Intelligent design method for shaft blasting excavation
By constructing a backend database and a decision-making mechanism that combines case-based reasoning with rule-based reasoning, the design of vertical shaft blasting is automatically generated, solving the problems of reliance on experience, low efficiency, and insufficient accuracy in vertical shaft blasting design, and achieving efficient and accurate intelligent design.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ANSTEEL GROUP MINING CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-29
AI Technical Summary
Shaft blasting design relies on engineers' experience, lacks scientific rigor, has low design efficiency, is difficult to draw, limits the optimization of solutions, is difficult to adapt to different geological conditions, has poor compatibility of design tools, and is difficult to achieve intelligent design.
A dual-drive decision-making mechanism combining case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning is adopted to construct a backend database. Through automated parameter-to-graphic mapping and rendering technology, the automatic generation of borehole layout diagrams is realized. The borehole distribution is calculated by combining the proportional layering method and the polar coordinate positioning method, and the visualization rendering is performed using a graphic semantic system.
It has enabled the transformation of borehole layout diagrams from tedious manual drawing to one-click automatic generation, improving design efficiency and accuracy. It has also realized the transformation from human experience-based decision-making to data and algorithm-driven approaches, optimized the design process, and transformed implicit expert experience into explicit structured knowledge.
Smart Images
Figure CN122113584A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of vertical shaft blasting technology, and more specifically to an intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation. Background Technology
[0002] Vertical shafts, as key engineering structures in mine construction, undertake core functions such as ventilation, transportation, and resource extraction. Their construction quality directly affects the safety and economy of mine operations. Drill-and-blast method is currently the mainstream construction method for vertical shaft excavation, especially suitable for complex geological conditions such as medium-hard rock strata. This method is based on blasting theory, achieving efficient rock breaking and excavation through the rational arrangement of blast holes and precise control of charging parameters. However, the effectiveness of blasting design highly depends on the rationality of the blast hole arrangement, including the optimized combination of key parameters such as cut type, hole spacing, row spacing, and charging structure. Traditionally, the determination of these parameters mainly relies on the accumulated experience of engineers, lacking a systematic and standardized design method, resulting in low design efficiency, insufficient accuracy, and difficulty in adapting to engineering needs under different geological conditions.
[0003] Current shaft blasting design still relies heavily on manual experience, specifically through case studies, manual CAD drawings, and limited support from specialized software. This approach has the following significant drawbacks: (1) High dependence on experience and lack of scientific design: Engineers usually adjust parameters based on similar past cases, but the geological conditions, cross-sectional dimensions and other variables of different projects vary greatly, resulting in high volatility of design results. Even the same engineer may give inconsistent solutions at different stages, affecting the stability of construction.
[0004] (2) Low drawing efficiency and high modification cost: The borehole layout diagram needs to be drawn manually using general CAD software, including steps such as borehole positioning and numbering, which is time-consuming and prone to errors. For example, a small deviation in the position of the borehole may change the minimum resistance line, thereby affecting the blasting energy distribution, resulting in an increase in the proportion of large blocks or local over-crushing.
[0005] (3) Limited optimization of solutions and difficulty in technological iteration: Due to the huge workload of manually modifying drawings, engineers tend to adopt conservative solutions, making it difficult to achieve technological innovation through comparison of multiple solutions. In addition, the poor synergy between existing design tools and technologies such as geological modeling and numerical simulation creates information silos, which hinders the development of intelligent design.
[0006] While the industry has attempted to improve the design process through prefabricated templates, parametric scripts, or specialized software, these methods still suffer from insufficient flexibility, poor compatibility, or high costs. For example, parametric scripts typically rely on specific CAD versions, hindering widespread adoption; and specialized software is often a closed system, unable to meet the customized needs of different projects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an efficient, accurate, and scalable intelligent design method to improve the design level of shaft blasting excavation. Summary of the Invention
[0007] To address the aforementioned technical problems of reliance on experience leading to a lack of scientific rigor in design, low drawing efficiency, high modification costs, limited scheme optimization, and difficulties in technological iteration, this invention provides an intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation. This invention primarily utilizes a dual-drive decision-making mechanism combining case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning, along with automated parameter-to-graphic mapping and rendering technology. This plays a crucial role in transforming blasting design from a manual operation mode dependent on personal experience into an efficient, precise, and standardized intelligent assembly line operation mode.
