Apparatus for producing a three-dimensional workpiece by a layer-by-layer generation method

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for producing a three-dimensional workpiece by a layer-by-layer production method. The device comprises at least one primary component, in particular selected from the group consisting of a process chamber of the device, at least one irradiation unit of the device for emitting a particle beam or a laser beam in a position-selective manner, at least one coater of the device for applying a new layer of raw material, and at least one laser protection glass, at least one secondary component, in particular selected from the group consisting of a raw material container, a raw material conveying device, a gas container, a gas conveying device, a filter element, a temperature control element, a sensor, and a screen element, at least one first bearing element, which is designed to transfer at least the total weight of the at least one primary component to a floor element, and at least one second bearing element, which bears the at least one secondary component and does not bear the weight of the at least one primary component.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces using a layer-by-layer generation method. Specifically, the layer-by-layer generation method can be selective laser melting or selective laser sintering. Background Technology

[0002] In additive manufacturing (or generation) methods for producing three-dimensional workpieces, particularly in layer-by-layer generation methods, it is known to apply an initially amorphous or shape-neutral molding composition of raw materials (e.g., raw material powder) layer by layer onto a carrier and solidify the molding composition by irradiation at specific locations (e.g., by melting or sintering) to ultimately obtain a workpiece with a desired shape. Irradiation can be carried out by means of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., in the form of laser radiation) or by means of particle radiation (e.g., in the form of electron radiation). In the initial state, the molding composition may initially be in the form of granules, powder, or liquid molding composition, and can be selectively, or in other words, location-specifically solidified due to irradiation. In particular, the molding composition can be a host material (e.g., raw material powder). The molding composition may contain, for example, ceramic materials, metallic materials, or plastic materials, and mixtures thereof. Variations of the layer-by-layer generation method involve so-called laser powder bed melting (also known as selective laser melting), in which, in particular, metallic powder raw materials and / or ceramic powder raw materials are solidified by irradiation with a laser beam to form a three-dimensional workpiece.

[0003] To produce individual workpiece layers in the context of selective laser melting, it is also known to apply a powder material in the form of a raw material powder layer onto a carrier and selectively irradiate the powder material according to the geometry of the workpiece layer to be produced. Laser radiation penetrates the powder material and solidifies it, for example, by heating (causing melting or sintering). Once the workpiece layer is solidified, a new layer of untreated powder material is applied onto the already produced workpiece layer. This can be done using known coaters or powder application devices. The topmost, untreated raw material powder layer is then irradiated again. Thus, the workpiece is constructed layer by layer, each layer defining a cross-sectional area and / or contour of the workpiece. In view of this, it is also known to produce workpieces substantially automatically using CAD data or comparable workpiece data.

[0004] The above details of the layer-by-layer generation method or corresponding apparatus can be applied to or implemented in the apparatus of this disclosure.

[0005] To produce high-quality workpieces, it is necessary that certain components of the apparatus used to produce three-dimensional workpieces (referred to herein as so-called process-critical components) have a minimum degree of fixation relative to each other. This means that vibrations and / or thermal deformations of certain components of the apparatus should have little or no effect on the positioning of these so-called process-critical components. For example, it may be desirable that the relative positioning between the irradiation unit and the build tube containing the incompletely cured workpiece remains unchanged during the manufacturing process. Process-critical components may be, for example, the processing chamber of the apparatus, the irradiation unit of the apparatus, at least one coater for applying a new layer of raw material, and / or at least one laser protective glass.

[0006] On the other hand, other components of the apparatus (referred to herein as non-process-critical components) will inevitably experience some local displacement and / or vibration during the manufacturing process, without compromising the manufacturing quality of the workpiece. Non-process-critical components may include, for example, raw material containers, raw material conveying devices, gas containers, gas conveying devices, filter elements, temperature control elements, sensors, and / or screen elements.

[0007] In some existing devices, the stability of certain components cannot adequately ensure the maintenance of high-quality workpieces. The quality of the produced workpieces (e.g., mechanical stability, surface smoothness, etc.) may therefore be affected. Summary of the Invention

[0008] Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide an improved apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus solving at least one of the above-mentioned problems or related problems.

[0009] This objective is achieved by means having the features of the independent claim. Further exemplary embodiments are specified in the dependent claims.

[0010] Therefore, according to a first aspect, the present invention relates to an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method. The apparatus includes at least one primary component. The at least one primary component is particularly selected from the following list: a processing chamber of the apparatus, at least one irradiation unit of the apparatus for emitting a particle beam or laser beam in a position-selective manner, at least one coater of the apparatus for applying a new layer of raw material, and at least one laser protective glass. The apparatus also includes at least one secondary component. The at least one secondary component is particularly selected from the following list: a raw material container, a raw material conveying device, a gas container, a gas conveying device, a filter element, a temperature control element, a sensor, and a screen element. The apparatus includes at least one first support element and at least one second support element, the first support element being adapted to transfer the total weight of at least one primary component to a floor element, and the second support element supporting at least one secondary component but not the weight of at least one primary component.

[0011] The apparatus can be, in particular, an apparatus for selective laser melting or sintering, having one or more of the features and / or components of the corresponding apparatus as outlined above. Alternatively, the apparatus can be an apparatus for selective electron beam melting. However, the apparatus can also be adapted to perform different layer-by-layer generation methods, such as binder spraying.

[0012] In this document, the term "major component" and the term "process-critical component" are used with the same meaning. Furthermore, the term "minor component" and the term "non-process-critical component" are used with the same meaning. A major component can be one or more components selected from the list provided, or it can be other components not mentioned therein. "At least one major component" selected from the list means that one or more major components are provided, and one or more major components can be freely selected from that list. The same applies to "at least one minor component" and the list provided for this purpose.

[0013] Furthermore, in this paper, the term "process critical" is limited to the positioning of the corresponding component. In other words, process critical refers to the positioning of "process-critical components" because any change in positioning during the process can result in compromised quality of the produced workpiece. This is particularly true for the positioning of irradiation units, especially relative to the build tube or processing chamber of the apparatus. In this sense, other components of the apparatus are not "process critical" because their positioning has no (or only minimal) impact on the manufacturing quality of the workpiece. Therefore, elements of gas circuits and / or powder circuits are, for example, not process critical in this sense and may be associated, for example, with minor exceptions.

