Substrate, flexible solar cell, and electric device, power generation device
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- CONTEMPORARY AMPEREX FUTURE ENERGY RES INST (SHANGHAI) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-19
Smart Images
Figure CN122248893A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of battery technology, specifically to substrates, flexible solar cells and related electrical equipment and power generation equipment. Background Technology
[0002] With the increasing deterioration of the environment, the development of efficient and clean renewable energy sources is urgently needed. In recent years, flexible solar cells have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent photoelectric properties. Compared with rigid flexible solar cells, flexible solar cells, with their good flexibility and light weight, have greatly expanded the application range of perovskite photovoltaic technology, with broad applications in portable mobile devices, building-integrated photovoltaics, and aerospace. However, the substrate of flexible solar cells is prone to cracking under heating conditions, which seriously affects the stability of flexible solar cells.
[0003] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a flexible solar cell with high stability. Summary of the Invention
[0004] This invention aims to at least partially solve one of the technical problems in related technologies. To this end, this invention provides a substrate, a flexible solar cell, and electrical and power generation devices. The substrate of this invention is not easily broken or detached, thus the flexible solar cell of this invention has high stability.
[0005] The first aspect of the present invention provides a flexible solar cell, comprising:
[0006] Substrate;
[0007] A first electrode layer is disposed on one side of the substrate;
[0008] A photoelectric conversion layer is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the substrate;
[0009] The second electrode layer is disposed on the side of the photoelectric conversion layer away from the first electrode layer;
[0010] The substrate includes: a base and a buffer layer;
[0011] The buffer layer is disposed on the side close to the first electrode layer;
[0012] The buffer layer includes at least one buffer film;
[0013] The buffer membrane comprises a polymer and nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer;
[0014] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer membrane is 1*10. -6 ~5*10 -4 / ℃.
[0015] The present invention provides a buffer layer between the substrate and the first electrode layer. The buffer layer includes one or more buffer films, which include polymers and nanoparticles. Therefore, the buffer layer has a suitable coefficient of thermal expansion, which can release the thermal stress generated between the substrate and the first electrode layer after heating, improve the detachment or breakage of the first electrode layer in the substrate, and improve the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0016] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises 1-9 layers of buffer film. Reasonably controlling the number of buffer film layers makes the buffer layer more conducive to bonding with the substrate and the first electrode layer, maintaining the integrity of the substrate during the heating process.
[0017] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the monolayer buffer film is 10 nm to 1.5 μm. Preparing a buffer film within a certain thickness range can improve the stability of the substrate, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of the flexible solar cell.
[0018] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer comprises a polymer with a light transmittance of ≥80%.
[0019] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer with a light transmittance ≥80% includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or polyimide (PI).
[0020] In some embodiments of the present invention, the average particle size of the nanoparticles is 10-500 nm.
[0021] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles include one or more of nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-zirconia, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-titanium oxide, nano-indium tin oxide, nano-indium zinc oxide, nano-aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nano-fluorine-doped tin oxide, or nano-tungsten-doped indium oxide. Selecting suitable nanoparticles and using the buffer layer prepared with the above-mentioned polymers can further improve the thermal stability of flexible solar cells.
[0022] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of the polymer to the nanoparticles is 1:(0.1-10). Setting the mass ratio of the polymer to the nanoparticles within a reasonable range can improve the uniformity of the buffer layer, resulting in a buffer layer with a more suitable coefficient of thermal expansion, which is more conducive to releasing the thermal stress between the substrate and the first electrode layer.
[0023] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises one or more buffer films; among the one or more buffer films, the mass content of the polymer decreases layer by layer from the substrate to the first electrode layer, based on the mass of the corresponding buffer film. This can further improve substrate stability.
[0024] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the substrate is 50-500 μm.
[0025] In some embodiments of the present invention, the substrate comprises one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
[0026] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the first electrode layer is 50-1000 nm.
[0027] In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the first electrode layer includes a transparent conductive metal oxide.
[0028] In some embodiments of the present invention, the transparent conductive metal oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide, lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, and indium tungsten oxide.
[0029] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer in the buffer film is the same material as the substrate. This can further improve the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0030] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles in the buffer film are made of the same material as the first electrode layer. This further improves the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0031] A second aspect of the present invention provides a substrate comprising: a base, a buffer layer, and a conductive layer;
[0032] The buffer layer is disposed between the substrate and the conductive layer;
[0033] The buffer layer includes at least one buffer film;
[0034] The buffer membrane comprises a polymer and nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer;
[0035] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer membrane is 1*10. -6 ~5*10 -4 / ℃.
[0036] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises 1-9 layers of buffer film.
[0037] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the monolayer buffer film is 10 nm to 1.5 μm.
[0038] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of the polymer to the nanoparticles is 1:(0.01-10).
[0039] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer comprises a polymer with a light transmittance ≥80%; the polymer with a light transmittance ≥80% comprises one or more of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or polyimide (PI).
[0040] In some embodiments of the present invention, the average particle size of the nanoparticles is 10-500 nm.
[0041] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles include one or more of nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-zirconia, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-titanium oxide, nano-indium tin oxide, nano-indium zinc oxide, nano-aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nano-fluorine-doped tin oxide, or nano-tungsten-doped indium oxide.
[0042] A third aspect of the present invention provides an electrical device comprising: the aforementioned flexible solar cell and / or the aforementioned substrate. Therefore, the electrical device exhibits good long-term stability and a long service life.