[0008] The technical means employed in this invention are as follows: A smart design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation includes the following steps: Construct a backend database, which includes a knowledge base of typical vertical shaft blasting cases and a knowledge base of theoretical rules for vertical shaft blasting engineering. The shaft blasting design parameters are input into the borehole design model to generate blasting design data. The borehole design model is established based on the backend database. The shaft blasting design parameters include lithology, Protodyakonov coefficient, joint development degree, shaft cross-sectional radius and diameter, expected borehole depth and expected drilling footage. The blasting design data includes overall engineering parameters and borehole layout parameters. Based on the blasting design data, the distribution radius of the boreholes is calculated using the proportional layering method, and the planar coordinates of the boreholes are calculated using the polar coordinate positioning method. Based on the planar coordinates of the boreholes, different types of boreholes are visualized and rendered according to a preset graphic semantic system. Section boundary auxiliary lines, coordinate axes, legends and title blocks are automatically generated on the rendered graphics to obtain the final borehole layout diagram.
[0009] Furthermore, the calculation of the borehole distribution radius using the proportional layering method includes: The maximum radius is calculated based on the cross-sectional radius and the dynamically adjusted scaling ratio. The formula for calculating the maximum radius is as follows: max_radius=section_radius*scale Where max_radius is the maximum radius, section_radius is the section radius, and scale is the scaling ratio; Determine the total number of rings, which is equal to the sum of the slotted eye ring 1, the auxiliary eye rings n, and the peripheral eye ring 1; Based on the maximum radius and the total number of rings, the radius step size is calculated using the proportional stratification method. The formula for calculating the radius step size is as follows: radius_step=max_radius / total_rings Where radius_step is the radius step size, and total_rings is the total number of rings; Based on the radius step size, a list of borehole distribution radii is calculated, and the formula for calculating the borehole distribution radius is as follows: radii=[radius_step*(i+1)for i in range(total_rings)] Where radii is the radius of the borehole distribution.
[0010] Furthermore, the calculation of the borehole plane coordinates based on the polar coordinate positioning method includes: For each ring of boreholes, the angular interval between adjacent boreholes is calculated based on the number of boreholes. The formula for calculating the borehole angular interval is as follows: angle_step=2*π / N Where angle_step is the borehole angle interval, and N is the number of boreholes in that circle; The polar angle of each borehole is calculated sequentially based on the borehole angle intervals. The formula for calculating the polar angle is as follows: θ = i * angle_step Where θ is the polar angle; Based on the polar angle and the borehole distribution radius, the planar coordinates of each borehole are calculated using the polar coordinate to rectangular coordinate conversion formula. The calculation formula is as follows: x = r * cos(θ) y=r*sin(θ) Where x is the horizontal coordinate of the i-th borehole in the Cartesian coordinate system, y is the vertical coordinate of the i-th borehole in the Cartesian coordinate system, and r is the radius of the borehole distribution.
[0011] Furthermore, the visualization rendering of different types of blast holes based on the planar coordinates of the blast holes and according to a preset graphic semantic system includes: Semantic rendering is performed on different types of blast holes. The slotted holes are marked with a first preset color and a first preset size, the auxiliary holes are marked with a second preset color and a second preset size, and the peripheral holes are marked with a third preset color and a third preset size. The first preset color, the second preset color, and the third preset color are all different from each other, and the first preset size, the second preset size, and the third preset size are all different from each other, so as to clearly distinguish the functions of the blast holes through color and size dimensions.
[0012] Furthermore, the workflow of the borehole design model includes: Based on the input lithological parameters, rock type matching is performed in the knowledge base of typical vertical shaft blasting cases. After rock type matching, the degree of rock joint development is matched. After matching the degree of rock joint development, the range of rock compressive strength is matched; After matching the range of rock compressive strength, the matched cases are obtained; In the matched cases, the reference explosive consumption and reference borehole layout parameters are obtained. The total explosive charge is calculated based on the reference explosive consumption, expected advance and cross-sectional dimensions. Based on the decision tree model, the charge amount and quantity of the slotted holes, auxiliary holes and peripheral holes are determined.
[0013] Furthermore, the formula for calculating the total amount of medicine is as follows: Total charge = cross-sectional area × expected advance × standard explosive consumption per unit.
[0014] Furthermore, the knowledge base of theoretical rules for shaft blasting engineering adopts production rule representation of knowledge, and the production is represented in the form of IF P THEN Q, where P represents a set of factual logical combinations of premises, and Q represents the conclusion or action that can be obtained when premise P is satisfied.
