A multi-functional real-time monitoring system and method based on the Internet of Things

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of internet of things intelligent monitoring, in particular to a multifunctional real-time monitoring system and method based on internet of things, the monitoring system comprises a main control module, a communication module, a sensor module, a power management module and a power supply module, and realizes comprehensive real-time monitoring of multiple parameters such as inclination, vibration, temperature, current, water immersion and distance; the hierarchical low-power management strategy and the double-cycle working mode are adopted, so that the system can be continuously operated for more than two years under battery power supply, while the rapid response of key parameters and the comprehensive data acquisition are taken into account; combined with the interference elimination algorithm, the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring data are ensured; the present application can be widely applied to the safety monitoring of stereoscopic warehouse columns, the monitoring of municipal manhole covers and road conditions, the monitoring of industrial equipment working conditions and the water immersion early warning of low-lying areas, and effectively solves the technical problems of single function, high power consumption, complex wiring and inconvenient deployment of traditional monitoring schemes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of IoT intelligent monitoring technology, specifically to a multifunctional real-time monitoring system and method based on IoT. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of IoT technology, industrial equipment condition monitoring and municipal facility safety management have placed higher demands on real-time and intelligent capabilities. In scenarios such as automated warehouses, municipal roads, and industrial production lines, comprehensive monitoring of parameters such as equipment tilt, abnormal vibration, environmental immersion, excessive temperature, and abnormal operating current is a key link in ensuring safe production.

[0003] Existing monitoring technologies have the following limitations: First, they rely on single monitoring parameters, typically requiring the deployment of multiple dedicated instruments to collect different parameters, resulting in large space requirements and high costs. For example, patent application CN202110528881.4 uses only a single type of sensor (temperature or smoke) to detect the interior of a car, failing to achieve comprehensive multi-parameter monitoring; while patent application 202210790306.6 uses multiple sensors, it is limited to environmental parameters such as light, sound, humidity, temperature, distance, and wind speed, which differ from the industrial safety monitoring parameters involved in this invention. Second, communication modes are fixed, with existing solutions often employing single communication technologies. For instance, patent application CN201721621931.9 uses an NB-IoT module, but NB-IoT is gradually being phased out, making communication quality difficult to guarantee. While patent CN202010544876.8 possesses triple-network communication capabilities, it does not address low-power operation technology. Thirdly, power consumption control is insufficient. Patent application 202210790306.6 does not provide a detailed description of low-power operation for sensors and communication modules. While patent application CN201721621931.9 mentions low power consumption of the microcontroller, it does not implement synchronous shutdown management for sensors, resulting in limited overall battery life. Fourthly, power supply methods are limited. Most devices rely on external power supplies, requiring the laying of power lines and communication cables, which not only increases installation complexity but also introduces additional safety hazards. Furthermore, in the field of vertical column tilt monitoring in automated warehouses, existing technologies mostly employ manual observation methods such as total stations and levels, or deflection measurement schemes based on visual imaging, which suffer from problems such as non-real-time operation, low accuracy, and site limitations.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for an IoT monitoring terminal that integrates multi-parameter sensing, supports dual-mode wireless communication, and has ultra-low power consumption characteristics, in order to achieve long-term maintenance-free real-time monitoring in complex scenarios. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a multifunctional real-time monitoring system and method based on the Internet of Things, which solves the problems of limited functionality, excessive power consumption, fixed communication mode, and inconvenient deployment in the prior art.

[0006] To solve the above problems, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: a multi-functional real-time monitoring system based on the Internet of Things, comprising a main control module, a communication module, a sensor module, a power management module, and a power supply module; The main control module is electrically connected to the communication module, sensor module and power management module respectively, and is used to control the working status and data acquisition of each module. The sensor module includes a triaxial angle sensor, a vibration sensor, a temperature sensor, a current sensor, a water immersion sensor, and a Hall sensor. The communication module includes a CAT1 communication submodule and a Zigbee communication submodule; The power management module includes a field-effect transistor (FET) for power switch control and a battery voltage detection circuit.