[0014] In each case, the first and / or second load-bearing elements can in particular be frames and / or trusses. Therefore, the term "first and / or second load-bearing elements" can be replaced by "first / second frame elements." The first and / or second load-bearing elements can be made of metal. The first load-bearing element transferring the total weight of at least one major component to the floor element can mean that at least one major component (i.e., one or more major components) is fastened to and held in particular by the first load-bearing element. The weight is not dissipated through the first load-bearing element (particularly laterally), but is transferred to the floor element. For example, the first load-bearing element can stand on (particularly using four or more legs) the floor element. The first load-bearing element can be stabilized laterally (particularly relative to lateral tilting and / or displacement) simply by having one or more stabilizing elements absorb / not absorb any weight of the first load-bearing element. In particular, the second load-bearing element can be adapted to stabilize the first load-bearing element laterally.

[0015] The second load-bearing element supporting at least one secondary component can mean that at least one secondary component (i.e., one or more secondary components) is secured to and held by the first load-bearing element. For example, this can be designed such that the weight of at least one secondary component is not dissipated (particularly laterally), but rather transferred to the floor element. The second load-bearing element can stand on (particularly using four or more legs) the floor element. The second load-bearing element can be adapted to transfer the total weight of at least one secondary component to the floor element. At least one primary component is supported by the first load-bearing element but not by the second load-bearing element.

[0016] The floor element can be part of the installation (e.g., a floor, particularly a metal floor), or it can be a separate floor element that can be associated with the installation. The floor element can also be or include a workshop floor. Thus, the first load-bearing element and / or the second load-bearing element can each have one or more legs, which can be used to support the first load-bearing element on the floor element and optionally (e.g., by means of screws) fastened to the floor element.

[0017] The second load-bearing element can be a machine frame surrounding the first load-bearing element.

[0018] This could mean, for example, that the first and second load-bearing elements each span a volume (e.g., a generally rectangular volume), wherein the volume of the first load-bearing element is entirely contained within the volume of the second load-bearing element.

[0019] The apparatus may also include a vertical moving device for raising and / or lowering a construction plate on which a three-dimensional workpiece is manufactured and / or a construction cylinder surrounding the construction plate. Here, it is possible that (a) the vertical moving device is mounted on a floor element or can be mounted independently on a floor element, or (b) the vertical moving device is mounted together with a first load-bearing element on a base plate, which is mounted on or can be mounted on a floor element, such that the weight of the vertical moving device is not borne by the first load-bearing element.

[0020] In this document, the vertical direction is defined as the z-direction, where the horizontal or lateral direction extends in the xy-plane perpendicular to the z-direction. The vertical moving device may include, for example, a spindle drive, particularly a two-stage or multi-stage spindle drive. The build tube may be a cylinder, particularly having a rectangular cross-section, open at the bottom and top, and the build plate can move vertically up and down within this cylinder. In case (b) above, the vertical moving device stands on the base plate together with the first load-bearing element, and the total weight of at least one major component is transferred to the floor element via the base plate. In both cases (a) and (b), the weight of the vertical moving device is not borne by the first load-bearing element and therefore is not dissipated to the floor element via the first load-bearing element.

[0021] At least one primary component can be mechanically separable from at least one secondary component, such that weight changes and / or vibrations of the at least one primary component do not exert forces on the at least one secondary component.

[0022] This can be achieved, in particular, by having the first and second support elements stand on the floor element or stand independently on the floor element, and / or by not providing a mechanical connecting element between the first and second support elements. Specifically, no mechanical connecting element is provided between the first and second support elements, which would transmit the resultant force to at least one secondary component in the event of a weight change and / or vibration of at least one primary component, or could transmit the resultant force to at least one secondary component. Furthermore, at least one secondary component can be mechanically separated from at least one primary component, such that a weight change and / or vibration of at least one secondary component does not exert a force on at least one primary component. For example, a pump in a gas circuit or powder circuit can constitute a secondary component that may cause vibration. However, these vibrations are not transmitted to the primary component, such as the irradiation unit. Furthermore, a weight change (more precisely, an increase in weight) of the powder canister may occur, for example, when filling the powder canister (an example of a secondary component), but the changed gravity does not affect the positioning of the primary component (e.g., the irradiation unit and / or processing chamber).

[0023] At least a processing chamber and at least one irradiation unit may be provided as main components. The processing chamber may be arranged on a first portion of the first support element, and at least one irradiation unit may be arranged on a second portion of the first support element. The processing chamber and at least one irradiation unit may be thermally separated from each other, such that the process heat generated in the processing chamber does not cause relative displacement between the processing chamber and the at least one irradiation unit.

[0024] Furthermore, the processing chamber and at least one irradiation unit can be mechanically separated from each other, such that deformation of the processing chamber caused by process heat generated within the processing chamber does not lead to displacement of the irradiation unit relative to the processing chamber and / or displacement of the irradiation unit relative to the first support element. This separation can be achieved and / or enhanced by securing the main components (processing chamber and irradiation unit) to different locations on the first support element. Additionally, the processing chamber and / or irradiation unit can be secured to the first support element via mechanically and / or thermally separated fastening elements. Other main components can also be secured to the first support element such that these other main components are thermally and / or mechanically separated from one or more main components.

[0025] The first support element may include at least one first extension element, which may be integrated into and then removed from the first support element. In the integrated state, compared to the removed state where the first extension element has been removed from the first support element, the first extension element increases the height of the first support element in the vertical direction. In the integrated state, compared to the removed state, at least one of the at least one main component may be at a greater distance from the floor element.

[0026] Therefore, the first load-bearing element can be extended to manufacture larger, and particularly taller, workpieces (in the z-direction). For example, the first extension element can be connected to other parts of the first load-bearing element by means of screws and / or by means of plug connectors. The first extension element can be a so-called intermediate frame.

