Supercapacitor voltage difference processing circuit, power supply system, and vehicle

Abstract

This application relates to a supercapacitor differential pressure processing circuit, a power supply system, and a vehicle. The circuit includes a supercapacitor string, a balancing module, and an analog front-end module electrically connected. The supercapacitor string comprises multiple supercapacitors connected in series. The balancing module includes a current sharing circuit corresponding to each supercapacitor. The analog front-end module acquires the differential pressure of each supercapacitor and, based on the differential pressure, determines the target supercapacitor to be current-shared. It then controls the target supercapacitor and its corresponding current-sharing circuit to form a conductive current-sharing loop, reducing the differential pressure of the target supercapacitor to a preset differential pressure threshold or below. This circuit can locate target supercapacitors with excessive differential pressure and, by controlling the corresponding current-sharing loop, quickly reduce their differential pressure to the preset threshold, preventing individual supercapacitors from degrading or burning out due to prolonged exposure to excessive differential pressure, thus significantly extending the overall service life.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of vehicle control technology, and in particular to a supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, a power supply system, and a vehicle. Background Technology

[0002] Due to their low individual voltage ratings, supercapacitors are often used in series in practical applications such as automotive backup power supplies. However, due to factors such as inconsistent manufacturing processes and varying distances from heat sources during PCB layout, there are slight deviations between their nominal and actual capacitance values. Furthermore, the leakage current of multiple supercapacitors connected in series also varies. According to the formula V=Q / C (where V is the voltage difference across the capacitor, C is the capacitance value, and Q is the charge), when the same amount of charge is injected, capacitors with different capacitance values ​​will generate an initial voltage difference. However, capacitors with larger leakage currents self-discharge faster, and their voltage difference decreases more quickly. Conversely, capacitors with smaller leakage currents are forced to increase their voltage difference due to the characteristic that the current is equal everywhere in a series circuit. This leads to voltage imbalance in the supercapacitor series, ultimately causing a single supercapacitor to withstand an excessive voltage difference, resulting in a rapid decline in its lifespan or even burnout. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, a power supply system, and a vehicle. In this circuit, the analog front-end module collects the voltage of each supercapacitor in real time, locates the target supercapacitor with excessive voltage, and controls the corresponding current sharing circuit to quickly reduce its voltage to a preset threshold. This prevents individual supercapacitors from decaying or burning out due to long-term exposure to excessive voltage differences, and significantly extends the overall service life.

[0004] In a first aspect, this application provides a supercapacitor differential pressure processing circuit, the circuit including a supercapacitor string, a balancing module and an analog front-end module electrically connected, the supercapacitor string including multiple supercapacitors connected in series, and the balancing module including a current sharing circuit corresponding to each supercapacitor. The simulation front-end module collects the voltage difference of each supercapacitor, determines the target supercapacitor to be shared based on the voltage difference, and controls the target supercapacitor and the corresponding current sharing circuit to form a conducting current sharing loop, so that the voltage difference of the target supercapacitor is reduced to a preset voltage difference threshold or below.

[0005] Optionally, the analog front-end module includes a first switching unit corresponding to each supercapacitor, the current sharing circuit includes a first sub-current sharing circuit, the first sub-current sharing circuit includes at least one first resistor, and the current sharing loop includes a first sub-current sharing loop. When the first switching unit corresponding to the target supercapacitor is in the on state, the first sub-current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor, the target supercapacitor, and the first switching unit constitute the on first sub-current sharing loop.

[0006] Optionally, the current sharing circuit includes a second sub-current sharing circuit, which includes a second resistor and a second switching unit connected in series, and the two ends of the second sub-current sharing circuit are respectively connected to the two ends of the corresponding supercapacitor; the current sharing loop includes a second sub-current sharing loop. When the first sub-current sharing circuit is in the on state, the corresponding second switching unit is in the on state, so that the second sub-current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor and the target supercapacitor constitute a conducting second sub-current sharing circuit.

[0007] Optionally, the second switching unit includes a MOSFET, the gate and source of the second switching unit are respectively connected to the two ends of the first resistor, and the drain is connected to one end of the second resistor. When the first sub-current sharing loop is in the on state, the voltage division of the first resistor is greater than the on-voltage threshold of the second switching unit.

[0008] The second switching unit includes a transistor, the base and emitter of which are respectively connected to the two ends of a first resistor, and the collector is connected to one end of a second resistor; When the first sub-current sharing circuit is in the on state, the voltage drop across the first resistor is greater than the turn-on voltage threshold of the transistor.

[0009] Optionally, the second switching unit further includes a diode, the positive terminal of which is connected to the source of the MOSFET, and the negative terminal of which is connected to the gate.