[0043] A fourth aspect of the present invention provides a power generation device, comprising: the aforementioned flexible solar cell and / or the aforementioned substrate. Therefore, the power generation device exhibits good long-term stability and a long service life.
[0044] Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description
[0045] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily understood from the description of the embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
[0046] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;
[0047] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of a buffer membrane according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;
[0048] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the structure of a substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;
[0049] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the structure of a flexible solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;
[0050] Figure 5 This shows an optical microscope image of the first electrode layer in the comparative example of the present invention before heating;
[0051] Figure 6 This shows an optical microscope image of the first electrode layer in the comparative example of the present invention after heating;
[0052] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of an electrical device using a flexible solar cell as a power source according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0053] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:
[0054] 1: Substrate; 2: First buffer layer; 3: Second buffer layer; 4: Third buffer layer; 5: First electrode layer; 6: Photoelectric conversion layer; 7: Second electrode layer; 22: Polymer; 23: Nanoparticles. Detailed Implementation
[0055] Hereinafter, embodiments of the substrate, flexible solar cell, and electrical device of the present invention are disclosed in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand the present invention and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.
[0056] The "range" disclosed in this invention is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also expected. Furthermore, if minimum range values 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this invention, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.
[0057] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.
[0058] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this invention can be combined to form new technical solutions.
[0059] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present invention may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.
[0060] Flexible solar cells possess high flexibility, portability, and wearability, making them a promising next-generation energy technology. However, flexible solar cells still face many challenges, such as maintaining product quality and optimizing material utilization.
[0061] Flexible plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyimide (PI), combined with transparent conductive metal oxides (ITO, IZO, and AZO) with conductive properties, are commonly used substrates in flexible solar cells. Due to the significant differences in properties between flexible plastics and transparent conductive metal oxides, the bonding between the transparent conductive oxide and the plastic substrate is often not tight enough, especially during heating or bending. This can cause the conductive layer to detach from the flexible substrate. The main reason is the significant difference in their coefficients of thermal expansion. Under the same heating conditions, they expand to different degrees; as the temperature rises, the flexible substrate expands more, while the conductive layer expands less. This generates significant thermal stress between them, causing the conductive layer to detach or break to release the thermal stress. Therefore, the metal oxide is prone to detaching or breaking from the plastic substrate, severely affecting the stability of the substrate.
[0062] Current technology involves depositing an oxide or metal layer between a conductive metal oxide layer and a plastic substrate to enhance adhesion. For example, when depositing ITO on PET, the coefficient of thermal expansion of PET is as high as 60*10⁻⁶. -6 At ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of SiO2 is 13.71*10. -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of ITO is 9*10. -6 At ℃, although the silica interlayer can enhance the adhesion of ITO to some extent, there is still a huge difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between it and PET, and the metal oxide conductive layer will still detach or break from the flexible substrate.
[0063] Therefore, a first aspect of the present invention provides a flexible solar cell, comprising:
[0064] Substrate;
[0065] The first electrode layer is disposed on one side of the substrate;
[0066] A photoelectric conversion layer is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the substrate;
[0067] The second electrode layer is disposed on the side of the photoelectric conversion layer away from the first electrode layer;
[0068] The substrate includes: a base and a buffer layer;
[0069] The buffer layer is disposed on the side closest to the first electrode layer;
[0070] The buffer layer includes at least one buffer membrane;
[0071] The buffer membrane comprises a polymer and nanoparticles dispersed within the polymer;
[0072] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer membrane is 1*10.-6 ~5*10 -4 / ℃.
[0073] The present invention provides a buffer layer between the substrate and the first electrode layer. The buffer layer includes one or more buffer films, which include polymers and nanoparticles. Therefore, the buffer layer has a suitable coefficient of thermal expansion, which can release the thermal stress generated between the substrate and the first electrode layer after heating, improve the detachment or breakage of the first electrode layer, and improve the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0074] The substrate in the flexible solar cell disclosed in this invention, as an example, is referred to... Figure 1 The substrate, from bottom to top, includes: a substrate 1 and a first buffer film 2; as an example, a schematic diagram of the first buffer film 2 is shown below. Figure 2 The first buffer membrane 2 includes a polymer 21 and nanoparticles 22 dispersed in the polymer.
[0075] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer film in the flexible solar cell of the present invention can be measured by interferometry. The test conditions include: placing the sample in an optical interferometer, causing light to be reflected off the sample surface to form interference fringes, then heating it to a specific temperature, and calculating the coefficient of thermal expansion based on the changes in the interference fringes and the temperature change.
[0076] The flexible solar cell disclosed in this invention belongs to the category of photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, the flexible solar cell disclosed in the embodiments of this invention can be used as a power source for electrical devices, or it can be assembled into a photovoltaic power generation system and store electrical energy in an energy storage system composed of energy storage batteries. Electrical devices can include lighting elements, display elements, mobile devices, etc., specifically including wearable devices, flexible electronic products, smart textiles, streetlights, signal lights, insect-killing lamps, electric fans, electric toys, power tools, electric vehicles, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc. Among these, electric toys can include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc., while spacecraft can include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc.
[0077] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises 1 to 9 buffer films. Reasonably controlling the number of buffer film layers makes the buffer layer more conducive to bonding with the substrate and the first electrode layer, maintaining the integrity of the device during heating. The buffer layer may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 buffer films.