[0007] Furthermore, the main control unit is an ultra-low power microcontroller, and the GPIO pins of the main control unit power the sensor module. When the sensor is not working, the GPIO pins are in a high impedance state.

[0008] Furthermore, the triaxial angle sensor communicates with the main control microcontroller via a serial port, and its measurement accuracy is 0.01°. The vibration sensor adopts a switch output type with a response time of less than 5ms; The temperature sensor uses a single-bus protocol and has a measurement accuracy of ±0.5℃. The current sensor is a current transformer with a range of 100A and a measurement accuracy of 0.1A.

[0009] The monitoring method using the aforementioned IoT-based multifunctional real-time monitoring system includes the following steps: S1. System initialization: Detect the connection status of each sensor and record the initial reference value; S2. Enter the small cycle monitoring mode, wake up the main control module and the three-axis angle sensor in the first preset cycle, collect and process the three-axis angle data, and determine whether the angle exceeds the preset threshold. If it exceeds the limit, trigger the emergency wake-up process. S3. Enter the large-cycle monitoring mode, wake up all sensor modules in the second preset cycle, collect all monitoring data, perform data filtering processing, and determine whether each parameter exceeds the preset threshold. S4: If any parameter exceeds the limit, an alarm message is marked, the communication module is woken up, the monitoring data is packaged and uploaded to the cloud server through the CAT1 communication submodule or Zigbee communication submodule, and the power of the communication module is turned off after the upload is completed, and the system enters sleep mode.

[0010] Furthermore, in S2, the first preset period is 1-5 minutes; In S3, the second preset cycle is 5-30 minutes.

[0011] Furthermore, in S2, a complementary filtering fusion algorithm is used to process the three-axis angle data: , in, This is the filtered angle output value at the current moment. The angle value is the filtered value from the previous moment. The sampling time interval, This is the weighting coefficient, with a value ranging from 0.95 to 0.99. This is gyroscope angular velocity data. Angle data calculated for the accelerometer.

[0012] Furthermore, in S3, data filtering processing includes: for tilted, oscillating, and irregularly fluctuating data, a recursive average filtering method is used. , in, , , For sampled values ​​at different points, For the first The filtered output value of the point; This represents the number of sampling points, with values ​​ranging from 30 to 100.

[0013] Furthermore, in S3, the data filtering process includes: for current and temperature data, a first-order hysteresis filtering method is used. , in, , For sampled values ​​at different points, Still the first The filtered output value of the point. The weight values ​​are 0.1-0.3 for current sensors and 0.2-0.4 for temperature sensors.

[0014] Furthermore, in S4, when the immersion sensor detects a immersion event, it wakes up the main control module, which is in a dormant state, through an external interrupt signal. After confirming the immersion status, the main control module wakes up the communication module within 100 milliseconds and issues a immersion alarm message.

[0015] Furthermore, in S4, the selection of the communication module and the data transmission method include: When the monitoring system is deployed in a widely distributed environment, the CAT1 communication submodule is selected, and the data is directly uploaded to the cloud server. When the monitoring system is deployed in a relatively concentrated area, the Zigbee communication submodule is selected, and the data is forwarded to the cloud server via a data concentrator. When using the Zigbee communication submodule, the monitoring systems support routing relay forwarding, and after a preset number of upload failures, the main control module actively enters the networking state and waits for the new data concentrator command to complete the automatic networking recovery.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The present invention manages the sensor module in a unified manner through the main control module, integrating six sensors, namely a three-axis angle sensor, vibration sensor, temperature sensor, current sensor, immersion sensor and Hall sensor, into one system. A single monitoring system can simultaneously realize real-time monitoring of six parameters, namely tilt, vibration, temperature, current, immersion and distance, which solves the problem of single monitoring parameters and the need to deploy multiple dedicated instruments in the prior art, and reduces the space occupied by the equipment and the overall cost.