[0010] Optionally, the circuit further includes a filtering module corresponding to each switching unit, wherein the filtering module is connected to both ends of the corresponding first switching unit.

[0011] Secondly, this application provides a power supply system, which includes a main power supply, the aforementioned supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, and a main control module. When the main power supply is in the first working state, the main control module controls the main power supply to supply power and charge the supercapacitor string. When the main power supply is in the second working state, the main control module controls the supercapacitor string to supply power. During the use of the supercapacitor string, the supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit is used to perform current sharing on the supercapacitor string.

[0012] Thirdly, this application provides a vehicle, characterized in that the vehicle includes the aforementioned power system.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the technical solution provided in this application has the following advantages: The supercapacitor differential pressure processing circuit provided in this application includes a supercapacitor string, a balancing module, and an analog front-end module connected electrically. The supercapacitor string includes multiple supercapacitors connected in series, and the balancing module includes a current sharing circuit corresponding to each supercapacitor. The analog front-end module collects the differential pressure of each supercapacitor, determines the target supercapacitor to be current-shared based on the differential pressure, and controls the formation of a conductive current sharing loop between the target supercapacitor and the corresponding current sharing circuit, thereby reducing the differential pressure of the target supercapacitor to a preset differential pressure threshold or below. In this circuit, the analog front-end module collects the differential pressure of each supercapacitor in real time, locates the target supercapacitor with an excessive differential pressure, and quickly reduces its differential pressure to the preset threshold by controlling the corresponding current sharing loop to prevent individual supercapacitors from decaying or burning out due to long-term excessive differential pressure, significantly extending the overall service life. Attached Figure Description

[0014] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0015] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0016] One or more embodiments are illustrated by way of example with reference numerals in the accompanying drawings. These illustrations do not constitute a limitation on the embodiments. Elements with the same reference numerals in the drawings are denoted as similar elements. Unless otherwise stated, the figures in the drawings are not to be limited by scale.

[0017] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of another supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 A schematic diagram of another supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 4 A schematic diagram of another supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 A schematic diagram of another supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 6A schematic diagram of another supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of a power supply system provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0019] The following disclosure provides numerous different embodiments or examples for implementing various structures of the invention. To simplify the disclosure, specific examples of components and arrangements are described below. These are merely examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, reference numerals and / or letters may be repeated in different examples. Such repetition is for simplification and clarity and does not in itself indicate a relationship between the various embodiments and / or arrangements discussed.

[0020] Due to their low individual voltage ratings, supercapacitors are often used in series in practical applications such as automotive backup power supplies. However, due to factors such as inconsistent manufacturing processes and varying distances from heat sources during PCB layout, there are slight deviations between their nominal and actual capacitance values. Furthermore, the leakage current of multiple supercapacitors connected in series also varies. According to the formula V=Q / C (where V is the voltage difference across the capacitor, C is the capacitance value, and Q is the charge), when the same amount of charge is injected, capacitors with different capacitance values ​​will generate an initial voltage difference. However, capacitors with larger leakage currents self-discharge faster, and their voltage difference decreases more quickly. Conversely, capacitors with smaller leakage currents are forced to increase their voltage difference due to the characteristic that the current is equal everywhere in a series circuit. This leads to voltage imbalance in the supercapacitor series, ultimately causing a single supercapacitor to withstand an excessive voltage difference, resulting in a rapid decline in its lifespan or even burnout.

[0021] In summary, the embodiments of this application provide a supercapacitor differential pressure processing circuit. In this circuit, the analog front-end module collects the differential pressure of each supercapacitor in real time, locates the target supercapacitor with excessive differential pressure, and controls the corresponding current sharing loop to quickly reduce its differential pressure to a preset threshold. This prevents individual supercapacitors from decaying or burning out due to long-term exposure to excessive differential pressure, and significantly extends the overall service life.

[0022] The supercapacitor differential pressure processing circuit includes an electrically connected supercapacitor string, a balancing module, and an analog front end (AFE) module. The supercapacitor string consists of multiple supercapacitors connected in series, and the balancing module includes a current sharing circuit corresponding to each supercapacitor. The analog front end module acquires the differential pressure of each supercapacitor, determines the target supercapacitor to be current-shared based on the differential pressure, and controls the formation of a conductive current-sharing loop between the target supercapacitor and its corresponding current-sharing circuit, thereby reducing the differential pressure of the target supercapacitor to a preset differential pressure threshold or below.

