development image sequence obtained under different inclination angles and seepage velocities with precise mass loss data, we analyze the initiation mechanism, development mode and inclination angle effect of erosion within soil seepage.

[0015] (III) Beneficial Effects Compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a test device for a transparent soil model of soil seepage erosion, which has the following beneficial effects: 1. This transparent soil seepage erosion model test device, through the coordinated arrangement of an angle-adjustable bearing frame, hinged seat, servo electric cylinder, movable connecting bracket, limiting slide rod, buffer spring, adjusting limiting frame, and digital angle meter, is used. During operation, the central control system drives the servo electric cylinder to extend and retract, causing the movable connecting bracket to slide smoothly against the buffer spring and onto the limiting slide rod surface inside the adjusting limiting frame. This allows the transparent soil model test box to rotate smoothly around the hinge axis. The buffer spring absorbs minor impacts during the adjustment process, while the digital angle meter provides real-time feedback of the tilt angle value. This device plays a crucial role in setting and maintaining any tilt angle of the model box with high precision, stepless, and automatic operation before or during the test. It provides the core geometric conditions for simulating complex seepage fields in actual engineering projects such as slopes and dams, and achieves precise, stable, and automated adjustment of the model tilt angle.

[0016] 2. This transparent soil seepage erosion model test device, through the coordinated setup of a seepage fluid storage tank, a filter screen, a peristaltic pump, a transparent soil model test chamber, and a central control system, allows the peristaltic pump to draw clean seepage fluid pretreated by the filter screen from the bottom of the storage tank and pump it into the model chamber according to the precise flow rate set by the central control system. This provides a stable, controllable, and flexibly programmable seepage velocity for the test, effectively prevents interference from impurities, and facilitates the simulation of various hydraulic boundary conditions such as unidirectional, variable-speed, or intermittent seepage. It provides a controllable, clean, and flexible seepage simulation environment.

[0017] 3. This transparent soil model test device for soil seepage erosion, through the coordinated setup of a transparent soil model test chamber, a protective top cover, a high-definition industrial camera, and waterproof supplementary lighting, provides uniform shadowless illumination when the LED array light source board and waterproof supplementary lighting are turned on. The high-definition industrial camera, triggered by the central control system, takes top-down images of the inside of the model chamber, which plays a role in recording the entire process of fine particle movement, erosion channel initiation, development, and penetration within the soil with high-definition image quality and an unobstructed view. It provides an intuitive and reliable chain of image evidence for mechanism analysis, and realizes a panoramic, high-definition, traceable, and visual record of the erosion process.

[0018] 4. This transparent soil model test device for soil seepage erosion, through the coordinated setup of a soil seepage conduit, a detachable erosion product collection tray, an experimental electronic scale, and a soil seepage collection cylinder, allows eroded turbid water to flow into the soil seepage collection cylinder through the soil seepage conduit during use. The experimental electronic scale monitors the mass change in real time and transmits the data to the central control system. This device automatically, continuously, and with high precision measures and records the instantaneous rate and cumulative total amount of soil particle loss while erosion is occurring, realizing the direct quantification of erosion intensity and completing the in-situ collection of erosion products and the real-time dynamic measurement of the amount of loss.

[0019] 5. This transparent soil seepage erosion model test device, through the coordinated arrangement of a protective top cover, snap-fit ​​frame, porous composite permeable plate, spring clips, and detachable erosion product collection tray connected by a damping rotating shaft, allows for easy opening and closing of the protective top cover for sample loading or maintenance. The porous composite permeable plate can be easily snapped in or removed for replacement or cleaning. The entire collection unit is quickly assembled and disassembled via spring clips, greatly simplifying the process of test preparation, soil sample replacement, component cleaning, and maintenance. At the same time, the porous composite permeable plate effectively supports the soil sample and allows for uniform water permeation, preventing non-erosive loss of the sample in the early stages of the test, ensuring the uniformity of the initial test conditions, and guaranteeing the ease of operation, modularity, and integrity of the sample. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the first configuration of a transparent soil model test device for soil seepage erosion proposed in this invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the second morphological structure of a transparent soil model test device for soil seepage erosion proposed in this invention. Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of the structure of a transparent soil model test device for internal erosion in soil seepage, as proposed in this invention.

