Electrowetting display with gradient electric field

Abstract

The invention discloses an electrowetting display with a gradient electric field, which comprises an upper substrate assembly and a lower substrate assembly which are oppositely arranged, and a pixel layer clamped between the upper substrate assembly and the lower substrate assembly, and the pixel layer comprises a plurality of pixel areas arranged in an array, each pixel region is filled with a polar aqueous solution and non-polar colored ink which are insoluble with each other; the lower substrate assembly comprises a lower substrate as well as a driving electrode layer, a reflective layer and a lower hydrophobic insulating layer which are sequentially stacked on one side, facing the pixel layer, of the lower substrate, and the driving electrode layer comprises a plurality of pixel electrodes in one-to-one correspondence with the pixel areas; each pixel electrode can generate a gradient electric field, and the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field in the pixel area is increased in a gradient mode from the pixel center to the pixel edge. According to the electrowetting display, the response speed during brightness and darkness switching can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to electrowetting display technology, and more particularly to an electrowetting display with a gradient electric field. Background Technology

[0002] Electrowetting display technology is a novel reflective display technology based on the electrowetting effect. Electrowetting refers to the physical phenomenon where altering the electromotive force acting between a liquid and a solid electrode affects the interfacial tension at the solid-liquid interface, thereby changing the wettability (contact angle) of the interface and causing droplet deformation and displacement. Electrowetting display technology boasts advantages such as low power consumption, high reflectivity, high contrast, no viewing angle limitations, and fast response, and is considered an important development direction for next-generation electronic paper display technology.

[0003] The basic structure of an electrowetting display includes: pixel electrodes, a reflective layer, a hydrophobic insulating layer, colored ink, and a conductive aqueous solution. Its working principle is as follows: When no driving voltage is applied to the pixel electrodes, the hydrophobic insulating layer has a greater affinity for the colored ink than for the conductive aqueous solution. Under its own tension, the colored ink moves from the pixel periphery to the pixel center, spreading and covering the entire pixel area, giving the pixel area its ink color. When a driving voltage is applied to the pixel electrodes, the driving electric field changes the surface properties of the hydrophobic insulating layer, making it hydrophilic, attracting the conductive aqueous solution to move closer. Under the pressure of the conductive aqueous solution, the colored ink moves from the pixel center to the pixel periphery, shrinking to the pixel periphery, making the pixel area transparent and exposing the underlying reflective layer.

[0004] Theoretically, whether the colored ink shrinks or spreads, its movement direction should be radial, either from the pixel center to the pixel periphery or from the pixel periphery to the pixel center. However, the pixel electrodes of traditional electrowetting displays employ a uniform electric field design, lacking spatial guidance for the shrinkage direction of the colored ink. The shrinkage direction of the colored ink is actually disordered; that is, a large amount of colored ink does not shrink along the radial direction, resulting in significant ineffective movement and thus a slower ink shrinkage speed. Simultaneously, due to the edge attenuation effect of the electric field, the electric field strength is lower at the pixel periphery. As the colored ink shrinks towards the pixel edge, its shrinkage speed further slows down, also affecting the ink shrinkage rate.

[0005] When the driving voltage is removed from the pixel electrode, the colored ink spreads under its own tension. The direction of this tension is actually tangential to the ink surface, rather than along the radial direction. The components of its tension in other directions also cause disorder in the spreading direction, resulting in a large amount of ineffective movement. This slows down the ink shrinkage speed. At the same time, the closer to the pixel center, the smaller the tension of the colored ink becomes, and its spreading speed will further slow down, which will also affect the ink spreading speed.

[0006] The above reasons affect the response speed of pixel brightness switching. In actual video display, the pixel brightness switching time is extremely short. Often, the colored ink has not completely covered the entire pixel area or completely shrunk to the pixel edge before the next frame is refreshed, which seriously affects the display effect. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides an electrowetting display with a gradient electric field, which can improve the response speed during switching between pixel brightness and dark.