[0023] The number of supercapacitors connected in series is related to the total output voltage and the rated voltage of each supercapacitor. For example, if the total output voltage needs to be controlled within the range of 0V-21V, and each supercapacitor has a rated voltage of 3V, then at least 7 supercapacitors need to be connected in series. The required total output voltage varies in different scenarios. For instance, to meet the high and low voltage requirements of different devices in automotive applications, the number of supercapacitors connected in series can be flexibly adjusted by mounting or not mounting corresponding components (short-circuiting by not mounting corresponding components) or by short-circuiting specific nodes. This allows the operating voltage to adapt to the required total output voltage, matching the power supply requirements of diverse devices.

[0024] It should be noted that the voltages mentioned in this application all correspond to a certain point. Although the total voltage of the supercapacitor string is also called voltage, it is essentially the voltage difference between the two ends of the series circuit. In actual use, by grounding one of the supercapacitors at the beginning and end (setting the reference point voltage to 0V), the voltage description is simplified, and the total voltage can be directly reflected by the voltage of a single terminal, but the essence of its voltage difference is not changed.

[0025] The analog front-end module is responsible for processing analog signals. Its specific functions include supercapacitor differential voltage acquisition, signal amplification, ADC conversion, current sharing determination, and overcurrent monitoring, providing a foundation for subsequent digital processing and control decisions. The analog front-end module can be connected to both ends of each supercapacitor to acquire its differential voltage. To protect the analog front-end module, a resistor can be placed between it and the supercapacitor to prevent excessively large differential voltage acquisitions from damaging the analog front-end module. Preferably, the analog front-end module is connected to each balancing module, acquiring the differential voltage across each module to determine whether the corresponding supercapacitor requires current sharing.

[0026] The balancing module includes a current-sharing circuit corresponding to each supercapacitor. This circuit can be turned on to form a current-sharing loop, allowing the positive charge of the supercapacitor to flow from the positive terminal to the negative terminal, thereby reducing the voltage difference across the supercapacitor. The current-sharing circuit can employ a simplified structure with a resistor and a switching unit connected in series. The switching unit can be an automatically controllable type (e.g., an electronic switch). After the analog front-end module sends a control command, the switching unit can be turned on or off accordingly. When the switching unit is closed, a complete current-sharing loop is formed. Alternatively, the switching unit can be a MOSFET. The analog front-end module can precisely control the conduction state of the MOSFET by adjusting its base voltage. When the MOSFET is turned on, the current-sharing loop is formed simultaneously.

[0027] The connection relationships between the supercapacitor string, the balancing module, and the front-end analog module can be described as follows: Figure 1 As shown in diagram a, each balancing module is connected to both ends of the corresponding supercapacitor, and the front-end simulation module is connected to both ends of each supercapacitor. The connection relationships between the supercapacitor string, the balancing module, and the front-end simulation module can also be shown as follows: Figure 1 As shown in b, each balancing module is connected to both ends of the corresponding supercapacitor, and the front-end analog module is connected to each balancing module.

[0028] In implementation, the analog front-end module collects the voltage difference corresponding to each supercapacitor. For each supercapacitor's voltage difference, subsequent processing is performed, including signal amplification and ADC conversion, to obtain the processed voltage difference. Then, it checks whether the processed voltage difference is greater than a preset threshold. If it is, it indicates that the voltage difference of the corresponding supercapacitor is greater than the preset threshold, meaning the voltage difference is too large and current sharing is required. If it is not, it indicates that the voltage difference of the corresponding supercapacitor is not greater than the preset threshold, meaning the voltage difference is not large and current sharing is not required. For supercapacitors requiring current sharing, this application refers to them as target supercapacitors. The analog front-end module can then control the conduction of the balancing module corresponding to the target supercapacitor, forming a conducting current sharing loop between the target supercapacitor and its corresponding current sharing circuit. For example, if the balancing module consists of a resistor and an electronic switch, the analog front-end module can send a shutdown command to the electronic switch to turn it off, thereby turning on the balancing module.

[0029] In this embodiment, the analog front-end module includes a first switching unit corresponding to each supercapacitor. The analog front-end module controls the first switching unit corresponding to the target supercapacitor to be turned on, so that a current sharing loop is formed between the target supercapacitor and the current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor.