[0021] In the diagram: 1. Angle-adjustable load-bearing frame; 2. Hinge seat; 3. Fixed connection bracket; 4. Servo electric cylinder; 5. Moving connection bracket; 6. Limiting slide bar; 7. Buffer spring; 8. Adjustable limiting frame; 9. Transparent soil model test chamber; 10. Seepage liquid storage tank; 11. Filter screen; 12. Peristaltic pump; 13. Protective top cover; 14. High-definition industrial camera; 15. Waterproof supplementary light; 16. Clip bracket; 17. Porous composite permeable board; 18. Soil seepage conduit; 19. Spring buckle; 20. Detachable erosion product collection tray; 21. Experimental electronic scale; 22. Soil seepage collection cylinder; 23. Digital angle gauge. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0023] Please see Figure 1-3A transparent soil model test device for soil seepage and internal erosion includes an angle-adjustable bearing frame 1. The device is configured with the adjustable bearing frame 1, a hinged seat 2, a servo electric cylinder 4, a movable connecting bracket 5, a limiting slide rod 6, a buffer spring 7, an adjusting limiting frame 8, and a digital angle meter 23. During use, the central control system drives the servo electric cylinder 4 to extend and retract, causing the movable connecting bracket 5 to slide smoothly against the buffer spring 7 on the surface of the limiting slide rod 6 inside the adjusting limiting frame 8. This allows the transparent soil model test chamber 9 to rotate smoothly around the hinge axis. The buffer spring 7 absorbs minor impacts during adjustment, while the digital angle meter 23 provides real-time feedback of the tilt angle value, enabling high-precision, stepless, and automated setting and maintenance of the model chamber before or during the test. The tilt angle is designed to provide core geometric conditions for simulating complex seepage fields in actual engineering projects such as slopes and dams, enabling precise, stable, and automated adjustment of the model's tilt angle. A hinge seat 2 is fixedly connected to the top right side of the adjustable bearing frame 1. The hinge seat 2 is hinged to a fixed connecting bracket 3 via a rotating shaft. A servo electric cylinder 4 is fixedly connected to the top left side of the adjustable bearing frame 1. The moving end of the servo electric cylinder 4 is rotatably connected to a movable connecting bracket 5 via a rotating shaft hinge seat. A limiting slide rod 6 passes through the interior of the movable connecting bracket 5. A buffer spring 7 is fitted on one side of the limiting slide rod 6. Both ends of the limiting slide rod 6 are fixedly connected to an adjusting limiting frame 8. The top of the fixed connecting bracket 3 and the adjusting limiting frame 8 are jointly fixedly connected. A transparent soil model test chamber 9, together with a protective top cover 13, a high-definition industrial camera 14, and a waterproof supplementary light 15, provides uniform, shadowless illumination when the LED array light source board and the waterproof supplementary light 15 are turned on. The high-definition industrial camera 14, triggered by the central control system, takes a top-down view of the interior of the model chamber, recording the entire process of fine particle transport, erosion channel initiation, development, and penetration within the soil in high-definition, unobstructed view. This provides an intuitive and reliable chain of visual evidence for mechanism analysis, achieving panoramic, high-definition, and traceable visual recording of the erosion process. The front observation panel of the transparent soil model test chamber 9 is made of high-transmittance bulletproof glass, and uniform lighting is embedded on the inner sides of its left and right side panels and rear wall panel. The transparent soil model test chamber 9 is equipped with a backlit LED array light source panel. A seepage fluid storage tank 10 is fixedly connected to the left side wall of the chamber via a bracket. Through the coordinated setup of the seepage fluid storage tank 10, filter screen 11, peristaltic pump 12, transparent soil model test chamber 9, and central control system, the peristaltic pump 12 draws clean seepage fluid pretreated by the filter screen 11 from the bottom of the storage tank during use and pumps it into the model chamber according to the precise flow rate set by the central control system. This provides a stable, controllable, and flexibly programmable seepage velocity for the experiment, effectively preventing interference from impurities. It facilitates the simulation of various hydraulic boundary conditions, such as unidirectional, variable-speed, or intermittent seepage, providing a controllable, clean, and flexible seepage simulation environment. The top of the seepage fluid storage tank 10 is equipped with a water inlet with a threaded sealing cap.A filter screen 11 is fixedly connected inside the permeate storage tank 10. A peristaltic pump 12 is fixedly installed on the top of the permeate storage tank 10. The suction pipe of the peristaltic pump 12 extends into the bottom of the permeate storage tank 10, and its outlet pipe passes through and is sealed and fixed to the side wall of the transparent soil model test chamber 9 for conveying permeate into the chamber. The top edge of the transparent soil model test chamber 9 is rotatably connected to a protective top cover 13 via a damping shaft. The protective top cover 13, the snap-fit ​​bracket 16, the porous composite permeable plate 17, the spring buckle 19, and the detachable erosion product collection tray 20 are connected by the damping shaft. During use, the protective top cover 13 can be easily opened and closed for sample loading or maintenance, and the porous composite permeable plate 17 can be easily snapped in or removed for replacement or cleaning. The entire collection unit can be quickly disassembled via the spring buckle 19. The device greatly simplifies the process of test preparation, soil sample replacement, component cleaning and maintenance. Simultaneously, the porous composite permeable plate 17 effectively supports the soil sample and ensures