[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: 1. This invention achieves a leap in efficiency from tedious manual drawing to one-click automatic generation of blast hole layout diagrams by automatically converting blasting parameters into polar coordinates and performing semantic rendering.
[0016] 2. This invention achieves a fundamental shift in blasting design data from manual experience-based decision-making to data- and algorithm-driven decision-making through deep interaction with knowledge bases of typical engineering cases and theoretical rules.
[0017] 3. This invention achieves a significant improvement in design accuracy by intelligently matching and calculating rock mass parameters with a vast number of engineering cases and theoretical rules, shifting the focus from relying on personal experience to being based on scientific models.
[0018] 4. This invention achieves full-process optimization of the design process from static lag to real-time adjustability and the output from non-standard documents to standardized documents through dynamic adjustment of parameter controls and standardized PDF output.
[0019] 5. This invention transforms tacit expert experience into explicit structured knowledge, enabling the effective accumulation of core enterprise technologies from scattered individual reliance to systematic digital inheritance.
[0020] Based on the above reasons, this invention can be widely applied in fields such as shaft blasting. Attached Figure Description
[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.
[0022] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating an intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to the present invention.
[0023] Figure 2 This is a basic structural diagram of the production system in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0024] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the human-computer interaction interface for drawing the interface in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the human-computer interaction interface of the system mounted on the borehole design model of the present invention.
[0026] Figure 5 This is a diagram showing the arrangement of boreholes in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0027] Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating the process of the borehole design model of the present invention. Detailed Implementation
[0028] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0029] It should be noted that the terms "comprising" and "having" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of this invention are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units that are explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not explicitly listed or that are inherent to such processes, methods, products, or devices.
[0030] like Figure 1 As shown, this invention provides an intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation, the specific steps of which are as follows: S1. Construct a backend database, which includes a knowledge base of typical shaft blasting cases and a knowledge base of theoretical rules for shaft blasting engineering.
[0031] Specifically, the knowledge base of typical shaft blasting cases was established through actual situational questionnaires, on-site investigations of shaft construction environments, and recording of relevant parameters for shaft blasting and excavation design. A survey of approximately 300 shafts nationwide was conducted, collecting tens of thousands of data points.
[0032] The vertical shaft blasting case knowledge base includes the following data: borehole angle, explosive consumption per unit, cut hole spacing, cut hole depth, cut hole charge coefficient, cut hole ring diameter, number of charge rolls in the cut hole, charge quantity in the cut hole, auxiliary hole spacing, auxiliary hole depth, number of charge rolls in the auxiliary hole, auxiliary hole ring diameter, auxiliary hole resistance line, auxiliary hole charge coefficient, auxiliary hole charge quantity, peripheral hole spacing, and peripheral hole charge coefficient. The collected data (approximately tens of thousands) were filtered to remove cases with borehole utilization rates below 85%. Based on the vertical shaft blasting parameter design rules in "Blasting Design and Construction" by Wang Xuguang, only data related to cut hole type, number of cut holes, auxiliary holes, peripheral holes, ring spacing, hole spacing, charge coefficient, total charge quantity, explosive consumption per unit, lithology, Protodyakonov coefficient, and joint development degree were retained.
[0033] The knowledge base of theoretical rules for vertical shaft blasting engineering was established with reference to the design method of vertical shaft blasting boreholes in "Blasting Design and Construction" by Wang Xuguang.
[0034] Knowledge in a system's knowledge base needs to be represented according to certain rules before it can be accessed by the system. There are various methods for representing knowledge. The system primarily uses production rules, which are the earliest representation rules adopted by expert system knowledge bases. They represent causal relationships. A production rule can be expressed as: IF P THEN Q. Here, P represents a set of preconditions or initial states, also known as the preconditions of the production rule. P is the precondition for whether the production rule can be true, consisting of a logical combination of facts. Q represents several conclusions or actions, also known as the conclusion states of the production rule. It represents the conclusion states that can be obtained when the current state P is satisfied. The formula means that when the current state P is satisfied, i.e., P is "true", then the conclusion Q corresponding to P or the action specified by Q can be obtained. Production rules can also be expressed by the following formula:
[0035] in, R k For the k-th rule, n The number of condition sets, m These are sub-conditions that must be satisfied simultaneously. i This represents the i-th condition group. j The range of variation is (1-m). E ijk As a condition, C k Let m, n>1, k=1,2,…,r.