[0030] The aforementioned first switching unit is the core of the current sharing loop's on / off control. Optional types include electronic switches, MOSFETs, and MOS transistors. In this solution, the MOS transistor built into the analog front-end module is actually used. When the built-in MOS transistor does not receive a turn-on command from the analog front-end module, it is in the off state, and the leakage current flowing through it is extremely small and negligible, having no impact on the voltage difference state of the supercapacitors. When the analog front-end module detects that the voltage difference between the supercapacitors exceeds a set threshold, it sends a control signal to turn on the built-in MOS transistor. Due to chip integration design limitations (such as size and power consumption constraints), the on-resistance (RDSON) of this MOS transistor is relatively large when it is turned on, resulting in a limited equalization current flowing through it. When the built-in MOS transistor is turned on, the excess voltage difference of the supercapacitors can be consumed by a small-current balancing resistor in series, achieving basic current sharing functionality and preventing further expansion of the voltage imbalance; however, due to the limited current, its current sharing rate is slow, making it more suitable for scenarios with small voltage differences.

[0031] The connection relationships between each first switching unit in the aforementioned supercapacitor string, balancing module, and front-end analog module can be as follows: Figure 2 As shown in diagram a, each balancing module is connected to both ends of the corresponding supercapacitor, and each first switching unit of the front-end analog module is connected to both ends of each supercapacitor. The connection relationships between the supercapacitor string, the balancing module, and each first switching unit in the front-end analog module can also be shown as follows: Figure 2 As shown in b, each balancing module is connected to both ends of the corresponding supercapacitor, and each first switching unit in the front-end analog module is connected to both ends of each balancing module.

[0032] Furthermore, when there is an unused first switching unit in the analog front-end module, the two ends of this unused first switching unit can be electrically connected to the corresponding main power supply. This allows the analog front-end module to utilize its inherent small current-sharing capability to achieve current sharing for main power supplies with low current-sharing requirements. This design not only fully utilizes idle module resources and improves hardware utilization, but also expands the application scenarios of the analog front-end module, providing a simple and reliable current-sharing solution for main power supplies with low current-sharing requirements.

[0033] In practice, the simulation front-end module can collect the voltage difference corresponding to the first switching unit and control the first switching unit corresponding to the target supercapacitor to conduct based on the voltage difference, so as to form a conducting current sharing loop between the target supercapacitor and the current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor.

[0034] When the first switching unit is a built-in MOSFET, in order to prevent the built-in MOSFET from being damaged due to excessive current, a resistor can be set between the analog front-end module and the supercapacitor. This resistor can be used to prevent excessive current.

[0035] In this embodiment, when the first switching unit uses a built-in MOSFET in the analog front-end module (AFE chip), a resistor can be connected in series between the analog front-end module and the supercapacitor to prevent excessive current from causing the built-in MOSFET to break down during current sharing. This resistor can limit the current, and by properly matching the resistance value, the equalization current when the built-in MOSFET is turned on is limited to a safe range, ensuring the stable operation of the built-in MOSFET. Therefore, the current sharing circuit includes a first sub-current sharing circuit, which includes at least one first resistor, and the current sharing loop includes a first sub-current sharing loop. When the first switching unit corresponding to the target supercapacitor is in the on state, the first sub-current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor, the target supercapacitor, and the first switching unit constitute the conducting first sub-current sharing loop.

[0036] The first resistor can be placed between the positive terminal of the supercapacitor and the analog front-end module, or it can be placed between the negative terminal of the supercapacitor and the analog front-end module; this is not limited. The resistance value of the first resistor is related to the current sharing function. By using a reasonable resistance value, a slow current sharing function is achieved, avoiding excessive current sharing that could impact the analog front-end module. The connection relationship between the supercapacitor string, the balancing module, the first resistor, and each first switching unit in the front-end analog module can be as follows: Figure 3 As shown in diagram a, each balancing module is connected to the two ends of its corresponding supercapacitor, and each first switching unit of the front-end analog module is connected to the two ends of each supercapacitor via a first resistor. The connection relationships between the supercapacitor string, the balancing module, the first resistor, and each first switching unit in the front-end analog module can also be as follows: Figure 3 As shown in b, each balancing module is connected to both ends of the corresponding supercapacitor, and each first switching unit in the front-end analog module is connected to each balancing module through a first resistor.

[0037] In practice, the analog front-end module can collect the voltage difference corresponding to the first switching unit. When the voltage difference of the supercapacitor is large, its corresponding voltage difference is also large. When the voltage difference of the supercapacitor is small, its corresponding voltage difference is also small. Therefore, it is still possible to determine whether the corresponding supercapacitor needs current sharing by the voltage difference corresponding to the first switching unit.