[0017] An ultra-low-power microcontroller is used as the main control module, which powers the sensor module through GPIO pins. When the sensor is not working, the GPIO pins are set to a high-impedance state to achieve zero power consumption. The power management module controls the on / off state of the communication module through field-effect transistors. When the communication module is not working, it is completely powered off. The system adopts a dual-cycle monitoring mode that combines small and large cycles. During the large cycle, the communication module remains powered off, while during the small cycle, only the three-axis angle sensor works intermittently, reducing overall power consumption. With the battery power supply of the power supply module, long-term operation can be achieved.

[0018] By combining small-cycle monitoring mode and large-cycle monitoring mode, a balance between low power consumption and high real-time performance is achieved. The small-cycle monitoring mode wakes up only the main control module and the three-axis angle sensor with a short first preset cycle to specifically monitor angle changes and ensure a rapid response to tilt anomalies. The large-cycle monitoring mode wakes up all sensor modules with a longer second preset cycle to perform comprehensive parameter acquisition and data reporting. The division of labor and cooperation between the small-cycle and large-cycle modes not only ensures real-time monitoring of key parameters (tilt) but also reduces the overall power consumption of the system. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1The diagram shows the structural block diagram of the monitoring system of this invention. In the diagram: K1-NO is the normally open contact of switch K1, K1-NC is the normally open contact of switch K1, and so on; COM1 is communication port 1 (shared by two modules CAT1 and Zigbee, only one is active at any given time), used for communication with CAT1 or Zigbee; IO-1 is IO port 1 (shared by two power control switches, only one is active at any given time), used for controlling the opening and closing of the switches; IO-2 is IO port 2, and so on. Figure 2 This is a circuit diagram of the field-effect transistor switching control circuit of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a circuit diagram of the battery voltage detection circuit of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the process of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the small-loop monitoring mode of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the large-loop detection mode of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0020] This invention provides a multi-functional real-time monitoring system and method based on the Internet of Things (IoT), mainly applicable to various urban manhole covers, municipal roadbeds, highways, large automated warehouse columns, industrial production line equipment, power distribution rooms, and other scenarios. It enables real-time monitoring of tilt, vibration, temperature, operating current, water immersion, and safety distance from multiple dimensions. The specific technical solution is as follows: This monitoring system includes a main control module, a communication module, a sensor module, a power management module, and a power supply module, such as... Figure 1-3 As shown, the specific structure is as follows: like Figure 1 As shown, the main control module is electrically connected to the communication module, sensor module, and power management module, respectively, and is used to control the working status and data acquisition of each module. The main control module is an ultra-low power microcontroller, using the STM32L151RCT6 based on the ARM Cortex-M3 core. This microcontroller has advantages such as strong processing power, fast computing speed, low price, and low power consumption. The GPIO pins of the main control module power the sensor module. When the sensor is not working, the GPIO pin is in a high impedance state, achieving zero power consumption. When the operating current of individual sensors is greater than the output current of a single GPIO pin, multiple GPIO pins are connected in parallel for power supply. This method has been proven reliable through long-term operation.

[0021] The sensor module includes a triaxial angle sensor, a vibration sensor, a temperature sensor, a current sensor, a water immersion sensor, and a Hall effect sensor. The triaxial angle sensor communicates with the main control microcontroller via a serial port, achieving a measurement accuracy of 0.01°. Taking a 10-meter-high column as an example, it can measure a lateral displacement (tilt) of 2-5 millimeters, equivalent to measuring a tilt angle change of 0.0115°-0.0286°, meeting the requirements for high-precision tilt monitoring. The vibration sensor uses a switch output type with a response time of less than 5ms and an extremely short conduction time of approximately 2ms, enabling rapid response to instantaneous vibrations and measuring mechanical vibrations with an amplitude of less than 1 millimeter. The temperature sensor uses a single-bus protocol, achieving a measurement accuracy of ±0.5℃ within the commonly used temperature range of -10°C to +85°C. The overall temperature measurement accuracy of the equipment is [not specified]. The temperature can reach 0.1°C; the current sensor uses a current transformer with a range of 100A, a measurement accuracy of 0.1A, and an accuracy of 1%. The CT structure adopts a snap-fit ​​type (non-ring type CT), which is convenient to install and does not require disconnecting the existing power wiring of the equipment; the immersion sensor adopts a metal contact structure based on the short-circuit principle, and sends an alarm message to the server and relevant regulatory departments within 100 milliseconds after the critical water level is reached; the Hall sensor is a switch-type Hall sensor, which monitors the switch quantity through the IO port to determine the distance between the equipment and the specified position. When the distance to the specified position is too close, the system will issue an alarm message within 300 milliseconds. The sensor has a built-in dynamic offset elimination circuit and a temperature compensation unit, which can effectively suppress the errors caused by mechanical stress and temperature changes, and ensure the consistency of switching action.