[0008] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution: An electrowetting display with a gradient electric field includes an upper substrate assembly and a lower substrate assembly disposed opposite to each other, and a pixel layer sandwiched between the upper substrate assembly and the lower substrate assembly. The pixel layer includes a plurality of pixel regions arranged in an array, each pixel region being filled with immiscible polar aqueous solution and nonpolar colored ink. The lower substrate assembly includes a lower substrate, and a driving electrode layer, a reflective layer, and a lower hydrophobic insulating layer sequentially stacked on the side of the lower substrate facing the pixel layer. The driving electrode layer includes a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding one-to-one with each pixel region. Each pixel electrode can generate a gradient electric field, and the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field in the pixel region increases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0009] Furthermore, the pixel electrode has a spiral structure, which extends spirally from the inside to the outside around the pixel center of the pixel region.

[0010] Furthermore, the pixel electrode includes multiple rectangular electrode blocks, with each rectangular electrode block of the same pixel electrode connected end to end in sequence, and arranged in a spiral shape from the inside to the outside around the pixel center of the pixel region.

[0011] Furthermore, the width of the spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks at each location of the pixel electrode is the same, but the spacing between adjacent spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0012] Furthermore, the spacing between adjacent spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks at each pixel electrode is the same, but the width of the spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0013] Furthermore, the width of the spiral or rectangular electrode block at each pixel electrode gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge, and the spacing between adjacent spiral or rectangular electrode blocks gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0014] Furthermore, the lower hydrophobic insulating layer has a groove group on one side surface facing the pixel layer at a position corresponding to each pixel area, and each groove group includes multiple guide grooves; one end of each guide groove in the same pixel area points to the pixel center and the other end points to the pixel periphery, and they are arranged radially.

[0015] Furthermore, the pixel layer includes pixel walls arranged in a grid to separate individual pixel regions.

[0016] Furthermore, the upper substrate assembly includes an upper substrate and a common electrode layer, the common electrode layer being stacked on the side of the upper substrate facing the pixel layer.

[0017] Furthermore, the upper substrate assembly also includes an upper hydrophobic insulating layer, which is stacked on the side of the common electrode layer facing the pixel layer.

[0018] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: The electrowetting display of the present invention forms an electric field potential well in the pixel region by generating a gradient electric field through the pixel electrode, which gradually increases radially from the pixel center to the pixel edge. This provides spatial guidance for the shrinkage and movement of the non-polar colored ink. When a driving voltage is applied to the pixel electrode, the non-polar colored ink migrates along the direction of electric field enhancement (i.e., radially from the pixel center to the pixel edge) under the drive of the gradient electric field, and finally shrinks at the pixel edge where the electric field strength is the greatest. This avoids the non-polar colored ink from moving in a non-radial direction during shrinkage. Moreover, since the electric field strength is the greatest at the pixel edge, it can effectively compensate for the edge attenuation effect of the electric field, thus avoiding the problem that the non-polar colored ink moves rapidly at the pixel center and slowly at the pixel edge. This improves the overall shrinkage speed of the non-polar colored ink, thereby improving the response speed when switching between pixel brightness and darkness. The electrowetting display of the present invention provides a groove group consisting of multiple guide grooves for each pixel area on the surface of the lower hydrophobic insulating layer. Utilizing the radial distribution of these guide grooves from the pixel center to the pixel periphery, a deterministic physical guiding channel is provided for the spreading of the non-polar colored ink. When the voltage of the pixel electrode is turned off, the non-polar colored ink, driven by its own surface tension, preferentially spreads from the pixel center to the pixel edge along the direction of each guide groove. This reduces the directional disorder of the non-polar colored ink spreading, ensuring that the ink can uniformly and symmetrically cover the entire pixel area. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the stacked structure of the electrowetting display provided by the present invention.

[0020] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the stacked structure of another electrowetting display provided by the present invention.

[0021] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the pixel electrode in the electrowetting display provided by the present invention.

[0022] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of a pixel electrode in another electrowetting display provided by the present invention.

[0023] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the planar structure of the guide groove in the electrowetting display provided by the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, examples of which are shown in the drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0025] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "length", "width", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention.