[0036] In production rules, there are cases where premises are reused and conclusions are related to premises, i.e.: E ijk = E lmn in, E lmn This expression represents the sub-conditions of different rules (or different positions of the same rule). It indicates that the sum of the sub-conditions of different rules (or different positions of the same rule) is the same, reflecting the "reuse of premises (sub-conditions)"—the same condition can be used in multiple places.
[0037] When i≠1 and k=n: E ijk = C m in, C m Let E be the conclusion of the m-th rule, where k ≠ m. This expression represents the j-th self-condition E of the i-th "condition group" in the k-th rule. ijk, and the conclusion C of the m-th rule m It is related (C here) m As a self-condition, it embodies the "relationship between conclusion and premise"—the conclusion of one rule can serve as the premise (sub-condition) of another rule. Generally, the basic structure of a knowledge base system employing production rules consists of three main parts: a comprehensive database, a rule base, and a control strategy. Figure 2 As shown.
[0038] Production rule representation offers numerous advantages. For instance, it provides a simple and intuitive way to represent knowledge, readily expressing conditions and results. It can easily and intuitively represent specialized knowledge like mine shaft blasting as computer knowledge, significantly reducing the possibility of errors during knowledge translation and simplifying the management of expert system knowledge bases. Furthermore, the knowledge represented by production rules is independent and unaffected by each other. One production rule represents a piece of knowledge with a direct causal relationship; therefore, modifying one piece of knowledge in the knowledge base will not affect the knowledge represented by other production rules, facilitating future updates and maintenance. Moreover, production rules can represent not only deterministic knowledge but also fuzzy knowledge, enabling the establishment of fuzzy reasoning knowledge. The knowledge represented by production rules has a unified and consistent form, making knowledge storage, processing, and analysis more convenient.
[0039] The comprehensive database, or fact base, is a data structure used to store various current information related to the problem to be solved. If the preconditions of a rule in the rule base match the conditions required by the known facts stored in the comprehensive database, the corresponding rule will be activated during the reasoning process. The conclusion derived from this rule will be added to the comprehensive database as a new fact, becoming a known fact. The comprehensive database of the intelligent system for shaft blasting auxiliary design is the database that will be created later. All blasting design data will be stored in this database for system access.
[0040] S2. Input the shaft blasting design parameters into the borehole design model to generate blasting design data. The borehole design model is built based on the backend database. The shaft blasting design parameters include lithology, Protodyakonov coefficient, joint development degree, shaft cross-sectional radius and diameter, expected borehole depth and expected advance. The blasting design data includes overall engineering parameters and borehole layout parameters.
[0041] Joint development level – Based on the importance of joints, we also included the joint development level in the design scope and coded it. The simplified coding system (which may be used as input for other indicator systems) is as follows: Using RQD (Rock Quality Degree) or fracture density as the core indicator for measuring rock mass integrity, based on drilling core records, the total length of core segments longer than 10 cm is calculated for each borehole run. The percentage of core segments longer than 10 cm in that run is then calculated to obtain the Rock Quality Degree (RQD). This RQD is used to distinguish the degree of fracture development in the rock mass: 1 for (0-50%) well-developed, 0.5 for (50%-90%) moderately developed, and 0 for (90%-100%) undeveloped. Data cleaning (implicit): In practical applications, the input RQD values need to be cleaned to ensure they are within reasonable physical and engineering limits to guarantee the accuracy of subsequent classification and coding. For example, the Protodyakonov coefficient f must be positive and match its corresponding lithological description.
[0042] Lithology Coding Rules (Based on Protodyakonov Coefficient) – Based on the relationship between the Protodyakonov coefficient (f) and rock grade, as well as the classification table of blasting degree, lithology can be coded or classified into five main grades (or three blasting grades) according to its mechanical strength and blasting response, as shown in Table 1: Table 1. Classification of relevant rock properties
[0043] The overall engineering parameters include: cross-sectional geometric parameters (tunneling diameter, cross-sectional radius, cross-sectional area), cycle advance parameters (borehole depth, expected advance, borehole utilization rate), energy control parameters (explosive consumption per unit, total charge per cycle), and explosives and equipment (explosive type, charge roll diameter, detonator type).
[0044] The parameters for borehole layout include: cut hole layout (number, distribution radius, charge per hole, charge coefficient), auxiliary hole layout (number of rings, number per ring, distribution radius per ring, charge per hole, charge coefficient), and peripheral hole layout (number, distribution radius, charge per hole, charge coefficient, hole spacing).