[0078] The substrate in the flexible solar cell disclosed in this invention, as an example, is referred to... Figure 3 The substrate, from bottom to top, includes: substrate 1, first buffer film 2, second buffer film 3 and third buffer film 4.
[0079] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the monolayer buffer film is 10 nm to 1.5 μm. Preparing a buffer film within a certain thickness range can improve the stability of the substrate, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the flexible solar cell. As an example, the thickness of the monolayer buffer film can be 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 μm, 1.1 μm, 1.2 μm, 1.3 μm, 1.4 μm, or 1.5 μm, or can be any range of the above values. refer to Figure 3 The thickness of a single-layer buffer film can be the thickness of the first buffer film 2, or the thickness of the second buffer film 3, or the thickness of the third buffer film 4. A step meter is used to test the thickness of the single-layer buffer film when it is 100 nm or more, and an ellipsometry is used when it is 10-100 nm.
[0080] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of polymer to nanoparticles is 1:(0.1-10). Setting the mass ratio of polymer to nanoparticles within a reasonable range can improve the uniformity of the buffer layer, resulting in a buffer layer with a more suitable coefficient of thermal expansion, which is more conducive to releasing thermal stress between the substrate and the first electrode layer. As an example, the mass ratio of polymer to nanoparticles can be 1:1, 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, or 9:1, or a range of any of the above values. The mass fraction of elements in both the polymer and nanoparticles can be tested using methods known in the art. As an example, the polymer can be tested using an elemental analyzer. Specifically, the buffer membrane is separated from the flexible solar cell, dissolved using an organic solvent such as chlorobenzene, and the polymer and nanoparticles are separated by filtration or centrifugation. After removing the organic solvent, the mass of the polymer and nanoparticles can be measured separately using a high-precision analytical balance. The elemental ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the polymer can be measured using an elemental analyzer. For the nanoparticles, their elemental composition and ratio can be analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
[0081] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer includes a polymer with a transmittance ≥80%; the polymer with a transmittance ≥80% includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or polyimide (PI). Materials with high transmittance allow light to enter the cell, thereby improving the cell's light absorption efficiency and energy conversion efficiency, and increasing the utilization of light by the flexible solar cell. The transmittance of the polymer is tested using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Specifically, the test conditions include: placing the sample in the test chamber of the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, setting the wavelength range of the light source to 900-300 nm, the slit width to 2 nm, allowing the light source to pass through the material sample, and measuring the light intensity (IL) passing through the sample. t The ratio of light intensity (I0) to incident light intensity (I0), transmittance T = (I0 / I0) t / I0)*100%.
[0082] The coefficient of thermal expansion of polymethyl methacrylate is (70-120)*10. -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of polycarbonate is (60-80)*10. -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of polystyrene is (80-110)*10. -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of polyvinyl chloride is (50-150)*10 -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of polyethylene terephthalate is (60-80)*10. -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of polyethylene naphthalate is (50-70)*10. -6 At / ℃, the coefficient of thermal expansion of polyimide is (30-60)*10. -6 / ℃.
[0083] In some embodiments of the present invention, the average particle size of the nanoparticles is 10-500 nm. Nanoparticles with a suitable average particle size can better co-prepare buffer films with polymers while providing better support. As an example, the average particle size of the nanoparticles can be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 nm, or a range of any of the above values. The average particle size of the nanoparticles is measured using scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy.
[0084] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles may include one or more of the following: nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-zirconia, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-titanium oxide, nano-indium tin oxide, nano-indium zinc oxide, nano-aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nano-fluorine-doped tin oxide, or nano-tungsten-doped indium oxide. Selecting suitable nanoparticles and using the buffer layer prepared with the aforementioned polymers can further improve the thermal stability of flexible solar cells.
[0085] In some embodiments of the present invention, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer film can be 1*10. -6 5*10 -6 10*10 -6 15*10 -6 20*10 -6 25*10 -6 30*10 -6 35*10 -6 40*10 -6 45*10 -6 50*10 -6 55*10 -6 60*10 -6 65*10 -6 70*10 -6 75*10 -6 80*10 -6 85*10 -6 90*10 -6 95*10 -6 100*10 -6 110*10 -6 120*10 -6 130*10 -6 140*10 -6 150*10 -6 200*10 -6 250*10 -6 300*10 -6 350*10 -6 400*10 -6 450*10 -6 Or 500*10 -6 / ℃, or a range consisting of any of the above values.
[0086] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises one or more buffer films, wherein, based on the mass of the corresponding buffer film, the mass content of the polymer decreases progressively from the substrate to the first electrode layer. As an example, a flexible solar cell is composed of, from bottom to top, a substrate, a first buffer film, a second buffer film, a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode layer, stacked sequentially; based on the mass of the corresponding buffer film, the mass content of the polymer in the first buffer film is higher than the mass content of the polymer in the second buffer film.
[0087] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the substrate is 50-500 μm. As an example, the thickness of the substrate can be 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 μm, or a range of any of the above values. The thickness of the substrate is... Figure 1 The thickness of substrate 1. The thickness of the substrate was measured using a profilometer or a white light interferometer.
[0088] In some embodiments of the present invention, the substrate comprises one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide. The substrate can be tested using an elemental analyzer.
[0089] The flexible solar cell disclosed in this invention, as an example, is referred to... Figure 4 From bottom to top, it includes: substrate 1, first buffer film 2, first electrode layer 5, photoelectric conversion layer 6, and second electrode layer 7.