[0026] Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first," "second," or "third" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0027] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," "fixing," and "setting," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0028] Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, an electrowetting display with a gradient electric field includes an upper substrate assembly 1 and a lower substrate assembly 3 disposed opposite to each other, and a pixel layer 2 sandwiched between the upper substrate assembly 1 and the lower substrate assembly 3; the lower substrate assembly 3 includes a lower substrate 31, and a driving electrode layer 32, a reflective layer 33 and a lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34 sequentially stacked on the side of the lower substrate 31 facing the pixel layer 2; the upper substrate assembly 1 includes an upper substrate 11 and a common electrode layer 12, the common electrode layer 12 being stacked on the side of the upper substrate 11 facing the pixel layer 2; the pixel layer 2 includes pixel walls 21 and a plurality of pixel regions 20 arranged in an array, the pixel walls 21 being arranged in a grid to separate each pixel region 20; each pixel region 20 is filled with immiscible polar aqueous solution 22 and nonpolar colored ink 23, and the driving electrode layer 32 includes a plurality of pixel electrodes 321 corresponding one-to-one with each pixel region 20.

[0029] When no driving voltage is applied to the pixel electrode 321, the lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34 has a greater affinity for the non-polar colored ink 23 than for the polar aqueous solution 22. The non-polar colored ink 23, under its own tension, can move from the pixel periphery to the pixel center, thus spreading and covering the entire pixel area 20, giving the pixel area 20 its ink color. When a driving voltage is applied to the pixel electrode 321, the charges in the polar aqueous solution 22, under the influence of the driving electric field, move towards the lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34. The interface migration and aggregation cause the interface between the two to change from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. At this time, the affinity of the lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34 for the non-polar colored ink 23 is less than that for the polar aqueous solution 22. Under the action of hydrophilicity, the polar aqueous solution 22 moves closer to the lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34 and squeezes the non-polar colored ink 23, so that the polar aqueous solution 22 moves from the pixel center to the pixel periphery, thereby shrinking to the pixel periphery, making the pixel area 20 transparent, thereby exposing the bottom reflective layer 33.

[0030] Each of the pixel electrodes 321 can generate a gradient electric field, and the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field in the pixel region 20 increases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0031] In this embodiment, the electrowetting display uses the gradient electric field generated by the pixel electrode 321 to form an electric field potential well in the pixel region 20 that gradually increases radially from the pixel center to the pixel edge. This provides spatial guidance for the shrinkage movement of the non-polar colored ink 23. When a driving voltage is applied to the pixel electrode 321, the non-polar colored ink 23 migrates along the direction of electric field enhancement (i.e., radially from the pixel center to the pixel edge) under the drive of the gradient electric field, and finally shrinks at the pixel edge where the electric field strength is the greatest. This avoids the non-polar colored ink 23 from moving in a non-radial direction during shrinkage. Moreover, since the electric field strength is the greatest at the pixel edge, it can effectively compensate for the edge attenuation effect of the electric field, thus avoiding the problem that the non-polar colored ink 23 moves rapidly at the pixel center and moves slowly at the pixel edge. This improves the overall shrinkage speed of the non-polar colored ink 23, thereby improving the response speed when switching between pixel brightness and darkness.

[0032] The pixel center refers to the geometric center of each pixel region 20, and the pixel edge refers to the geometric periphery of each pixel region 20 surrounding its geometric center; multiple directions that radiate from the three-dimensional geometric center of the pixel region 20 to a point on its geometric periphery are defined as the radial direction of the pixel region 20 (similar to the radius direction of a circle).

[0033] In some examples, such as Figure 2As shown, the upper substrate assembly 1 further includes an upper hydrophobic insulating layer 13, which is stacked on the side of the common electrode layer 12 facing the pixel layer 2.

[0034] Example 2 As an optimization of Embodiment 1, in this embodiment, such as Figure 3 As shown, the pixel electrode 321 is a spiral structure 32a, which extends spirally from the inside to the outside around the pixel center of the pixel region 20.

[0035] In this embodiment, the pixel electrode 321 adopts a spiral structure 32a. The continuous bending characteristics of the spiral structure 32a make the electric field intensity present a smooth transition in the radial direction, avoiding the instability of ink movement caused by sudden changes in the electric field, and making the ink shrinkage and spreading process more uniform and controllable.

[0036] The electric field strength is related to the electrode density and electrode area of ​​the pixel electrode 321. Specifically, within a unit area, the greater the electrode density of the pixel electrode 321, the greater its electric field strength; conversely, the larger the electrode area of ​​the pixel electrode 321, the smaller its electric field strength.

[0037] In one example, the width D of the spirals at each location of the pixel electrode 321 is the same, but the spacing P between adjacent spirals decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0038] A decrease in the spacing P between adjacent spirals means an increase in electrode density per unit area. According to the physical principle that electric field strength is positively correlated with electrode density, an electric field gradient that gradually increases from the pixel center to the pixel edge is formed.