[0045] Through on-site investigation, relevant characteristic parameters for shaft blasting, such as cross-sectional dimensions, explosive type, and lithology, were obtained. These parameters were recorded, and operators input them into a human-computer interaction system for algorithm matching and reasoning. The algorithm first matches the database based on rock grade. If a matching scheme with the same lithology is found, the same explosive consumption per unit area is used, with a cross-sectional diameter of r2. If the cross-sectional diameter r1 satisfies the condition 0 ≤ |r1—r2| ≤ 0.5, the same number of borehole rows is used. The total explosive charge is calculated based on the preset borehole utilization rate, expected advance, and cross-sectional dimensions. The charging coefficients for slotting holes, auxiliary holes, and peripheral holes are selected using a decision tree model to determine the number of holes in each row. The algorithm generates at least two sets of blasting design data for blasting designers to reference. This algorithm frees technicians from tedious manual calculations and drawing, potentially reducing design work that previously took hours or even days to minutes. Furthermore, data-driven decision-making avoids the limitations of human experience, significantly improving design accuracy and scientific rigor. Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the human-computer interaction interface of the system mounted on the borehole design model.
[0046] like Figure 6 As shown, the workflow of the borehole design model includes: (1) Obtain relevant geological data parameters and blasting-related parameters for the corresponding shaft through geological data, such as lithology, compressive strength, degree of joint development, cross-sectional size, and explosive type.
[0047] (2) Based on the input lithology, rock type matching is performed in the knowledge base of typical vertical shaft blasting cases. After rock type matching, the degree of rock joint development is matched.
[0048] (3) After matching the degree of rock joint development, the range of the Protodyakonov coefficient of the matched rocks, where the Protodyakonov coefficient is... f = R / 10, R denoted as uniaxial compressive strength of the rock, in MPa.
[0049] (4) After matching the range of rock Protodyakonov coefficients, the matched cases are obtained.
[0050] (5) 1. After obtaining a matched case, use the same explosive consumption per unit as the case. The case cross-sectional diameter is r2. If the actual cross-sectional diameter r1 satisfies the following condition: 0≤|r1—r2|≤0.5, then use the same number of boreholes, number of rows, and other related data as the case. One or more blasting design schemes can be directly called. The number of borehole rings and the total number of boreholes are the same as the called scheme. Except for the peripheral hole ring spacing, the remaining ring spacing is the same as the called scheme. Peripheral hole ring spacing a=a1+|r1—r2|; 2. After obtaining a matched case, use the same explosive consumption per unit as the case. The case cross-sectional diameter is r2. If the actual cross-sectional diameter r1 does not satisfy the following condition: 0≤|r1—r2|≤0.5, the following calculation reasoning mode is adopted: a. By using the same explosive unit consumption as in this case q Determine the number of boreholes, the number of boreholes N = ( q*S*η*m ) / ( α* G ),in, q For the unit consumption of explosives, S The cross-sectional area of the vertical shaft excavation. η To maximize the utilization rate of boreholes, f When ≤8, take 90%. f >8 hours, take 85%, m The length of each medicine packet, in meters. G The mass of each medicine packet, in kg. α This represents the borehole charge coefficient.
[0051] b. Determine the borehole charge coefficient, when... f When ≤8, α takes the value of 0.6. f When the value is greater than 8, α is taken as 0.7.
[0052] c. Determine the borehole spacing: when f When ≤8, the radius of the slotted hole is 600mm, r1 / 600=a……b. If b≤300, the peripheral hole spacing is (600+b)mm, and the auxiliary hole spacing is 600mm; if b>300, the peripheral hole spacing is bmm, and the auxiliary hole spacing is 600mm. f When the value is greater than 8, the radius of the slotted hole is 500mm, r1 / 500=a1……b1. If b1≤250, the peripheral hole spacing is (500+b1)mm, and the auxiliary hole spacing is 500mm. If b1>250, the peripheral hole spacing is bmm, and the auxiliary hole spacing is 500mm.
[0053] d. Determine the number of blast holes. If the slotting hole is N1, then the number of blast holes in the second ring is 2N1, the number of blast holes in the third ring is 3N1, the number of blast holes in the fourth ring is 4N1, the number of blast holes in the fifth ring is 5N1, and so on.