[0090] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the first electrode layer is 50-1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the first electrode layer can be 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 nm, or a range of any of the above values. The thickness of the first electrode layer is... Figure 4 The thickness of the first electrode layer 5 is measured. When the thickness of the first electrode layer is 100-1000 nm, a profilometer is used for measurement; when the thickness is 50-100 nm, an ellipsometer is used for measurement.
[0091] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer includes a transparent electrode for light incident. The transparent electrode comprises a transparent conductive metal oxide, exemplary of one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), and indium tungsten oxide (IWO). The materials are tested using XPS.
[0092] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer in the buffer film is the same material as the substrate. Therefore, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer film is between that of the substrate and the first electrode layer, which can further improve the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0093] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles in the buffer film are made of the same material as the first electrode layer. This further improves the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0094] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer in the buffer film is the same material as the substrate, and the nanoparticles in the buffer film are the same material as the first electrode layer. Therefore, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer film is between that of the substrate and the first electrode layer, which can further improve the stability of the flexible solar cell.
[0095] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible solar cell includes a flexible perovskite solar cell.
[0096] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer is 200-1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer can be 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 nm, or a range of any of the above values. The thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer is... Figure 4 The thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 6. The thickness was measured using a profilometer.
[0097] In some embodiments of the present invention, the photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite material, the perovskite material having the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A includes one or more inorganic or organic monovalent cations, B includes one or more inorganic divalent cations, C includes one or more inorganic monovalent cations, D includes one or more inorganic trivalent cations, and X includes one or more monovalent anions.
[0098] For example, organic monovalent cations include (NR1R2R3R4). + (R1R2N=CR3R4)+ (R1R2N-C(R5)=NR3R4) + and (R1R2N-C(NR5R6)=NR3R4) + One or more of the following, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 each independently include H, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C2. 20 Alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. Optionally, the organic monovalent cation includes (H₂N=CH-NH₂). + (abbreviated as FA), CH3NH3 + (abbreviated as MA), one or more of the following: ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, and imidazole cation.
[0099] For example, the inorganic monovalent cation includes: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + One or more of them.
[0100] For example, the inorganic divalent cation includes: Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+、 Mg 2+ Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2 + Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more of them, including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ One or two of them.
[0101] For example, inorganic trivalent cations include: Bi 3+ Sb 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+ Ga 3+ As3+ Ru 3+ ,Rh 3+ In 3+ Ir 3+ Ni 3+ Au 3+ Or Al 3+ One or more of them.
[0102] For example, monovalent anions include: F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - SeCN - One or more of them, and may further include Cl - ,Br - I - One or more of them.
[0103] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the second electrode layer is 10-1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the second electrode layer can be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 nm, or a range of any of the above values. The thickness of the second electrode layer is... Figure 4 The thickness of the second electrode layer 7 in the middle. When the thickness is 100-1000nm, a profilometer is used for testing, and when the thickness is 10-100nm, an ellipsometer is used for testing.
[0104] In some embodiments of the present invention, the electrode material of the second electrode layer includes one or more of transparent conductive metal oxides, metals and their alloys, elemental carbon materials, and organic conductive materials. Exemplarily, the transparent conductive metal oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), and indium tungsten oxide (IWO). Exemplarily, the metals and their alloys include one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, Mg, Mo, W, and their alloys, and the elemental carbon materials include one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Exemplarily, the organic conductive material includes at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene; optionally, it includes one or more of Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, or IZO; further optionally, it includes one or more of Cu, Ag, and Au. For example, the organic conductive material includes at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene. The material was tested using XPS.
[0105] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible solar cell further includes a first carrier transport layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the photoelectric conversion layer and / or a second carrier transport layer disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode layer, wherein the first carrier transport layer is one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is the other of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer. The provision of the first carrier transport layer and / or the second carrier transport layer helps to improve the extraction and transport of electrons and holes generated after the photoelectric conversion layer absorbs photons. The first carrier transport layer and / or the second carrier transport layer transports electrons and / or holes to the corresponding electrode layers to draw out the current.
[0106] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible solar cell includes a substrate, a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. Generally, light is incident from the substrate to excite the photoelectric conversion layer to generate a photocurrent, and the resulting flexible solar cell is an inverted flexible solar cell (pin).
[0107] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible solar cell includes a substrate, a first electrode layer, an electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. Generally, light is incident from the substrate to excite the photoelectric conversion layer to generate a photocurrent, and the resulting flexible solar cell is a formal flexible solar cell (nip).
[0108] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 5-500 nm. Controlling the thickness of the electron transport layer can optimize the electron transport path and improve the efficient collection of electrons. As an example, the thickness of the electron transport layer can be 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 nm, or a range of any of the above values. The thickness is measured using a profilometer and an ellipsometry.
[0109] In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the electron transport layer independently comprises one or more of imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, metal oxides, semiconductor material oxides, titanates, fluorides and their derivatives, and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof. Exemplarily, imide compounds include one or more of phthalimides, succinimidides, N-bromosuccinimidides, glutarimides, or maleimides. Exemplarily, quinone compounds include one or more of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Exemplarily, fullerenes and their derivatives include fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C 61 methyl butyrate), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate (PC) 71 One or more of the following metals (BM). Exemplarily, the metal element in the metal oxide includes one or more of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr; optionally, the metal oxide includes one or more of tin dioxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO). Exemplarily, the semiconductor material oxide includes silicon oxide. Exemplarily, the titanate includes one or more of strontium titanate and calcium titanate. Exemplarily, the fluoride includes one or more of lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride. The material of the electron transport layer is tested using XPS.