[0027] The second support element may include at least one second extension element, which may be integrated into and then removed from the second support element. In the integrated state, compared to the removed state where the second extension element has been removed from the second support element, the second extension element increases the height of the second support element in the vertical direction. In the integrated state, compared to the removed state, at least one of the at least two secondary components may be at a greater distance from the floor element.

[0028] Therefore, the second support element can be extended to manufacture larger, and particularly taller, workpieces (in the z-direction). For example, the second extension element can be connected to other parts of the second support element by means of screws and / or by means of plug connectors. The second extension element can be a so-called intermediate frame.

[0029] At least one of the secondary components may be arranged on the removable frame element of the second carrier element and is adapted to be removable from the device together with the removable frame element.

[0030] Here, the expression "at least one of at least one secondary component" is synonymous with "one or more of one or more secondary components". Thus, in the manner outlined above, one or more secondary components can be integrated into the device, wherein said components can be connected to the remainder of the second support element via a removable frame element.

[0031] The apparatus may also include a coater for applying a new layer of material, wherein the coater is held by a coater frame, which stands on or can stand directly on the floor element.

[0032] Through the applicator frame, at least the gravity of the applicator can be transferred to the floor element. In particular, the gravity is not dissipated laterally (e.g., into the first or second load-bearing element).

[0033] The apparatus may also include a coater for applying a new layer of material, wherein the coater is fastened to a second carrier element.

[0034] Therefore, the second support element can support the weight of the coater. In other words, the gravity of the coater can be guided to the floor element via the second support element.

[0035] The device may also include support components for supporting the vertically moving device.

[0036] In particular, the support components enable the lateral guidance of the vertically moving device.

[0037] The apparatus may also include an alignment unit for aligning the vertically moving device along at least one horizontal direction.

[0038] The alignment unit may include, for example, a worktable movable in the x and / or y directions, with a vertical moving device arranged on the worktable. The alignment unit may include at least one linear actuator for linearly aligning the vertical moving device along a direction (e.g., the x or y direction). Therefore, in particular, the lateral position of the build plate on which the workpiece is manufactured can be aligned. The alignment of the build plate can be performed relative to a build cylinder connected to the processing chamber.

[0039] The device may also include at least one temperature control device for controlling the temperature of the first carrier element and / or for controlling the temperature of the second carrier element.

[0040] Temperature control can include heating and / or cooling. A coolant, such as water or another suitable liquid, can be used.

[0041] The device may also include at least one damping element for damping the effect of vibration of the second load-bearing element on at least one major component, particularly by providing the damping element in the first load-bearing element, the second load-bearing element and / or the floor element that connects the first load-bearing element and the second load-bearing element together.

[0042] Vibration can be caused, for example, by the operation of secondary components, such as a pump or fan. Damping elements can include vibration-absorbing materials, such as rubber. Damping elements can also include one or more springs.

[0043] The vertical movement device may include a spindle or rod. At least one support element may be disposed between the spindle or rod and the construction plate, the support element allowing the construction plate to tilt relative to the spindle or rod along at least one axis and / or allowing the construction plate to move laterally relative to the spindle or rod along at least one lateral direction.

[0044] The spindle can move up and down via the spindle drive of the vertical movement device. The spindle or rod can be directly coupled to the construction plate, but one or more intermediate elements (e.g., in the form of other plates) can also be positioned between the spindle or rod and the construction plate. Support elements prevent the construction plate from getting stuck inside the construction tube. In other words, support elements can be used to compensate for inaccurate lateral positioning between the vertical movement device and the construction chamber or construction tube.

[0045] The apparatus may also include at least one horizontal movement device for performing horizontal movement of at least one component of the apparatus.

[0046] The horizontal movement device may include a gantry drive. Horizontal movement is movement parallel to the surface of the floor element. For example, a Cartesian coordinate system may be defined such that the surface of the floor element lies in the xy plane, and the vertical direction perpendicular to the surface of the floor element is defined as the z-direction.

[0047] The device may also include at least one other vertical movement device for performing vertical movement of at least one component of the device.

[0048] In particular, the horizontal moving device may include another vertical moving device. Therefore, a gantry actuator, for example, can be provided, which, in addition to being able to perform movement in the horizontal plane (e.g., in the x-direction, in the y-direction, or in both x and y directions), is also adapted to cause at least one component moved by the gantry actuator to move additionally in the horizontal direction (i.e., the z-direction). In other words, an xyz moving device adapted to move at least one component of the device in all three spatial directions can be provided.

[0049] By providing a horizontal moving device and / or another vertical moving device, at least one component of the device can be precisely positioned and positioned independently of the other components of the device.

[0050] At least one component may include at least one irradiation unit and / or a coater.

[0051] Therefore, the irradiation unit can be moved horizontally, for example, in the x-direction and / or the y-direction. When an additional vertical moving device is provided, the irradiation unit can additionally move vertically in the z-direction. This can be used to reach a larger area of ​​the construction plate, allowing the entire surface of the construction plate to be selectively irradiated with a single irradiation unit. However, multiple irradiation units (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 irradiation units) can also be held and moved by the horizontal moving device and / or by another vertical moving device.

[0052] Multiple irradiation units can move together, rigidly connecting them to each other. This allows access to a larger area of ​​the build plate surface. Alternatively, each individual irradiation unit can be equipped with its own horizontal movement mechanism and / or its own vertical movement mechanism, allowing individual irradiation units to move independently of each other horizontally and / or vertically. This provides greater flexibility in terms of the ability to reach the various portions of the build plate to be cured.

[0053] Furthermore, the coater can be moved horizontally, for example, by a horizontal moving device, thereby applying a new powder layer to the build plate or to a powder layer located below it during horizontal movement above the build plate. Alternatively, the coater can be moved vertically by another vertical moving device, for example, to raise it between two coating operations.

[0054] At least one major component may include a horizontal moving device.

[0055] In this configuration, the horizontal moving device can be arranged on and held by the first supporting element. Therefore, the component moved by the horizontal moving device can also be held by the first supporting element via the horizontal moving device. If the horizontal moving device includes another vertical moving device, that other vertical moving device can also be arranged on and held by the first supporting element.

[0056] Alternatively, at least one secondary component may include a horizontal movement device.