[0054] e. Obtain the borehole spacing based on the number of boreholes and the diameter of the borehole ring.
[0055] The formula for calculating the total amount of medicine is: Total charge = cross-sectional area × expected advance × standard explosive consumption per unit.
[0056] S3. Based on the blasting design data, the distribution radius of the boreholes is calculated using the proportional layering method, and the planar coordinates of the boreholes are calculated using the polar coordinate positioning method.
[0057] S3 specifically includes: S31. Read the core parameters output by the inference module, such as the number of slotted holes, the number of auxiliary eye rings and the number of each ring, the number of peripheral eyes, and the equivalent radius of the cross section, to determine the quantity dimension and spatial range of the borehole layout.
[0058] S32. Based on the spatial distribution logic of the equivalent radius of the cross section and the types of blast holes (cut holes, auxiliary holes, and peripheral holes), the distribution radius of each type of blast hole is calculated using a proportional layering method. For example, cut holes are distributed in the central area of the cross section, peripheral holes are close to the cross section boundary, and auxiliary holes are evenly distributed between the two according to the resistance line multiple, ensuring compliance with the laws of blasting energy transfer and rock fragmentation.
[0059] The steps for calculating the borehole distribution radius are as follows: First, calculate the maximum radius based on the cross-sectional radius and the dynamically adjusted scaling ratio. The formula for calculating the maximum radius is: max_radius=section_radius*scale Where max_radius is the maximum radius, section_radius is the section radius, and scale is the scaling ratio, which ranges from 0.3 to 0.98.
[0060] Secondly, determine the total number of rings, which is equal to the sum of the 1 ring for the slotted eye, n rings for the auxiliary eyes, and 1 ring for the peripheral eyes.
[0061] Subsequently, based on the maximum radius and the total number of rings, the radius step size is calculated using the proportional stratification method. The formula for calculating the radius step size is as follows: radius_step=max_radius / total_rings Where radius_step is the radius step size, and total_rings is the total number of rings.
[0062] Finally, based on the radius step size, a list of borehole distribution radii is calculated. The formula for calculating the borehole distribution radius is: radii=[radius_step*(i+1)for i in range(total_rings)] Where radii is the radius of the borehole distribution.
[0063] S33. For circular / quasi-circular cross sections, the polar coordinate positioning method is used to calculate the planar coordinates of each borehole. Taking the center of the cross section as the origin, the angular interval between adjacent boreholes is calculated based on the number of boreholes (angle step l = 2π / number of boreholes n). Then, the polar coordinates are converted into rectangular coordinates through "radius r × cosθ" and "radius r × sinθ" to ensure that the boreholes are evenly distributed and conform to engineering specifications.
[0064] By using preset parameter-geometric mapping rules, engineering parameters are transformed into drawable geometric coordinate data, achieving a precise correlation between parameters and graphics.
[0065] S4. Based on the planar coordinates of the boreholes, different types of boreholes are visualized and rendered according to the preset graphic semantic system. The cross-sectional boundary auxiliary lines, coordinate axes, legends and title blocks are automatically generated on the rendered graphics to obtain the final borehole layout diagram.
[0066] Based on a pre-defined shape-meaning system, different types of gun holes are visualized and rendered, specifically as follows: Semantic rendering is used for different types of blast holes. The slotted holes are marked with a first preset color and a first preset size, the auxiliary holes are marked with a second preset color and a second preset size, and the peripheral holes are marked with a third preset color and a third preset size. The first preset color, the second preset color, and the third preset color are all different from each other, and the first preset size, the second preset size, and the third preset size are all different from each other, so as to clearly distinguish the functions of the blast holes through color and size dimensions.
[0067] To clearly distinguish between different types of blast holes and intuitively convey engineering information, the image generation module employs multi-dimensional rendering rules. It constructs a graphic semantic system based on dimensions such as color, size, and transparency, ensuring that professionals can quickly identify the function of each blast hole. A dual identification strategy of "color coding + size differentiation" is adopted. The slotting hole is marked with a red (#FF0000) 8pt diameter circle (representing the core blasting area, requiring high energy). The auxiliary hole is marked with a green (#008000, transparency adjusted according to ring number gradient, outer ring transparency 0.9, inner ring transparency 0.6) 7pt diameter circle (representing the energy transition area). The peripheral hole is marked with a blue (#0000FF) 9pt diameter circle (representing the contour control area, requiring precise positioning).