[0039] Preferably, the spacing P between adjacent spirals decreases linearly along the spiral path of the spiral structure 32a, so that the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field also decreases uniformly from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0040] In another example, the spacing P between adjacent spirals at each location of the pixel electrode 321 is the same, but the width D of the spiral decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0041] A decrease in the width D of the spiral means an increase in the electrode area per unit length. According to the principle that the electric field strength is inversely proportional to the local electrode area, a decrease in the electrode width D leads to an increase in local charge density and an enhanced electric field, thereby forming an electric field distribution that increases in gradient from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0042] Preferably, the width D of the spiral decreases linearly along the spiral path of the spiral structure 32a, so that the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field also decreases uniformly from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0043] In another example, the width D of the spiral at each point of the pixel electrode 321 decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge, and the spacing P between adjacent spirals decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0044] The width D of the spiral and the spacing P between adjacent spirals decrease synchronously from the pixel center to the pixel edge. The synergistic effect of the two can generate a stronger electric field gradient, achieving a more significant ink guiding effect under the same voltage, or achieving the same guiding capability under a lower driving voltage, further reducing power consumption.

[0045] Preferably, the width D of the spiral and the spacing P between adjacent spirals both decrease linearly along the spiral path of the spiral structure 32a, so that the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field also decreases uniformly from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0046] Example 3 As another optimization of Embodiment 1, in this embodiment, such as Figure 4 As shown, the pixel electrode 321 includes a plurality of rectangular electrode blocks 32b, and the rectangular electrode blocks 32b of the same pixel electrode 321 are connected end to end in sequence, and are distributed in a spiral shape from the inside to the outside around the pixel center of the pixel region 20.

[0047] Compared to the spiral structure 32a in Embodiment 2, the pixel electrode 321 in this embodiment is formed by connecting multiple rectangular electrode blocks 32b one end to the other in sequence. This is equivalent to designing the spiral structure 32a in segments and simplifying each spiral segment into a rectangular electrode block 32b, thereby reducing the difficulty of electrode design and fabrication processes.

[0048] In this embodiment, each spiral structure of the pixel electrode 321 is formed by four rectangular electrode blocks 32b connected end to end in sequence. Two rectangular electrode blocks 32b are arranged opposite each other along the first direction and parallel to the second direction. The other two rectangular electrode blocks 32b are arranged opposite each other along the second direction and parallel to the first direction. The first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other.

[0049] Similarly, the electric field strength is related to the electrode density and electrode area of ​​the pixel electrode 321. Specifically, within a unit area, the greater the electrode density of the pixel electrode 321, the greater its electric field strength; conversely, the larger the electrode area of ​​the pixel electrode 321, the smaller its electric field strength.

[0050] In one example, the rectangular electrode blocks 32b at each location of the pixel electrode 321 have the same width D, but the spacing P between adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0051] A decrease in the spacing P between adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b means an increase in electrode density per unit area. According to the physical principle that electric field strength is positively correlated with electrode density, an electric field gradient that gradually increases from the pixel center to the pixel edge is formed.

[0052] Preferably, the spacing P between adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b decreases linearly along the spiral path of the rectangular electrode block 32b structure, so that the gradient electric field intensity also decreases uniformly from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0053] In another example, the spacing P between adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b at each location of the pixel electrode 321 is the same, but the width D of the rectangular electrode blocks 32b decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0054] A decrease in the width D of the rectangular electrode block 32b means an increase in the electrode area per unit length. According to the principle that the electric field strength is inversely proportional to the local electrode area, a decrease in the electrode width D leads to an increase in local charge density and an enhanced electric field, thereby forming an electric field distribution that increases in gradient from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0055] Preferably, the width D of the rectangular electrode block 32b decreases linearly along the spiral path of the rectangular electrode block 32b structure, so that the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field also decreases uniformly from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0056] In another example, the width D of the rectangular electrode blocks 32b at each location of the pixel electrode 321 decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge, and the spacing P between adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0057] The width D of the rectangular electrode block 32b and the spacing P of adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b decrease synchronously from the pixel center to the pixel edge. The two work together to generate a stronger electric field gradient, achieving a more significant ink guiding effect under the same voltage, or achieving the same guiding capability under a lower driving voltage, further reducing power consumption.