[0110] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 5-500 nm. Controlling the thickness of the hole transport layer can optimize the effective transport of holes, thereby improving the collection efficiency of photogenerated holes and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery. As an example, the thickness of the hole transport layer can be 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 nm, or a range of any of the above values. The thickness is measured using a profilometer and an ellipsometry.
[0111] In some embodiments of the present invention, the materials of the hole transport layer independently include poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly-3-hexylthiazole (P3HT), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiazole-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N... One or more of the following are selected: (4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene (CzPAF-SBF), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiazole):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polythiazole, nickel oxide (NiOx), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (CuO), [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz). The hole transport layer material was tested using XPS.
[0112] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible solar cell further includes a hole-blocking layer disposed between the electron transport layer and the corresponding electrode or interconnect layer. The hole-blocking layer improves both electron extraction and hole blocking performance. The hole-blocking layer comprises a hole-blocking material. The present invention does not particularly limit the hole-blocking material; exemplaryly, the hole-blocking material may include SnO2, ZnO, or CeO. x One or more of the following: BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline).
[0113] The present invention does not impose a particular limitation on the thickness of the hole blocking layer; a thickness commonly used in the art for hole blocking layers can be adopted. For example, the thickness of the hole blocking layer can be from 0.5 nm to 20 nm.
[0114] In some embodiments of the present invention, the solar cell further includes a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the photoelectric conversion layer, thereby helping to reduce defects at the interface and further improve the performance of the solar cell. The passivation layer may include passivating agents conventionally used in the art for passivating perovskite light-absorbing layers, such as small organic molecules, organic salts, inorganic salts, polymers, etc. Small organic molecule passivating agents include, but are not limited to, phenylethylamine, ethylenediamine, pyridine, butanethiol, 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid, etc. Organic salt passivating materials include, but are not limited to, piperazine iodine, phenylethylamine hydroiodate, dodecyl hydroiodate, guanidine bromide, thiophene ethylamine hydroiodate, ethylenediamine hydroiodate, and oleylamine iodine. Inorganic salt passivating materials include, but are not limited to, zinc chloride, potassium chloride, and gallium chloride. Polymer passivating materials include, but are not limited to, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol.
[0115] In some embodiments of the present invention, the flexible solar cell may further include a light-absorbing layer with a different bandgap than the photoelectric conversion layer. Thus, the light-absorbing layer and the photoelectric conversion layer can improve light utilization and enhance the performance of the solar cell by absorbing light of different wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer may be one or more of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide light-absorbing layer, or a polycrystalline silicon light-absorbing layer. If the light-absorbing layer is the photoelectric conversion layer, the resulting solar cell is an all-perovskite tandem solar cell; if the light-absorbing layer is a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, the resulting solar cell is a silicon-calcium tandem solar cell. No limitation is imposed here.
[0116] In some implementations, the position of the light-absorbing layer can be adjusted according to actual conditions. For example, it can be insulated from the flexible solar cell to form a mechanically stacked solar cell. As a further example, the structure of a mechanically stacked solar cell may include a substrate, a first electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a second carrier transport layer, a second electrode layer, a transparent insulating layer, a third electrode layer, a third carrier transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a fourth carrier transport layer, and a fourth electrode layer stacked sequentially. The third carrier transport layer is one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, and the fourth carrier transport layer is the other of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer. The material selection for the electron transport layer or hole transport layer is as described above and will not be repeated here. The second and third electrode layers are made of transparent conductive oxide, which facilitates light transmission. This transparent insulating layer isolates the two cell units in the circuit. Each cell unit has two electrodes, for a total of four electrodes. The circuits of the two cell units are independent, forming a four-terminal stacked solar cell.
[0117] In some implementations, the position of the light-absorbing layer can be adjusted according to actual conditions, such as placing it between flexible solar cells to form a tandem solar cell. As a further example, the structure of a tandem solar cell may include a substrate, a first electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a second carrier transport layer, a recombination layer, a third carrier transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a fourth carrier transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. The third carrier transport layer is one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, and the fourth carrier transport layer is the other of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer. The second carrier transport layer has the opposite transport type to the third carrier transport layer. The material selection for the electron transport layer or hole transport layer is as described above and will not be repeated here. The recombination layer is used to connect the cell units on both sides. Specifically, holes / electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer and electrons / holes from the light-absorbing layer recombine and annihilate in the recombination layer, thereby achieving the circuit connection between the two cell units. The resulting tandem solar cell is simple to fabricate. The top cell can be directly deposited on the bottom cell to form a single, complete cell with two electrodes, thus forming a tandem solar cell with two ends.
[0118] In some embodiments, the composite layer is made of one or more of metallic materials, transparent conductive oxides, and carbon materials. Further, the transparent conductive oxide layer comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, IWO, indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), and antimony tin oxide (ATO). Further, the metallic materials include, but are not limited to, one or more of gold, copper, silver, platinum, aluminum, and iron. Further, the carbon materials include one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.
[0119] In some embodiments of the present invention, a method for preparing a flexible solar cell includes:
[0120] In the presence of a solvent, the polymer and nanoparticles are mixed to obtain a hybrid system; the hybrid system is then composited onto one side of a substrate to form a buffer layer, thus obtaining a substrate.