[0022] By integrating the above six sensors into one system, a single monitoring system can simultaneously monitor six parameters in real time: tilt, vibration, temperature, current, immersion, and distance. This solves the problem of existing technologies requiring single monitoring parameters and multiple dedicated instruments, significantly reducing equipment space requirements and overall cost.

[0023] The communication module includes a CAT1 communication submodule and a Zigbee communication submodule. When the monitoring system is deployed in a widely distributed scenario, the CAT1 communication submodule is selected, and the data is directly uploaded to the cloud server. When the monitoring system is deployed in a relatively concentrated area, the Zigbee communication submodule is selected, and the data is forwarded to the cloud server via a data concentrator. When using the Zigbee communication submodule, the monitoring systems support routing relay forwarding, and after the upload failure reaches a preset number, the main control module actively enters the networking state and waits for the new data concentrator command to complete the automatic networking recovery.

[0024] By offering two optional communication modes, CAT1 and Zigbee, users can choose the best IoT communication method based on their usage environment. This solves the problem of the difficulty of using wired methods in indoor application scenarios. Furthermore, in Zigbee mode, there is no need to configure an IoT card for each monitoring system separately, which significantly reduces operating costs.

[0025] The power management module includes a field-effect transistor (FET) for power switch control and a battery voltage detection circuit. The FET switch control circuit is as follows: Figure 2 As shown, the field-effect transistor (FET) is a BSD214SN. Pin 8 of the main control microcontroller is connected to pin 1 of the FET, controlling the FET's on / off state, which in turn controls the circuit switching of the CAT1 and Zigbee communication submodules, achieving low power consumption. The battery voltage detection circuit is as follows: Figure 3 As shown, the battery voltage detection circuit uses two 10K resistors connected in series to divide the voltage. The main control microcontroller detects the voltage value after voltage division through its internal AD converter to determine the battery level and issue a low battery warning. This part of the circuit also adopts a low power mode, with the GPIO port normally set to high impedance and only turned on during detection.

[0026] The power supply module is powered by a 3.7V battery. Using a 3.6V 1200mAh 18650 lithium battery can ensure that the system works for at least two years (24 months). If a larger capacity battery is used, the monitoring system can work for an even longer period of time.

[0027] The monitoring method of the above-mentioned IoT-based multifunctional real-time monitoring system, such as Figure 4-6 As shown, it includes the following steps: S1. System initialization: Detect the connection status of each sensor and record the initial reference value.

[0028] Install the monitoring system (by pasting or fixing it with screws or cable ties) in a suitable location next to the target being monitored. After confirming that everything is correct, bring a magnet close to the marked position on the monitoring system casing to activate the monitoring system. Once activated, the monitoring system will begin initialization, detecting and recording the current angle value, current value, etc., as initial values, while simultaneously checking whether the connection status of each sensor is normal.

[0029] S2, Enter small loop monitoring mode, such as Figure 5 As shown, the main control module and the three-axis angle sensor are woken up in the first preset cycle to collect and process the three-axis angle data and determine whether the angle exceeds the preset threshold. If it exceeds the limit, the emergency wake-up process is triggered.