[0068] In the image generation module, auxiliary lines for the cross-section boundary are automatically generated. These lines are dashed, 94A3B8 in color, and have a transparency of 0.6, clearly defining the extent of the blasting cross-section. Coordinate axes are added, labeled with X and Y coordinates in meters, and a legend including descriptions of borehole types is added. This legend has a shadow and rounded border to ensure the readability of the graphic. The title bar automatically associates with the lithological parameters of the current project, enabling traceability of one image per project. The `set aspect equal` function in Matplotlib is used to ensure the cross-section graphic is free from stretching distortion. The coordinate axis range is automatically adjusted based on the maximum distribution radius, with a 15% margin reserved to effectively prevent boreholes from exceeding the view range, ensuring the integrity and aesthetics of the graphic. To meet the iterative needs of parameter fine-tuning and effect preview in engineering design, this submodule features real-time interactive functionality, allowing users to adjust the graphic display effect through parameter controls, achieving a WYSIWYG design experience. Specifically, a radius scaling control is provided, with an adjustment range of 0.5 to 2.0 times. Users can adjust the overall scaling ratio of the graphic using a slider. After adjustment, the submodule automatically recalculates the distribution radius and coordinates of each borehole and triggers graphic redrawing, eliminating the need to re-execute parameter reasoning and greatly improving design efficiency.
[0069] First, save the Matplotlib graph as a temporary PNG image at a resolution of 150 dpi (cropping the blank area with bbox_inches='tight'), then insert the image into the PDF document using the ReportLab library to avoid distortion issues during the vector-to-vector conversion process.
[0070] By reading the original aspect ratio of temporary images from the PIL library, the image height is automatically calculated during PDF layout based on the effective page width of 16cm. The calculation formula is that the height equals the width multiplied by the original aspect ratio, thus ensuring that the graphics are not stretched and the design effect is truly reproduced.
[0071] For Chinese characters and embedded metadata, system fonts are preloaded, including SimHei for Windows and macOS, and wqy-zenhei for Linux, completely resolving the issue of garbled Chinese characters in PDF documents. Simultaneously, PDF documents are automatically updated with titles, borehole layout diagrams, and engineering parameters such as lithology and radius ratios, ensuring the professionalism and archival value of the generated documents.
[0072] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the model and algorithm involved in the present invention are implemented based on VScode.
[0073] Example A certain intake shaft is primarily composed of phyllite. Rock testing yielded a Protodyakonov coefficient f=8.5, and calculations showed a Refined Quality Displacement (RQD) value of 50%. Statistical calculations based on borehole inspection showed an RQD value of 65%, and after equalization, the RQD value was 57.5%, indicating a relatively well-developed RQD. The shaft diameter is 8.9 m, and the depth (S_dug) is 60.7904 m. 2 Based on the actual site conditions, the design scheme uses No. 2 rock emulsion explosive, whose main technical parameters are: ① diameter φ40 mm, weight of each roll 0.5 kg, and roll length 350 mm; the detonator adopts digital electronic detonator to precisely control the blasting delay time, with continuous loading of explosives in the blast holes and reverse initiation (the blast head of all blast holes is set at the bottom of the last roll of explosives). When drilling holes, the blasting chart must be strictly followed to carefully measure and locate the lines, with each section assigned to a specific person for drilling, ensuring accuracy, straightness, and alignment. The loading workers are assigned to specific areas, each responsible for loading and connecting the explosives in their respective areas, and finally the blasting operator connects the explosives collectively.
[0074] The detonation method was adopted by sequentially initiating the blast. The delay for the cut holes was 75ms, and the delays for the auxiliary holes from the inside out were 175ms, 285ms, 400ms, and 550ms respectively, while the delay for the peripheral holes was 700ms. Table 2 shows the blasting design parameters.
[0075] Table 2 Blasting Parameters
[0076] Hole layout diagram as follows Figure 5 As shown.
[0077] Digital electronic detonators are used to precisely control the blasting delay time. Explosives are continuously loaded into the blast holes, and detonation is performed in reverse (the detonator for all blast holes is located on the last roll of explosive at the bottom). When drilling, the blasting diagram must be strictly followed for careful measurement and alignment. Workers are assigned to specific areas, ensuring accuracy, straightness, and alignment. Explosive loading workers are assigned to specific areas, each responsible for loading and aligning the explosives within their assigned area. Finally, the blasting operator coordinates the alignment.