uniform water permeability, preventing non-erosive loss of the sample in the early stages of the test, ensuring uniformity of initial test conditions, and guaranteeing the ease of operation, modularity, and sample integrity of the device. A high-definition industrial camera 14 is fixedly installed in the middle of the inner top wall of the protective top cover 13, with waterproof supplementary lighting 15 installed on both sides. A snap-fit ​​bracket 16 is fixedly connected to the inner side wall of the transparent soil model test chamber 9, on which the porous composite permeable plate 17 is detachably snapped. An outlet is located on the lower right side of the transparent soil model test chamber 9 and is fixedly connected to a soil seepage conduit 18. Water flows through the soil seepage conduit 18 and the detachable erosion product... The combination of the material collection tray 20, the experimental electronic scale 21, and the soil seepage collection cylinder 22 allows for the efficient use of eroded turbid water. During operation, the eroded water flows into the soil seepage collection cylinder 22 through the soil seepage conduit 18. The experimental electronic scale 21 monitors the water's mass changes in real time and transmits the data to the central control system. This system automatically, continuously, and with high precision measures and records the instantaneous rate and cumulative total amount of soil particle loss during erosion, achieving direct quantification of erosion intensity and enabling in-situ collection of erosion products and real-time dynamic measurement of the loss. A detachable erosion product collection tray 20 is detachably connected to the right side of the angle-adjustable support frame 1 via spring clips 19. The experimental electronic scale 21 is fixedly installed on the detachable erosion product collection tray 20, and a weighing platform of the experimental electronic scale 21 is placed on... A soil seepage collection cylinder 22 is provided to collect turbid water flowing out from the soil seepage conduit 18. A servo electric cylinder 4, peristaltic pump 12, high-definition industrial camera 14, waterproof supplementary lighting 15, LED array light source board, and experimental electronic scale 21 are all electrically connected to a central control system. The soil seepage collection cylinder 22 is made of transparent material, and the seepage erosion products collected inside can be used for subsequent analysis of water turbidity, particle size distribution, or material content. A digital angle meter 23 is fixedly installed on the outer bottom of the transparent soil model test chamber 9 to display the tilt angle of the test chamber in real time. The porous composite permeable plate 17 is composed of a base plate with locking edges, a high-precision stainless steel filter screen laid on the base plate, and a perforated pressure plate pressed onto the filter screen, all assembled through locking grooves and securely fastened within the locking frame 16.The bottom of the porous composite permeable board 17 is engaged with the groove on the inner bottom wall of the transparent soil model test chamber 9. The servo electric cylinder 4, peristaltic pump 12, high-definition industrial camera 14, waterproof supplementary light 15, LED array light source board, and experimental electronic scale 21 are all electrically connected to a central control system. A test apparatus for a transparent soil model of internal erosion through soil seepage includes the following steps: 1) Sample loading and angle preset: The prepared transparent soil or conventional soil sample is filled into the transparent soil model test box 9. It can be moved to the outside of the limiting slide rod 6 by the extension and retraction drive of the servo electric cylinder 4, the moving connecting bracket 5 and the buffer spring 7. Its moving track is set inside the adjusting limiting frame 8, so that the test box rotates stably around the rotating axis of the hinge seat 2, thereby adjusting and fixing it at the preset tilt angle. 2) System initialization: Close the protective top cover 13, turn on the LED array light source board and waterproof supplementary light 15 to provide uniform illumination; place the soil seepage collection cylinder 22 on the experimental electronic scale 21 and ensure that it is aligned with the outlet of the soil seepage pipe 18; set the flow rate of the peristaltic pump 12 and the shooting parameters of the high-definition industrial camera 14 through the central control system. 3) Start seepage and synchronous monitoring: Start the peristaltic pump 12 to pump the seepage liquid from the storage tank 10 into the soil sample in the test chamber 9 to simulate the seepage process; at the same time, the central control system synchronously triggers the high-definition industrial camera 14 to continuously or periodically acquire images and record the real-time mass data of the soil seepage collection cylinder 22 displayed by the experimental electronic scale 21. 4) Process observation and data recording: The images transmitted by the high-definition industrial camera 14 are used to observe the migration of particles inside the soil and the formation and development of erosion channels in real time; the data from the experimental electronic balance 21 is used to calculate the real-time loss rate and cumulative mass of erosion products. 5) Parameter adjustment and multi-condition test: During the test or between different test groups, the stroke of the servo electric cylinder 4 is changed through the central control system to adjust the tilt angle of the model box, and / or the flow rate of the peristaltic pump 12 is changed to adjust the seepage velocity, simulating the erosion process under various hydraulic boundary and geometric boundary combination conditions. 6) Comprehensive analysis: Combining the erosion development image sequence obtained under different inclination angles and seepage velocities with precise mass loss data, we analyze the initiation mechanism, development mode and inclination angle effect of erosion within soil seepage.