[0038] In this embodiment, the first sub-current sharing circuit (built-in circuit of the analog front-end module) has a slow current sharing rate and limited current sharing effect, making it difficult to quickly eliminate the voltage difference between supercapacitors. Over time, this can easily lead to the supercapacitors experiencing lifespan degradation or even damage due to continuously bearing excessive voltage differences. Therefore, this application further provides a second sub-current sharing circuit, which undertakes the main current sharing task, quickly consuming the excess voltage difference of the supercapacitors. The first sub-current sharing circuit serves as an auxiliary circuit, assisting in current sharing and ensuring that the voltage difference between the supercapacitors is stably controlled within the system's allowable range, thus fully guaranteeing the lifespan of the supercapacitors. Specifically, the current sharing circuit includes a second sub-current sharing circuit, which includes a second resistor and a second switching unit connected in series. The two ends of the second sub-current sharing circuit are respectively connected to the two ends of the corresponding supercapacitor. The current sharing loop includes a second sub-current sharing loop. When the first sub-current sharing loop is in a conducting state, the corresponding second switching unit is in a conducting state, so that the second sub-current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor and the target supercapacitor constitute a conducting second sub-current sharing loop.

[0039] The second resistor is much smaller than the first resistor; specifically, its resistance is more than an order of magnitude smaller, for example, the second resistor is 10Ω while the first resistor is 100Ω. The second switching unit is a current-controlled device. Its core function is to control the conduction, cutoff, or amplification of current by inputting a tiny control current; it is a semiconductor device that controls a large current with a small current. Therefore, typical current-controlled devices such as transistors and MOSFETs can be preferentially selected for the second switching unit. However, other semiconductor devices adapted to current control logic can also be selected based on the actual application scenario; there are no limitations here.

[0040] The connection relationships between the supercapacitor string, the second resistor, the second switching unit, the first resistor, and each first switching unit in the front-end analog module can be described as follows: Figure 4 As shown in diagram a, one end of the first resistor and the second resistor are connected together to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor. The other end of the second resistor is connected to one end of the second switching unit. One end of the second switching unit is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor, and the other end is connected to one end of the first switching unit. The other end of the first switching unit is connected to the first resistor. Furthermore, the connections between these components can also be as follows: Figure 4 As shown in Figure b, one end of the first switching unit and the second resistor are connected together to the positive terminal of the supercapacitor, the other end of the second resistor is connected to one end of the second switching unit, one end of the second switching unit is connected to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor, and the other end is connected to the other end of the first switching unit through the first resistor.

[0041] In this embodiment, the second switching unit includes a MOSFET. The gate and source of the second switching unit are respectively connected to the two ends of the first resistor, and the drain is connected to one end of the second resistor. When the first sub-current sharing circuit is in the on state, the voltage division of the first resistor is greater than the on-voltage threshold of the second switching unit.

[0042] In addition, in the same current sharing circuit, the second switching unit includes a transistor. The base and emitter of the transistor are respectively connected to the two ends of the first resistor, and the collector is connected to one end of the second resistor. When the first sub-current sharing circuit is in the conducting state, the voltage division generated across the first resistor makes the voltage difference between the base and emitter of the transistor greater than the turn-on voltage threshold of the transistor, thereby forming a base current and triggering the transistor to conduct.

[0043] In this embodiment, the gate oxide layer of the MOSFET is a critical weak point, typically with a low withstand voltage (e.g., a few volts to tens of volts). If an abnormally high voltage (such as a circuit surge or signal spike) occurs between the gate and source, it will directly break down the oxide layer, causing permanent failure of the MOSFET. To avoid this problem, a Zener diode is placed between the gate and source, with its anode connected to the source of the MOSFET and its cathode connected to the gate. Thus, when the gate voltage abnormally increases, the Zener diode reverses and conducts, forcibly clamping the gate-source voltage difference to the voltage difference across the Zener diode (also known as the Zener diode's breakdown voltage). This voltage difference is chosen to be slightly higher than the MOSFET's on-state voltage threshold, ensuring normal conduction while blocking excessively high voltages. After breakdown, the voltage difference across the Zener diode remains stable, preventing voltage spikes due to current changes and continuously protecting the gate. In summary, the second switching unit involved in this application also includes a Zener diode, with its anode connected to the source of the MOSFET and its cathode connected to the gate.

[0044] In this embodiment, the output voltage of a supercapacitor is unstable due to environmental interference and charging / discharging fluctuations. If the analog front-end module directly acquires this unstable differential voltage signal, the detection results will be biased, making it impossible to accurately determine whether current sharing is required for the supercapacitor. Therefore, this application connects a filter module in parallel across each first switching unit. This filter module effectively removes high-frequency noise and fluctuations in the voltage, making the differential voltage signal across the supercapacitor acquired by the analog front-end module more stable and accurate. This provides reliable data support for determining whether current sharing is needed, ensuring the accuracy and timeliness of current sharing control. Therefore, the circuit also includes a filter module corresponding to each supercapacitor, connected to both ends of the corresponding first switching unit.