[0030] The first preset cycle is 1-5 minutes, preferably 2 minutes. In the small cycle monitoring mode, the main control module wakes up with the first preset cycle, turns on the power of the three-axis angle sensor only, acquires the three-axis angle data through the serial port, and processes the three-axis angle data using a complementary filtering fusion algorithm. , in, This is the filtered angle output value at the current moment. The angle value is the filtered value from the previous moment. The sampling time interval, This is the weighting coefficient, with a value ranging from 0.95 to 0.99. This is gyroscope angular velocity data. Angle data calculated for the accelerometer.

[0031] Calculate the angle using an accelerometer (using the gravitational component): , , Subtract the initial baseline value from the current angle value and take the absolute value to determine whether the angle change exceeds a preset threshold (e.g., 0.1°). If the change of any of the three angles exceeds the threshold, the emergency wake-up process is triggered.

[0032] By using a small-cycle monitoring mode to specifically monitor angle changes in a shorter first preset period, a rapid response to tilt anomalies is ensured, meeting the prerequisite for timely alarms. At the same time, during the small cycle, only the three-axis angle sensor works intermittently, while the main control module and other sensors remain dormant, further reducing the power consumption of the entire device and extending its service life.

[0033] S3, Enter large-loop monitoring mode, such as Figure 6 As shown, all sensor modules are woken up in the second preset cycle, all monitoring data are collected, data filtering is performed, and it is determined whether each parameter exceeds the preset threshold.

[0034] The second preset cycle is 5-30 minutes, preferably 10 minutes. In the large-cycle monitoring mode, the main control module wakes up with the second preset cycle, turns on the power of all sensors and the power of the communication module in sequence, and collects data on triaxial angle, vibration status, ambient temperature, working current, immersion status and distance status.

[0035] Data filtering processing includes: First, comparing the collected data with the previous data and setting a threshold (the threshold varies for different sensors, but is usually set to exceed 30%-50% of the previous data). If the threshold is exceeded, it is judged as an interference value and is removed.

[0036] If the threshold is not exceeded, but slight disturbances may still exist, the following algorithms will be used to remove interference according to the sensor type: For skewed, oscillating, and irregularly fluctuating data, a recursive average filtering method is used: , in, , , For sampled values ​​at different points, For the first The filtered output value of the point. This represents the number of sampling points, with a value ranging from 30 to 100, balancing sampling output lag time and sampling accuracy.

[0037] For current and temperature data, a first-order hysteresis filter method is used: , in, , For sampled values ​​at different points, Still the first The filtered output value of the point. The weight values ​​are 0.1-0.3 for current sensors and 0.2-0.4 for temperature sensors.

[0038] The filtered data is used to determine the status and whether each parameter exceeds a preset threshold.

[0039] By dividing the work into small and large cycles, the system ensures real-time monitoring of key parameters (tilt) and achieves comprehensive parameter acquisition and data reporting. At the same time, it reduces the overall power consumption of the system. During the large cycle, the communication module is kept powered off, and during the small cycle, only the three-axis angle sensor works intermittently. The overall power consumption is reduced to an extremely low level, and a single 1200mAh battery can support the system to work continuously for more than 2 years.

[0040] S4: If any parameter exceeds the limit, an alarm message is marked, the communication module is woken up, the monitoring data is packaged and uploaded to the cloud server through the CAT1 communication submodule or Zigbee communication submodule, and the power of the communication module is turned off after the upload is completed, and the system enters sleep mode.

[0041] When the immersion sensor detects a immersion event, it wakes up the main control module, which is in a dormant state, through an external interrupt signal. After confirming the immersion status, the main control module wakes up the communication module within 100 milliseconds and issues a immersion alarm message.

[0042] When the change in the three-axis angle exceeds the preset threshold, or the vibration sensor detects a vibration signal, or the battery voltage is lower than the preset low battery threshold, the emergency wake-up process is also triggered. The main control module immediately wakes up and turns on the power of the communication module, collects all current sensor data, packages it into an alarm information frame, and uploads it.