[0057] In this configuration, the horizontal moving device can be arranged on and held by the second supporting element. Therefore, the component moved by the horizontal moving device can also be held by the second supporting element via the horizontal moving device. If the horizontal moving device includes another vertical moving device, that other vertical moving device can also be arranged on and held by the second supporting element.

[0058] Alternatively, the horizontal movement device can stand on the floor element or can stand independently on the floor element.

[0059] In this configuration, the horizontal moving device may include a frame, which may be erected on or independently of the floor element. Therefore, the frame can constitute a third load-bearing element. Consequently, components moved by the horizontal moving device can also be held by the frame via the horizontal moving device. If the horizontal moving device includes another vertical moving device, that other vertical moving device can also be held by the frame. Attached Figure Description

[0060] The invention will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show: Figure 1 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element and a second support element; Figure 2 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element and a second support element, wherein the first support element and the vertical moving device of the apparatus stand on a common base plate; Figure 3 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element and a second support element, wherein an extension element has been inserted into each of the first support element and the second support element; Figure 4 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element and a second support element, wherein the applicator of the apparatus is held by an applicator frame; Figure 5 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element and a second support element, wherein the applicator of the apparatus is fastened to the second support element; Figure 6 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element and a second support element, wherein the first support element and the vertical moving device of the apparatus stand on a common base plate, the common base plate resting on a hemisphere; Figure 7 : A schematic side view of an apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, the apparatus having a first support element, a second support element and a third support element, wherein the third support element holds a horizontal moving device and another vertical moving device. Detailed Implementation

[0061] Figure 1 A schematic side view of an apparatus 2 for producing a three-dimensional workpiece 4 using a layer-by-layer generation method is shown. In the illustrated case, the layer-by-layer generation method is selective laser melting or selective laser sintering. However, this disclosure is not limited to these techniques, and it can also be used, for example, in cases of selective electron beam melting or binder jetting.

[0062] Therefore, the apparatus 2 shown is an apparatus for selective laser melting. Here, a powder layer with an adjustable layer thickness is applied to the build plate 26 by the coater 10 of the apparatus 2. For this purpose, powder for subsequent coating can be fed into the coater 10, for example, from the raw material container 12 (more precisely, the powder container 12). The layer thickness of each powder layer can be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the vertical height of the coater 10 and / or by the corresponding vertical positioning of the build plate 26. During coating, the coater 10 is guided horizontally above the build area defined by the build plate 26.

[0063] Then, at least one laser beam 36, 38 cures the applied powder layer in a position-selective manner over a selected area. For this purpose, the apparatus 2 includes an irradiation unit 8 adapted to emit at least one laser beam 36, 38 onto the powder layer in a position-selective manner. Alternatively, multiple irradiation units can be provided, each adapted to emit exactly one laser beam. In the example shown, the irradiation unit 8 is adapted to be able to emit two laser beams 36 and 38 simultaneously. However, the number of laser beams that can be emitted is not limited to two; it can also be one, three, four, five… twelve or more.

[0064] The irradiation unit 8 is adapted to emit two independent laser beams 36 and 38 at desired locations on a powder layer applied to the construction plate 26. For this purpose, the irradiation unit 8 includes a scanner unit for each laser beam 36, 38, adapted to deflect the respective laser beam 36, 38 to the desired location on the powder layer, for example by means of two galvanometer mirrors. The laser required to emit the laser beams 36 and 38 can be generated within the irradiation unit 8 by one or more lasers, or can be supplied to the irradiation unit 8, for example by means of light guides (particularly one or more glass fibers). Inside the irradiation unit 8, in addition to the scanner mirrors and associated actuators, other optical components can be positioned, such as at least one beam expander, at least one collimator, at least one movable lens for focusing or focus tracking, at least one f-θ lens, etc.

[0065] After the first powder bed has been cured at selected locations using laser beams 36 and 38, the build plate 26 can be reduced by one layer, and the coater 10 begins to apply a new powder layer. In this way, coating and curing alternate until the finished workpiece 4 has been produced.

[0066] A build chamber 6 is arranged below the irradiation unit 8. This forms a substantially enclosed space in which an inert gas atmosphere (e.g., argon or nitrogen atmosphere) dominates during the fabrication of the workpiece 4. To generate the inert gas atmosphere and remove impurities generated during curing, an airflow is generated through the build chamber 6, which is guided substantially horizontally. For this purpose, the build chamber includes at least a gas inlet and a gas outlet (not shown). This is purely by way of example. Figure 1 A fan 14 for generating airflow and a supply line 16 for supplying airflow to the build chamber 6 are shown. Other components of the associated exhaust lines and gas circuits, which purify the extracted gas (e.g., at least one filter) and resupply it to the fan 14 (e.g., corresponding ductwork), are also shown. Optionally, a powder circuit (not shown) is also provided, in which excess raw material powder is collected in one or more overflow containers and can be removed from these containers to be resupplyed to the coater 10 after subsequent cleaning (e.g., by means of a sieve).

[0067] Below the build chamber 6, the build tube 28 is attached to and specifically secured to the build chamber 6. During the manufacturing process, the part of the workpiece 4, which is partially manufactured and surrounded by a powder bed (composed of uncured powder), is located inside the build tube 28.

[0068] Within the build tube 28, there is also a build plate 26 (or, also referred to as, a carrier), on which a first powder layer and other powder layers can be applied, and which carries the partially manufactured workpiece 4 during the manufacturing process. The build plate can move vertically within the build tube 28 (i.e., along the z-direction). For this purpose, a vertical movement device 24, including, for example, a spindle drive, is provided. As an example, Figure 1 A spindle 30 is shown, which is adapted to move vertically via a spindle drive of a vertical movement device 24. Optionally, at least one other spindle may be arranged alongside the spindle 30. Furthermore, the spindle drive of the vertical movement device may also be of a multi-stage form, wherein multiple spindles and their drives are arranged one on top of another.