[0024] In use, the following examples may be described: 1. Apparatus Preparation and Sample Loading: Check and ensure that the angle-adjustable support frame 1 is stably placed on a horizontal surface. Adjust the transparent soil model test chamber 9 to a horizontal position (observe the digital angle meter 23 reading as 0° through the central control system); open the protective top cover 13, and fill the chamber in layers with the pre-prepared transparent quartz sand (simulated soil) mixed with a refractive index-matching liquid phase from the top opening of the transparent soil model test chamber 9; during the filling process, a small amount of dyed tracer particles can be pre-buried at a specific depth to allow for clearer observation of the particle migration path later; after filling to the predetermined height, ensure that the soil sample surface is flat and cover it with the protective top cover 13.

[0025] 2. Test Parameter Setting and System Initialization: Geometric Condition Setting: The target slope inclination angle is set to 30° through the central control system; the system drives the servo electric cylinder 4 to extend smoothly, and through the linkage of the movable connecting bracket 5 and the adjusting limit frame 8, pushes the test chamber to rotate slowly and precisely around the hinge seat 2 until the digital angle meter 23 stably displays 30.0°; Seepage Condition Setting: In the central control software, the peristaltic pump 12 is set to run at a constant low flow rate (e.g., 10 mL / min) to simulate continuous low-intensity rainfall infiltration; Observation System Setting: The high-definition industrial camera 14 is set to continuously shoot at a rate of 1 frame per second, and the brightness of the LED array light source board and waterproof supplementary light 15 is adjusted to ensure uniform lighting and no shadows inside the chamber to obtain clear images; Measurement System Preparation: The clean soil seepage collection cylinder 22 is placed on the weighing platform of the experimental electronic scale 21, and the position of the detachable erosion product collection tray 20 is adjusted to ensure that the outlet of the soil seepage conduit 18 is aligned with the collection cylinder opening; the electronic scale reading is zeroed in the software.

[0026] 3. Test Start-up and Synchronous Data Acquisition: Simultaneously, the preset data acquisition program in the central control system is started. This program executes the following commands synchronously: start the peristaltic pump 12 to pump the seepage fluid at the set flow rate; trigger the high-definition industrial camera 14 to start shooting; start recording the real-time mass data of the experimental electronic scale 21; the seepage fluid is injected from the left side of the tank and gradually forms a seepage field in the inclined transparent soil under the action of gravity and capillary action.