[0043] The data upload frame format is encapsulated in a custom JSON protocol format, including the terminal device's unique identifier (Device_ID), three-axis angle change values ​​(X, Y, Z), angle alarm flag (Angle_Warning), temperature value (Temp), vibration alarm flag (ZhenDong_Warning), water immersion alarm flag (JinShui_Warning), real-time current value (CT), battery voltage value (Voltage), and low battery alarm flag (voltage_flag). Among them, an alarm upload is triggered when the angle change of any of the three axes is greater than 0.1°, or when the vibration alarm flag is 1, or when the water immersion alarm flag is 1, or when the battery voltage is too low.

[0044] While sending data, the network status is monitored. If the transmission fails, the data is sent to other monitoring systems (Zigbee mode) according to the preset route, and then relayed to other systems. When using the Zigbee communication submodule, the monitoring systems support route relay forwarding. In complex environments where a monitoring system's Zigbee cannot directly send data to the data concentrator, the data can be forwarded through other monitoring devices to ensure that the data from each point can be reliably received.

[0045] When a data concentrator experiences an unrepairable fault, the monitoring system can proactively enter a networking state within a specific timeframe after a certain number of failed data uploads. It will then wait for a new data concentrator to issue a networking command. Upon receiving the command, the system will successfully complete the networking process. Once the networking is successful, the entire system can resume operation and continue monitoring the status of the pillars.

[0046] After the upload is completed, the main control module controls the power management module to shut off the power output, that is, turn off the power of CAT1 or Zigbee. Then the main control module enters low power operation (sleep mode). During the sleep period, the other sensors (except for the water immersion sensor) also do not consume power. The system enters the sleep state and waits for the next wake-up.

[0047] The main control module controls the switching of the communication module, ensuring no power consumption when data transmission is not required. The microcontroller employs a timed sleep technology to achieve overall low power consumption. When powered by battery, the monitoring system uses low-power modes for the microcontroller, sensors, and communication modules. In particular, the sensors and communication modules consume zero power during the microcontroller's sleep period, meaning they consume no power at all, allowing a single battery to operate for more than 24 months.

[0048] Application Scenario 1: Tilting Monitoring of Automated Warehouse Columns The monitoring system is fixed to the top or side of the automated warehouse column and activated by a magnet. After system initialization, the initial angle value is recorded. A small cycle monitors the tilt angle at 2-minute intervals, using a high-precision triaxial angle sensor to monitor minute angle changes at the top of the column in real time. For example, for a 10-meter-high column, a lateral displacement (tilt) of 2-5 millimeters can be measured, equivalent to a tilt angle change of 0.0115°-0.0286°. If a collision during forklift operation causes the column to tilt by more than 0.1°, the system immediately triggers an alarm and reports it, allowing on-duty personnel to take immediate action, promptly alerting to dangerous or abnormal situations, and notifying superiors in real time to determine if further remedial measures are needed.

[0049] Scenario 2: Comprehensive Monitoring of Industrial Equipment The monitoring system is fixed next to equipment such as motors, pumps, valves, and electrical cabinets. A Zigbee communication submodule is selected. The system comprehensively monitors parameters such as equipment vibration, temperature, and operating current in a 10-minute large cycle. At the same time, a small cycle of 2 minutes is used to specifically monitor the tilt of the equipment foundation. The current sensor adopts a snap-on CT, which is easy to install without dismantling the power wiring. The data is sent to the data concentrator in the workshop via Zigbee and then forwarded to the cloud server. There is no need for each monitoring system to use a separate IoT card, resulting in lower operating costs.

[0050] Scenario 3: Flooding monitoring in low-lying areas The monitoring system is fixed in low-lying areas of roads and bridges or on the road surface under bridges. The CAT1 communication submodule is selected. The water immersion sensor adopts a metal contact structure based on the short-circuit principle. When the water level exceeds the sensor due to poor drainage during the rainy season, the circuit is turned on and the main control module is immediately woken up by an external interrupt signal. After confirming the water immersion status, the main control module issues an alarm message within 100 milliseconds, so that relevant departments can grasp the water situation in time and avoid the tragedy of people and vehicles being flooded.