[0121] A first electrode layer is formed on the side of the buffer layer away from the substrate;
[0122] A photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the buffer layer;
[0123] A second electrode layer is formed on the side of the photoelectric conversion layer away from the first electrode layer.
[0124] In some embodiments of the present invention, the solvent can be a common solvent in the art, as long as it can dissolve the polymer; in other embodiments of the present invention, the solvent can be an organic solvent; the organic solvent includes one or more of alcohol solvents, ether solvents, and hydrocarbon solvents.
[0125] In some embodiments of the present invention, the photoelectric conversion layer can be formed by solution method.
[0126] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first electrode layer can be formed by magnetron sputtering.
[0127] In some embodiments of the present invention, the second electrode layer can be formed by vacuum evaporation.
[0128] A second aspect of the present invention provides a substrate comprising: a base, a buffer layer, and a conductive layer;
[0129] A buffer layer is disposed between the substrate and the conductive layer;
[0130] The buffer layer includes at least one buffer membrane;
[0131] The buffer membrane comprises a polymer and nanoparticles dispersed within the polymer;
[0132] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer membrane is 1*10. -6 ~5*10 -4 / ℃.
[0133] The buffer layer of the present invention has a suitable coefficient of thermal expansion, which can release the huge thermal stress between the substrate and the conductive layer and reduce the risk of the conductive layer falling off or breaking.
[0134] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises 1 to 9 buffer films. Reasonably controlling the number of buffer film layers makes the buffer layer more conducive to bonding the substrate and the conductive layer, maintaining the integrity of the substrate during the heating process. As an example, the buffer layer may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 buffer films.
[0135] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the monolayer buffer film is 10 nm to 1.5 μm. Preparing a buffer film within a certain thickness range can improve the stability of the substrate, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of the flexible solar cell. As an example, the thickness of a single-layer buffer film can be 10nm, 30nm, 50nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.1μm, 1.2μm, 1.3μm, 1.4μm, or 1.5μm, or can be any range of the above values.
[0136] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer includes a polymer with a light transmittance ≥80%; the polymer with a light transmittance ≥80% includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or polyimide (PI). These materials allow light to enter the cell, thereby improving the cell's light absorption efficiency and energy conversion efficiency, and enhancing the utilization of light by the flexible solar cell.
[0137] In some embodiments of the present invention, the average particle size of the nanoparticles is 10-500 nm. Nanoparticles with a suitable average particle size can better co-prepare buffer films with polymers, while providing better support for the conductive layer. As an example, the average particle size of the nanoparticles can be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 nm, or can be any range of the above values.
[0138] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles may include one or more of the following: nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-zirconia, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-titanium oxide, nano-indium tin oxide, nano-indium zinc oxide, nano-aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nano-fluorine-doped tin oxide, or nano-tungsten-doped indium oxide. Selecting suitable nanoparticles and using the buffer layer prepared with the aforementioned polymers can further improve the thermal stability of flexible solar cells.
[0139] In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass ratio of polymer to nanoparticles is 1:(0.1-10). Setting the mass ratio of polymer to nanoparticles within a reasonable range can improve the uniformity of the buffer layer, resulting in a buffer layer with a more suitable coefficient of thermal expansion, which is more conducive to releasing thermal stress between the substrate and the conductive layer. As an example, the mass ratio of polymer to nanoparticles can be 1:1, 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, or 9:1, or a range of any of the above values.
[0140] In some embodiments of the present invention, the buffer layer comprises one or more buffer films, wherein, based on the mass of the corresponding buffer film, the mass content of the polymer decreases progressively from the substrate to the conductive layer. As an example, the substrate consists of a substrate, a first buffer film, a second buffer film, and a conductive layer stacked sequentially from bottom to top; based on the mass of the corresponding buffer film, the mass content of the polymer in the first buffer film is higher than the mass content of the polymer in the second buffer film.
[0141] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the conductive layer is 50-1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the conductive layer can be 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 nm, or can be a range of any of the above values.
[0142] In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the conductive layer includes a transparent electrode. As an example, the transparent electrode includes a transparent conductive metal oxide, exemplary of one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), and indium tungsten oxide (IWO).
[0143] In some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the substrate is 50-500 μm. As an example, the thickness of the substrate can be 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 or 500 μm, or can be a range of any of the above values.
[0144] In some embodiments of the present invention, the substrate includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
[0145] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer in the buffer membrane is the same material as the substrate.
[0146] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nanoparticles in the buffer film are made of the same material as the conductive layer.
[0147] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polymer in the buffer film is the same material as the substrate, and the nanoparticles in the buffer film are the same material as the conductive layer.
[0148] In some embodiments of the present invention, the method for preparing the substrate includes:
[0149] In the presence of a solvent, the polymer and nanoparticles are mixed to obtain a hybrid system; the hybrid system is then composited onto one side of a substrate to form a buffer layer.
[0150] A conductive layer is formed on the side of the buffer layer away from the substrate.
[0151] In some embodiments of the present invention, the substrate is cleaned with one or more of acetone, water or ethanol before a buffer layer is formed on one side of the substrate.
[0152] In some embodiments of the present invention, a buffer layer can be formed on one side of the substrate by spin coating; the spin coating speed is 500-3000 rpm and the time is 10-60 s; in some other embodiments of the present invention, spin coating specifically includes: first spin coating at a speed of 500-1000 rpm for 5-20 s, and then spin coating at a speed of 2000-3000 rpm for 5-40 s.