[0027] 4. Real-time Process Monitoring and Operating Condition Adjustment: The images transmitted from the camera are observed in real time on a computer screen. Approximately one hour into the experiment, dark flow lines may appear in the lower middle part of the chamber (indicating the migration of tracer particles or fine particles), signifying the initiation of erosion channels. To simulate increased rainfall intensity, after two hours of experimentation, the flow rate of peristaltic pump 12 is increased to 20 mL / min via the central control system. Simultaneously, the system continues to record tilt angle, images, and mass data synchronously. Data from the experimental electronic balance 21 is converted into a loss rate curve in real time, showing a significant increase in the mass gain rate, i.e., the erosion rate, after the flow rate is increased.

[0028] 5. Test Termination and Data Analysis: When the erosion channel is observed to be basically complete, or the cumulative loss mass displayed by the electronic scale tends to stabilize (e.g., total test duration 4 hours), the peristaltic pump, camera, and data recording are stopped through the central control system. Data Analysis Stage: Visual Analysis: Playback of the image sequence recorded by the high-definition industrial camera can clearly trace the entire process from "no obvious phenomenon" to "local fine particle initiation," "the erosion channel developing upstream," and finally "the formation of a stable piping channel," and accurately mark the time points of each key phenomenon; Quantitative Analysis: Export the mass and time data of the experimental electronic scale, and plot the cumulative erosion amount curve and erosion rate curve. Aligning the curves with the video timeline, quantitative analysis can be performed to determine that: at a 30° tilt angle, the critical flow rate (or hydraulic gradient) for the initial erosion initiation is approximately X; when the flow rate increases, the erosion rate reaches its peak Z g / min after Y minutes; Comprehensive Correlation: Correlation between the visualized phenomena and quantitative data allows for in-depth analysis of the dominant direction of erosion development, the morphological characteristics of the channel, and the dynamic response relationship between flow rate (hydraulic gradient) under this tilt model.

[0029] In summary, this transparent soil model test device for soil seepage and internal erosion utilizes an adjustable bearing frame 1, a hinged seat 2, a servo electric cylinder 4, a movable connecting bracket 5, a limiting slide rod 6, a buffer spring 7, an adjusting limiting frame 8, and a digital angle meter 23. During use, the central control system drives the servo electric cylinder 4 to extend and retract, causing the movable connecting bracket 5 to smoothly slide against the buffer spring 7 onto the surface of the limiting slide rod 6 within the adjusting limiting frame 8. This allows the transparent soil model test chamber 9 to rotate smoothly around the hinge axis. The buffer spring 7 absorbs minor impacts during adjustment, while the digital angle meter 23 provides real-time feedback of the tilt angle value, serving to provide feedback before or during the test. During the experiment, the high-precision, stepless, and automated setting and maintenance of the model box at any tilt angle provided the core geometric conditions for simulating complex seepage fields in actual engineering projects such as slopes and dams, achieving precise, stable, and automated adjustment of the model tilt angle. Through the coordinated setup of the seepage fluid storage tank 10, filter screen 11, peristaltic pump 12, transparent soil model test chamber 9, and central control system, the peristaltic pump 12 draws clean seepage fluid pretreated by the filter screen 11 from the bottom of the storage tank and pumps it into the model box according to the precise flow rate set by the central control system. This provides a stable, controllable, and flexibly programmable seepage rate for the experiment and effectively prevents... The absence of impurities facilitates the simulation of various hydraulic boundary conditions, such as unidirectional, variable-speed, or intermittent seepage, providing a controllable, clean, and flexible seepage simulation environment. Through the coordinated setup of the transparent soil model test chamber 9, protective top cover 13, high-definition industrial camera 14, and waterproof supplementary lighting 15, the LED array light source board and waterproof supplementary lighting 15 provide uniform, shadowless illumination. The high-definition industrial camera 14, triggered by the central control system, captures a top-down view of the model chamber's interior, recording the entire process of fine particle transport, erosion channel initiation, development, and penetration within the soil in high-definition, unobstructed view. This provides an intuitive and reliable basis for mechanistic analysis. The image evidence chain enables panoramic, high-definition, and traceable visual recording of the erosion process. Through the coordinated setup of the soil seepage conduit 18, the detachable erosion product collection tray 20, the experimental electronic scale 21, and the soil seepage collection cylinder 22, during use, the eroded turbid water flows into the soil seepage collection cylinder 22 through the soil seepage conduit 18. The experimental electronic scale 21 monitors its quality changes in real time and transmits the data to the central control system. This plays a role in automatically, continuously, and with high precision measuring and recording the instantaneous rate and cumulative total amount of soil particle loss at the same time as erosion occurs, realizing the direct quantification of erosion intensity and completing the in-situ reception of erosion products and real-time dynamic measurement of the amount of loss.The protective top cover 13, snap-fit ​​bracket 16, porous composite permeable plate 17, spring clip 19, and detachable erosion product collection tray 20, connected by a damping pivot, allow for easy opening and closing of the protective top cover 13 for sample loading or maintenance. The porous composite permeable plate 17 can be easily snapped in or removed for replacement or cleaning. The entire collection unit is quickly assembled and disassembled via the spring clip 19, greatly simplifying the processes of test preparation, soil sample replacement, and component cleaning and maintenance. Simultaneously, the porous composite permeable plate 17 effectively supports the soil sample and ensures uniform water permeability, preventing non-erosive loss of the sample in the initial stages of the test, guaranteeing the uniformity of initial test conditions, and ensuring the ease of operation, modularity, and sample integrity of the device.