[0069] The build plate 26 is connected to the spindle 30 at its upper end via an optional support element 32. The support element 32 allows the build plate to tilt (at least by a predetermined angle) along at least one axis. Here, the axis extends parallel to the xy plane (horizontal plane). Therefore, the support element 32 can be a joint. In particular, the support element 32 can be a ball joint. In addition to the ability to tilt the build plate 26, or alternatively, the support element 32 can also allow lateral displacement of the build plate 26 relative to the spindle 30, particularly by means of a floating bearing. In this case, the build plate 26 can slide horizontally relative to the spindle 30 at least along a predetermined distance.

[0070] Here, the support element 32 is specifically used to compensate for inaccurate positioning of the vertical moving device 24 relative to the construction tube 28. For example, if the vertical moving device 24 is not located directly below the construction tube, there is a risk that the construction plate 26 will rub against at least one inner wall of the construction tube 28 or even become stuck in the construction tube 28 without the support element 32. This can be avoided by means of the support element 32's ability to tilt and / or horizontally shift the construction plate 26.

[0071] Instead of the spindle 30, a rod or other lifting element suitable for moving the building plate 26 up and down can be used.

[0072] The vertical moving device 24 is optionally mounted on the XY stage 39. The XY stage 39 constitutes an alignment unit for aligning the vertical moving device 24 along at least one horizontal direction (x-direction and / or y-direction). With the aid of the XY stage 39, the vertical moving device 24 can be aligned in the xy plane, that is, aligned along both the x and y directions. Therefore, inaccuracies in the lateral positioning of, for example, the build tube 28 relative to the vertical moving device 24 can be compensated for, and jamming of the build plate 26 within the build tube 28 can be prevented.

[0073] All components of device 2 stand on floor element 20. Floor element 20 may be, for example, a floor located on a workshop floor. However, floor element 20 may also be the workshop floor itself or another floor of the room where device 2 is located. In particular, there are no other components of device 2 below floor element 20.

[0074] Apparatus 2 includes at least one key component. Key components are also referred to herein as process-critical components because their positional stability can be critical to the quality of the produced workpiece 4. Specifically, the relative positions of the key components should be maintained during the manufacturing process, and the key components should not vibrate. Examples of key components are the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6. If the relative positions of the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6 change during the process, the target position of the laser beams 36, 38 in the region of the uppermost powder layer to be irradiated will change. If this change is not identified and compensated for, it may result in a loss of quality in the manufactured workpiece 4. Other examples of key components are the coater 10, laser protective glass (not shown), optical components (e.g., cameras) for process monitoring, and sensors. The list of key components is not limited to those mentioned herein and can be expanded and supplemented as needed.

[0075] However, in addition to the process-critical main components, device 2 also includes so-called secondary components (or, in other words, non-process-critical components). The location of these secondary components is less relevant to the quality of the produced workpiece 4 or to the smooth operation of the manufacturing process. For example, Figure 1 The powder container 12, fan 14, and supply line 16 are shown as secondary components. Other examples of secondary components may be material conveying devices (e.g., lines and / or pipes, particularly for conveying materials (especially powders), fans or pumps for conveying materials, screen elements that can be integrated into the material conveying loop, etc. Examples of secondary components are also components of gas loops, such as gas containers, gas conveying devices (e.g., fan 14), and filter elements for filtering the conveyed gas. Other examples of secondary components may be one or more temperature control elements and / or one or more sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, humidity sensors, fill level sensors, etc.).

[0076] To hold the main components in place, a first support element 18 is provided in device 2. At least one main component (in...) Figure 1 In the example case: the irradiation unit 8 and the construction chamber 6 are held by a first load-bearing element 18. Here, the first load-bearing element at least bears the total weight of the main components. The gravity of the main components is completely guided into the floor element 20 by the first load-bearing element 18 and is not dissipated, for example, laterally. In particular, the total weight of the main components is borne on the legs of the first load-bearing element and transmitted to the floor element 20 through the legs.

[0077] To hold the secondary component, a second supporting element 22 is provided in device 2. At least one secondary component (in Figure 1 In the example case (powder container 12, fan 14, and supply line 16), the second support element 22 holds the components. Here, the second support element 22 at least supports the total weight of the secondary components. The weight of the secondary components is completely directed into the floor element 20 by the second support element 22 and is not dissipated, for example, laterally. Specifically, the total weight of the secondary components is supported on the legs of the second support element 22 and transmitted to the floor element 20 via the legs.

[0078] One or more lateral support elements (not shown) may be provided, for example, between the first and second load-bearing elements. The one or more lateral support elements may be adapted to laterally support the first load-bearing element, for example, relative to the second load-bearing element, such that the first load-bearing element cannot tilt laterally. However, the lateral support elements are adapted so that they can only transmit horizontal forces between the first and second load-bearing elements, and not vertical forces, and therefore, in particular, not forces of gravity that are inherently directed vertically. However, in some examples, no lateral support elements are provided.

[0079] Furthermore, the vertical moving device 24 stands independently on the floor element 20, separate from the two support elements 18 and 22. Here, as described above, the XY stage 39 is optionally positioned between the floor element 20 and the vertical moving device 24. However, this does not change the fact that the weight of the vertical moving device 24 is transmitted to the floor element 20 independently of the first support element 18 and the second support element 22. In other words, the weight of the vertical moving device 24 is transmitted to the floor element 20, while the first support element 18 and / or the second support element 22 do not bear a portion of the weight and / or guide a portion of the weight to the floor element 20. The vertical moving device 24 stands independently on the floor element 20. In addition to the weight of the vertical moving device 24, the weights of the spindle 30, support element 32, building plate 26, powder bed, and partially cured workpiece 40 can be transmitted to the floor element via the vertical moving device 24.

[0080] The first support element 18 surrounds the vertical moving device 24. This specifically means that the vertical moving device 24 occupies or defines a particular volume, and the first support element 18 occupies or defines a particular volume. This may specifically mean the smallest possible cuboid volume containing the element in question. The volume of the vertical moving device 24 is arranged within the volume of the first support element 18.

[0081] The second support element 22 surrounds the first support element 18 (and the vertical moving device 24). This specifically means that the first support element 18 occupies or defines a specific volume, and the second support element 22 occupies or defines a specific volume. This may specifically mean the smallest possible cuboid volume containing the elements in question. The volume of the first support element 18 is arranged within the volume of the second support element 22. The second support element 22 may also be referred to as the machine frame. Parts of the device 2 that may undergo weight changes and / or vibrations during the manufacturing process can be fastened to or arranged on the second support element 18. Furthermore, parts of the device 2 whose relative and / or absolute positioning is not process-critical (so-called secondary parts) can be fastened to or arranged on the second support element 18.