[0153] In some embodiments of the present invention, the process of compounding the mixed system on one side of the substrate further includes: spin coating followed by heating; the heating temperature is 80-120°C and the heating time is 10-30 min.
[0154] In some embodiments of the present invention, the conductive layer can be formed by magnetron sputtering.
[0155] A third aspect of the present invention provides an electrical device comprising: a flexible solar cell and / or a substrate. Therefore, the electrical device exhibits good long-term stability and a long service life.
[0156] Electrical equipment can include lighting elements, display elements, mobile devices, etc. Specifically, it can include wearable devices, flexible electronic products, smart textiles, street lights, signal lights, insect-killing lamps, electric fans, electric toys, power tools, electric vehicles, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc. Among them, electric toys can include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc. Spacecraft can include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc.
[0157] According to some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 7 This is an example of an electrical device. The device could be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.
[0158] A fourth aspect of the present invention provides a power generation device, comprising: a flexible solar cell and / or a substrate. Therefore, the power generation device exhibits good long-term stability and a long service life.
[0159] Photovoltaic power generation equipment refers to a power generation system that directly converts solar radiation energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. It is divided into stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems and grid-connected PV systems. A stand-alone PV system consists of a solar photovoltaic array composed of photovoltaic modules, a battery bank, a charge controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), and loads. A grid-connected PV system consists of a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and a system monitoring component. PV systems can include large-scale ground-mounted PV systems, distributed PV systems, and building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems.
[0160] The present disclosure will be explained below with reference to embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that the following embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed in accordance with the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.
[0161] Example 1
[0162] The flexible solar cell of this embodiment consists of, from bottom to top, a substrate, a buffer layer, a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, a hole blocking layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. The buffer layer has a thickness of 150 nm and is a single-layer buffer film. The buffer film is composed of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (average particle size of 20 nm) in a mass ratio of 1:1.
[0163] 1) Clean the 100μm thick PEN plastic substrate with alkaline water-based cleaning agent, deionized water and ethanol respectively;
[0164] 2) Dissolve 0.6g of PMMA powder in 9.45mL of anisole solution, and then use ultrasound to fully dissolve the powder.
[0165] 3) Take 0.6g of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles with an average particle size of 20nm and add them to the polymer solution obtained in step 2). Disperse them by ultrasonication. Then, spin coat them at 500rpm for 10s and then at 3000rpm for 30s. Heat and dry them at 100℃ for 20min to form a uniform buffer film with a thickness of 150nm.
[0166] 4) Place the system obtained in step 3) into the cavity of the magnetron sputtering equipment, and under vacuum conditions, using argon and oxygen as process gases, indium tin oxide (ITO) as the target material, and using an RF power supply, control the substrate temperature to room temperature, and magnetron sputter to deposit a 200 nm thick indium tin oxide film on the substrate, using the indium tin oxide film as the first electrode layer; wherein, after the indium tin oxide film is deposited on the buffer film, the system is heated for testing, see Test Example 1 for details.
[0167] 5) A methanol solution of nano-nickel oxide was spin-coated at 2000 rpm onto the substrates obtained in the examples and comparative examples. The solvent was removed by annealing at 150°C for 30 minutes to form a 50 nm nickel oxide film as a hole transport layer.
[0168] 6) Formamidinium hydroiodate, lead iodide, and cesium iodide were dissolved in a mixed solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain a perovskite solution. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the perovskite precursor solution was dropwise added onto a nickel oxide film and spin-coated at 1000 rpm for 10 seconds, followed by spin-coating at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds, during which 200 μL of chlorobenzene was injected as an antisolvent. The film was annealed at 150 °C for 10 minutes to form a 600 nm perovskite layer on the surface of the composite structure. The composition of the perovskite layer was FA. 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI3;
[0169] 7) Fullerene C20 nm thick was deposited on the surface of the perovskite layer by thermal evaporation. 60 And 7nm copper bath (BCP), fullerene C 60 As an electron transport layer, the BCP acts as a hole blocking layer.
[0170] 8) Place the structure obtained in step 7) into a vacuum evaporation machine and deposit 110 nm of Cu electrode on the surface of the electron transport layer to obtain a flexible solar cell.
[0171] Comparative Example 1
[0172] The flexible solar cell in this comparative example differs from that in Example 1 only in that steps 2) and 3) are omitted, and an indium tin oxide thin film is directly deposited on the PEN plastic substrate before proceeding with subsequent steps. After the indium tin oxide thin film is deposited on the PEN plastic substrate, the system is subjected to a heating test, as detailed in Test Example 1. The remaining steps are performed in accordance with the steps in Example 1.
[0173] The fabrication methods of the flexible solar cells in Examples 2-21 are carried out according to the steps in Example 1; steps 2) and 3) of Example 1 are repeated to prepare multilayer buffer films. The parameter details of each example are shown in Table 1, and the rest are the same as in Example 1. In Table 1, the buffer films are numbered from bottom to top to indicate the number of the buffer films from the PEN flexible substrate to the first electrode layer; the thickness of the buffer layer composed of a single buffer film is 150 nm, the thickness of the buffer layer composed of two buffer films is 300 nm, the thickness of the buffer layer composed of three buffer films is 450 nm, and so on, with the thickness of the buffer layer composed of nine buffer films being 1350 nm.