[0051] The standby power consumption of the monitoring system is calculated as follows: The current IC1 when the main control module is working is 19mA, and the current IC2 when in sleep / standby mode is 0.024mA. The operating current of the CAT1 communication submodule in the communication module is ICAT1=150mA. Normally, the power management module is turned off and does not consume power (the current consumption of the Zigbee communication submodule is much smaller than that of CAT1, so the current consumption is calculated using CAT1 as an example here). The three-axis angle sensor has an operating current of IS=4.5mA and a typical operating voltage of 3.3V. It can be powered by the GPIO pin of the main control module. Normally, the GPIO is set to a tri-state, and the sensor does not consume power when it is turned off. The vibration sensor has an operating current of IZ=15mA and a typical operating voltage of 3.3V. It can be powered by the GPIO pin of the main control module. Normally, the GPIO is set to a tri-state, and the sensor does not consume power when it is turned off. The temperature sensor has an operating current of IT=4mA and a typical operating voltage of 3.3V. It can be powered by the GPIO pin of the main control module. Normally, the GPIO is set to a tri-state, and the sensor does not consume power when it is turned off. The operating current of the current sensor is generated by the current sensor itself. It is connected through the AD port during measurement. Normally, the AD port is in a tri-state state and does not consume power. There are two resistors in the battery voltage detection circuit. When the communication module is turned on, these two resistors are also connected at the same time. Two resistors with a resistance of 10K are used. Taking the power supply voltage of 3.3V as an example, IR=0.165mA.

[0052] Taking a startup (wake-up) every 10 minutes as an example, the main control module supplies power and turns on each sensor through GPIO pins to complete a cycle detection of each parameter. At the same time, it controls the power management module to power on the CAT1 communication submodule or Zigbee communication submodule and sends out packetized data in protocol frames. The total time taken is T1=100ms.

[0053] Multiply T1 by the sum of the power consumption of each sensor, the battery voltage detection circuit's resistance, and the main control module and CAT1 communication submodule, and you get: , For the remaining time within the 10 minutes, only the main control module draws low-power current (IC2). Therefore, the power consumption after each startup is: If it starts 6 times per hour, the power consumption per hour is 6MT. Therefore, the power consumption under normal monitoring per day (24 hours) is: , The total electricity consumption for one month (30 days) is: , If continuous standby for two years (24 months) is required, then: , Based on this, an additional 10% margin is reserved, that is, a total capacity of 1034.798688mAh is used as the basis for battery selection, which can ensure at least two years (24 months) of operation.

[0054] According to the battery specifications, a 3.6V 1200mAh 18650 lithium battery is sufficient for the power supply module. If a larger capacity battery is used, the monitoring system can operate for a longer period of time.

[0055] This invention integrates six types of sensors with dual-mode wireless communication technology to achieve comprehensive real-time monitoring of multiple parameters, including tilt, vibration, temperature, current, water immersion, and distance. Employing a hierarchical low-power management strategy and a dual-cycle operating mode, the system can operate continuously for more than two years on battery power, while ensuring rapid response to key parameters and comprehensive data acquisition. Combined with software interference removal algorithms such as recursive average filtering and first-order hysteresis filtering, the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring data are ensured. It can be widely applied to scenarios such as safety monitoring of automated warehouse columns, monitoring of municipal manhole covers and road conditions, monitoring of industrial equipment operating conditions, and early warning of water immersion in low-lying areas, effectively solving the technical problems of traditional monitoring solutions, such as limited functionality, high power consumption, complex wiring, and inconvenient deployment.