[0030] It is worth noting that the servo electric cylinder 4, peristaltic pump 12, high-definition industrial camera 14, waterproof supplementary light 15, experimental electronic scale 21, and digital angle meter 23 mentioned in this application are all connected to 220V AC mains power. Furthermore, the servo electric cylinder 4, peristaltic pump 12, high-definition industrial camera 14, waterproof supplementary light 15, experimental electronic scale 21, and digital angle meter 23 are all conventional and known devices. The standard parts used in this application can all be purchased from the market. The specific connection methods of each part are all conventional methods such as bolts, rivets, and welding that are mature in the prior art. Moreover, the machinery, parts, and equipment all adopt conventional models in the prior art. In addition, the circuit connection adopts conventional connection methods in the prior art. The contents not described in detail in the description belong to the prior art known to those skilled in the art, and will not be described in detail here.

[0031] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0032] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A test apparatus for a transparent soil model of internal erosion caused by soil seepage, comprising an angle-adjustable bearing frame (1), characterized in that: A hinge seat (2) is fixedly connected to the top right side of the angle-adjustable bearing frame (1). The hinge seat (2) is hinged to a fixed connecting bracket (3) via a rotating shaft. A servo electric cylinder (4) is fixedly connected to the top left side of the angle-adjustable bearing frame (1). The moving end of the servo electric cylinder (4) is rotatably connected to a movable connecting bracket (5) via a rotating shaft hinge seat. A limiting slide rod (6) is inserted inside the movable connecting bracket (5). A buffer spring (7) is sleeved on one side of the movable connecting bracket (5) on the limiting slide rod (6). Both ends of the limiting slide rod (6) are fixedly connected to an adjusting limiting frame (8). A transparent soil is fixedly connected to the top of the fixed connecting bracket (3) and the adjusting limiting frame (8). The transparent soil model test box (9) has a front observation panel made of high-transmittance bulletproof glass. The inner sides of its left and right side panels and rear wall panel are all inlaid with LED array light source panels with uniform backlight. The left side wall of the transparent soil model test box (9) is fixedly connected to a seepage liquid storage tank (10) by a bracket. The top of the seepage liquid storage tank (10) is provided with a water inlet with a threaded sealing cap. A filter screen (11) is fixedly connected inside. A peristaltic pump (12) is fixedly installed on the top of the seepage liquid storage tank (10). The suction pipe of the peristaltic pump (12) extends into the bottom of the seepage liquid storage tank (10), and its outlet pipe passes through and is sealed and fixed to the side wall of the transparent soil model test box (9) for conveying seepage liquid into the box.

2. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top edge of the transparent soil model test chamber (9) is rotatably connected to a protective top cover (13) via a damping shaft. A high-definition industrial camera (14) is fixedly installed in the middle of the inner top wall of the protective top cover (13), and waterproof supplementary lights (15) are installed on both sides of it.

3. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner wall of the transparent soil model test chamber (9) is fixedly connected to a snap-fit ​​bracket (16), and a porous composite permeable plate (17) is detachably snap-fitted onto the snap-fit ​​bracket (16).

4. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The transparent soil model test chamber (9) has a water outlet on the lower right side and is fixedly connected to a soil seepage pipe (18).

5. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The right side of the angle-adjustable support frame (1) is detachably connected to a detachable erosion product collection tray (20) via a spring clip (19). An experimental electronic scale (21) is fixedly installed on the detachable erosion product collection tray (20). A soil seepage collection cylinder (22) for receiving turbid water flowing out from the soil seepage conduit (18) is placed on the weighing platform of the experimental electronic scale (21). The servo electric cylinder (4), peristaltic pump (12), high-definition industrial camera (14), waterproof supplementary light (15), LED array light source board and experimental electronic scale (21) are all electrically connected to a central control system. The soil seepage collection cylinder (22) is made of transparent material. The seepage erosion products collected inside can be used for subsequent analysis of water turbidity, particle size distribution or material content.

6. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A digital angle meter (23) is fixedly installed on the bottom outer side of the transparent soil model test chamber (9) to display the tilt angle of the test chamber in real time.

7. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The porous composite permeable plate (17) is composed of a base plate with a snap-fit ​​edge, a high-precision stainless steel filter screen laid on the base plate, and a perforated pressure plate pressed on the filter screen, which are combined by a snap-fit ​​groove and are fixed in the snap-fit ​​frame (16). The bottom of the porous composite permeable plate (17) is snapped into the groove of the inner bottom wall of the transparent soil model test box (9).

8. The soil seepage internal erosion transparent soil model test device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The servo electric cylinder (4), peristaltic pump (12), high-definition industrial camera (14), waterproof supplementary light (15), LED array light source board and experimental electronic scale (21) are all electrically connected to a central control system.

9. A test apparatus for a transparent soil model of internal erosion during soil seepage, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: 1) Sample loading and angle preset: The prepared transparent soil or conventional soil sample is filled into the transparent soil model test box (9). It can be moved to the outside of the limiting slide rod (6) by the extension drive of the servo electric cylinder (4) and the sliding connecting bracket (5) and buffer spring (7). Its moving track is set inside the adjusting limiting frame (8), so that the test box rotates stably around the pivot of the hinge seat (2), thereby adjusting and fixing it at the preset tilt angle. 2) System initialization: Close the protective top cover (13), turn on the LED array light source board and waterproof supplementary light (15) to provide uniform illumination; place the soil seepage collection tube (22) on the experimental electronic scale (21) and ensure that it is aligned with the outlet of the soil seepage conduit (18); set the flow rate of the peristaltic pump (12) and the shooting parameters of the high-definition industrial camera (14) through the central control system. 3) Start seepage and synchronous monitoring: Start the peristaltic pump (12) to pump the seepage liquid from the storage tank (10) into the soil sample in the test chamber (9) to simulate the seepage process; at the same time, the central control system synchronously triggers the high-definition industrial camera (14) to continuously or periodically acquire images and record the real-time mass data of the soil seepage collection tube (22) displayed by the experimental electronic scale (21); 4) Process observation and data recording: The images transmitted by the high-definition industrial camera (14) are used to observe the movement of particles inside the soil and the formation and development of erosion channels in real time; the data from the experimental electronic balance (21) are used to calculate the real-time loss rate and cumulative mass of erosion products; 5) Parameter adjustment and multi-condition test: During the test or between different test groups, the stroke of the servo electric cylinder (4) is changed by the central control system to adjust the tilt angle of the model box, and / or the flow rate of the peristaltic pump (12) is changed to adjust the seepage velocity, simulating the erosion process under various hydraulic boundary and geometric boundary combination conditions. 6) Comprehensive analysis: Combining the erosion development image sequence obtained under different inclination angles and seepage velocities with precise mass loss data, we analyze the initiation mechanism, development mode and inclination angle effect of erosion within soil seepage.

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