[0082] Furthermore, the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6 are thermally and / or mechanically separated from each other. Details of this separation can be found in publication WO2019 / 096421A1. In particular, details of the fastening of the irradiation unit 8 and / or the processing chamber 6 to the first support element 18 can be found in publication WO2019 / 096421A1. Here, the first support element 18 can be used as a so-called exoskeleton for fastening and arranging the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6 relative to each other. As described in WO2019 / 096421A1, other elements can be fastened to the first support element 18, i.e., specifically such that these elements are thermally and / or mechanically separated from each other. The irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6 are specifically arranged on the first support element 18 such that the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6 are respectively fastened to the first support element 18, but there is no direct mechanical connection between the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6. In other words, the only mechanical connection between the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6 extends via the first support element 18. A gap exists between the irradiation unit 8 and the processing chamber 6. Laser beams 36 and 38 pass through the gap after they leave the exit opening of the irradiation unit.

[0083] Floor element 20 in Figure 1 As shown as an example in other accompanying drawings, it is a floor. Typically, floor element 20 can be any type of floor (e.g., a workshop floor) on which device 2 can stand by means of first support element 18 and second support element 22.

[0084] The device 2 described below corresponds to the above-mentioned device 2. Figure 1 Modification of device 2. Unless otherwise stated, the elements of device 2 discussed below correspond to those according to... Figure 1 The components of device 2, and regarding these components, refer to the above regarding... Figure 1 The description.

[0085] Figure 2A schematic side view of an apparatus 2 for producing a three-dimensional workpiece 4 using a layer-by-layer generation method is shown. The apparatus 2 has a first support element 18 and a second support element 22, wherein the first support element 18 and a vertical moving device 24 of the apparatus 2 stand on a common base plate 40. Therefore, the weight of the first support element 18, as well as the weight of all major components supported by the first support element 18, is transferred to the floor 20 via the base plate 40. Furthermore, the weight of the vertical moving device 24, also standing on the base plate 40, is transferred to the floor 20 via the base plate 40.

[0086] Figure 3 A schematic side view of an apparatus 2 for producing a three-dimensional workpiece 4 by a layer-by-layer generation method is shown. The apparatus 2 has a first support element 18 and a second support element 22, wherein extension elements 44, 46 are inserted into each of the first support element 18 and the second support element 22. The first extension element 44 can be inserted into the first support element 18, and / or the second extension element 46 can be inserted into the second support element 22. In both cases, the respective extension elements 44, 46 extend the discussed support elements 18, 22 in the vertical direction (i.e., the z-direction). In each case, the extension elements 44, 46 can also be referred to as intermediate frames. Connecting struts can be provided between the first extension elements 44. More specifically, the two first intermediate elements 44, as illustrated by example, can be connected together. Connecting struts can be provided between the second extension elements 46. More specifically, the two first intermediate elements 46, as illustrated by example, can be connected together. In each case, the extension elements 44, 46 can be fastened to the respective support elements 18, 22 at their designated positions, for example by means of screws and / or plugs. Extension elements 44 and 46 can be inserted so that the corresponding carrier elements 18 and 22 are separated at the expected positions and the corresponding extension elements 44 and 46 are inserted at those positions.

[0087] For example, if the second support element 22 already has sufficient height initially and / or if the height of the second support element 22 can be changed in another way (e.g., by extension), then inserting the first extension element 44 (without the second extension element 46) may be sufficient.

[0088] By inserting the first extension element 44, at least one major component (e.g., irradiation unit 8) fastened to the first support element 18 can be at a greater distance from the floor element 20 than when the first extension element 44 is removed.

[0089] By inserting the second extension element 46, at least one secondary component (e.g., powder container 12) fastened to the second support element 22 can be at a greater distance from the floor element 20 than when the second extension element 46 is removed.

[0090] Typically, the maximum possible vertical height of the part 4 to be manufactured can be increased by means of the extension of one or more extension elements.

[0091] By removing the first extension element 44 from the first carrier element 18 or the second extension element 46 from the second carrier element, the corresponding carrier elements 18 and 22 can return to their original (unextended) state.

[0092] In a manner similar to how extension elements 44 and / or 46 can be inserted into associated carrier elements 18 or 22, secondary components can be arranged on the removable frame element of the second carrier element 22 and integrated into or removed from the second carrier element 22 together with the removable frame element.

[0093] Figure 4 A schematic side view of an apparatus 2 for producing a three-dimensional workpiece 4 by a layer-by-layer generation method is shown. The apparatus 2 has a first support element 18 and a second support element 22, wherein the applicator 10 of the apparatus 2 is held by an applicator frame 48. Here, the applicator frame 48 stands directly on the floor element 20.

[0094] exist Figure 4 In this example, the weight of the applicator 10 is not held by the first support element 18 or the second support element 22, but is entirely transferred to the floor element 20 via the applicator frame 48. The applicator frame 48 stands on the floor element 20. Therefore, the applicator frame 48 (other than the first support element 18 and the second support element 22) is a separate frame element that stands independently on the floor element 20. In addition to the applicator 10, one or more other elements (such as the horizontal drive mechanism of the applicator 10) may be held by the applicator frame 48.

[0095] exist Figure 5 In the example, the weight of the applicator 10 is not held by the first support element 18, but by the second support element 22. In other words, the applicator 10 is fastened to the second support element 22. This fastening is achieved via a holding device 50, which may include, for example, a rod, frame, etc. Therefore, the weight of the applicator 10 is directed into the floor element 20 via the second support element 22. The applicator 10 is not connected to the first support element 18. Specifically, the first support element does not bear any portion of the weight of the applicator 10. In addition to the applicator 10, one or more other elements (e.g., the horizontal drive mechanism of the applicator 10) may be held by the second support element 22.