[0045] Specifically, the filtering module uses a filter capacitor, which can filter out high-frequency noise in the voltage and instantaneous fluctuations generated during charging and discharging through capacitive reactance characteristics, so that the voltage difference tends to be stable and provides a stable input for the accurate acquisition of the analog front-end module.

[0046] like Figure 5 As shown, the analog front-end module includes an operational amplifier unit, an analog-to-digital converter unit, and a digital signal processing unit connected to each first switching unit. Each operational amplifier unit is connected to the analog-to-digital converter unit, and the analog-to-digital converter unit is connected to the digital signal processing unit.

[0047] Each operational amplifier unit is a low-noise, high-precision operational amplifier. Its signal input terminal is electrically connected to the two ends of the corresponding first switching unit. Its function is to differentially amplify and suppress noise in the acquired voltage difference. The analog-to-digital converter unit uses an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) unit, which supports parallel sampling of multiple analog signals. It performs real-time quantization and conversion of the analog voltage signals output by each operational amplifier unit through a preset sampling frequency, converting the continuous analog signal into discrete digital voltage data, and then transmitting the digital signal to the digital signal processing unit through the data bus.

[0048] The aforementioned digital signal processing unit is connected to the analog-to-digital converter unit via hardware circuitry. After receiving the digital voltage data transmitted by the analog-to-digital converter unit, it executes a preset signal processing algorithm: first, it performs preprocessing such as filtering and calibration on the digital data to eliminate sampling errors; then, it compares the processed voltage difference with a preset threshold in real time to determine whether there is a target supercapacitor that needs to be shared; when a target supercapacitor is detected, the digital signal processing unit outputs a corresponding control signal to the first switching unit corresponding to the target supercapacitor to control its conduction to start the first sub-current sharing loop, and simultaneously links the triggering logic of the subsequent second sub-current sharing loop.

[0049] Based on the above embodiments, this application provides a supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, which is as follows: Figure 6 As shown in the circuit diagram, the first resistors are R11, R10, and R9; the second resistors are R2 and R3; the first switching unit is Q9 and Q10; the second switching unit is Q2 and Q3; the filter is C2 and C3; the Zener diode is D2 and D3; the supercapacitors are SuperCapacitor2 and SuperCapacitor3; the operational amplifier units are AMP1, AMP2, AMP3, AMP4, AMP5, AMP6, and AMP7; the analog-to-digital conversion unit is the ADC unit; and the digital signal processing unit is the Digital unit.

[0050] The control principle based on the above circuit is as follows: Assuming there is a voltage difference in SuperCapacitor3 (hereinafter referred to as SC), since no current flows from the supercapacitor to the analog front-end module, the voltage at P11 is equal to the voltage at VC3, and the voltage at P7 is equal to the voltage at VC2. The built-in operational amplifier AMP3 amplifies the voltage difference between VC3 and VC2 (essentially the voltage difference across SuperCapacitor3), and after being acquired by the ADC (analog-to-digital converter), it is transmitted to the digital processing unit. The digital processing unit compares the voltage difference threshold written by the main control unit and determines whether to perform current sharing. If the voltage of VC3 is higher than the voltage of VC2, and after acquisition and amplification, it is determined that the voltage difference exceeds the set threshold, the analog front-end module will turn on the internal MOSFET Q10. SuperCapacitor3 then acts as the power supply, and the current path is P11-P10-R11-P9-VC3-Q10-VC2-P5-R10-P6-P7. The internal current sharing mode is turned on, and the voltages at points P5 and P8 are:

[0051] in This represents the voltage difference across the SuperCapacitor3.

[0052] The equalization current is:

[0053] The voltage difference across the SuperCapacitor3 is the voltage across the supercapacitor. This is the resistance of the internal MOSFET Q10.

[0054] Due to the turn-on voltage difference of MOSFET Q3 in the balancing module When the voltage difference across the supercapacitor 3 is particularly large, assuming MOSFET Q3 is a P-channel MOSFET, its source voltage is relatively small. (With MOSFET Q3 off), the gate voltage is Because the current sharing rate of SuperCapacitor3 is relatively small, the rate of increase of its positive electrode voltage is much faster than the rate of change of its gate voltage, that is... The rate of increase is less than The rate of increase, and then The voltage difference between them reaches the turn-on voltage difference of MOSFET Q3, and MOSFET Q3 turns on. Assuming MOSFET Q3 is an N-channel MOSFET, its source voltage is... (With MOSFET Q3 off), the gate voltage is ,because The voltage will rise rapidly, and because the current sharing rate of SuperCapacitor3 is relatively small, its positive terminal voltage will rise rapidly, while the negative terminal voltage connected to the source remains unchanged, resulting in... Unchanged, thus making and The voltage difference will reach the turn-on voltage of MOSFET Q3, and MOSFET Q3 will turn on.