[0174] Table 1
[0175]
[0176]
[0177] Test Example 1
[0178] The systems obtained in Examples 1-21 and Comparative Example 1 were placed on a heating plate and heated to the corresponding temperatures (100°C or 120°C). Simultaneously, the cracking was observed under an optical microscope. Once cracks appeared, the samples were removed. The experimental results are as follows: Figure 5 , Figure 6 As shown in Table 2, it can be seen from the figure that the first electrode layer had no cracks before heating. Figure 5 However, after heating, cracks appeared in the first electrode layer. Figure 6 ).
[0179] Test Example 2: Stability Test (85℃ 1-sun T) 80 )
[0180] Under standard simulated sunlight (AM 1.5G, 100mW / cm²) 2 Under continuous irradiation, the perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 1-21 and Comparative Example 1 were placed in an environment of 85°C and 45±5%RH, and the change in their photoelectric conversion efficiency over time was tracked to obtain the time T required for their photoelectric conversion efficiency to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency. 80 The initial efficiency is the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell before it is placed in an environment of 85°C and 45±5%RH.
[0181] The experimental results are shown in Table 2.
[0182] Table 2
[0183]
[0184]
[0185] As shown in Table 2, compared to the comparative example, the product obtained in the embodiment of the present invention takes longer to develop cracks at high temperatures, indicating that the structure is more stable. Specifically, when using a single-layer buffer film, the buffer film works best when the ratio of PMMA to ITO mixture is 5:5; the buffering effect of multi-layer buffer films is better than that of single-layer buffer films, and the decreasing coefficient of thermal expansion from bottom to top of the buffer film helps to fully release thermal stress and prevent cracking caused by heating.
[0186] It should be noted that the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Therefore, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. Furthermore, in the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more.
[0187] For the sake of brevity, this article only discloses some specific numerical ranges. However, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit can be combined with other lower limits to form an unspecified range, just as any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range. Furthermore, each individually disclosed point or single value can itself serve as a lower or upper limit and be combined with any other point or single value or with other lower or upper limits to form an unspecified range.
[0188] In the description of the embodiments of this invention, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.
[0189] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in the method of a specific embodiment, the order in which the steps are written does not imply a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The specific execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic.
[0190] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the invention, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.
[0191] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," "some implementations," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.
[0192] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A flexible solar cell, characterized in that, include: Substrate; A first electrode layer is disposed on one side of the substrate; A photoelectric conversion layer is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the substrate; The second electrode layer is disposed on the side of the photoelectric conversion layer away from the first electrode layer; The substrate includes: a base and a buffer layer; The buffer layer is disposed on the side close to the first electrode layer; The buffer layer includes at least one buffer film; The buffer membrane comprises a polymer and nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer; The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer membrane is 1*10. -6 ~5*10 -4 / ℃.
2. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The buffer layer comprises 1-9 layers of buffer film.
3. The flexible solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The thickness of the single-layer buffer film is 10nm-1.5μm.
4. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The polymer includes polymers with a light transmittance of ≥80%; Optionally, the polymer with a light transmittance ≥80% includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
5. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The average particle size of the nanoparticles is 10-500 nm.
6. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nanoparticles include one or more of the following: nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-zirconia, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-titanium oxide, nano-indium tin oxide, nano-indium zinc oxide, nano-aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nano-fluorine-doped tin oxide, or nano-tungsten-doped indium oxide.
7. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the polymer to the nanoparticles is 1:(0.1-10).
8. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The buffer layer includes one or more buffer films; In a buffer membrane with one or more layers, the mass content of the polymer decreases layer by layer from the substrate to the first electrode layer, based on the mass of the corresponding buffer membrane layer.
9. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the substrate is 50-500 μm.
10. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The substrate includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
11. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the first electrode layer is 50-1000 nm.
12. The flexible solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material of the first electrode layer includes a transparent conductive metal oxide; The transparent conductive metal oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide, lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, and indium tungsten oxide.
13. The flexible solar cell according to any one of claims 1-12, characterized in that, The polymer in the buffer membrane is the same material as the substrate; and / or, The nanoparticles in the buffer film are made of the same material as the first electrode layer.
14. A substrate, characterized in that, include: Substrate, buffer layer, and conductive layer; The buffer layer is disposed between the substrate and the conductive layer; The buffer layer includes at least one buffer film; The buffer membrane comprises a polymer and nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer; The coefficient of thermal expansion of the buffer membrane is 1*10. -6 ~5*10 -4 / ℃.
15. The substrate according to claim 13, characterized in that, The buffer layer comprises 1-9 layers of buffer film.
16. The substrate according to claim 14, characterized in that, The thickness of the single-layer buffer film is 10nm-1.5μm.
17. The substrate according to claim 13, characterized in that, The polymer includes polymers with a light transmittance of ≥80%; Optionally, the polymer with a light transmittance ≥80% includes one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyimide.
18. The substrate according to claim 13, characterized in that, The average particle size of the nanoparticles is 10-500 nm.
19. The substrate according to claim 13, characterized in that, The nanoparticles include one or more of the following: nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-zirconia, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-tin oxide, nano-titanium oxide, nano-indium tin oxide, nano-indium zinc oxide, nano-aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nano-fluorine-doped tin oxide, or nano-tungsten-doped indium oxide.
20. The substrate according to claim 13, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the polymer to the nanoparticles is 1:(0.01-10).
21. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, include: The flexible solar cell according to any one of claims 1-13 and / or the substrate according to any one of claims 14-20.
22. A power generation device, characterized in that, include: The flexible solar cell according to any one of claims 1-13 and / or the substrate according to any one of claims 14-20.