[0096] Figure 6A schematic side view of an apparatus 2 for producing a three-dimensional workpiece 4 using a layer-by-layer generation method is shown. The apparatus 2 has a first support element 18 and a second support element 22, wherein the first support element 18 and a vertical moving device 24 of the apparatus 2 stand on a common base plate 40, which rests on a hemisphere 52. The hemisphere 52 then stands on or is fastened to a floor element 20. To prevent the first support element 18 from tilting laterally, the first support element 18 can be laterally supported by the second support element 22 by means of a lateral support element (not shown). Here, the lateral support element is arranged between the first support element 18 and the second support element 22. The lateral support element does not bear any weight of the main or secondary components respectively fastened to the first support element 18 and the second support element 22. Due to mounting on the hemisphere, the contact surface between the hemisphere 52 and the base plate 40 is minimized—mathematically strictly speaking, this contact surface is a point. As a result, the first load-bearing element 18 can be thermally and / or mechanically separated from the floor element 20 (e.g., for damping vibrations).

[0097] In addition to hemisphere 52, multiple hemispheres may be provided. The base plate 40 may, for example, rest on three or four hemispheres. As an alternative to the form of hemisphere 52, any other desired form may be used for the intermediate element 52, such as smaller spherical segments, pyramids, cones, especially forms that allow contact with the base plate via only one point or a few points (e.g., two, three, or four points).

[0098] For all the examples described above, support components (not shown) can be provided to support the vertical moving device 24. This can be used in particular for lateral support and / or guidance, similar to the lateral support elements outlined above.

[0099] In each of the above examples, a temperature control device (not shown) can be provided to control the temperature of the first supporting element 18 and / or to control the temperature of the second supporting element 22, particularly for heating and / or cooling. Therefore, thermal stress, for example, can be avoided. In particular, different temperatures can be set in different areas. For example, cooling by means of a coolant can be performed in one or more areas of the device 2, and gas cooling (particularly air cooling) can be used in other areas of the device 2.

[0100] In each of the above examples, at least one damping element (not shown) may be provided to dampen the effect of vibrations of the second load-bearing element 22 on at least one major component (e.g., irradiation unit 8 and / or treatment chamber 6). The damping element may be provided in the second load-bearing element 22 and / or in the floor element 20 connecting the first load-bearing element 18 and the second load-bearing element 22.

[0101] In each of the above examples, device 2 may include at least one horizontal moving device ( Figures 1 to 6 (Not shown in the diagram) for horizontal movement of at least one component of the actuator 2. The horizontal movement device may include a gantry drive. Horizontal movement is movement parallel to the surface of the floor element 20. For example, a Cartesian coordinate system may be defined such that the surface of the floor element 20 lies in the xy plane, and the vertical direction perpendicular to the surface of the floor element 20 is defined as the z-direction.

[0102] The device 2 may also include at least another vertical movement device for performing vertical movement of at least one component of the device 2.

[0103] In particular, the horizontal moving device may include another vertical moving device. Therefore, a gantry drive, for example, can be provided that, in addition to being able to perform movement in the horizontal plane (e.g., in the x-direction, in the y-direction, or in both x and y directions), is also adapted to cause at least one component moved by the gantry drive to move additionally in the horizontal direction (i.e., the z-direction). In other words, an xyz moving device adapted to move at least one component of device 2 in all three spatial directions can be provided.

[0104] By providing a horizontal moving device and / or another vertical moving device, at least one component of device 2 can be precisely positioned and positioned independently of other components of device 2.

[0105] At least one component may include at least one irradiation unit 8 and / or a coater 10.

[0106] Therefore, the irradiation unit 8 can be moved horizontally, for example, in the x-direction and / or the y-direction. When another vertical moving device is provided, the irradiation unit 8 can additionally move vertically in the z-direction. This can be used to reach a larger area of ​​the construction plate 26, so that the entire surface of the construction plate 26 can be selectively irradiated with a single irradiation unit 8. However, multiple irradiation units 8 (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 irradiation units) can also be held and moved by the horizontal moving device and / or by another vertical moving device.

[0107] Multiple irradiation units 8 can move together, making them rigidly connected to each other. This allows access to a larger area of ​​the surface of the build plate 26. However, each individual irradiation unit 8 can also be provided with its own horizontal movement device and / or its own vertical movement device, allowing individual irradiation units 8 to move horizontally and / or vertically independently of each other. This provides greater flexibility in terms of the ability to reach the various portions of the build plate 26 to be cured.

[0108] Furthermore, the coater 10 can be moved horizontally, for example, by a horizontal moving device, thereby applying a new powder layer to the build plate 26 or to a powder layer located below it during horizontal movement above the build plate 26. Alternatively, the coater 10 can be moved vertically by another vertical moving device, for example, to raise it between two coating operations.

[0109] At least one major component may include a horizontal moving device. In this case, the horizontal moving device may be arranged on and held by the first support element 18. Therefore, the component moved by the horizontal moving device may also be held by the first support element 18 via the horizontal moving device. If the horizontal moving device includes another vertical moving device, that other vertical moving device may also be arranged on and held by the first support element 18.

[0110] Alternatively, at least one secondary component may include a horizontal moving device. In this case, the horizontal moving device may be arranged on and held by the second support element 22. Therefore, the component moved by the horizontal moving device may also be held by the second support element 22 via the horizontal moving device. If the horizontal moving device includes another vertical moving device, that other vertical moving device may also be arranged on and held by the second support element 22.

[0111] Alternatively, the horizontal moving device can stand on the floor element or be able to stand independently on the floor element. In this case, the horizontal moving device may include a frame that stands on or can stand independently on the floor element 20. Therefore, the frame can constitute a third load-bearing element. Thus, the component moved by the horizontal moving device can also be held by the frame via the horizontal moving device. If the horizontal moving device includes another vertical moving device, that other vertical moving device can also be held by the frame. If the component moved by the horizontal moving device is the applicator 10, this option... Figure 4 As shown in the image.

[0112] Figure 7 An exemplary embodiment in which a third support element 60 is provided is further shown. The third support element 60 is a frame that stands independently on the floor element 20, similar to the support elements 18 and 22 that also stand independently on the floor element 20.