[0055] After MOSFET Q3 is turned on, its equalization current becomes:

[0056] Since resistor R3 is much smaller than resistors R11 and R10 (the resistance value of R3 is more than an order of magnitude smaller than that of R10 and R11, for example, R3 is 10Ω, R10 is 100Ω, and R11 is 100Ω), during current sharing, most of the current flows back to the negative terminal of the supercapacitor 3 through R3 and Q3.

[0057] After the excess voltage difference of the supercapacitor is consumed by the equalization circuit, the voltage difference collected by the analog front-end module will gradually decrease. When it is lower than the set shutdown threshold, the analog front-end module shuts down the internal MOSFET Q10. At this time, since the circuit is turned off, it cannot provide charge to the gate of the equalization MOSFET Q3, so the MOSFET Q3 is turned off and the current sharing ends.

[0058] like Figure 7 As shown, this application embodiment provides a power supply system, which includes a main power supply, the aforementioned supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, and a main control module; When the main power supply is in the first working state, the main control module controls the main power supply to supply power and charge the supercapacitor string. When the main power supply is in the second working state, the main control module controls the supercapacitor string to supply power. During the use of the supercapacitor string, the supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit is used to perform current sharing on the supercapacitor string.

[0059] The first working state is a normal power supply state where the main power supply is in a stable voltage output state and without faults. The second working state is a state where the main power supply is unable to supply power normally due to power interruption, output undervoltage, overload fault or abnormal power failure.

[0060] In this implementation, the main control module monitors the output voltage, current, and other status parameters of the main power supply in real time to determine if the main power supply meets the system's power supply requirements. Once the main power supply meets the system's power supply requirements, the main power supply is designated as the first operating state, and it is controlled to prioritize providing stable power to the system's core loads (including the analog front-end module, the main control module itself, and other related electronic components). Simultaneously, the main control module triggers a preset charging management logic, controlling the main power supply to perform constant current and constant voltage charging of the supercapacitor string through a dedicated charging circuit. It also coordinates with the supercapacitor voltage difference processing circuit to monitor the voltage difference across each supercapacitor in real time during charging, dynamically adjusting the charging current to prevent overcharging of any single capacitor and ensuring that the supercapacitor string is charged evenly to the preset full-charge threshold, maintaining a standby state to cope with sudden power supply demands.

[0061] The main control module uses a voltage sampling circuit and a fault detection unit to determine the abnormal state signal of the main power supply, i.e., the main power supply is in the second operating state. Within a preset response time, it triggers a power supply switching mechanism, controlling the supercapacitor string to start as a backup power source. At this time, the main control module continuously outputs control signals, ensuring the supercapacitor string provides continuous and stable power to critical system loads (such as vehicle safety control units, emergency communication modules, and other core components) through a current-sharing optimized power supply circuit, guaranteeing uninterrupted core functions. Simultaneously, the main control module, in conjunction with the supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, balances the voltage difference between each supercapacitor during discharge in real time, preventing decreased discharge efficiency or device damage due to inconsistent capacitor voltages. Once the main power supply returns to the first operating state, the main control module automatically switches back to the main power supply mode and restarts the supercapacitor string charging process, restoring the backup power supply standby state.

[0062] This application also includes a protection module and a power management module. The protection module provides comprehensive protection against abnormal operating conditions of each module, preventing device damage or escalation of system failures, and ensuring safe and stable circuit operation. Its functions include overcurrent protection, overvoltage / undervoltage protection, overtemperature protection, and short-circuit protection. The power management module can coordinate the energy distribution, conversion, and charging / discharging control of the main power supply and supercapacitor, providing a suitable and stable power supply for each load in the system, while also realizing power status monitoring and optimized scheduling.

[0063] like Figure 7The circuit diagram shown includes seven supercapacitors: SuperCapacitor1, SuperCapacitor2, SuperCapacitor3, SuperCapacitor4, SuperCapacitor5, SuperCapacitor6, and SuperCapacitor7. The circuit also includes first resistors R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15; second resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7; filters C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7; Zener diodes D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7; operational amplifier units AMP1, AMP2, AMP3, AMP4, AMP5, AMP6, and AMP7; an ADC unit; and a digital unit. Using these modules and units, a circuit can be built as follows: Figure 7 The circuit diagram shown is shown.