[0078] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims
1. A smart design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Construct a backend database, which includes a knowledge base of typical vertical shaft blasting cases and a knowledge base of theoretical rules for vertical shaft blasting engineering. The shaft blasting design parameters are input into the borehole design model to generate blasting design data. The borehole design model is established based on the backend database. The shaft blasting design parameters include lithology, Protodyakonov coefficient, joint development degree, shaft cross-sectional radius and diameter, expected borehole depth and expected drilling footage. The blasting design data includes overall engineering parameters and borehole layout parameters. Based on the blasting design data, the distribution radius of the boreholes is calculated using the proportional layering method, and the planar coordinates of the boreholes are calculated using the polar coordinate positioning method. Based on the planar coordinates of the boreholes, different types of boreholes are visualized and rendered according to a preset graphic semantic system. Section boundary auxiliary lines, coordinate axes, legends and title blocks are automatically generated on the rendered graphics to obtain the final borehole layout diagram.
2. The intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method of calculating the borehole distribution radius using the proportional layering method includes: The maximum radius is calculated based on the cross-sectional radius and the dynamically adjusted scaling ratio. The formula for calculating the maximum radius is as follows: max_radius=section_radius*scale Where max_radius is the maximum radius, section_radius is the section radius, and scale is the scaling ratio; Determine the total number of rings, which is equal to the sum of the slotted eye ring 1, the auxiliary eye rings n, and the peripheral eye ring 1; Based on the maximum radius and the total number of rings, the radius step size is calculated using the proportional stratification method. The formula for calculating the radius step size is as follows: radius_step=max_radius / total_rings Where radius_step is the radius step size, and total_rings is the total number of rings; Based on the radius step size, a list of borehole distribution radii is calculated, and the formula for calculating the borehole distribution radius is as follows: radii=[radius_step*(i+1)for i in range(total_rings)] Where radii is the radius of the borehole distribution.
3. The intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The calculation of borehole plane coordinates based on the polar coordinate positioning method includes: For each ring of boreholes, the angular interval between adjacent boreholes is calculated based on the number of boreholes. The formula for calculating the borehole angular interval is as follows: angle_step=2*π / N Where angle_step is the borehole angle interval, and N is the number of boreholes in that circle; The polar angle of each borehole is calculated sequentially based on the borehole angle intervals. The formula for calculating the polar angle is as follows: θ = i * angle_step Where θ is the polar angle; Based on the polar angle and the borehole distribution radius, the planar coordinates of each borehole are calculated using the polar coordinate to rectangular coordinate conversion formula. The calculation formula is as follows: x = r * cos(θ) y=r*sin(θ) Where x is the horizontal coordinate of the i-th borehole in the Cartesian coordinate system, y is the vertical coordinate of the i-th borehole in the Cartesian coordinate system, and r is the radius of the borehole distribution.
4. The intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The visualization rendering of different types of blast holes based on the planar coordinates of the blast holes and according to a preset graphic semantic system includes: Semantic rendering is performed on different types of blast holes. The slotted holes are marked with a first preset color and a first preset size, the auxiliary holes are marked with a second preset color and a second preset size, and the peripheral holes are marked with a third preset color and a third preset size. The first preset color, the second preset color, and the third preset color are all different from each other, and the first preset size, the second preset size, and the third preset size are all different from each other, so as to clearly distinguish the functions of the blast holes through color and size dimensions.
5. The intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The workflow of the borehole design model includes: Based on the input lithological parameters, rock type matching is performed in the knowledge base of typical vertical shaft blasting cases. After rock type matching, the degree of rock joint development is matched. After matching the degree of rock joint development, the range of rock compressive strength is matched; After matching the range of rock compressive strength, the matched cases are obtained; In the matched cases, the reference explosive consumption and reference borehole layout parameters are obtained. The total explosive charge is calculated based on the reference explosive consumption, expected advance and cross-sectional dimensions. Based on the decision tree model, the charge amount and quantity of the slotted holes, auxiliary holes and peripheral holes are determined.
6. The intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to claim 5, characterized in that, The formula for calculating the total amount of medicine is: Total charge = cross-sectional area × expected advance × standard explosive consumption per unit.
7. The intelligent design method for vertical shaft blasting excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The knowledge base of theoretical rules for shaft blasting engineering adopts production rule representation of knowledge, and the production is represented in the form of IF P THEN Q, where P represents a set of factual logical combinations of premises, and Q represents the conclusion or action that can be drawn when premise P is satisfied.