[0056] The above specific embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to examples, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multifunctional real-time monitoring system based on the Internet of Things, characterized in that: It includes a main control module, a communication module, a sensor module, a power management module, and a power supply module; The main control module is electrically connected to the communication module, sensor module and power management module respectively, and is used to control the working status and data acquisition of each module. The sensor module includes a triaxial angle sensor, a vibration sensor, a temperature sensor, a current sensor, a water immersion sensor, and a Hall sensor. The communication module includes a CAT1 communication submodule and a Zigbee communication submodule; The power management module includes a field-effect transistor (FET) for power switch control and a battery voltage detection circuit.

2. The multifunctional real-time monitoring system based on the Internet of Things according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main control unit is an ultra-low power microcontroller. The GPIO pins of the main control unit power the sensor module. When the sensor is not working, the GPIO pins are in a high-impedance state.

3. The multifunctional real-time monitoring system based on the Internet of Things according to claim 2, characterized in that: The triaxial angle sensor communicates with the main control microcontroller via a serial port, and its measurement accuracy is 0.01°. The vibration sensor adopts a switch output type with a response time of less than 5ms; The temperature sensor uses a single-bus protocol and has a measurement accuracy of ±0.5℃. The current sensor is a current transformer with a range of 100A and a measurement accuracy of 0.1A.

4. A monitoring method using a multi-functional real-time monitoring system based on the Internet of Things as described in any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. System initialization: Detect the connection status of each sensor and record the initial reference value; S2. Enter the small cycle monitoring mode, wake up the main control module and the three-axis angle sensor in the first preset cycle, collect and process the three-axis angle data, and determine whether the angle exceeds the preset threshold. If it exceeds the limit, trigger the emergency wake-up process. S3. Enter the large-cycle monitoring mode, wake up all sensor modules in the second preset cycle, collect all monitoring data, perform data filtering processing, and determine whether each parameter exceeds the preset threshold. S4: If any parameter exceeds the limit, an alarm message is marked, the communication module is woken up, the monitoring data is packaged and uploaded to the cloud server through the CAT1 communication submodule or Zigbee communication submodule, and the power of the communication module is turned off after the upload is completed, and the system enters sleep mode.

5. The monitoring method according to claim 4, characterized in that: In S2, the first preset period is 1-5 minutes; In S3, the second preset cycle is 5-30 minutes.

6. The monitoring method according to claim 5, characterized in that: In S2, a complementary filtering fusion algorithm is used to process the three-axis angle data: ； in, This is the filtered angle output value at the current moment. The angle value is the filtered value from the previous moment. The sampling time interval, This is the weighting coefficient, with a value ranging from 0.95 to 0.

99. This is gyroscope angular velocity data. Angle data calculated for the accelerometer.

7. The monitoring method according to claim 6, characterized in that: In S3, data filtering processing includes: for tilted, oscillating, and irregularly fluctuating data, a recursive average filtering method is used. ， in, , , For sampled values ​​at different points, For the first The filtered output value of the point; This represents the number of sampling points, with values ​​ranging from 30 to 100.

8. The monitoring method according to claim 7, characterized in that: In S3, data filtering processing includes: for current and temperature data, a first-order hysteresis filtering method is used. ； in, , For sampled values ​​at different points, Still the first The filtered output value of the point. The weight values ​​are 0.1-0.3 for current sensors and 0.2-0.4 for temperature sensors.

9. The monitoring method according to claim 8, characterized in that: In S4, when the immersion sensor detects a immersion event, it wakes up the main control module, which is in a dormant state, through an external interrupt signal. After confirming the immersion status, the main control module wakes up the communication module within 100 milliseconds and issues a immersion alarm message.

10. The monitoring method according to claim 9, characterized in that: In S4, the selection of the communication module and the data transmission method include: When the monitoring system is deployed in a widely distributed environment, the CAT1 communication submodule is selected, and the data is directly uploaded to the cloud server. When the monitoring system is deployed in a relatively concentrated area, the Zigbee communication submodule is selected, and the data is forwarded to the cloud server via a data concentrator. When using the Zigbee communication submodule, the monitoring systems support routing relay forwarding, and after a preset number of upload failures, the main control module actively enters the networking state and waits for the new data concentrator command to complete the automatic networking recovery.

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