[0064] In this circuit, the digital signal processing unit can be connected to the main control module, thereby enabling the main control module to control the front-end analog module. Simultaneously, the power management module can be connected to the front-end analog module, enabling the power management module to control the front-end analog module. The power management module is electrically connected to the main control module to achieve collaborative operation between the two.

[0065] In addition, the protection module can be connected to the front-end analog module through multiple interfaces to protect the circuits in the front-end analog module. For example, the protection module can be connected using the SRN, SRP, DSG and CHG interfaces in the front-end analog module.

[0066] At the same time, modules that require power, such as supercapacitors, analog front-end modules, power management modules, and protection modules, can be connected to the main power supply to enable the main power supply to power these modules.

[0067] This application provides a vehicle that includes the aforementioned power system.

[0068] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0069] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented using software plus a general-purpose hardware platform, or of course, using hardware. Based on this understanding, the above technical solutions, in essence or the parts that contribute to the related technology, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.

[0070] It should be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “described” as used herein may also include the plural forms. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” and “having” are inclusive and therefore indicate the presence of the stated features, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not construed as requiring them to be performed in a particular order described or illustrated unless the order of performance is explicitly indicated. It should also be understood that additional or alternative steps may be used.

[0071] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, enabling those skilled in the art to understand or implement the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features claimed herein.

Claims

1. A supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit, characterized in that, The circuit includes an electrically connected supercapacitor string, a balancing module, and an analog front-end module. The supercapacitor string includes multiple supercapacitors connected in series, and the balancing module includes a current sharing circuit corresponding to each supercapacitor. The simulation front-end module collects the voltage difference of each supercapacitor, determines the target supercapacitor to be shared based on the voltage difference, and controls the target supercapacitor and the corresponding current sharing circuit to form a conducting current sharing loop, so that the voltage difference of the target supercapacitor is reduced to a preset voltage difference threshold or below.

2. The circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that, The analog front-end module includes a first switching unit corresponding to each supercapacitor, the current sharing circuit includes a first sub-current sharing circuit, the first sub-current sharing circuit includes at least one first resistor, and the current sharing loop includes a first sub-current sharing loop. When the first switching unit corresponding to the target supercapacitor is in the on state, the first sub-current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor, the target supercapacitor, and the first switching unit constitute the on first sub-current sharing loop.

3. The circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The current sharing circuit includes a second sub-current sharing circuit, which includes a second resistor and a second switching unit connected in series. The two ends of the second sub-current sharing circuit are respectively connected to the two ends of the corresponding supercapacitor. The current sharing loop includes a second sub-current sharing loop. When the first sub-current sharing circuit is in the on state, the corresponding second switching unit is in the on state, so that the second sub-current sharing circuit corresponding to the target supercapacitor and the target supercapacitor constitute a conducting second sub-current sharing circuit.

4. The circuit according to claim 3, characterized in that, The second switching unit includes a MOSFET, the gate and source of the second switching unit are respectively connected to the two ends of the first resistor, and the drain is connected to one end of the second resistor; When the first sub-current sharing loop is in the on state, the voltage drop across the first resistor is greater than the on-voltage threshold of the second switching unit.

5. The circuit according to claim 3, characterized in that, The second switching unit includes a transistor, the base and emitter of which are respectively connected to the two ends of a first resistor, and the collector is connected to one end of a second resistor; When the first sub-current sharing circuit is in the on state, the voltage drop across the first resistor is greater than the turn-on voltage threshold of the transistor.

6. The circuit according to claim 4, characterized in that, The second switching unit also includes a diode, the positive terminal of which is connected to the source of the MOSFET, and the negative terminal of which is connected to the gate.

7. The circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The circuit also includes a filtering module corresponding to each switching unit, and the filtering module is connected to both ends of the corresponding first switching unit.

8. The circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The analog front-end module includes an operational amplifier unit, an analog-to-digital converter unit, and a digital signal processing unit connected to each first switching unit. Each operational amplifier unit is connected to the analog-to-digital converter unit, and the analog-to-digital converter unit is connected to the digital signal processing unit.

9. A power supply system, characterized in that, The power system is equipped with a main power supply, the supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit as described in claims 1 to 8, and a main control module; When the main power supply is in the first working state, the main control module controls the main power supply to supply power and charge the supercapacitor string. When the main power supply is in the second working state, the main control module controls the supercapacitor string to supply power. During the use of the supercapacitor string, the supercapacitor differential voltage processing circuit is used to perform current sharing on the supercapacitor string.

10. A vehicle, characterized in that, The vehicle includes the power system as described in claim 9.

Images