[0113] Not described in detail below Figure 7 The components of device 2 correspond to Figure 1The components (see above description). A third support element 60 holds the gantry actuator 62. The gantry actuator 62 is adapted to move the two irradiation units 8. For this purpose, the two irradiation units 8 are secured to the gantry actuator 62. Figure 7 In the illustration, the gantry actuator is adapted to perform movement along the x-direction (see arrow). However, the gantry actuator 62 can also be additionally adapted to perform movement along the y-direction, allowing the two irradiation units 8 to move freely in the xy plane. The gantry actuator 62 also includes another vertical movement device (see vertical arrow) adapted to move the irradiation units 8 vertically. Thus, for example, focusing functions can be performed, or the irradiation units 8 can be raised to disassemble the various components of the device 2.

[0114] Figure 7 Two irradiation units 8 are shown moving together via a gantry actuator (which can specifically constitute an xyz moving device). Alternatively, however, independent horizontal moving devices and / or another independent vertical moving device can be provided for each individual irradiation unit 8 (and optionally for other irradiation units present), such that the individual irradiation units 8 can move horizontally and / or vertically independently of each other. In particular, each of the provided horizontal moving devices can be arranged on a frame independently erected on the floor element 20. However, multiple horizontal moving devices can also be arranged together on a third support element 60 independently erected on the floor element 20.

[0115] According to the above example, at least two support elements (first support element 18 and second support element 22) are provided, each support element standing independently on the floor element 20 and different parts of the support device 2.

[0116] Therefore, the primary component fastened to the first support element 18 can be mechanically separated from the secondary component fastened to the second support element 22. Specifically, this can result in the following: changes in the weight of the secondary component have no effect on the positioning of the primary component. Furthermore, vibrations of the secondary component cannot affect the vibrations of the primary component. Finally, the primary component can also be thermally separated from the secondary component, such that heating of the primary component, in particular, has no effect on the relative positioning of the secondary component and / or heating of the secondary component has no effect on the relative positioning of the primary component.

Claims

1. An apparatus for producing three-dimensional workpieces by a layer-by-layer generation method, wherein, The device includes: At least one main component, wherein the at least one main component is particularly selected from: the processing chamber of the apparatus, at least one irradiation unit of the apparatus for emitting a particle beam or laser beam in a position-selective manner, at least one coater of the apparatus for applying a new material layer, and at least one laser protective glass; At least one secondary component, wherein the at least one secondary component is particularly selected from: raw material containers, raw material conveying devices, gas containers, gas conveying devices, filter elements, temperature control elements, sensors, and screen elements; At least one first load-bearing element, the first load-bearing element being adapted to transfer the total weight of at least one major component to the floor element; and At least one second load-bearing element, which carries the weight of the at least one secondary component but does not carry the weight of the at least one primary component.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The second load-bearing element is the machine frame surrounding the first load-bearing element.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a vertical moving device for raising and / or lowering a construction plate on which the three-dimensional workpiece is manufactured and / or a construction cylinder surrounding the construction plate, (a) wherein the vertical moving device is positioned on or can be positioned independently on the floor element, or (b) wherein the vertical moving device is positioned together with the first bearing element on a base plate, the base plate being positioned on or capable of being positioned on the floor element.

4. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The at least one primary component is mechanically separated from the at least one secondary component, such that weight changes and / or vibrations of the at least one primary component do not exert forces on the at least one secondary component.

5. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The system comprises at least a processing chamber and at least one irradiation unit as main components, wherein the processing chamber is arranged on a first portion of the first support element and the at least one irradiation unit is arranged on a second portion of the first support element, wherein the processing chamber and the at least one irradiation unit are thermally separated from each other such that the process heat generated in the processing chamber does not cause relative displacement between the processing chamber and the at least one irradiation unit.

6. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The first support element includes at least one first extension element, which can be integrated into and removed from the first support element. In the integrated state, compared to the removed state where the first extension element has been removed from the first support element, the first extension element increases the height of the first support element in the vertical direction. Specifically, in the integrated state of the first extension element, at least one of the at least one major component is at a greater distance from the floor element compared to the removed state of the first extension element.

7. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The second support element includes at least one second extension element, which can be integrated into and removed from the second support element. In the integrated state, compared to the removed state where the second extension element has been removed from the second support element, the second extension element increases the height of the second support element in the vertical direction. Specifically, in the integrated state of the second extension element, at least one of the at least one secondary component is at a greater distance from the floor element compared to the removed state of the second extension element.

8. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, At least one of the at least one secondary component is arranged on the removable frame element of the second carrier element and is adapted to be removed from the device together with the removable frame element.

9. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising a coater for applying a new material layer, wherein, The applicator is held by an applicator frame, which stands on the floor element or can stand directly on the floor element.

10. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising a coater for applying a new material layer, wherein, The applicator is fastened to the second carrier element.

11. The apparatus according to claim 3 further includes a support member for supporting the vertically moving device.

12. The apparatus of claim 3 further includes an alignment unit for aligning the vertical moving device along at least one horizontal direction.

13. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising at least one temperature control device for controlling the temperature of the first carrier element and / or for controlling the temperature of the second carrier element.

14. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising at least one damping element for damping the effect of vibration of the second load-bearing element on the at least one main component, particularly by providing the damping element in the first load-bearing element, the second load-bearing element and / or the floor element connecting the first load-bearing element and the second load-bearing element together.

15. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, The vertical moving device includes a spindle or rod, wherein at least one support element is disposed between the spindle or rod and the building plate, the support element allowing the building plate to tilt relative to the spindle or rod along at least one axis and / or allowing the building plate to move laterally relative to the spindle or rod along at least one lateral direction.

16. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 15, further comprising at least one horizontal movement device for performing horizontal movement of at least one component of the apparatus.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising at least one other vertical movement device for performing vertical movement of at least one component of the apparatus.

18. The apparatus according to claim 16 or 17, wherein, The at least one component includes the at least one irradiation unit and / or the coater.

19. The apparatus according to any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein, The at least one primary component includes the horizontal moving device, or the at least one secondary component includes the horizontal moving device, or the horizontal moving device is mounted on the floor element or is capable of being mounted independently on the floor element.

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