[0058] Preferably, the width D of the rectangular electrode block 32b and the spacing P between adjacent rectangular electrode blocks 32b both decrease linearly along the spiral path of the rectangular electrode block 32b structure, so that the electric field intensity of the gradient electric field also decreases uniformly from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

[0059] Example 4 As an optimization of Embodiment 1, Embodiment 2, or Embodiment 3, in this embodiment, such as Figure 5As shown, the lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34 has a groove group on the side surface facing the pixel layer 2 at the position corresponding to each pixel region 20. Each groove group includes multiple guide grooves 341. One end of each guide groove 341 in the same pixel region 20 points to the center of the pixel and the other end points to the periphery of the pixel, and they are arranged radially.

[0060] In this embodiment, the electrowetting display provides a groove group consisting of multiple guide grooves 341 on the surface of the lower hydrophobic insulating layer 34 for each pixel area 20. Utilizing the radial distribution of each guide groove 341 from the pixel center to the pixel periphery, a deterministic physical guiding channel is provided for the spreading of the non-polar colored ink 23. When the voltage of the pixel electrode 321 is turned off, the non-polar colored ink 23, driven by its own surface tension, preferentially spreads from the pixel center to the pixel edge along the direction of each guide groove 341. This reduces the directional disorder of the non-polar colored ink 23 during spreading, ensuring that the ink can uniformly and symmetrically cover the entire pixel area 20.

[0061] The guide groove 341 can be used alone to guide the non-polar colored ink 23 to move along the radial direction of the pixel area 20 when the non-polar colored ink 23 shrinks or spreads. It can also be used in conjunction with the gradient electric field to enhance the directional movement effect of the non-polar colored ink 23 when it shrinks.

[0062] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent substitutions cannot cause the modified technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. An electrowetting display with a gradient electric field, comprising an upper substrate assembly and a lower substrate assembly disposed opposite to each other, and a pixel layer sandwiched between the upper substrate assembly and the lower substrate assembly, the pixel layer comprising a plurality of pixel regions arranged in an array, each pixel region being filled with immiscible polar aqueous solution and nonpolar colored ink; the lower substrate assembly comprising a lower substrate, and a driving electrode layer, a reflective layer and a lower hydrophobic insulating layer sequentially stacked on the side of the lower substrate facing the pixel layer, the driving electrode layer comprising a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding one-to-one with each pixel region; characterized in that, Each pixel electrode can generate a gradient electric field, the electric field intensity of which increases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge within the pixel region.

2. The electrowetting display according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pixel electrode has a spiral structure, which extends spirally from the inside to the outside around the pixel center of the pixel region.

3. The electrowetting display according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pixel electrode includes multiple rectangular electrode blocks, with each rectangular electrode block of the same pixel electrode connected end to end in sequence, and the blocks are arranged in a spiral shape from the inside to the outside around the pixel center of the pixel region.

4. The electrowetting display according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The width of the spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks at each location of the pixel electrode is the same, but the spacing between adjacent spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

5. The electrowetting display according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The spacing between adjacent spiral lines or rectangular electrode blocks at each pixel electrode is the same, but the width of the spiral line or rectangular electrode block decreases gradually from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

6. The electrowetting display according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The width of the spiral or rectangular electrode block at each pixel electrode gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge, and the spacing between adjacent spirals or rectangular electrode blocks gradually decreases from the pixel center to the pixel edge.

7. The electrowetting display according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lower hydrophobic insulating layer has a groove group on one side of the pixel layer corresponding to each pixel area. Each groove group includes multiple guide grooves. One end of each guide groove in the same pixel area points to the center of the pixel, and the other end points to the periphery of the pixel, and they are arranged radially.

8. The electrowetting display according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pixel layer includes pixel walls, which are arranged in a grid to separate individual pixel regions.

9. The electrowetting display according to claim 1, characterized in that, The upper substrate assembly includes an upper substrate and a common electrode layer, wherein the common electrode layer is stacked on the side of the upper substrate facing the pixel layer.

10. The electrowetting display according to claim 9, characterized in that, The upper substrate assembly further includes an upper hydrophobic insulating layer, which is stacked on the side of the common electrode layer facing the pixel layer.

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